Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes – Analyse – La Réunion (France ; île)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Plantes – Analyse – La Réunion (France ; île).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Marchetti-Smadja, Jacqueline. "Influence climatique et régionale sur la qualité de l'huile essentielle de vétyver Bourbon." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20076.
Full textLavergne, Roger. "Plantes médicinales indigènes : tisanerie et tisaneurs de la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978928.
Full textDorla, Emmanuelle. "Étude phytochimique et propriétés bioactives de Peperomia borbonensis (Miq.) Piperaceae." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0027.
Full textThe emergence of resistant strains in infectious diseases is a major public health issue. Similarly, arthropods which caused important economic damages in tropical and subtropical areas are continuously developing resistance to chemicals. To counteract this situation, it is essential to find new bioactive molecules able to fight pests and micro-organisms. In this context a preliminary screening was performed on twenty endemic plants and native of Reunion. Twenty-six ethyl acetate extracts were tested for their antibacterial and acaricidal activities. Considering its broad spectrum of activity, Peperomia borbonensis Miq. (Piperaceae), was selected for further chemical and biological investigations. Two bio-guided fractionations were performed on its apolar extract and let to the isolation of fourteen molecules. Moreover, the study of the volatile fraction has shown the insecticidal potential of the leaf essential oil of P. borbonensis against the melon fly B. cucurbitae
Cybèle, Marie Cathleen. "Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes envahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0004/document.
Full textBiological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes
Koyyappurath, Sayuj. "Étude histo-pathologique et moléculaire de la résistance des vanilliers (Vanilla spp., Orchidaceae) à Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-vanillae, agent de la pourriture des racines et des tiges." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0008/document.
Full textVanilla is a high value cash crop that is continuously demanded by the agri-food and cosmetics industries for its incomparable flavor. Most of vanilla comes from the cured fruits of V. planifolia G. Jackson, a hemi-epiphytic climbing orchid cultivated in the humid tropics. In all the countries were it is cultivated, the vanilla vines suffer from a root and stem rot (RSR) caused by the soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum which dramatically reduces plant production and the durability of plantations. No efficient control method is currently available for this disease. Sources of genetic resistance to RSR exist in few vanilla relatives, but so far no commercial resistant variety has been produced. The purpose of this thesis was to better describe the diversity and histopathology of the causal agent of RSR and to evaluate the potential sources of genetic resistance that could be used in breeding programs. In a first step, a collection of 377 single-spored Fusarium isolates recovered from rotten roots and stems during surveys conducted in 52 vanilla plots from Reunion Island, Madagascar and French Polynesia were characterised. Representative subsets of isolates were genotyped using the Elongation Factor 1α and Intergenic Spacer gene sequences. Their pathogenicity was assayed by root dip inoculation on the susceptible V. planifolia accession pla0001. Results showed that F. oxysporum was the principal species responsible for the disease in the field, although a few F. solani isolates showing slight pathogenicity were also isolated. Fusarium oxysporum isolates were highly polyphyletic regardless of geographic origin or pathogenicity. Remarkably, their pathogenicity varied in gradient between non- pathogenic (about 42% of isolates) to highly pathogenic (14%). In a second step, 254 vanilla accessions comprising 18 species and six types of hybrids were assessed for resistance to RSR in the field (natural inoculum) and in the lab (in-vitro plants inoculated with Fo072). The strong resistance to RSR of all V. pompona accessions and hybrids of V. planifolia X V. pompona or V. phaeantha, were confirmed, and novel sources of resistance to RSR were added including, V. bahiana, V. costariciensis and V. crenulata. Most of the V. planifolia accessions, V. ×tahitensis and V. odorata were susceptible to RSR. However, three inbreeds of V. planifolia showed a high level of resistance to Forv. To our knowledge this is the first report of resistance to RSR in V. planifolia accessions. For the 26 accessions evaluated in both conditions, a strong correlation was observed between long term (9 years) evaluation in the field and ratings on in-vitro plants at 15dpi. Thirdly, we monitored by wide field and multiphoton microscopy the root infection process and the responses of one susceptible accession (V. planifolia pla0001) and two resistant accessions (V. planifolia pla0020 and V. pompona pom0018) to challenge inoculation with the severe isolate Fo072. In the compatible interaction (Fo072 – pla0001) invasion started from penetration of hyphae emitted from germinated conidia in the hairy region of root rapidly colonizing the cortex but never expanded to the vascular bundles up to the 9th dpi. It was therefore suggested to prefix the forma specialis name of the causal agent of RSR with radicis to point out its non-vascular pathogenicity in vanilla. In the two incompatible interactions, the important role played by hypodermis cells for impeding the invasion of the cortex by Fo072 was demonstrated by specific staining and spectral analysis of lignin precursors. Both constitutive and pathogen induced defense mechanism were described in pla0020 and pom0018. The mechanisms included the deposition of lignin in the hypodermal cell wall, entrapment of hyphae in specific hypodemal cells and polyphenolics secretion in intercellular spaces. Further, a de novo transcriptome analysis was experimentedon 8 pooled samples
Lavergne, Christophe. "Étude de la stratégie d'invasion du Troène de Ceylan, Ligustrum robustum subsp. Walkeri, à la Réunion et des caractéristiques du milieu envahi." La Réunion, 2000. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/00_Lavergne_Nancy.pdf.
Full textThe native ecosystems of the Mascarene islands are characterized by a high endemicity (72% of the Angiosperm flora) and habitat destruction due to human activities and invasions by introduced animal and plant pests. More than 98% of the primary vegetation remnants on the archipelago are found in La reunion, which also possesses more protected forest areas. Ligustrum robustum subsp. Walkeri (oleaceae) is one of the worst alien invasive plants of Mauritanian native forest and has been introduced recently into La Reunion. The recorded data from sample plots near the first site of introduction in La Reunion (Cilaos, 1200 m alt. ) showed pure stands of L. Robustum in the human-disturbed primary forest patches and high seedling densities in the least disturbed patches. Its rapid growth rate, high shade tolerance, high production of seeds able to be dispersed by birds, contributed to its ability to invade forests. Difficulties in controlling L. Robustum make it a major threat to the indigenous montane forests. Without setting up an efficient conservation program improving the awarness of the local population, other species could be introduced that will display similar invasive characteristics. This could accelerate the process of degradation that is occurring following the introduction of L robustum. This process poses a serious threat to one of the last primitive island ecosystems in the Indian Ocean
Poullain, Cyril. "Contribution à l'étude des plantes endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion, recherche d'activités biologiques et de principes actifs dans 75 plantes." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_05_Poullain.pdf.
Full textA previous bibliographic study was realized to review all the active principles for five biological activities : free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal activities, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and inhibition of viral fusion. In order to understand the reactivity of the active principle, causes (oxidative stress) and pathological effects of diseases (fungal infections, Alzheimer's disease and AIDS) related to these five biological activities, were explained (chapter 1, vol. 1). In the second chapter (vol. 1), 75 plants endemic and indigenous to Reunion Island were selected for a study of their biological activities. Two kinds of tests were realized : on the one hand, by thin layer chromatography for the free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal properties and for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase ; on the other hand by clusters for the anti-HIV activity. 73% of 274 polar and non-polar extracts reduced free radicals, 32% protected double bonds, 14% inhibit the growth of a fungi and 11% inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Alzheimer's disease). For HIV test, the toxic limit concentration and the medium effective concentration were determined. Three plants exhibited strong activities for one or two tests : Hypericum lanceolatum, Melicope borbonica and Croton mauritianus. In the same time, 18 plants (on 75) were investigated for determination of specific groups of molecules. All these studies were needed uses of analytical techniques as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Ultraviolet or coupled with mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H 13C, one-dimensional and bi-dimensional. The volume 2 is a complement of vol. 1 and comprises the five tables of the first chapter (vol. 1) and phytochemical and botanical data of the 75 plants studied in the second chapter (vol. 1)
Laurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Full textThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Attié, Marc. "Étude sur l'entomofaune associée à la flore indigène de l'île de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_02_Attie.pdf.
Full textChabanet, Pascale. "Étude des relations entre les peuplements benthiques et les peuplements ichtyologiques sur le complexe récifal de Saint-Gilles - La Saline (Île de la Réunion)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30061.
Full textHumeau, Laurence. "Écologie et évolution de la dioécie et du dimorphisme sexuel de la taille des fleurs chez les "dombeya" (sterculiacées) endémiques de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488723/fr/.
Full textDesilles, Loïc. "Regards croisés sur huit écoles primaires à La Réunion : mesure et analyse des différences de performances." La Réunion, 2006. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/06_24-desilles.pdf.
Full textOuar, Sadia. "Caractérisation spatio-temporelle du couvert végétal des zones à mascareignite des hauts de l'île de la Réunion." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30062.
Full textReynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Full textLam-Yam, Lynda. "Contribution à l'étude de la croissance et de la fructification du pêcher (Prunus persica L. Batsch) dans les conditions climatiques de type tropical de l'île de la Réunion." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20043.
Full textPothin, Karine. "Analyse de la dispersion larvaire des poissons récifaux à la Réunion à travers l'étude de leurs otolithes." La Réunion, 2005. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/05_06_Pothin.pdf.
Full textThis objective of the present study, is to give informations about the oceanic larval phase of the coral reef fishes in Reunion Island. This knowledge is fundamental in grasping the potential interrelationships between islands of the same region applied to the reef fish of Reunion Island. The secrets of this little-known dispersive phase are explored through the study of fish otoliths. The particular properties of otoliths enable the various applications that have been used in the framework of this study: as discriminators of stocks via analysis of form (Fourier analysis), as chronological clocks via microchemical analysis (trace elements, isotopes). Four ichtyological and commercial species were chosen: Epinephelus merra (Serranidae), Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Mullidae), Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lethrinidae) and Lutjanus kasmira (Lutjanidae). In this study, the larval parameters of these species endows them with the capacity of establishing interconnections between Reunion Island and others islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Rodrigues, Madagascar). Nevertheless, given a normal hydrodynamic context, and in associating others factors (geographic isolation of Reunion, weak larval flux, effect of the island's in the west coast, elevated larval growth), the hypothesis of auto-recruitment is favored. These results should be taken into account in the management of the halieutic vulnerable resources of the coral reefs of Reunion Island
Idelson, Bernard. "La presse quotidienne régionale, P. Q. R. , acteur social local : analyse d'un discours de presse : le cas du "Quotidien de La Réunion", 1976-1997." La Réunion, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00468911/fr/.
Full textThe main objective of this doctoral thesis is the analysis of the role of a regional daily newspaper as a local social actor within a particular society: Reunion Island. More precisely, the present work is a monograph on le "Quotidien de la Réunion", in the context of a 21 year period (1976-1997). Within the general theoretical framework which has been adopted in order to make this case study, one is interested in the questions of the + building up; of events and news and of how newspapers deal with social movements and actions. In order to confirm the hypothesis that a local paper does fulfil a role of social actor facing social movements, we have applied the methods of discourse analysis to journalistic forms. This methodology may be regarded as essentially inspired by semiotics. We have analysed a corpus of articles and compared the accounts (by "Le Quotidien") of three movements : (I) the strong desire to save the + young ; "Quotidien" in 1977, (II) the support given to Télé Freedom in 1991 and (III) the demonstration of civil servants and students in 1997. The analysis of the argumentative and rhetorical processes which are specific features of the paper's editorial strategy permits us to ascertain its value system and its positions on the local scene, and also to emphasize certain contradictions and discrepancies between its editorial principles and its journalistic practices
Barcelo, Alain. "Analyse des mécanismes hydrologiques en domaine volcanique insulaire tropical à relief jeune. Apports à la connaissance du bilan hydrique. Massif du Piton de la Fournaise (île de la Réunion)." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20115.
Full textPoligné, Isabelle. "Étude des transferts et des mécanismes réactionnels lors du salage, séchage, cuisson et fumage de pièces de viande : cas du porc boucané à la Réunion." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_09_Poligne.pdf.
Full textBaret, Stéphane. "Mécanismes d'invasion de Rubus alceifolius à l'île de la Réunion : interaction entre facteurs écologiques et perturbations naturelles et anthropiques dans la dynamique d'invasion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646471.
Full textLeperlier, Cédric. "Données écologiques et physiologiques pour l’utilisation d’espèces indigènes de La Réunion en revégétalisation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0023.
Full textAs observed at a world scale, dry lowlands of Reunion Island are facing an important demographic development causing habitat degradation and leading to native plant species loss. In order to limit this phenomenon, selection of native species for revegetation is widely proposed. However, the lack of knowledge about biology and ecology of such species hinders their use. The aim of this study was to determine major factors influencing the very first steps from a sown seed to the resulting established seedling (germination, emergence, survival and establishment) for 14 natives plant species (10 woody and 4 herbaceous species) of dry habitats of Reunion Island. Germination strategies were evaluated in laboratories for 13 of them. A dormancy phenomenon could be identified for 12 species : 2 herbaceous and 5 woody species possess seeds with physical dormancy, 4 woody species possess seeds with physiological dormancy with a mechanical component and 1 species possess seeds with physiological dormancy and positive photoblasty. For each species, a pre-treatment improved germination. The efficiency of these methods and the influence of abiotic parameters on seedling emergence were observed in greenhouse experiments for 10 species (7 woody and 3 herbaceous species). A low water availability decreased performances, especially for woody species. While for herbaceous species, hydroseeding increased seedling emergence, this technique alone was not sufficient for woody species. Finally, establishment capacity was determined on field plots for 10 species (7 woody and 3 herbaceous species). The abiotic and competition pressures limited survival and establishment of the studied species. However, the use of hydroseeding along with the control of sowing density and diversity and a temporary control of weed competition enhanced establishment for the herbaceous and 4 woody species. The described methods of this thesis could be applied to other native species in order to improve revegetation in Reunion Island dry lowlands
Valenciennes, Emmanuelle. "Étude d'hétérocycles azotés : contribution à l'étude de la réaction d'Imino-Diels-Adler asymétrique : synthèse de décahydroquinolein-4-ones ; [suivi de] Étude de plantes médicinales endémiques et indigènes de l'île de la Réunion : recherche d'alcaloi͏̈des." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112241.
Full textHoareau, Sylvie. "De la perception de l'espace dans les quartiers à la prospective territoriale : analyse de l'urbanisation à la Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0025/document.
Full textOn Reunion Island, cities have extended for 20 years. This extension promoted the urban sprawl. Now on this area, only 20 % of lands are building. So, a balanced development is actually promoted. But, can we base on the inhabitants' perception to manage to do this harmonious development? The district area seems to be relevant to deal with this subject. This scale represents the neighbourhood, a basic element of the town. By basing on a lot of soundings, we know the inhabitants expectations and the regulations which constrain the leaders. Four our territorial foresight exercise, we examine the trend of three relevant variables: population, economic activities, environment (buildings, agriculture and parks). This variables are controlled at the same time by the leaders and the users which picture them. To coclude, it is only by balancing these two visions that can achieve a more coherent developmet that give satisfaction to the developers as well as users
Join, Jean-Lambert. "Caractérisation hydrogéologique du milieu volcanique insulaire : Piton des Neiges, Île de la Réunion." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20265.
Full textTassin, Jacques. "Dynamique et conséquences de l'invasion des paysages agricoles des Hauts de la Réunion par Acacia Mearnsii de Wild." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30096.
Full textRamassamy, Ginette. "Syntaxe du créole réunionnais : analyse de corpus d'unilingues créolophones." Paris 5, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA05H001.
Full textGonzalez, Alicia. "Suivi sismologique de l'impact des cyclones sur la charge de fond de la Rivière des Pluies et de la Rivière du Mât à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0018.
Full textTropical cyclones can generate huge precipitation rates leading to torrential floods. The consequences for civilian infrastructures and population can be significant as phenomenal amounts of sediment are transported to the ocean. Direct measurements of sediment transport are impossible to implement under these extreme hydrodynamic conditions. To overcome these experimental limitations, previous studies have shown that seismology can be an excellent tool for an indirect access to information on the dynamics of a flooded river: turbulent flow and solid transport. Reunion Island is an ideal place to make such observations because its relief, its latitude, and therefore the climatic aspects favour the generation of potentially devastating torrential floods. We have deployed a temporary seismological network of ten three-component, brodeband seismic stations (http://dx.doi.org/10.15778/RESIF.ZF2015) dedicated to studying signals associated with the activity of the rivers Rivière des Pluies and the Rivière du Mât. Data from these seismic stations during several cyclonic floods (Bejisa, Carlos and Dumazile) were analyzed. For a better understanding of the seismological signal of fluvial origin, one of the key points was to compare it with hydrometeorological data and punctually with granulometric and photogrammetric observations. We show that it is possible to use high-frequency seismic observations (> 1 Hz) to monitor the variation in water level during such episodes in Reunion Island and thus estimate a flood wave velocity. We distinguish the seismic signature of the flow and sediment transport and show that these two seismic sources are distributed throughout the entire river segment near the seismometers
Strasberg, Dominique. "Dynamique des forêts tropicales de l'île de La Réunion : processus d'invasions et de régénération sur les coulées volcaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954484.
Full textGrunberger, O. "Étude géochimique et isotopique de l'infiltration sous climat tropical contrasté : massif du Piton des neiges, île de la Réunion." Paris 11, 1989. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Orsay_Grunberger.pdf.
Full textReunion Island is located in the Indian ocean (21° 7 S, 52 °32 W) in the intertropical zone. Chemical and isotopic natural contents in rain waters, soil waters and groundwaters allow to study the water cycle upon the "Piton des Neighs" massif, which is an inactive strato-volcano. Chemical contents in rain show a marine influence pondered by effects of the relief. Isotopic abundances of 180 and 2H have similar distributions which are strongly disturbed during the tropical hurricanes. These natural variations determine an "input" function and can be found in soils and aquifers. The distribution of the abundances of 180 in soil water in the west part of the island allows to quantify the evaporation rate from the groundwater table at a steady state. At higher altitude infiltration occurs and has also been quantified. Groundwaters chemical analysis show that global salinity is related to the carbonate mineralization from biogenic C02. Cation contents can be related to the geochemistry of weathered lavas. Groundwater flow patterns do not necessary follow the general slope of the volcano. Chemical contents of ground water from costal aquifers not only show marine influence but also a carbonated and sulfated source of mineralization. Carbone and sulfate isotopic contents illustrate the influence of cane sugar cultivation. The mean transit times are probably less than 35 years. All developing managements to come should take into account that western costal aquifers are not protected from pollution
Amouroux, Paul. "Bio-écologie et dynamique des populations de cécidomyie des fleurs (Procontarinia mangiferae), un ravageur inféodé au manguier (Mangifera indica), en vue de développer une lutte intégrée." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0034/document.
Full textPhytophagous insects and plants are linked by complex relationships. Insect-plant interaction researches involve several biological disciplines at different levels of analysis. These insect–plant relationships are of crucial importance from an applied point of view, notably for agriculture. In this work, an interdisciplinary approach has been used to study on the mango blossom gall midge, Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an invasive insect pest specific to mango causing major economic damages worldwide. The objective was to improve our knowledge of the biology of this species in the subtropical Reunion Island (i) by describing its genetic diversity and investigate the ecological and biological determinants of the genetic structure of its populations, (ii) by carrying out field and controlled experiments to understand the diapause strategies involved in maintaining populations from one flowering season to the next one, (iii) by modeling the arrival and dispersion of females within an orchard in relation with their flight capacity and with the spatial and temporal distribution of the mango susceptible resources. The results showed that the single species P. mangiferae, feeding on both inflorescences and young leaves, was present all year round and in all the sampled sites on the island, regardless of the climatic and cultural conditions. Populations in Reunion Island appeared structured into two clusters in sympatry, one cluster being more frequent in the cultivated mango area. Secondly, we demonstrated the occurrence of facultative diapause all year round, with the highest rate of diapause observed in summer. The diapause allowed a developmental arrest at the 3rd larval instar in the soil, lasting between six weeks to more than one year. The decrease of temperature at the beginning of winter triggered off the emergence of diapausing individuals and synchronized adult emergence with the mango flowering period. Thirdly, non-native female gall midges were able to colonize all the trees of an orchard. Their arrival flight and trivial flight were oriented by the abundance and by the attractiveness of the mango resources, respectively. The knowledge obtained on the biological cycle of P. mangiferae and on its relationships with the mango tree should be useful to develop new agroecological pest management strategies
Litrico, Isabelle. "Évolution du genre sexuel et de la diversité génétique dans une succession primaire : l'étude d'Antirhea Borbonica (rubiaceae) sur les coulées de lave à la Réunion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545826.
Full textBalcou-Debussche, Maryvette. "Pratiques scripturales en formation professionnelle : construction des modes de socialisation et des stratifications sociales : analyse et comparaison de quatre lieux de formation professionnelle dans le domaine de la santé." Amiens, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AMIE0010.
Full textKamkar, Paradis. "Le photovoltaïque, une « innovation verte » à l'épreuve du droit : analyse synthétique et critique du cadre juridique photovoltaïque visant le particulier à la Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0018.
Full textFacing a weakening photovoltaic market and a sector already bedeviled recently by a huge increase of legal texts, private investors decrease. This thesis tackles legal framework concerning photovoltaic energy in Reunion Island. This will include the analysis of fiscal incentives such as investment grants and tax preferences, as well as more general environmental policy instruments (feed-in-tariffs and renewable subsidies and grants). Moreover, this will include the analysis of contracts such as loan agreement, sale contract, lease agreement and connection/Commissioning contracts, as well as more environmental aspect. At last, risks, insurances, liability comprising legal proceedings and guarantees will be studied in this thesis
Bory, Séverine. "Diversité de Vanilla planifolia G. Jackson dans l'Océan Indien et de ses espèces apparentées : aspects génétiques, cytogénétiques et épigénétiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00258207.
Full textLes marqueurs AFLP ont été utilisés pour élucider les schémas d'introduction de V. planifolia et ils montrent que la plupart des accessions cultivées de nos jours dans les îles de l'Océan Indien dérivent d'un seul génotype introduit. A l'exception d'un phénotype particulier, ‘Aiguille' découvert à La Réunion et issu de reproduction sexuée, les accessions cultivées présentent de très faibles niveaux de diversité génétique et ont évolué grâce à l'accumulation de mutations ponctuelles à travers la multiplication végétative. Un schéma de diversification similaire a été révélé pour V. tahitensis J.W. Moore, espèce cultivée en Polynésie dérivant vraisemblablement de V. planifolia. L'analyse comparative des niveaux de diversité chez des espèces spontanées américaines génétiquement proches a révélé des niveaux faible pour V. bahiana Hoehne et élevé pour V. pompona Schiede, corrélés avec l'étendue de leur aire naturelle de dispersion et a confirmé l'existence d'un régime mixte de reproduction chez ses espèces (sexuée et végétative). Ces résultats sont confirmés par les marqueurs microsatellites développés chez V. planifolia. Les marqueurs transférables et polymorphes aux espèces sauvages américaines, africaines et asiatiques ont révélé une différenciation robuste des espèces, ainsi qu'une forte dichotomie du genre entre Ancien Monde et Nouveau Monde. Ces microsatellites seront très utiles pour les études de diversité, d'hybridation et de phylogéographie dans le genre Vanilla.
La cytométrie en flux, la microdensitométrie, les comptages chromosomiques et les longueurs de stomates ont montré que la polyploïdisation a joué un rôle important dans la diversification de V. planifolia à la Réunion. Trois niveaux de ploïdie (2x, 3x, 4x) ont été révélés permettant d'expliquer les particularités des phénotypes réunionnais ‘Stérile' auto-triploïde et ‘Grosse Vanille' auto-tétraploïde. V. pompona possède les caractéristiques d'un ancien tétraploïde ayant évolué soit par fusions de chromosomes soit par contraction génomique. La forte variation de la quantité d'ADN nucléaire et la fréquence élevée de l'aneuploïdie chez toutes les espèces de Vanilla étudiées, montrent de toute évidence que la polyploïdisation est un phénomène majeur et récurrent dans l'évolution du genre.
Il existe de la méthylation dans le génome de V. planifolia mais aucun polymorphisme de méthylation n'a permis d'expliquer les particularités des phénotypes ‘Variegata' et ‘Mexique'. L'origine de ces particularités doit être recherchée par ailleurs.
Comme beaucoup d'autres espèces tropicales introduites pour leur culture, le vanillier possède donc une base génétique très restreinte qui le rend vulnérable aux maladies. Chez une plante d'importance économique comme le vanillier, l'accroissement de la variabilité génétique et l'apport de nouvelles potentialités agronomiques et organoleptiques sont donc des enjeux majeurs pour la recherche. Le vanillier est d'autre part un modèle de choix pour étudier les conséquences de la domestication (à travers la reproduction végétative) mais également pour élucider l'histoire évolutive de la plus grande famille de plantes : les orchidées.
Chabriat, Jean-Pierre. "Analyse énergétique de procédés de fabrication en sucrerie de cannes : étude théorique et expérimentale." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10014.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is the creation of tools in order to analyse energy balances in manufacturing within a sugar mill. This work should also implement the basis of another tool enabling us to produce a diagnosis on the working of sugar mill. This research relies on diverse subjects such as energetics, thermochemistry, metrology, numerical analysis and data-processing. Following our introduction to the industrial process of milling sugar, we have then realized bibliographical studies about basic tools of energetic analysis of sugar manufacturing: energetic balances theory, the thermophysic of the constituants and the review of thermical balances in a sugar mill. An energetic analysis enabled us to reveal the essential action of the evaporation unit in the distribution of steam energy in the core of the sugar mill. We have built up both a physical and mathematical model of this process based on energetic balances equations of open thermodynamics systems. At the same rime, a portable device has been elaborated in order to realize measurements of thermodynamic quantities experimentally accessible. Thanks to the analyses led as well as the measurements gathered at the sugar mill of Beaufonds, several tools have been created. A computer programm relying on the physical model elaborated by ourselves has been run in three energetic models of calculation i. E. : data processing, global model and combined model. We validate our study by analysing comparatively and accurately the different results
Marblé, Yvane. "Analyse de la contribution des systèmes laitiers au développement durable des territoires. Étude de deux micro territoires contrastés en Inde du Sud-est et à l’île de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0021.
Full textThe current global challenges around dairy farming - and more broadly agriculture - tend towards more sustainable production systems that contribute to the development of territories in which they are embedded. The thesis objectives were i) to capture the dynamics of agricultural systems and their diversity, with a focus on dairy farming; ii) to develop a framework for analysing the contribution of identified dairy farming systems to their territories sustainability; iii) to apply it to two contrasting situations: the territory of Vinukonda (VM), in the state of Andhra Pradesh in Southeast India and the territory of Reunion Island highlands (RI), a French overseas island located in the Indian Ocean. The analytical framework developed combines the agrarian system approach and a multi-criteria sustainability assessment. The agrarian system approach i) highlighted the agricultural and more particularly dairy dynamics of the two study territories, ii) allowed the identification and characterisation of current production systems, and iii) led to the definition of the two study territories current issues. The multi-criteria sustainability assessment was based on the agrarian system approach for the selection of relevant evaluation indicators and for the primary evaluation unit: the production system. This evaluation finally translated the sustainability issues previously identified into explicit and comparable scores. From it, it was possible to propose levers to improve the contribution of the studied dairy production systems to the sustainable development of the territory in which they are embedded. Hence, dairy farming will better contribute to the sustainable development of territories when: production conditions such as access to fodder resources will be secured for all producers, especially the poorest (VM); milk price levels will allow sufficient labour remuneration to cover household needs and to invest in capital which in turn will improve production conditions (VM, RI); milk price levels coupled with territorial development policies will enable dairy farmers to move towards alternative production systems that consume less inputs, create products with high added value and therefore wealth, and are directly linked to consumers (RI); women, who provide the majority of dairy farming workforce, will be able to manage – on an equal basis with men – the income derived from dairy production (VM)
Drouineau, Mathilde. "Modélisation prospective et analyse spatio-temporelle : intégration de la dynamique du réseau électrique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00731894.
Full textTecher, Sophie. "Criblage d’activités biologiques de plantes endémiques ou indigènes de La Réunion - Recherche de molécules antivirales ciblant le virus du chikungunya." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0014/document.
Full textThe aims of this PhD work were to identify plants and/or molecules with cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antiviral (chikungunya virus , CHIKV) activities in order to find therapeutic alternatives towards oxidative stress and inflammation, mechanisms involved in chronic noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, obesity ...), and chikungunya disease, reemerging vector-borne disease. The first part of this work presents the results obtained from a biological screening carried out on a selection of eighteen endemic and indigenous plants of La Réunion. The targeted activities were cytotoxicity on a human cell line (THP-1), antioxidant activities evaluated using an in cellulo hemolysis assay and four chemical tests (TEAC / DPPH / FRAP / ORAC) together with an evaluation of the content of phenolic compounds (FOLIN test) and anti-inflammatory activity tested in murine macrophages (RAW cells-BlueTM). The results allowed to highlight activities of different extracts in particular : cytotoxic for Carissa spinarum, antioxidant for Dryopteris wallichiana and Agarista buxifolia and anti-inflammatory for Stillingia lineata and Indigofera ammoxylum.The second part of this work is devoted to the phytochemical study of Stillingia lineata, an indigenous species of La Réunion chosen because of the results obtained in this preliminary biological screening and those carried out in Phytochik programme. Bioassay-guided fractionation performed on Vero cells (green monkey kidney cells Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with CHIKV led to the isolation of three rare macrocycle-type diterpenes called tonantzitlolone and a new pimarane. The 4'-acetoxytonantzitlolone was identified as a candidate molecule against CHIKV (EC50 = 7 μM). Structure-activity relationships have been defined, the presence of an oxygenated group on the side chain of tonantzitlolones seems to play an important role in the antiviral response of the diterpene skeleton
Carron, Alexandre. "Parcours scolaire des élèves de Section d’Enseignement Général et Professionnel Adapté à l’île de La Réunion : analyse et processus." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0001/document.
Full textThrough a sociological approach, this research intends to analyse and better understand the school career of SEGPA students in Reunion Island. Our study mainly focuses on students about to leaving school in 12 different SEGPA. This approach, in terms of process, demonstrates that the personal history and the school career of the students we met cannot be reduced to an individual adventure, but are the result of a comprehensive process whose dynamics are to be found in the combination and interactions of a variety of elements, phenomena and events. Even though the institutional functioning of school guidance influence school destiny, this research shows that school career and the failure of students leaving SEGPA without any qualification are not reducible to the student's personal characteristics or social family context, but is due to a comprehensive process whose interrelated dynamics combine, interact, cumulate and influence each other
Blöss-Widmer, Isabelle. "Migrations, emploi, développement : analyse comparée de l'île de la Réunion et de l'île Maurice." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010645.
Full textReffay, Nathalie. "Étude des facteurs génétiques contrôlant le rendement en sucre et la teneur en fibres dans deux populations de canne à sucre (Saccharum spp. ) de l'île de la Réunion et d'Australie." La Réunion, 2003. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/03_11_Reffay.pdf.
Full textGrondin, Éric. "Exploration du potentiel biotechnologique des levures endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion et de Madagascar à produire des molécules d'arômes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0016.
Full textIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in identifying and characterizing the yeast ecosystems associated with diverse types of habitat because of the many potential desirable technological properties of these microorganisms, especially in food applications. In this study, a total of 101 yeast strains were isolated directly from the skins of tropical fruits collected in several locations in the South West Indian Ocean (in the regions of Anstirabe in Madagascar and Saint Paul in Reunion Island). Species identification was determined by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene. The strains were classified into 26 different species and tested for their potential to produce aromatic flavouring compounds. Among the isolated strains, two species isolated from the skins of Cape gooseberry and Cocoa beans appeared to represent putative new yeast species. Strains EGPOC17 and EB23 showed LSU D1/D2 sequence homologies of only 97.1% and 97.4% with the yeasts Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida pararugosa, respectively. In total, 52 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were detected by Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction coupled to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (HS-SPME-GC/MS) analysis and these were classified into five main groups, namely, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. In order to classify and discriminate the yeast biodiversity, statistical analysis was performed which allowed the yeasts to be categorized according to their flavour production. With a production of 32 compounds among 52 VOCs, Saprochaete suaveolens (Geotrichum fragrans) seemed to be the best producer of flavour compounds, especially esters and unsaturated compounds. Other yeast species including Candida quercitrusa, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Pichia kluyveri and Sporidiobolus pararoseus also appeared of potential interest based on their abilities to produce acid, alcohol and carbonyl compounds. Among the VOCs detected, 6 uncommon compounds namely ethyl but-2-enoate, ethyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate (ethyl tiglate), ethyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate, 2-methylpropyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate, butyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate and 3 methylbutyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate were identified as possible yeast species specific flavour markers
Rakotoson, Vanessa. "Intégration de l'analyse de cycle de vie dans l'étude de la production électrique en milieux insulaires." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0035/document.
Full textPopulation growth, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and energy-intensive activities are key parameters affecting the territory energy demand, through electricity consumption. To meet this demand, reliance on fossil fuels is the main adopted solution, particularly in insular context. The downside of this method is the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emitted, and vulnerability of the territories. Current policies are now in favor of the energy self-sufficiency as a medium-term objective, and put in place measures to support the use of sustainable energy sources to mitigate GHG emissions. This work aims to assess environmental impact of electricity production in Reunion island, to establish a territorial diagnosis. Based on a life cycle assessment approach, according to ISO 14044 standards, varying environmental impacts have been evaluated from existing power plants. An evaluating tool has been developed to identify the most emissive life cycle stage from 1 kWh electricity produced. The obtained results serve as a reference point to develop prospective scenarios. Eight scenarios have been presented and aim to satisfy environmental, technical, social and economic constraints
Bourhane, Anli. "Méthodes d'investigation de l'intrusion marine dans les aquifères volcaniques (La Réunion et La Grande Comore)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0028/document.
Full textIn volcanic islands context, the aquifers of coastal areas have very strong heterogeneities related to their structure, the disparity of their recharge and the influence of the downstream boundaries (rocky coasts, detritic cones...). The works considered here consist to develop a methodology adapted to different hydrogeological configurations in the aim to better understanding the development of saltwater intrusions. Time series recording and geophysical investigations are carried out on various sites, with different hydrogeological conditions, on the west coast of Reunion Island and throughout Grande Comore Island. The groundwater observatory tested in the pilot study area of Reunion was exported to three others experimental sites situated in Grande Comore Island (Indian Ocean). The geophysical investigations reveal a very important lateral heterogeneity along the shoreline due to the existence of 3D volcanic structures such as palaeovalleys filled by recent lava flows. In coastal areas, these structures exert an important role towards the marine intrusion dynamics, like it was confirmed by numerical simulations. Time series recording has allowed the hydrodynamic characterisation of the coastal groundwater and has enhanced the understanding of low and high frequency variations of the groundwater resources quality
Atiama-Nurbel, Toulassi. "Réponse des femelles de Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera, Tephritidae) aux composés volatils de fruits-hôtes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0026/document.
Full textLocating host-plants is a key process in the adaptive strategy of phytophagous insects, and olfactory stimuli, which arevolatile compounds emitted by plants, play an essential role in this process. Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera,Tephritidae) is responsible for significant damage to many vegetable crops in Reunion Island and worldwide. Whilethe bioecology and genetic population structure of this species are relatively well known, understanding the chemicalmediation occurring during host-fruit location is needed to improve the management of this pest. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the olfactory stimuli involved in the location by females of B. cucurbitae, of awide range of wild and cultivated host fruits of Cucurbitaceae in Reunion Island. A multidisciplinary approach (behavioural and chemical) was adopted to identify volatile compounds responsible for the attraction of females to their oviposition sites in 27 host fruits. The results highlight that within the range of host plants the female response to fruit odours is very heterogeneous(attraction rates from 1% to 74%). These levels of female response vary according to the plant species and the varietyand the stage of fruit maturity. Meanwhile, the study of the chemical composition of fruit odours reveals aconsiderable inter- and intraspecific chemodiversity: 280 volatile compounds identified in total, with differentemission profiles from one fruit to another. These results, complemented by coupled gas chromatographyelectroantennographic detection, have identified 34 compounds potentially involved in female attraction. In addition, ablend of two synthetic compounds as attractive as fresh fruit odour was identified by measuring attractiveness of 10 ofthe 34 compounds presented individually or in combination. The roles of volatiles in oviposition sites location and ecological specialization of this pest are discussed. Moreover,the association of these results with data on female preference and larval performance represents a promising researchdirection, which would contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of host specialization. Finally, theintegration of a simple two-component blend in a trapping system for females into an agroecological management scheme for B. cucurbitae populations is proposed
Dijoux-Latchimy, Jasmine. "Langage oral, prélecture-compréhension et prévention de l’illettrisme : une analyse linguistique de productions orales d’élèves de grande section de maternelle créolophone à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0058.
Full textOur thesis "Oral language, prereading, comprehension and prevention of illiteracy: a linguistic analysis of oral productions of pupils of preschool older section in Reunion Island" mobilizes the theoretical choices of descriptive linguistics in the light of a dynamic grasp of the language facts (Staudacher-Valliamée, 1999) in Reunion schools. Our doctoral research corresponds to the linguistic and logical axis of the device "Say, read, calculate in preschool older section". Its purpose is to study the observation of students in the acquisition of oral language in French as a second language (Véronique, 2009) when they start pre-reading comprehension. The linguistic survey conducted in 16 classes concerns 544 pupils, known as sensitive, in a potential school drop-out situation. The corpus of base of 2,500 statements, of a first exploratory diagnostic test (TD1) startingfrom illustrative images, expands to 5009 statements in the second experimental test (TD2), on images of an album of youth literature. Two new tools had to be developed, complemented by the AntConc software, for an analysis adapted to the linguisticdynamics of our corpus: an observation grid of the grammatical units (names, pronouns of people, determiners, verbs) and another one of 7 indicators of understanding. On the criterion of oral productions conforming or not conforming to lexical expectations and semantics, understanding or not, the results obtained differentiate 3 types of profiles: the confirmed preselector, the pre-selector in difficulty and the silent one. The spin-offs from our doctoral research have led to Action 3, in partnership with the Reunion Academy, within the framework of an action plan against illiteracy (2010-2015). Our results highlight in a new way the link between the construction of young students' oral language and their visual memory as they start writing. A contribution to the didactics of the oral (Dolz, Schneuwly,1998) advocates the consideration of the language of the pupils impregnated with the characteristics of Creole oral society, perceptible in the referencing and informational organization of discourse (Picoche,1993). The pedagogical applications reflect the contents of training, development of a tool of diagnosis of lexical skills and semantic knowledge of the students
Blambert, Laury. "Biologie et chimie des jumellea aromatiques de la Réunion : application à la conservation et à la valorisation des espèces." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0034/document.
Full textReunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions
Atiama, Morguen. "Bioécologie et diversité génétique d'Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), ravageur du manguier à La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0007/document.
Full textMango crops in Reunion Island are threatened by a series of pests, including the bug Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae). This species has only been reported in Uganda and Reunion Island but is considered pest of mango only in Reunion Island. Few studies have therefore been devoted to this bug, which explains the lack of knowledge concerning this pest. The overall aim of my thesis was to acquire knowledge about O. palus, and several specific objectives were pursued. The first was to characterize mirid diversity in the mango orchards of Reunion Island. The second was to characterize the life cycle of O. palus and insect-plant interactions. The third objective was to study the distribution and genetic diversity of the species in Reunion Island and on other islands in the south-west Indian Ocean (SWIO).The main results of these studies are: among the 13 species identified in the community of mirids in mango orchards, O. palus was the most abundant on the mango inflorescences when in flower. Three original tools were built to identify O. palus in the laboratory and to recognize the species in the field: an identification key, COI sequences, and a field recognition card). A method was developed to rear O. palus, which enabled the characterization of its life cycle and the length of the development stages. Meanwhile, the inventory of in situ host plants (15 species in Reunion Island) showed that O. palus is polyphagous. Studies of the diversity and genetic structure of O. palus in SWIO islands also provided significant results. In Reunion Island, the population is structured in two clusters, although the structural factors could not be fully identified. In Mauritius, one cluster was identified and was shown to be different from the clusters in Reunion Island. No host race was found either in Reunion Island or in Mauritius. Population movements in both directions between the two islands were highlighted. Finally, the analysis of the mitochondrial DNA diversity of individuals sampled on four SWIO islands (Reunion, Mauritius, Mayotte, Grande Comore) revealed the presence of at least seven haplotypes whose distribution confirmed exchanges between islands.The dynamics of O. palus in space and over time are discussed in connection with its survival strategy over the course of the year and with population flows across SWIO. The results showed that beyond being a bug that attacks only the mango tree, as the name strongly suggests, O. palus is rather a "flower bug" likely to maintain populations throughout the year by moving from one flowering plant to another according to food availability. Among the plants involved in the annual dynamics of the insect, several species beside mango are of economic interest (lychee, jujube, avocado). Several research topics are proposed to complete the knowledge already acquired on O. palus, including understanding of population dispersion processes at the scale of the agro-ecosystem, and evaluating the presence and the genetic diversity of O. palus in other SWOI territories. Finally, agroecological practices for the local management of O. palus populations are proposed based on the results of the studies that comprise the present dissertation. Recommendations are made for precautionary measures to prevent the flow of O. palus populations between countries located in the Indian Ocean
Sinama, Frantz. "Étude de la production d'électricité à partir de l'énergie thermique des mers à l'île de la Réunion : modélisation et optimisation du procédé." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873263.
Full textPoser, Christophe. "Influence de la température sur la phénologie de la canne à sucre : conséquences sur la phase d'implantation de la culture dans les Hauts de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0030/document.
Full textThis thesis is centered on the effects of temperature on sugarcane development and its potential for geographical expansion under low temperatures in high-altitude tropical conditions. In the highlands of Reunion Island (les Hauts), the duration of the germination, in planting years, affects the date and the level of the first harvest, as well as the sugarcane yield in the following ratoon crop cycle. Trials took place in climate chambers, greenhouses and fields at different temperatures and altitudes. A preliminary study validates the conditions governing the experimentation: bud bursts can be studied through single, healthy, single bud cuttings that are taken from the middle section of the mature stem. Temperature considerably influences the primary tiller germination and emergence stages. The thermal model that was developed satisfactorily predicts bursting at a constant temperature and allows for the quantification of observed varietal differences. Field trials reveal a disparity in the production and growth dynamics of leaves and stems according to locations and varieties. Temperature influences this differentiation. Among the indicators that were elaborated, the duration for the seedling of half the population, when applied to a climatic database, allows one to define geographical zones and time periods conducive to the introduction of sugarcane according to its variety. The methods presented herein can be used in varietal selection for all zones where cold temperature limits the spread of crops. Results could be used for the development of new cultural practices or for further studies in geo-referenced agronomic zoning