Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes aromatiques – Madagascar (île)'
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Ramanoelina, Armand René Panja. "Etude de la variation de la composition chimique de l'huile essentielle de Niaouli (Melaleuca Viridiflora Sol. Ex Gaertn. ) de Madagascar." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30032.
Full textRabehaja, Rakotondragaby Delphin Justin. "Production et analyse d'huiles essentielles de plantes aromatiques et médicinales de Madagascar. Caractérisation par RMN13C, CPG(Ir) et CPG-SM." Thesis, Corte, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CORT0005/document.
Full textThis study was conducted under an agreement of co-supervision between the Universities of Antananarivo (Madagascar) and Corsica (France). It contributed to the characterization of five malagasy plants through the chemical composition of their essential oils (EO). Four aromatic and medicinal plants: Cymbopogon giganteus var. madagascariensis, Tana bojeriana, Croton kimosorum and Croton sp. grow wild in the south-western region of Madagascar (Toliara) whereas the species Vepris madagascarica is widespread in the rainforest of the north-eastern region (Vohémar). The identification of components of EOs produced by hydrodistillation (Clevenger type apparatus) and by steam distillation (Alembic) has been obtained by combination of GC (RI), GC-MS and 13C NMR.Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. var. madagascariensis (A. Camus) EO or Ahibero EO of Madagascar has similar chemical composition with Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov. african species described in literature. Its chemical composition is dominated by four p-menthadienols (cis- and trans-p-mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol, cis- and trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol) and limonene. Moreover, four peroxides derivatives bearing the p-menthane skeleton were also identified. A monography has been proposed to Ahibero EO users.Tana bojeriana Baker EO is characterized by the predominance of -phellandrene (30.4%), carvone (22.3%), limonene (13.3%) and dill ether (7.7%). The chemical composition of this EO was very close to that of Anetum graveolens (Apiaceae family), constituents. The presence of trans-p-menth-2-en-1,6-diol and p-mentha-1(7) ,2-dien-6-ol, gives some originality to Tana bojeriana EO. It could be therefore an alternative for essential oils that are already well established on the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants market.The chemical composition of Vepris madagascarica (Baill.) H. Perrier leaf EO is characterized by a high content of (E)-anethole (78.2%). The comparative study of the chemical composition of leaves (fresh and dried) and bark trunk EOs confirmed the predominance of (E)-anethole (69.5 to 84.6%). Taking account of the restricted distribution of this aromatic plant and the need for sustainable management of this species, its potential use would be limited to leaf oil and could be a source for this compound widely used in food industry.Two species of Croton endemic from Madagascar were studied, Croton kimosorum Leandri (Zanapoly or Napoly) and Croton sp. (Andriambolamena or Riamena). Both aromatic and medicinal plants EOs are characterized by the presence of linalool (Zanapoly) and limonene (Andriambolamena). Croton kimosorum is characterized by a majority of oxygenated compounds, while the second is dominated by hydrocarbon monoterpenes. In both cases, several oxygenated sesquiterpenes are identified. Among these, the epi--bisabolol, never reported in of Croton EOs, was found for the first time in both species
Robivelo, Adrienne Rodolphe. "Le Christianisme et l'usage des plantes médicinales à Madagascar : relecture, réconciliation, réhabilitation." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR20068.
Full textMany Malagasy christians refuse the use of medicinal plants as this is regarded as a pagan practice. Some even flatly reject them. They live however in one of the poorest countries in the world economically point of view, and paradoxically it has a very rich flora with therapeutic virtues which makes foreign pharmaceutical laboratories happy. Faced with a persistent impoverishment, resorting to these plants becomes necessary, even vital, given that imported medicines as well as hospital care are not accessible to the great majority of the population. We want to understand the reasons why the concerned christians reject these plants in order to urge them too to accept and to take advantage, of these natural resources within reach. A theological approach, reinforced by ethnobotanical studies, brings out the first vocation of plants and man, with their respective evolutions; the objective being to reconcile them. We are trying to rehabilitate the use of plants with medicinal proprieties and, referring to Jesus's teachings, we are offering them to advance in their faith, which should help the concerned christians to use them without feeling guilty for it
Rakotobe, Randriamoeliarivony Lolona. "Etudes chimiques et toxicologiques de deux plantes toxiques malgaches : Dioscorea antaly Jum. & Perr. (Dioscoreaceae) et Rhodocodon madagascariensis Baker (Hyacinthaceae)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0005.
Full textCorreges, Déborah. "Intégrer la médecine traditionnelle à Madagascar : institutions, acteurs et plantes au prisme de la mondialisation." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0162.
Full textIn the island of Madagascar, the integration of traditional medicine, as part of State politics submitted to the OMS requirements and international pressure, raises numbers of interests and modifies the links between a whole range of powers and the local knowledges. The analysis concerning traditional medicines policy reveals, on several levels of governmentality, the mechanisms of cooperation and competition between countries of the South and of the North, also between public institutions and private laboratories, thus induced by the pharmaceutical interests of local pharmacopeia. In the national health system, the introduction of a speciality in traditional medicine and herbal medicinal products registered by the Agency of Madagascar induces processes of reinvention of traditional medicine and struggles for legitimacy between practitioners for the conquest of a new professional monopoly. Under the influence of christianism, of a globalised trade and of the presence of foreigners, industrialization in the economic sector of plants and the professionalization of farmers change the relationships between man and his environment and come with ritual adaptations. Starting from Michel De Certeau's concepts of «strategy»and «tactics», this work analyzes social change and the links with globalisation by bringing to light the gap between what must be done and what is actually being done
Tsimoaha, Nozet. "La protection des espèces endémiques à Madagascar face à leur marchandisation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS023S.
Full textThis thesis concerns the loss of biodiversity in general and the Malagasy forests in particular. All social categories, species endemic to Madagascar has suffered over the past 10 years enormous pressure operating unprecedented on the part of the Malagasy population, a situation that could well lead to an extinction of some species such as tortoises (eg , turtles starred), and precious woods (for example, rosewood), if protection measures are not taken in time. This exploitation comes in many forms, beginning with a daily consumption up to a massive export (traffic) in cash. The main causes of this pressure are varied, namely the inconsistency of the development policy adopted by the leaders since the 80's, the total abandonment of civic education in the preservation of nature and the environment, the poverty of people living near forest ecosystems globalization and international trade This erosion of biodiversity has resulted in: the progressive depletion of resources, extreme poverty of the peasants, and finally an ecological crisis inevitable. To address this situation, we propose the following: Firstly, policy reform and environmental action plan for the overhaul of the legislation on the protection and conservation of biodiversity, and the redefinition of actions and responsibilities of environmental;Second: give priority to environmental education for each category of person child as an adult, and integrate local communities in the preservation of species and their habitats in order to achieve an accepted method of preservation and acceptable to all stakeholders (farmers, donors Basically, NGOs, state). Finally, a case study on the preservation of forest biodiversity has closed the thesis using the example site "Dabotehena Manja Madagascar" in which theoretical and practical aspects are addressed and detailed
Andrianaivoarivelo, Radosoa A. "Écologie et population de Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier, 1928 (Pteropodidae)." Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700678.
Full textForest habitat loss and associated changes in floristic composition are the major threats to the Malagasy terrestrial biodiversity. These processes are responsible for the decline of numerous species. However, for the vast majority of taxa, the mechanisms triggering these declines are poorly understood. Using the Malagasy rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis) as our model organism, we examine different genetic and ecological aspects of how this animal lives in natural habitats and copes with human modified landscapes of different physical and bioclimatic characteristics. This endemic species has a broad distribution, and appears to play a role in the regeneration of native forest. Through radio telemetry, faecal sample analysis, molecular genetics, and morphometric data, we were able to understand different aspects of the life-history traits and dispersal patterns of this taxon. Observations of wild animal placed in flight cages provided important inference on its feeding preferences between native and introduced plants, with economic value. Results indicate that R. Madagascariensis i) uses both: the forest and human modified habitats while foraging; ii) it has a feeding preference for fruits of forest and pioneers species, as compared to plants of commercial importance; iii) it shows weak genetic structure, which is not associated with geographical distance; iv) and morphological variation that correlates with clines in altitude and latitude
Girardot, Marion. "Validation des activités antiparasitaires des constituants de Muntafara sessilifolia (Apocynaceae)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0015.
Full textMuntafara sessilifolia (Baker) Pichon traditionally used for the treatment of fevers in Madagascar, was selected by screening based on the antiplasmodial activity of the extracts. Selective acid-base extraction with gradient of pH performed on MeOH extract from the powdered stem-bark, yielded a crude alkaloid and EtOAc extracts, active in vitro against P. Falciparum. Their bioassayguided fractionation led to isolation of 29 compounds : monomeric indole and bisindole alkaloids and terpenoïds, 11 compounds being new. The antiparasitic activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania donovani, were evaluated along with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities on all isolated molecules. Additional tests were conducted to know the influence of plasma components on their antiplasmodial activity, the behavior of the products against strains of P. Falciparum of different sensitivity and the development of the early stage of the parasite
Rakotomalala, Jean-Jacques. "Diversité biochimique des caféiers : analyse des acides hydroxycinnamiques, bases puriques et diterpènes glycosidiques : particularité des caféiers sauvages de la région malgache (Mascarocoffea Chev.)." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20192.
Full textRandriamamonjy, Nivo. "Elevage bovin et exploitation d'un espace agropastoral dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar (région de Sakaraha)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR1GEO2.
Full textAndriamanantena, Mahery. "Valorisation de la biodiversité et études ethnobotanique, phyto-chimique et toxicologique des plantes tinctoriales de Madagascar : applications dans le domaine des colorants naturels." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0015.
Full textConsumers trends are now moving towards healthier and more environmentally friendly products. It is pushing manufacturers to find natural alternatives to substitute the artificial products. The synthetic dyes industry, one of the most polluting industries in the world, is directly affected. Madagascar’s biodiversity, linked to a tradition of using plant species to dye natural fibers, represents an adequate source of renewable source of pigments, remains weakly exploited. Substances extracted from these plants could result in natural dyes that can be used in industries subject to overcome the main scientific challenges related to the lack of knowledge about these plants. Three complementary approaches were carried out during this study. A first ethnobotanical approach consisted in the screening of the dye plant biodiversity of Madagascar. 128 plant species, including 34 endemic species, have been identified and described. A second phytochemical approach has allowed the extraction of pigments by an eco-responsible process with green non-harmful solvent. The results in terms of coloring properties, stability (pH, temperature), antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pigments (anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, etc) extracted from a few species, including Acridocarpus excelsus and Woodfordia fruticosa highlight their potential as natural bioactive colorants. HPLC-DAD-CAD-MS chromatography analysis of the roots extracts of Paracarphalea kirondron display for the first time the secondary metabolites responsible of the dyeing and biological properties in this plant species. Finally, a third toxicological approach conducted on zebrafish and albino mice model permitted to characterize the activity / toxicity profiles of these plant extracts. These early results lead to great opportunities across the industrials valorization of these natural ressources and traditionnal malagasy knowledge. However, appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the sustainable exploitation of this biodiversity
Petit, Virginie. "Valorisation phytochimique et biologique de plantes tropicales." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3016.
Full textThis confidential memory thesis focuses on phytochemical and biological enhancement of tropical plants. It is part of a process of validation of experience and retraces 14 years of applied research for the development of new plant extract for cosmetics industry and elemental research.This work enabled the development of new actives, with high value, from Madagascar plants by enhancement of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols (flavonoids, tannins, chlorogenic acid derivatives) and pentacyclic triterpenes. This important activity goes along with essential activities related to the mastery of plant resources in line with the sustainable development actions, phytochemical research, process development and biological positioning. It is illustrated, among other developing, extracts from Buddleja axillaris, Vernonia appendiculata and the latest work on the plant Centella asiatica
Ralambonirina, Rasoarivelo Tiana Sylvia. "Etudes chimique et antibactérienne d'Anthospermum emirnense et d'Anthospermum perrieri, Rubiaceae endémiques de Madagascar." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P618.
Full textAnthospermum emirnense Baker and Anthospermum perrieri Homolle ex Puff (Rubiaceae) are herbaceous endemic to the Central Highlands of Madagascar, widely used in traditional Madagascan medicine for the treatment of various infectious diseases, including cough, digestive apparatus disorders, and various skin diseases. The extractions by solvents, followed by isolations from extracts and structural determination of the isolated molecules, showed the wealth of these plants on secondary metabolites. So, compounds belonging to varied chemical families were isolated: a new iridoid glycoside as well as 7 other known iridoids, a new anthraquinonique heteroside, 3 quinones and a naphtalen, 2 acids phenols, 3 coumarins, 3 lignans, 5 flavonoids and 2 phytosterols were characterized. Besides, essential oils of the aerial parts of A. Emirnense and A. Perrieri were obtained by hydrodistillation respectively with 0,03 % and 0,02 % (w/w) yield. About sixty molecules were identified in each of the essential oil. The two species showed an important qualitative similarity, with 40 compounds common to A. Emirnense and A. Perrieri, including β-elemene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol, which were major components in both cases. As a supplement to this chemical study, antibacterial tests were made on isolated iridoïdes and on the essential oils. Among iridoids, two compounds showed good activities on Alcaligenes faecalis, Comamonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas putida, Serratia marcescens, Achromobacter xylosoxidans denitrificans, Achromobacter xylosoxidans xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia pyrrocinia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Essential oils exhibited interesting minimal-inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) values towards Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Yersinia enterocolitica. All these results establish the first chemical and biological data on the genus Anthospermum, and permit to validate scientifically the traditional anti-infective use of these species
Rajaonarivelo, Mialy. "Caractérisation chimique de composés cytotoxiques et inhibiteurs de la kinase DyrK 1A, isolés de plantes malgaches." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114860.
Full textAs part of collaboration between the Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées and the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles in the search for new bioactive molecules, the phytochemical study of three endemic plants from Madagascar was undertaken. These plants were selected for their biological activities : Apodocephala pauciflora (Asteraceae), a cytotoxic plant on KB cell line, Carphalea madagascariensis (Rubiaceae), an inhibitor of the activity of Dyrk 1A protein kinase and Garcinia verrucosa subsp. Orientalis (Clusiaceae) a cytotoxic plant on P388 cell line. Bioguided fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts from different parts of the plants led to the characterisation of 24 compounds belonging to the helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones family, 3,4-secodammarane type triterpenes family, and a polyisoprenylated phloroglucinol. Among them 8 are new compounds. The initial activity observed for these extracts was found in most of the isolated molecules
Marchetti-Smadja, Jacqueline. "Influence climatique et régionale sur la qualité de l'huile essentielle de vétyver Bourbon." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20076.
Full textMondeil, Fanjavola. "Contribution à l'amélioration génétique de Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon : morphogénèse, hybridation interspécifique avec Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, multiplication végétative." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112114.
Full textGrondin, Éric. "Exploration du potentiel biotechnologique des levures endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion et de Madagascar à produire des molécules d'arômes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0016.
Full textIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in identifying and characterizing the yeast ecosystems associated with diverse types of habitat because of the many potential desirable technological properties of these microorganisms, especially in food applications. In this study, a total of 101 yeast strains were isolated directly from the skins of tropical fruits collected in several locations in the South West Indian Ocean (in the regions of Anstirabe in Madagascar and Saint Paul in Reunion Island). Species identification was determined by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene. The strains were classified into 26 different species and tested for their potential to produce aromatic flavouring compounds. Among the isolated strains, two species isolated from the skins of Cape gooseberry and Cocoa beans appeared to represent putative new yeast species. Strains EGPOC17 and EB23 showed LSU D1/D2 sequence homologies of only 97.1% and 97.4% with the yeasts Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida pararugosa, respectively. In total, 52 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were detected by Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction coupled to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (HS-SPME-GC/MS) analysis and these were classified into five main groups, namely, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. In order to classify and discriminate the yeast biodiversity, statistical analysis was performed which allowed the yeasts to be categorized according to their flavour production. With a production of 32 compounds among 52 VOCs, Saprochaete suaveolens (Geotrichum fragrans) seemed to be the best producer of flavour compounds, especially esters and unsaturated compounds. Other yeast species including Candida quercitrusa, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Pichia kluyveri and Sporidiobolus pararoseus also appeared of potential interest based on their abilities to produce acid, alcohol and carbonyl compounds. Among the VOCs detected, 6 uncommon compounds namely ethyl but-2-enoate, ethyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate (ethyl tiglate), ethyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate, 2-methylpropyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate, butyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate and 3 methylbutyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate were identified as possible yeast species specific flavour markers
Hackel, Jan. "Molecular biogeography of grasses and tropical grasslands." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30222.
Full textGrasses (Poaceae) are a large, cosmopolitan plant family. In this dissertation, I used molecular methods to study their biogeographic history. The first chapter focuses on determinants of lineage dispersal in the temperate subtribe Loliinae, with distance found to be the dominant factor. The second chapter analyses the origins of Madagascar's grass flora. Two large in situ radiations of C3 grasses were found while C4 grasses immigrated more frequently and support the pre-human presence of grasslands in Madagascar. The third chapter resolves relationships of an Asian C3 lineage using phylogenomic methods, with implications for C4 photosynthesis evolution and the assembly of tropical grasslands. The fourth and final chapter developed a metabarcoding method for the analysis of fungal endophyte communities associated to grasses in Madagascar, with results highlighting methodological limitations
Blambert, Laury. "Biologie et chimie des jumellea aromatiques de la Réunion : application à la conservation et à la valorisation des espèces." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0034/document.
Full textReunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions
Andrianasolo, Domohina Noromalala. "Génétique des populations et modèles d'architecture et de production végétale : application à la préservation des ressources génétiques des Mascarocoffea." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20225.
Full textMascarocoffea species (61 / 124 described, endemics to Madagascar) are highly endangered because of the considerable Madagascar area forest reduction. For their preservation, assessment of the Mascarocoffea diversity level in the FOFIFA Kianjavato Collection Research Station compared to four in situ populations was made. The collection population's diversity level is larger than that in situ, observed heterozygosity is similar with a significant allelic richness. Modeling the young individuals in these populations' growth and development by the GreenLab model helped to understand the development of the plant structure in accordance with the interspecific architectural variability in studied populations at different development stages. A good fitting on growth was obtained on the populations studied in the experimental plot. The evolution of the GreenLab model key variable, the source-sink ratio (Q / D), showed that the production of many more organs influences the ratio Q / D evolution in time. This variable affects organ size and Mascarocoffea architecture. An essay on adult individuals growing in different environments (in and ex situ), whose morphological, genetic and architectural parameters were determined in this study, would allow the plants response in terms of architecture depending on the environment in which they grow and to optimize the model. The detection of hybrid individuals in both in situ and at the collection would detect hybrids characters on the plant structure and consider integrating genetic parameters in the model