Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes – Composition chimique'
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Grougnet, Raphaë͏l. "Etude chimique de plantes endémiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Boronella koniambiensis, Rutaceae, Gardenia aubryi, Rubiaceae, étude chimique du périsperme de Sesamum indicum, Pedaliaceae." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P629.
Full textThe chemical study of the aerial parts of Boronella koniambiensis led to the isolation of fifteen compounds from several structural classes, such as lignans, coumarins, steroids, limonoids, amides, and alkaloids. Two of them, cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydromedicosmine and koniamborine, are new natural products, Koniamborine, the first pyrano[3,2-b]indol-4-one alkaloid from natural source, was thoroughly examined by catalytic hydrogenation, in order to establish unambiguously its skeleton and its relationship with 6-methoxy-1-methylisatine, although isolated from the plant material. These investigations confirmed, through the originality and the diversity of its secondary metabolites, the great interest of the Rutaceae family. The chemical study of Gardenia aubryi (Rubiaceae) bud exudate led to the isolation of twelve compounds, nine triterpens and three polymethoxylated flavonoids. Among the triterpens, three seco-cycloartanes and three dammarans are new natural compounds. This is the first report of dammaran-type triterpens in the genus Gardenia. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation didn’t show any strong activity; this is a good new, as long as this exudate is locally used for chewing, especially by children. Twenty-seven lignans and related compounds have been isolated from sesame perisperm (testa, hull, coat). Four among them are new natural products: (+)-saminol, (+)-episesaminone-9-O-b-D-sophoroside, alibabol and (+)-epipipéritolone. Most of the other compounds were described for the first time in the genus Sesamum. The identification of neolignans should be particularly emphasized on the chemotaxonomic point of view. All these metabolites were rationally integrated to the major lignan biogenetic pathways. As some of them were recently characterized as mammalian lignans precursors, the constitution of a large molecular database from a non-edible part of the plant looks very interesting. On one hand, it is now possible to estimate, by a quick, specific, and sensitive HPLC-analysis, the nature and the concentration of lignans in sesame-containing food preparation. In the other hand, the evaluation of antioxidative and estrogenic activities of this derivates are on progress, in order to determine the basis of the chemopreventive value traditionnaly accorded to sesame
Fahed, Layal. "Diversité chimique et potentiel antimicrobien d’huiles essentielles de plantes libanaises." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0005/document.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a major global problem and a growing concern. The development of new conventional antimicrobial agents replacing inefficient ones is certainly one of the most promising strategies aiming to reduce its extent. But this solution remains unfortunately momentary. In fact, any antimicrobial agent will eventually be defeated by the spread of resistant strains favored by the selection pressure phenomenon exerted by the agent itself. It is therefore necessary to consider all possible alternatives to conventional approaches in order to diversify the antimicrobial arsenal.Essential oils used by plants in their defense against pathogens are naturally composed of a mixture of components making them able to act on several targets of the organism. Thus, even the most resistant pathogens will not be able to escape their actions and the development of resistance will be therefore limited.In this thesis, Lebanese aromatic plants selected based mainly on ethnopharmacological indications were collected from various Lebanese regions. They were subsequently hydrodistillated producing twenty essential oils analyzed by GC / MS and eventually by NMR, and assessed against a range of pathogens that cause skin infections in humans. The analysis of the chemical composition of the EOs was marked by the isolation and characterization for the first time of santolinoïdol, a bisabolene type sesquiterpene that was found in the essential oil of Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii. Almost half of the EOs have been active on at least one pathogen. The origin of the activity of the most active oils, the effect of their associations with commercial antimicrobials and their cytotoxicities were also investigated
Crespin, Fabienne. "Contribution à l'étude des saponosides de l'Opilia Celtidifolia Guill. Per." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30005.
Full textÉparvier, Véronique. "Études chimique et biologique de plantes tropicales : Disepalum plagioneurum et Richella obtusata (Annonaceae), Argophyllum nitidum (Escalloniaceae), et Pittosporum pancheri (Pittosporaceae) : Isolement, analyse structurale et essais biologiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0044.
Full textIn the search for new active compounds, chemical study of four tropical plants has been investigated: two cytotoxic Annonaceae (Disepalum plagioneurum and Richella obtustata), one Escalloniaceae, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Argophyllum nitidum) and one Pittosporaceae which is a MCH1 inhibitor (Pittosporum pancheri). Bioguided fractionation of these plants and chemical transformation of some isolated molecules led to the structural determination of 17 compounds (13 are new). Acetogenins and one styryl-lactone have been isolated from Annonaceae, dipeptides from Argophyllum nitidum and farnesyled glycosides from Pittosporum pancheri. Biological evaluation of isolated compounds have been investigated. Most of these compounds are responsible of the initial activity observed. Structure-activity relationships have also been studied
Nguikwie, Kwanga Mekondane Sylvie. "Huiles essentielles d'espèces d'Aframomum camerounaises : composition chimique et activités antibactériennes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20217.
Full textThe antimicrobial properties of plant volatile oils have been assessed and there appears to be a revival in the use of traditional approaches to protecting livestock and food in industrial countries. This work is the result of combined chemical and biological studies of essential oils obtained from 15 Cameroonian aromatic species of the genus Aframomum (Zingiberaceae), commonly used as spices or as ingredients in traditional medicine.The volatile extracts were obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves, seeds, pericarps and rhizomes of representative samples of these 15 Aframomum species collected in different geographical zones of Cameroon; their chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography (GC/FID), by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and chiral chromatography to assess the enantiomeric distribution of some characteristic components (113 samples of essential oils were analyzed in the total).The antimicrobial activities of 41 volatile extracts and of their main components, after isolation and characterization, were tested against two bacteria: Escherichia coli (Gram-) and Micrococcus luteus (Gram +) by a broth dilution technique; the results show a higher efficiency of oxygenated compounds such as linalol, geraniol, myrtenol or (E)-nerolidol, with possible synergistic interactions between components in essential oils.Globally, the seed essential oils are the most efficient, in particular those extracted from: A. citratum, A. dalzielii, A. letestuianum, A. pruinosum and A. polyanthum, justifying their traditional use in food as well as in medicinal preparations or their potential application as natural preservatives in the cosmetic, food or pharmaceutical industries
Verin, Pierre. "Etude chimique des constituants volatils de plantes aromatiques du Brésil." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20093.
Full textAttioua, Barthélemy. "Contribution à l'étude phytochimique des feuilles et des tiges de Croton Lobatus." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13023.
Full textCroton lobatus belongs to the Croton genus (Euphorbiaceae). It is commonly used in traditional medicine for drugs. In order to isolate molecules having physiological properties, five different extracts of grounded leaves and stems have been investigated. The following fractions of each extract using chromatography on silica gel followed by recrystallization have allowed to isolate and purify nineteen different compounds. Chemical elucidation tests have led to the identification of each compound. In each case, the complete structure relying on different analytical methods, for instance: NMR, mass spectra, IR and UV spectra, elementary analysis, melting point and polarimetry was established. Among the identified compounds, one may found steroids, nitrogen compounds, amphiphiles, one triterpene, one triglyceride, fatty acids, one aromatic compound and one hydrocarbon
Gazanhes-Melas, Valérie. "Sous-unités glutenines de faible poids moléculaire du blé tendre : varaibilité génétique, caractérisation biochimique, relation avec la qualité technologique." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20096.
Full textTaoubi, Khalil. "Les esters hétérosidiques de l'acide cafeique chez des verbenaceae. Phytochimie, chimiotaxonomie, activités biologiques." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT069G.
Full textMolangui, Thérèse. "Etude chimique des huiles essentielles de plantes aromatiques introduites en Afrique subsaharienne." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20016.
Full textRalambonirina, Rasoarivelo Tiana Sylvia. "Etudes chimique et antibactérienne d'Anthospermum emirnense et d'Anthospermum perrieri, Rubiaceae endémiques de Madagascar." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P618.
Full textAnthospermum emirnense Baker and Anthospermum perrieri Homolle ex Puff (Rubiaceae) are herbaceous endemic to the Central Highlands of Madagascar, widely used in traditional Madagascan medicine for the treatment of various infectious diseases, including cough, digestive apparatus disorders, and various skin diseases. The extractions by solvents, followed by isolations from extracts and structural determination of the isolated molecules, showed the wealth of these plants on secondary metabolites. So, compounds belonging to varied chemical families were isolated: a new iridoid glycoside as well as 7 other known iridoids, a new anthraquinonique heteroside, 3 quinones and a naphtalen, 2 acids phenols, 3 coumarins, 3 lignans, 5 flavonoids and 2 phytosterols were characterized. Besides, essential oils of the aerial parts of A. Emirnense and A. Perrieri were obtained by hydrodistillation respectively with 0,03 % and 0,02 % (w/w) yield. About sixty molecules were identified in each of the essential oil. The two species showed an important qualitative similarity, with 40 compounds common to A. Emirnense and A. Perrieri, including β-elemene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol, which were major components in both cases. As a supplement to this chemical study, antibacterial tests were made on isolated iridoïdes and on the essential oils. Among iridoids, two compounds showed good activities on Alcaligenes faecalis, Comamonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas putida, Serratia marcescens, Achromobacter xylosoxidans denitrificans, Achromobacter xylosoxidans xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia pyrrocinia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Essential oils exhibited interesting minimal-inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) values towards Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Yersinia enterocolitica. All these results establish the first chemical and biological data on the genus Anthospermum, and permit to validate scientifically the traditional anti-infective use of these species
Montaut, Sabine. "Composition phytochimique et évaluation de potentialités biologiques des fruits de Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae)." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT004C.
Full textPrudent, Dominique. "Valorisation du potentiel aromatique de quatre plantes tropicales." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT051G.
Full textLofty, Samia. "Etude des hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA : transférases : purification, spécificité et intervention dans la biosynthèse des esters hydroxycinnamiques chez les végétaux." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20212.
Full textRajaonarivelo, Mialy. "Caractérisation chimique de composés cytotoxiques et inhibiteurs de la kinase DyrK 1A, isolés de plantes malgaches." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114860.
Full textAs part of collaboration between the Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées and the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles in the search for new bioactive molecules, the phytochemical study of three endemic plants from Madagascar was undertaken. These plants were selected for their biological activities : Apodocephala pauciflora (Asteraceae), a cytotoxic plant on KB cell line, Carphalea madagascariensis (Rubiaceae), an inhibitor of the activity of Dyrk 1A protein kinase and Garcinia verrucosa subsp. Orientalis (Clusiaceae) a cytotoxic plant on P388 cell line. Bioguided fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts from different parts of the plants led to the characterisation of 24 compounds belonging to the helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones family, 3,4-secodammarane type triterpenes family, and a polyisoprenylated phloroglucinol. Among them 8 are new compounds. The initial activity observed for these extracts was found in most of the isolated molecules
Respaud, Marie-José. "Etude phytochimique et évaluation d'activités biologiques de choisya ternata kunth (Rutaceae)." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT043G.
Full textMesguiche, Véronique. "Synthèse de l'acide 7-méthoxy-dodéc-4-énoi͏̈que extrait de la cyanobactérie Lyngbya majuscula. Isolement et identification de métabolites secondaires extraits d'algues marines des genres secondaires extraits d'algues marines des genres Bifurcaria et Cystoseira." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30088.
Full textBourjot, Mélanie. "Recherche d'inhibiteurs de la réplication du virus Chikungunya issus de la biodiversité tropicale." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0015.
Full textIn order to discover inhibitors of viral replication of chikungunya (CHIKV), a screening was performed on 685 malagasy plants. Two species were selected: Flacourtia ramontchi (Salicaceae) and Anacolosa pervilleana (Olacaceae). The bioguided fractionation of the first species led to the isolation of eleven molecules of which ten were phenolic glycosides and six were new, while the study of Anacolosa pervilleana led to the characterization of seven molecules amongst which four polyacetylenic acids, two terpenoids and one cyanogenic glycoside. Unfortunately, these molecules have not shown any activity on CHIKV replication. Since a potent anti-CHIKV activity of a daphnane diterpenoid orthoester (DDO) isolated from a Trigonostemon species was discovered by serendipity, we have engaged chemical investigations of two species of Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae) : T. Cherrieri and T. Howii. The study of the EtOAc extract obtained from T. Cherrieri leaves led to the isolation of eight DDOs amongst which two were new. These molecules showed potent and selective antiviral activity on CHIKV replication. The study of the EtOAc bark extract of T. Howii allowed isolating seven compounds amongst which one new tigliane, four coumarins and two phenylpropanoids. The tigliane-type compound showed a moderate activity on CHIKV. This result led us to biologically investigate other tigliane diterpenoids amongst which phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate had shown the most powerful anti-CHIKV activity ever found to date
Eyele, Mve-Mba Célestin. "Contribution à l'étude chimique des constituants volatils extraits des plantes aromatiques de l'Afrique subéquatoriale." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20170.
Full textRamanoelina, Armand René Panja. "Etude de la variation de la composition chimique de l'huile essentielle de Niaouli (Melaleuca Viridiflora Sol. Ex Gaertn. ) de Madagascar." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30032.
Full textPoullain, Cyril. "Contribution à l'étude des plantes endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion, recherche d'activités biologiques et de principes actifs dans 75 plantes." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_05_Poullain.pdf.
Full textA previous bibliographic study was realized to review all the active principles for five biological activities : free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal activities, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and inhibition of viral fusion. In order to understand the reactivity of the active principle, causes (oxidative stress) and pathological effects of diseases (fungal infections, Alzheimer's disease and AIDS) related to these five biological activities, were explained (chapter 1, vol. 1). In the second chapter (vol. 1), 75 plants endemic and indigenous to Reunion Island were selected for a study of their biological activities. Two kinds of tests were realized : on the one hand, by thin layer chromatography for the free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal properties and for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase ; on the other hand by clusters for the anti-HIV activity. 73% of 274 polar and non-polar extracts reduced free radicals, 32% protected double bonds, 14% inhibit the growth of a fungi and 11% inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Alzheimer's disease). For HIV test, the toxic limit concentration and the medium effective concentration were determined. Three plants exhibited strong activities for one or two tests : Hypericum lanceolatum, Melicope borbonica and Croton mauritianus. In the same time, 18 plants (on 75) were investigated for determination of specific groups of molecules. All these studies were needed uses of analytical techniques as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Ultraviolet or coupled with mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H 13C, one-dimensional and bi-dimensional. The volume 2 is a complement of vol. 1 and comprises the five tables of the first chapter (vol. 1) and phytochemical and botanical data of the 75 plants studied in the second chapter (vol. 1)
Nader, Souhel. "Contribution à l'étude structurale des phytocénoses ligneuses méditerranéennes : aspects écologiques et biochimiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30013.
Full textFourty, Thierry. "Estimation du contenu biochimique d'un couvert végétal à partir de données haute résolution spectrale acquises au niveau satellitaire : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30213.
Full textNdoye, Foe-Belinga Eboutou Florentine. "Etude chimique et évaluation des propriétés antiradicalaires et antioxydantes des huiles essentielles d'espèces aromatiques tropicales en provenance de la province-est du Cameroun." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20182.
Full textFiorini, Christel. "Contribution à l'étude phytochimique de Laurus Nobilis L. (Lauraceae)." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT027G.
Full textNakashima, Tomoe. "Etude phytochimique, évaluation des activités antifongiques et antivirales de trois verbenaceae : Lippia alba N.E.Brown, Lippia multiflora Mold. Citharexylum myrianthum Cham." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT045G.
Full textLong, Christophe. "Etude phytochimique, évaluation de potentialités biologiques de Vitex agnus castus L. (Verbenaceae)." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT033G.
Full textElouma, Ndinga Arnold Murphy. "Inventaire et analyse chimique des exsudats des plantes d'utilisation courante au Congo-Brazzaville." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112023/document.
Full textPlant exudates are natural complex substances. They are used by several populations in Africa and have many applications: in therapeutics, in galenic pharmacy, in perfumery, etc. In Congo, a great majority of these substances are not yet well known. This thesis work aimed to make an inventory of plant exudates from Congo and to develop a methodology for performing physico-chemical analysis which may enable characterization of exudates from botanical certified trees.Through the methodology that we developed, 135 plant exudates belonging 87 genera were registered. It was observed in this study that these exudates are used for many purposes (glue, insect repellent, making fire, anti-pain, etc).The strategy implemented for characterizing the exudates included several analytical (SNIR, SMIR, GC-MS, GCxGC-MS) and sample processing (Hs-SPME, hydrodistillation, extraction using the Soxhlet, silylation, methylation pyrolyse) techniques. With regard to this work, two exudates were characterized. The exudates from D. edulis (G. Don) K.J. Lam which contained monoterpene hydrocarbons and triterpenes, with the major constituents being: 3-epi-α and -β-amyrine. The exudates from G. Demeusei (Harms) J. Léonard was found to have the sesquiterpenes as major constituents of the volatile fraction and the labdane-type diterpenes (eperuique acide, cativique acid, copalique acid, ozique acid, etc) as major constituents of the poor-volatile fraction.To explore the efficacy of elevated separation of the GCxGC-MS, we faced some problems related to the non-repeatability of chromatographic cards obtained in 2D. Therefore, we put in place a methodology which enables us to verify the film thickness and homogeneity of layers of stationary phases in order to select identical short columns for GCxGC. However, the preliminary results have shown that even using second identical dimension columns, we could observed differences in 2D cards
Neffati, Aicha. "Etude de la composition chimique et évaluation d’activités biologiques de l’huile essentielle d’une Apiaceae de Tunisie : Pituranthos chloranthus : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2009.
Full textPituranthos chloranthus (Apiaceae) is a small aromatic plant which grows naturally in North Africa and is widespread in central and southern Tunisia. The chemical composition of the essential oils (EO) of Pituranthos chloranthus harvested at the vegetative, flower budding, flowering and fruiting stages from three distinct geographical areas of Tunisia was investigated using GC-FID and GC–MS. One hundred and fifty compounds were identified in which α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene, 8-methyldecanal, exo-2-hydroxycineole acetate and carvacrol could reach more than 10% of the total amount. The geographical and seasonal composition changes were discriminated using a PLS regression analysis. The antimicrobial properties were tested against five different bacteria. The EO were found to be weakly active with MIC and MBC values in the range 0. 6 – 4 and 2. 2 – 5 mg/ml respectively. The antimutagenic activities of oils were tested using Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA104 and TA1535. The EO were not mutagenic towards all strains. They reduced significantly benz(a)pyren, 2-aminoanthracene as well as sodium azide and methyl methanesulfonate induced mutagenicity. The EO were not genotoxic towards both E. Coli PQ37 and PQ35 strains. They reduced significantly Aflatoxin B1, Nifuroxazide and H2O2 induced genotoxicity. A protective effect was shown against damages induced by radicals obtained from the photolysis of H2O2 on DNA plasmid through free radical scavenging mechanisms. Finally, the antioxidative activities of essential oils were investigated using various established in vitro systems including xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay, superoxide radicals scavenging, reducing power as well as the deoxyribose degradation model. The essential oils scavenging capacity was tested for its DPPH radical scavenging and was also estimated by evaluating the inhibition of ABTS+. Radical. SDS-PAGE protein profile was carried out with the fresh aerial parts extracts to observe the variety and evolution of the proteins during vegetative cycle
Malanda, Kiyabou Gabriel. "Les eucalyptus du Congo : variations inter et intraspécifiques du rendement et de la composition chimique de leurs huiles essentielles." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20259.
Full textBianchini, Ange. "Contribution à la valorisation d'une plante aromatique de Corse, Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don subsp. Italicum : composition chimique de l'huile essentielle, composition inorganique du végétal et des sols." Corte, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CORT2008.
Full textTravers, Isabelle. "Influence des conditions pédoclimatiques du terroir sur le comportement du pommier et la composition des pommes à cidre dans le Pays d'Auge." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2018.
Full textMachinet, Gaylord Erwan. "Utilisation de la variabilité génétique du maïs pour évaluer le rôle de la qualité chimique des racines sur le processus de décomposition dans les sols." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001012.pdf.
Full textSince several years, plant roots aroused a new interest due to the environmental concern of their C input and storage in soils after decomposition subsequent to plant death or harvest. To better understand the role of the chemical quality of roots on their decomposition in soils and associated C dynamics, sixteen maize roots of hybrids and of brown-midrib mutants were used. These genotypes were earlier characterized by variations in the cell wall quality of above ground organs with respect to forage digestibility. The variations of root chemical quality were observed mainly on the cell wall polymers content and composition (polysaccharides and lignin). They translated into large differences in the kinetics of C mineralization during decomposition. The characterization of initial cell wall quality of the 16 roots together with the detailed study of the changes in cell wall quality during decomposition for 4 contrasted genotypes evidenced the role of soluble C on the short term, lignin fraction of the longer term, and the role of the organization of the cell walls in decomposition. .
Serre, Nathalie. "Contribution à l'étude de la chimie de trois iridoi͏̈des : l'aucuboside, le catalposide et le monomélittoside." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P124.
Full textLeu, Tinihauarii. "Contribution à la connaissance de la flore polynésienne : évaluation de l'intérêt pharmacologique de plantes médicinales et étude phytochimique du Tamanu (calophyllum inophyllum, L.- Clusiaceae)." Polynésie française, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POLF0001.
Full textFrench Polynesia is considered as a worldwide renown hot spot of biodiversity. A better knowledge of natural resources is required for an optimal use of this biodiversity. As a matter of fact, the pharmacological interest of some French Polynesian medicinal plants was assessed for the first time using bioactivity screening assays. Free radical scavenging activity of Myrsine falcata, Myrsine taitensis, Ludwigia octovalvis, Coccoloba uvifera and Metrosideros collina and elastase inhibiting activity of Callophyllum inophyllum are disclosed herein. In-depth phytochemical study of French Polynesian Tamanu oil was performed for the first time. 16 coumarin derivatives named "Tamanolides". AntiVIH agents, calanolides A and B, were isolated for the first time in C. Inophyllum emphasizing the pharmacological interest of this species
Barthélémy, Morgane. "Etude de la diversité chimique et biologique d’endophytes de palmiers." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS563.
Full textThe palm Astrocaryum sciophilum is the host plant model chosen in this work. Indeed, due to the longevity of its leaves, we expected to highlight a competitive community of endophytes within the oldest leaves. Thus, 197 endophytes have been isolated and identified from different leaves of six palm specimens. In order to evaluate whether the compounds produced by these microorganisms could be used for the treatment of human disease, the ethyl acetate extracts of each endophyte were tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as for a quorum quenching (QQ) activity. Simultaneously, co-culture were carried with the fungi Fusarium oxysporum in order to highlight endophytes providing plant protection against phytopathogens. We selected extracts in order to isolate and identify the bioactive metabolites. Various analytical tools have been used to improve the isolation process (LC-MS/MS, molecular networking or MS imaging).The study of the endophytic community isolated from older leaves did not show a more competitive chemical arsenal. However, two Luteibacter strains exhibited an ethyl acetate extract active against MRSA and several bacteria provide quorum quenching extracts. The metabolome of Colletotrichum genus was studied using molecular networking and a fungus from the Xylariaceae family was studied for its capacity to inhibit F. oxysporum’s growth. In our study, seven endophyte strains were chemically investigated leading to the isolation and identification of 42 molecules whose ten are new
Thuault, Anthony. "Approche multi-échelle de la structure et du comportement mécanique d'une fibre de lin." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2055.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the understanding of the flax fibres structure at different scales and the studying of its mechanical behaviour. Indeed, in the context of sustainable development, using plant resources covers several fields of industrial applications including structural eco-composites. At first, seven varieties of flax fibres were compared in terms of morphology (diameter), biochemical composition and mechanical properties. Then, the structural study of the flax fibre dealt with the cell wall layers (number, thickness) and the microfibrils orientation in these layers. The analysis of the stress-strain curves obtained by uniaxial tensile test was used to estimate the elastic, viscoelastic and "plastic" contributions to the global behaviour of the fibre. The orthotropy of its mechanical behaviour has been demonstrated by nanoindentation testing. Finally, these data were used to identify the principal parameters that define the mechanical behaviour of the flax fibre. Thus, simulations of the mechanical behaviour of the fibre have been initiated to propose a phenomenological description
Keller, Roland. "Les familles des dicotylédones ligneuses tropicales et leur identification à l'aide d'une clef fondée sur les seuls caractères végétatifs." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20081.
Full textDethier, Tordeur Monique. "Contribution à l'étude des plantes aromatiques du Burundi." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20116.
Full textLuigi, Manon. "Etude des propriétés antimutagènes de l'Harpagophytum procumbens et de l'harpagoside : Généralisation aux plantes anti-inflammatoires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5074.
Full textCancer is a multifactorial disease in which the first step is often a mutation in the genome. It is then possible to prevent the onset of the disease by limiting the occurrence of mutations. Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) and 1-nitropyrene (1-NPY) are two widespread mutagens and carcinogens in our environment. These two compounds produce an inflammatory response in humans which in turn induces oxidative stress leading to gene mutations. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimutagenic activity of seven medicinal plants and two natural anti-inflammatory molecules, especially in Harpagophytum procumbens (HP) with its major iridoid: harpagoside. However, also to check whether the anti-inflammatory activity may be related to antimutagenic activity. The antimutagenic activity was investigated with chromosomal mutations using the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in primary cultures of human lymphocytes, and at the point mutations using the Ames test. All HP extracts, except for the methanol extract, showed a significant anti-mutagenic activity in the micronucleus test. No antimutagenic activity could be detected by the Ames assay. For the six other anti-inflammatory plants, more than half of the extracts possessed an antimutagenic activity. We have shown that the antioxidant property was not responsible for the antimutagenic activity. Thus, it is likely that other mechanisms of action are involved, such as anti-adduct mechanism, inhibition of metabolism or inhibition of inflammation (NF-ĸB). This is the first report of antimutagenic properties of anti-inflammatory plants and more particularly of the Harpagophytum procumbens
Bréant, Lise. "Etude et valorisation industrielle d'halophytes du littoral breton : biodiversité chimique et biologique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF023.
Full textFour halophile species, Silene maritima, Carpobrotus edulis, Senecio cineraria and Limonium latifolium have been studied phytochemically by bioguided fractionation. This work led to the discovery of thirty biologically active compounds able to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species that occur during inflammatory and/or radical stress, and to promote the adipocytary lipolysis. The visualization of the biotope’s impact on the halophyte Silene maritima metabolome helped us to identify markers playing an important role in the adaptative capacity of plants under environmental stress. Analysis of metabolite profiles clearly shows that the same individual harvested at a different moment and/or from a different biotope possesses an extremely variable chemical composition. In order to test elicitor effect, we used plant biotechnology. Finally, we were able to develop in vitro culture conditions permitting initiation of callus from the protected halophile Crambe maritima. The obtained callus could serve to initiate cell suspension, which is suitable for industrial purposes
Ghezzi-Perra, Béatrice. "Étude comparative de la composition chimique et de la structure de la subérine et de la lignine extraites à partir d'écorces de hêtre et de pellicules de kiwi." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL153N.
Full textTamar, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'étude de l'huile essentielle et de la concrète de différents chémotypes de fleurs d'Immortelle [Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don s. Esp. Italicum]." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30125.
Full textRakotomalala, Jean-Jacques. "Diversité biochimique des caféiers : analyse des acides hydroxycinnamiques, bases puriques et diterpènes glycosidiques : particularité des caféiers sauvages de la région malgache (Mascarocoffea Chev.)." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20192.
Full textMousavi, Mahta. "Isolement de métabolites secondaires & caractérisation de composés bioactifs issus de matrices végétales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0269.
Full textThis study is divided into two parts, the first one is devoted to the implementation of a methodology to isolate secondary metabolites. The second describes the phytochemical properties of powders of vegetal material according to their particle size. In the first part, which is dedicated to the isolation of secondary metabolites by semi-preparative HPLC, setting up the isolation process for hederacoside C and α-hederin was performed using extracts of aerial parts of ivy (Hedera helix L.). The generalization of this isolation process applied to the extracts of aerial parts of st. john's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) lead to successful isolation the hyperoside, which is one of the characteristic flavonoids of st. john's wort. The purpose of this second part is to validate the process of grinding and sieving plant material: CDS « Comminution and to control Diffraction Sieving » under industrial scale to product different granulometric classes of powders. For this purpose, the results of phytochemical analyses of granulometric classes of nine plants from the Lorraine Region obtained by CDS using an industrial pilot are compared with those obtained under laboratory scale. Selected plants are fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), white willow (Salix alba L.), st. john's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), nettle (Urtica dioica L.), goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.), pilosella (Hieracium Pilosella Vaill.), dog rose (Rosa canina L.), devil's claw (Harpagophytum DC.) and ivy (Hedera helix L.). The evaluation of the antioxidant activity, as well as the analyses carried out by LC-MS, indicate that the production of powders under laboratory scale is generalizable to industrial scale. In addition, for the first time, the application of the CDS process under laboratory scale for four fruits: cherry (Prunus avium L.), peach (Prunus persica L.), damson (Prunus domestica subsp. Insititia L.) and mirabelle (Prunus domestica. subsp. Syriaca) from Lorraine Region shows that CDS is a new dry extraction method to enhance bioactive compound concentrations in particular granulometric classes
Pasquier, Grégory. "Etude de l’impact de l’Esca sur la qualité des raisins par une approche protéomique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21909/document.
Full textThe vine is susceptible to many fungal diseases that will affect the quality of grapes and wines. For several years, Esca has become the bane of modern viticulture because it is responsible for the death of the vines when presented in the form apoplectic. Its chronic form is associated with the presence of a procession of pathogenic fungi in the trunk and arms that will most often cause leaf symptoms. The alteration of photosynthesis that this causes will affect fruit ripening. However, little research has been conducted to characterize precisely the impact of this disease on the metabolism and chemical composition of grape berries. Our study aimed to assess, using a proteomic approach the disease's impact on the quality of grapes and get specific markers. Our work allowed us to demonstrate that the expression of foliar symptoms of Esca causes a change in abundance of proteins related to defense mechanisms and oxidative stress in the grape skin. It is also observed a change in antioxidant capacity by modulating levels of hydrogen peroxide, glutathione or pyridoxine. The concentrations of molecules of oenological interest such as amino acids, biogenic amines or tannins are also modified in the presence of foliar symptoms of Esca
Manase, Mahenina Jaovita. "Etude chimique et biologique de saponines isolées de trois espèces malgaches appartenant aux familles des Caryophyllaceae, Pittosporaceae et Solanaceae." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015619.
Full textTaugourdeau, Olivier. "Le sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill., PINACEAE) en contexte méditerranéen : développement architectural et plasticité phénotypique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20196/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to assess silver fir phenotypic plasticity with an architectural approach. This work take place in the context of understanding perennial plant development linked with their environment and the context of climate change in the Mediterranean region.For this, ex-situ (shading and watering treatments) and in-situ (shading and elevation gradients) studies were performed. They consist of the study of architectural traits variability, mainly measured at annual shoot scale, linked with plant architecture and environment.The results are the quantification of silver firs development up to reproductive tree and the quantification of plastic responses to light and hydric environment and climate. The concept of architectural plasticity and it consequences was also discussed
Blambert, Laury. "Biologie et chimie des jumellea aromatiques de la Réunion : application à la conservation et à la valorisation des espèces." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0034/document.
Full textReunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions
Fadli, Mariam. "Effet synergique d'antibiotiques et d'extraits de certaines plantes médicinales marocaines sur des bactéries d'intérêt sanitaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5077.
Full textWe evaluated different aspects of the synergy between conventional antibiotics and essential oils of some Moroccan endemic plants, on resistant bacteria involved in nosocomial infections. These plants were: Thymus maroccanus, T. broussonetii, T. pallidus, T. riataraum and Rosmarinus officinalis. Out of 80 combinations tested between these two essential oils and antibiotics, 71% showed total synergism, 20% had partial synergistic interaction and 9% showed no effect. Combination with carvacrol, the major constituent of T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii, showed also an interesting synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin. Moreover, T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii essential oils increased chloramphenicol susceptibility of several resistant isolates. they could restore sensitivity to chloramphenicol producing a competition to its extrusion by blocking the efflux pumps expressed in the isolates and involved in its efflux. Furthermore, T. maroccanus essential oil increased permeability of studied bacteria membrane, and favoured intracellular proteins release into the external medium. Thymus maroccanus essential oil permeabilized both outer and inner membranes of tested bacteria, but without causing detectable degradation of cellular constituents. Protein alterations have been associated with prolonged exposure to natural compounds tested, an increased efflux associated with a lower level of porins that may be involved in the passive diffusion of these natural antimicrobials, conferring a native protection to bacteria towards these natural compounds