Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes – Conservation des ressources – Bénin'
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Baco, Mohamed Nasser. "Gestion locale de la diversité cultivée au Nord Bénin : éléments pour une politique publique de conservation de l'agrobiodiversité de l'igname (Dioscorea spp.)." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE1091.
Full textYam (Dioscorea spp. ) has proven to play an essential role in food security within rural families of North Benin. Yam currently undergoes socio-cultural and economic changing environment. We analyzed the dynamic of yam varietal diversity in order to highlight whether or not different practises are affected by sociocultural diversity and how it favours agrobiodiversity. The study was undertaken in North of Benin targetting autochthon and migrant ethnic groups. We adopted socio-anthropological, economic and geographical approaches, coupled with interviews and census. The ethnic groups that adopted yam cultivation since unmemorable time still hold the most diverse collections of yam varieties. The involvement of some villages that act in same networks. This study highlighted the need to combine social determinants and geographical patterns in the conservation of agricultural diversity in Benin. Social and Geographical concerns indicate the need for taking into account regional and local scales in enhancing processes and interactions which support yams diversity. This study allowed to test the use of highlighted how local ecotypes are taken into account in the production systems and the agricultural policies of biodiversity conservation. This thesis led to a proposal of in situ conservation program which priorities the creation of an effective seed system and the implication of new actors through a more participatory approach. With the aim of answering the juridico-institutional directives which rise from Convention on the Biological Diversity, a south America models could be continued and adapted to Benin context
Nicolè, Florence. "Biologie de la conservation appliquée aux plantes menacées des Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10127.
Full textThrough concrete examples of endangered plants chosen in the flora of the French Alps, this work presents the application of three main aspects classically used in conservation biology: the study of genetic variation, the study of reproductive performance and reproductive system and the study of population dynamics. First, we show that molecular markers are a useful tool to resolve taxonomic ambiguities and verify the status of conservation unit in the case of Potentilla delphinensis Gren. And Godron. They also allowed us to establish a strategy for population reinforcement of Dracocephalum austriacum L. Then, we show that the reproductive performances and the reproductive system are good indicators of population viability (Androsace septentrionalis L. And Cypripedium calceolus L. ). We also demonstrate the relevance of population matrix models and population viability analyses to understand better the biology and the ecology of an endangered species and to estimate its vulnerability (Cypripedium calceolus L. And Astragalus alopecurus Pallas). The combination of the different approaches on Dracocephalum austriacum indicate that genetic and demographic aspects interact and should be considered together to predict the viability of the populations. Finally, we propose theoretical and methodological recommendations, especially on the application of demographic approaches to endangered plants. Pragmatic applied management guidelines are proposed to enhance the protection of the flora
Dinh, Thi Thuy Van. "Le Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture : instrument innovant pour la gestion de l'agro-phytodiversité." Limoges, 2010. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/d26605e7-38ab-4945-98d6-bf9c1411526e/blobholder:0/2010LIMO1001.pdf.
Full textPlant genetic ressources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) are crucial for humanity. We inherit an amazing diversity of genetic ressources thanks to the work of generations of farmers (in situ conservation) and genebanks (ex situ conservation). The loss of the ressources would result in the potential for major food insecurity. Adopted in 2001, the International Treaty on PGRFA promotes an understanding of the importance of theses ressources and the implementation of solutions for their conservation and sustainable use. The Treaty has two main innovative elements: the recognition of farmers' rights to the ressources that past generations of farmers have developed, and the constitution of a Multilateral System of Access to and Benefit-Sharing of theses ressources. This thesis investigates the scope and application of the Treaty through a detailed study of its concepts and mechanisms and the relationship between the Treaty and other international texts (Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, patent law of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law). It analyses the effectiveness of legal means of implementation of the Treaty at regional, sub-regional and national levels. The establishment of this Multilateral System is a new and innovative tool of the management of natural ressources. In fact, it is an application of the concept of « common heritage of mankind » because it ensures that the genetic ressources held under the sovereignty of individual States are available to others. The concept of farmers' rights in the Treaty is complementary to existing Breeders' Rights, recognizing the active role of farmers in the conservation of PGRFA. The identification of mechanisms for the successful implementation of these two facets, several of which are explored within the thesis, is essential to the success of the Treaty
Courquin, Betty. "Prise en compte de l’adaptation locale et de la dépression hybride en biologie de la conservation : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca, endémique de Haute Normandie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10129/document.
Full textIn conservation management of threatened populations or species, reintroduction and reinforcement procedures constitute essential tools. However, transplanted individuals may either establish in the introduction site or be poorly adapted to it. Moreover outcrosses may either increase or decrease outbred progeny fitness, by heterosis or outbreeding depression respectively. In this context, understanding the pattern of genetic and adaptive differentiation between populations is essential for the elaboration of conservation strategies. The objective of the present study is to apply this proposition in the context of the conservation program of Biscutella neustriaca, a declining species. First, we investigated progeny fitness from crosses between populations at distinct geographic scales. Second, we examined ecological differences between habitats, genetic differences in life-history traits between populations and the pattern of local adaptation in greenhouse and in introduction sites. Third, we compared the efficiency of two conservative reinforcement strategies. Finally after a synthesis of these three parts we developed a protocol for the conservation of B. neustriaca and more widely we identified the parameters to include for a successful transfer of individuals in threatened species or for a better understanding of failed attempts
Romaniuc, Neto Sergio. "Taxonomie et biogéographie des genres sorocea a. St. -hil. , clarisia ruiz & pavon et trophis p. Browne (moraceae - urticales) : mise en évidence de centres d'endémisme et de zones à protéger au Brésil." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0009.
Full textMaurice, Anne-Claire. "Dynamiques des liens entre plantes rares, hommes et espaces : socio-anthropologie des pratiques de (ré)introductions végétales." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02063716.
Full textDuring the 70’s, a new type of approaches gained popularity among specialists of living organisms: “reinforcements”, “introductions” and “reintroductions” of rare or threatened plants. Associated with the development of conservation biology, these approaches aim at reestablishing individuals in nature. Applied to animals, they sometimes appeared at the core of conflicts of national concern. Applied to plants, often considered to have less in common and hold lesser ties with humans, they appear mainly unnoticed. Behind this seemingly quiet appearance, what meaning and importance did they acquire for specialists? From which knowledge and during which dynamic of scientific ideas were they built? This thesis investigates the relationships between rare plants, humans and space through the socioanthropological study of (re)introduction projects carried out during the 80’s and 90’s and targeting three plant taxa: Cistus psilosepalus Sweet in Bretagne, Centaurea corymbosa Pourr. In Languedoc- Roussillon, and Arenaria grandiflora L. In Île-de-France. This thesis reveals changes of paradigms during which reintroduction projects in France were promoted: from the convergence of agronomical genetics and unique French institutions emerging from local impulsions – Botanical conservatories – to the organization and territorialisation of plant conservation in France. As collective projects, studied (re)introductions resulted from varying motivations, often related to the construction of an identity and a territory. Considered with distinct spatio-temporal and taxonomic frames of reference, (re)introductions resulted in the attribution of hybrid statuses to targeted plants. These marginal statuses were reinforced by the contingency of these projects. Beyond the approaches, the importance of the locations – of wild plants, of laboratory environment, of naturalist prospects, or of authority territory of Botanical Conservatories – appears critical as it allows various specialists gathering on the same object, though the latter is continuously questioned and redefined by each specialist
Le, Viol Isabelle. "Dynamique et répartition de la diversité : contribution pour une meilleure intégration dans les actions de conservation : l'exemple des dépendances vertes autoroutières." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0004.
Full textIn the current context of biodiversity erosion, understanding processes controlling spatial and temporal distribution of diversity is a major challenge if we are to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic factors and propose efficient conservation policies. In this thesis, I focused on identifying mechanisms controlling different biodiversity components (populations and communities, taxonomic and functional diversity), using various tools to quantify biodiversity. The two aims were to: (1) improve our understanding of the relative impact of deterministic and stochastic processes in community assembly and (2) propose conservation strategies for two types of areas: protected areas (Iroise sea) and wider countryside (highway verges). My results show contrasted diversity patterns, depending whether the focus is on taxonomic or functional diversity (e. G. Specific richness vs. Species specialisation), or depending upon the taxonomic group (e. G. Plants vs. Spiders). Those results have direct implications in identifying underlying mechanisms but also in terms of conservation. I show that, while highway verges (ponds and embankment) can play a functional part in maintaining biodiversity, this part mainly depends upon management choices enhancing spatial biodiversity within those areas (e. G. Planting hedges). Finally, my results highlight the importance of taking into account the dynamic aspects of biodiversity to finetune management advices. In protected natural areas (Iroise sea), we have observed an impact of human activities on biodiversity (tourism, abandonment of farmlands) that can work against conservation objectives. However, we show that some management practices (concerted management of tourism, eradication of introduced species) can enhance the maintenance of protected species and ecosystems
Bastos, Rodolpho Zahluth. "Rivalités géopolitiques sur la biodiversité, l'enjeu de régulation de l'accès aux ressources génétiques au Brésil." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083074.
Full textThe regulation of access to genetic resources is one of the central themes discussed in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. The Convention grants the countries the sovereign right to formulate and establish the conditions of access to the genetic resources available in their territories in order to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of it. Brazil as one of the richest countries in biodiversity in the world is very concerned in this question. However, since the adoption of the CBD, Brazilian governments seem inefficient to establish laws and policies for controlling the exchanges of genetic resources to allow "access and benefit-sharing" (ABS). The implementation of ABS in Brazil seems very complex, plenty of issues and rivalries from many agents. This PhD thesis aims to expose the raisons of this malfunctioning from the standpoint of different conflict levels. A three scale analysis (international, national, local) is developed trying to clarify the main issues of biodiversity regulation
Lavieville, Laurence. "Étude de la microtubérisation in vitro de la Pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L. )." Amiens, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AMIE0100.
Full textArrignon, Florent Balent Gérard. "HOVER-WINTER un modèle multi-agent pour simuler la dynamique hivernale d'un insecte auxiliaire des cultures (Episyrphus balteatus, Diptera: Syrphidea) dans un paysage hétérogène /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000444.
Full textKazic, Dusan. "Plantes animées. De la production aux relations avec les plantes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA027.
Full textThis thesis deals with animated relationships between peasants and their plants in French fields. For some, plants are sentient and intelligent beings, for others they are working beings, accompanying beings, game beings, suffering beings. Some peasants speak to their plants, others weave loving relationships, and let their plants teach them how to cultivate them in the fields. In describing these relationships, the thesis shows that, thanks to the sensitive relations that these peasants weave with their plants, they animate them by leaving naturalist epistemologies aside. By taking these words seriously, literally, the thesis defends the hypothesis that, in order to prevent the agricultural world from becoming ruins, we must no longer seek to "produce differently", but we must break with the paradigm of production to anchor peasants and their plants in co-evolutionary relationships. By plunging into the history of modernity, that is to say by revisiting the conflict between the peasant world on one side and the modern world on the other, with the arrival of the physiocrats among the French intellectual and policy-making bodies, this thesis shows that the concept of production is based on a universalist and naturalized approach that has been imposed without any empirical basis in the agricultural world and in the modern world more widely
Muller, Cédric. "Développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse de la conservation de synténie chez les plantes : du génome d'Arabidopsis à celui du Tournesol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000202/.
Full textAndrieu, Émilie. "Impact de la progression forestière sur les espèces rares de milieu ouvert : écologie et dynamique des populations de la Pivoine officinale (Paeonia Officinalis L.)." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20084.
Full textKazakou, Elena. "Vie, mort et décomposition des feuilles d'espèces de succession secondaire méditerranéenne : vers une intégration de la gestion des éléments minéraux par les végétaux." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20041.
Full textThe main aim of this work is to determine the links between the processes occurring before, during and after leaf senescence. Two experiments were set up: one in a gradient of an old-field succession and a second one in a common garden experiment, where 18 species characterising the three stages of this succession were transplanted in two fertilisation levels. Our results demonstrate that leaf life span and nutrient resorption efficiency are two important and alternative strategies of nutrient conservation. Litter decomposability is successfully predicted by some traits of green leaves, especially those describing leaf robustness (leaf dry matter content, leaf tensile strength and leaf resistance to fracture). The leaf economic spectrum describing nutrient use in plants was found across species differing in successional stage. Species from early succession with high resource acquisition rates are replaced during succession by species which tend to conserve resources efficiently, the latter tending to produce leaves with low decomposition rates. Finally, in order to scale up from species to the ecosystem functioning, we propose to use leaf dry matter content as a functional marker of litter decomposability
Privat, Christophe Édouard. "La chasse et la protection des espaces naturels : éléments pour une évolution juridique des rapports chasse-nature." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40012.
Full textFlorin, Bruno. "Étude de différentes voies de conservation d'embryons, de tissus et de cellules de végétaux cultivés in vitro : applications de l'hypoxie et de la cryoconservation." Tours, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOUR3804.
Full textDiadema, Katia. "Apport de la phylogéographie, de la dynamique et de la structure des populations pour la conservation de végétaux endémiques méditerranéens." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30071.
Full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the population structure and dynamic of Mediterranean endemic plants, at different spatial and temporal scales. The influence of historical biogeographic patterns and the current ecological patterns is examined. Three endemic species are studied. Phylogeographic data of Gentiana ligustica combined with glacial history suggest the presence of peripheral microrefugia and the existence of several postglacial migration routes. Recent habitat fragmentation of Acis nicaeensis decreases population viability, which induces an extinction vortex. On the other hand, disturbances characterized by intermediate intensity and frequency, among which cattle grazing and fire favour population persistence. Within a global change context, it appears necessary to propose some specific conservation strategies, including the preservation of intermediate disturbances, habitat conservation, or an assessment of population history and of their ecogeographical variability
Gallard, Anthony. "Etude de la cryoconservation d'apex en vue d'une conservation à long terme de collections de ressources génétiques végétales : compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu et évaluation de la qualité du matériel régénéré sur le modèle pelargonium." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00448693.
Full textBuord, Stéphane. "Etudes écologique et biosystématique de la flore littorale remarquable de l'arc dunaire Gâvres-Quiberon, futur grand site national : intérêts d'une approche pluridisciplinaire et des biotechnologies pour une gestion integrée de la biodiversité." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0002.
Full textPuyo-Savary, Fabienne. "Éléments pour une approche économique de la protection des espèces menacées et de leurs habitats en France." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40018.
Full textTsimoaha, Nozet. "La protection des espèces endémiques à Madagascar face à leur marchandisation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS023S.
Full textThis thesis concerns the loss of biodiversity in general and the Malagasy forests in particular. All social categories, species endemic to Madagascar has suffered over the past 10 years enormous pressure operating unprecedented on the part of the Malagasy population, a situation that could well lead to an extinction of some species such as tortoises (eg , turtles starred), and precious woods (for example, rosewood), if protection measures are not taken in time. This exploitation comes in many forms, beginning with a daily consumption up to a massive export (traffic) in cash. The main causes of this pressure are varied, namely the inconsistency of the development policy adopted by the leaders since the 80's, the total abandonment of civic education in the preservation of nature and the environment, the poverty of people living near forest ecosystems globalization and international trade This erosion of biodiversity has resulted in: the progressive depletion of resources, extreme poverty of the peasants, and finally an ecological crisis inevitable. To address this situation, we propose the following: Firstly, policy reform and environmental action plan for the overhaul of the legislation on the protection and conservation of biodiversity, and the redefinition of actions and responsibilities of environmental;Second: give priority to environmental education for each category of person child as an adult, and integrate local communities in the preservation of species and their habitats in order to achieve an accepted method of preservation and acceptable to all stakeholders (farmers, donors Basically, NGOs, state). Finally, a case study on the preservation of forest biodiversity has closed the thesis using the example site "Dabotehena Manja Madagascar" in which theoretical and practical aspects are addressed and detailed
Bensettiti, Farid. "Contribution à l'étude phytososiologique des ripisylves du Nord de l'Algérie : essai de synthèse à l'échelle de la Méditerranée occidentale." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112235.
Full textAugereau, Jean-Michel. "Étude de l'efficacité et des conséquences métaboliques de trois méthodes de conservation à long terme de souches de tissus végétaux cultivées "in vitro"." Tours, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOUR3801.
Full textSkandrani, Zina. "Gouvernance de la biodiversité en milieux anthropiques : de l'intégration des conceptions de la nature à la considération des dynamiques socio-écologiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0011.
Full textThe present Ph. D. Thesis strives to offer theoretical stimuli for handling social conflicts on biodiversity and for governance models engaged in democratic environmental conservation and the creation of spaces for nature and non-human species, in places exclusively designed for humans until recently. The general purpose of the current work is to highlight to what extent nature conceptions might impede conservation aims and through which social-ecological processes they may arise. In particular, I intend to empirically expose how conceptions about the environment and biodiversity are actively produced and spread through the manifold interaction dynamics between nature’s human and non-human components. Further, I elucidate how the resulting spheres of meaning may unknowingly generate understanding gaps and reluctance on environmental issues, particularly when changing nature representations entail landscape redefinitions, resulting in new humanbiodiversity- environment relations and spatial ascriptions. I have illustrated these hypotheses in five articles and manuscripts addressing urban areas as a crucial place for confronting socio-environmental problems. The studies constituting the Ph. D. Thesis consider urban ecosystems as social-ecological systems made of reciprocal influence dynamics among social, political/institutional and ecological variables. In this, they take inputs from theoretical frameworks for the analysis of social-ecological systems (Ostrom 2009), resilience theory (Folke 2006), actor-network theory (Latour 1994) and the theory of social representations (Moscovici 2000). Except for one study, the research uses urban pigeons (Columba livia) as a model to analyze socioenvironmental interactions. This particular type of pigeon never existed ‘in the wild’ and always had his ‘natural habitat’ among humans (Johnston and Janiga 1995). As domesticated animals, pigeons came to be endowed with symbolic meanings (of love, peace, and fertility) based on their perceived (and desirable) traits (Jerolmack 2008). Although they were utilized by humans for domestic use, they then escaped to become feral and are thus what could be called a ‘hybrid’ (sensu Latour 1993), a product of nature and society; they may even be considered a double hybrid (Jerolmack 2007). The species is thus particularly interesting for the purpose of this work, as it is not ‘just’ a natural object with an essential meaning but a good example on which social-ecological meaning production can be investigated. 1. Biodiversity’s presence in the city precedes and conditions its problematization and is a central element from which its representations will further develop and depend. However, this presence is not fortuitous. Thus in the first manuscript entitled “Environmental tolerance in urban Birds: synanthropic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity?” my colleagues and I highlighted pigeons’ agency in settling in anthropic areas from an ecological perspective. By investigating pigeons’ environmental tolerance, we demonstrated that they take advantage of their own characteristics to the same degree as of urban features to persist in cities. 2. In the article “Nuisance species: beyond the ecological perspective” we used the concept of ‘nuisance species’ and changes in pigeons’ images to demonstrate that nature and biodiversity representations are produced out of historical processes and interspecies interactions, with multiple influence factors, agencies and issues at stake. We further showed how the evolution of these conceptions or ‘socio-natures’ (Swyngedouw 2004) is at the heart of current conflicts with urban pigeons in many cities. 3. In the manuscript “Anchoring the ‘pigeon paradox’: how public context mediates interactions with ordinary biodiversity” we highlighted, using a behavioral study, discrepancies between increasing official support for nature reconnection to strengthen people’s environmental awareness and the restrictive influence of everyday normative social contexts on human-urban nature interactions. 4. In the manuscript “Greening the city, and beyond? Similar orientations but contrasted local policies in two European capitals” we move beyond the example of urban pigeons, and evidence in a comparison between Paris and Berlin, different institutional discourses that shape nature representations, from an explicit nature restoration advertisement to an implicit definition of human-nature relations in public urban park management. We suggest that mismatched explicitimplicit discourses may thwart institutional endeavors and hinder social acceptance of conservation measures in urban settings. 5. In the concluding manuscript “Modeling an urban social ecological system: towards coexistence between people and pigeons in the city” we addressed urban pigeon management and control and provided a concrete example of mediation and integrative governance in a social conflict on urban biodiversity, built by focusing on pigeon perceptions and their social and ecological influence factors
Louette, Dominique. "Gestion traditionnelle de varietes de mais dans la reserve de la biosphere sierra de manantlan (rbsm, etats de jalisco et colima, mexique) et conservation in situ des ressources genetiques de plantes cultivees." Montpellier, ENSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENSA0013.
Full textAlbert, Sébastien. "Rupture des interactions mutualistes plantes à fruits charnus-vertébrés frugivores, et conséquences sur la régénération des forêts tropicales dans les Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0035.
Full textTropical forests are mostly dominated by fleshy-fruited plants, which are dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems, particularly on islands, which concentrate the bulk of extinctions. The Mascarenes are a remarkable system to study disruption of frugivory interactions because the pristine fauna, plethoric until human colonization in the 17th century and now largely extinct, is well known as well as its diverse flora which is particularly at risk. La Réunion is still home to indigenous forests along strong environmental gradients and active volcanism that offers the opportunity to explore the long-term consequences of defaunation. In addition, the varying levels of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion (main extant frugivore, mass=55 g) and Mauritius (450 g) makes itpossible to use these islands as pseudo-replicates to test various hypotheses. This thesis is organised in three parts which aim to (1) describe the spatial distribution patterns of dispersal traits on La Réunion and Mauritius, and understand the implications for vertebrate extinctions which have been particularly rapid on La Réunion; (2) evaluate the consequences of frugivory disruption on the reconstruction of forest ecosystems on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise; (3) assess the consequences of frugivory disruption on the maintenance of diversity in forests established before human colonisation. (1) Proportions of fleshy-fruited plants strongly decrease with elevation and this decrease is all the more pronounced the larger the fruit are. By comparing the main factors of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the early destruction of favorable lowland habitats on La Réunion probably played a central role in the rapidity of frugivore extinctions. (2) After expanding the chronosequence of the Piton de la Fournaise flows, we show thatfrugivore extinctions have profoundly altered the capacity of lowland forests to rebuild since the 18th century and that the refaunation of ecosystems with alien frugivores mainly benefits alien fleshy-fruited plants. Reinstating dispersal, native large-seeded plants are nevertheless capable of settling on historical flows where recruitment is overwhelmingly dominated by invasive plants. (3) By comparing two reference forests of La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the Mauritian flying fox allows a much better recruitment of many plant species at Brise-Fer than the Réunion bulbul at Mare-Longue, except for large-seeded plants which regenerate poorly in both islands. An experiment finally shows how the persistence of fruit flesh alone can strongly limit tree recruitment, but that the latter can be modulated by introduced fauna. Our overall worrying results show the urgency to protect large native frugivores wherever they still exist and of encouraging their return where they had disappeared. At the same time, large-scale sowing should be envisaged in protected areas where the maintenance or even the return of native forest dynamics are imperative
Salhi, Nadia. "Eléments de déterminisme de la diversité végétale des ilots boisés dans la région d'openfield (Brie francilienne)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0024.
Full textLinglart, Marine. "La biodiversité végétale des îlots boisés en terre de grande culture : approche ethnoécologique : exemple du Gâtinais occidental." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0008.
Full textPouget, Marine. "Comment préserver l'héritage évolutif singulier des végétaux endémiques méditerranéens ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4338/document.
Full textDiversity patterns are temporary state in a dynamic continuum of ecological and evolutionary changes. Thus, conservation policies have to integrate this dynamics and Conservation priorities have to be oriented towards the processes which generate and maintain diversity. Conserving biodiversity without needing to measure all its different components, it is necessary to search for biological and ecological surrogates. An original approach is to assess the capacity of phylogeography to define these surrogates. Indeed, the phylogeography allows providing indices for diversification zonation and can be used to delineate the units (e.g. evolutionary significant units) that support diversification at intraspecific level. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, in terms of targets and surrogates, the role of phylogeography for conservation of the Mediterranean flora. We based our analyses on two study areas of the South-East France harbouring two endemic species: the coastal ranges of Maritime Alps where Acis nicaeensis grows, and the calcareous Provence where Arenaria provincialis is found. The phylogeography of Arenaria provincialis revealed a spatial distribution of persistence and divergence. Our study highlights the critical role of phylogeography in the search for optimal criteria for defining the conservation strategies. The marked differences of genetic and ecology in populations of Acis nicaeensis but also in terms of its vulnerability to urbanization are highlighted in a local scale. The results demonstrate the need of conservation actions designed for small areas to avoid the loss of Acis nicaeensis evolutionary legacy
Arrignon, Florent. "Hover-winter : un modèle multi-agent pour simuler la dynamique hivernale d'un insecte auxiliaire des cultures (Episyrphus balteatus, Diptera: Syrphidea) dans un paysage hétérogène." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. https://hal.science/tel-04574792.
Full textLeducq, Jean-Baptiste. "Système de reproduction, dispersion et succès reproducteurs chez une espèce végétale menacée : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca (Brassicaceae), une espèce auto-incompatible et micro-endémique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10015/document.
Full textIn sexual species, reproduction systems and dispersal could involve in viability of small populations by having directly an impact on individuals’ reproductive success. In plants, reproduction and dispersal are mainly passive processes and thus depend of local density in mates, isolation between populations and genetic relationships among individuals. In Biscutella neustriaca, a micro-endemic plant of the Seine river valley, we highlight a strong genetic isolation between populations corroborated by habitat fragmentation and low dispersal abilities of the species. By using phenotypic and molecular approaches, we determine that B. neustriaca is strictly self-incompatible. In this context of isolation and spatially structured genetic diversity, we wonder to what extent dispersal and self-incompatibility impact individuals’ reproductive successes. Through an ex situ experiment, we highlight both effects of pollen limitation and decrease in local density of compatible mates on maternal reproductive success decrease. In four natural populations, we identify individual reproductive potential and local density of available mates as main factors explaining male and female reproductive successes variability. Genetic factors as inbreeding depression and self-incompatibility also seem to evolve in reproductive successes in some populations. We discuss about importance of considering many factors when acting for conservation in a threatened population, the need to know the reproductive system and dispersal abilities of the species, inseparable from a monitoring of targeted populations, where effects of these factors are only detectable at certain temporal and spatial scales. We illustrate our works by a concrete conservation action in one of the studied populations
Francheteau, Maria. "Commerce international des biotechnologies végétales et conservation de la diversité biologique." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT4001.
Full textFor many years, plant biotechnologies have been part and parcel of a thriving international trade framed by the WTO law. They provoke acute debates among States as far as intellectual property rights protecting them are concerned, as well as for the risks they could cause to the environment and health. Thus, the WTO TRIPS Agreement is particularly argued by developping countries. The patents licensed to protect plant biotechnological inventions, which enable their owners to carry out exclusive rights on these goods, make it hard to implement the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits stemming from the exploitation of the genetic resources which the Convention on Biological Diversity would like to offer to these countries. Moreover, the achievement of its objectives regarding biological diversity conservation and sustainable use is nonetheless jeopardized. Therefore, countries try to find solutions to these problems by protecting plant varieties through sui generis systems. However, the latter tend to be more and more similar to the patents system. Thus commercialised, plant biotechnologies could present sanitary and phytosanitary risks. If the WTO SPS Agreement gives some opportunities to prevent these risks, in keeping with the Biosecurity Protocol, these opportunities are nevertheless limited when the question is to anticipate them. This highlights a little more the utopia of an absolute conciliation between the liberalization of plant biotechnologies international trade and environmental as well as sanitary stakes
Kokou, Kouami. "Les mosai͏̈ques forestières au sud du Togo : biodiversité, dynamique et activités humaines." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20057.
Full textLafage, Denis. "Déterminants multi-échelles des assemblages d'arthropodes et de plantes en plaine inondable : L'exemple de la vallée de la Loire." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0020.
Full textSpecies assemblages are stuctured by biotic and abiotic factors acting at local and landscape scales. In floodplains, assemblages are also exposed to perturbations, mainly due to flooding and management. These perturbations, are particularly important in the meadows of the Loire Valley which are managed by cutting and grazing and host rare animal and plant species sensitive to management and flooding. The main factors structuring arthropod (spiders and carabids) and plant assemblages were studied in the Loire Valley during three field campains between 2011 and 2013. Regarding arthropods, we demonstrated that plant biomass is an important driver of local carabid species richness and density. This underlines the existence of a "bottom-up" control of carabid diversity. Besides, carabids seem more sensitive than spiders to spring floods, spiders and carabids being considerabely less impacted than other arthropods. We also found recolonisation process to be dependant of the landscape configuration, mainly the hedges that act as a refuge. Meadow management by cutting has long been recognized to have a huge, mostly negative, impact on arthropods assemblages. Our study demonstrated that delaying cutting date for birds conservation, has only short term impact: large carabids are negatively affected by late cutting and spiders by early cutting. A better knowledge of habitat spatial repartition is essential to improve the understanding of factors structuring assemblages at large scale. In flooded meadows, the main factors are wetness (linked to flooding) and management. In our study, we defined habitat types presents in the Loire Valley. Besides, we successfully mapped those habitats coupling a phytosociological approach and remote sensing techniques. Whereas we demonstrated the importance of flooding and management, their relative importance remains poorly known. We found stochastic perturbations, such as flooding, being a more important driver of arthropod and vegetation diversity and density than management. Nevertheless, the relative contribution of local and landscape (composition and structure) factors in α and β diversities varied greatly with groups and diversity component under study. Our work is unique, by its amplitude along a major river catchment regarding arthropods. Unless our study confirmed the importance of some classical drivers at local and large scale, it also demonstrated that wetness, and so flooding, are the main drivers of assemblages. The major importance of landscape against local factors on arthropods was also confirmed, including for spiders. Finally, our work underlines the need of large scale approach in management and conservation planning of biodiversity in flooded meadows
Morales, Sonya. "La qualification et le traitement légal des ressources phytogénétiques au bénéfice de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale durable : regard critique sur leur gestion." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26751.
Full textFenzi, Marianna. "« Provincialiser » la Révolution Verte : savoirs, politiques et pratiques de la conservation de la biodiversité cultivée (1943-2015)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0143.
Full textThe issue of access to plant genetic resources for plant breeding is at the heart of the Green Revolution. Beginning in the 1960s, the disappearance of local varieties with the spread of new genetically homogeneous varieties evolved into a public problem on a global scale. Combining archival research and field investigations, this thesis explores the emergence of this problem, its historical trajectory, and its current forms. I analyze the heterogeneity of scientific knowledge and approaches to the conservation of genetic resources developed in international arenas. An exploration of debates and initiatives within the framework of the FAO sheds light on the issues of which knowledges are legitimated and which marginalized, and on how the nature and outlines of the problem have been negotiated. An examination of the role of genetic resources in key episodes in the Green Revolution is also central to the study. The thesis specifically analyzes the importance attributed to local maize varieties in the agricultural program that the Rockefeller Foundation implemented in Mexico beginning in 1943. While hybrid maize is generally presented as a vector of agricultural modernization, this thesis shows how experts were faced with the failure of the varietal improvement paradigm that they were supposed to export. As hybrid maize is an innovation that is only applicable on a very limited scale, farmers’ maize seeds still are the most widely used varietal option in Mexico. The study shows that it is indeed the pragmatic choices of farmers that form the basis for the de facto conservation of the country’s maize genetic resources
Paiva, Toledo André de. "Les grands enjeux contemporains du droit international des espaces maritimes et fluviaux et du droit de l'environnement : de la conservation de la nature à la lutte contre la biopiraterie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020084/document.
Full textEnvironmental international law is based on two fundamental principles: the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and the principle of conservation of nature. The contemporary global economy is characterized by systematic violations of these legal norms through overexploitation and pollution of ecosystems, as well as the clandestine access to biological resources, or biopiracy. This thesis has been especially developed from discussions on the quantitative management of biotic biological resources (fauna and flora) and abiotic biological resources (water), in spite of the analysis on pollution, which can be found in the body of the thesis. The latter analysis is, however, always connected with the overexploitation and biopiracy, which are actually two major contemporary issues of environmental international law. For the demonstration of the generalization of these environmental issues, all regimes relating to the use of resources have been examined, independently of whether they concern the air, the sea, or land. That which could be verified is the existence of a common legal system for the use of biological resources based, in addition to the two fundamental principles mentioned supra, on international cooperation, good faith and the duty not to cause transboundary harm to other States. All these legal norms on nature management are established in international agreements on the use of a biological resource based on the notion of sustainability quotas and national quotas of exploitation. Therefore, States may control the compliance with environmental international law by ensuring the conservation of nature and the fight against biopiracy
Lamotte, Sandrine. "Essai d'interprétation dynamique des végétations en milieu tropical inondable : la plaine alluviale de Haute Amazonie." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20201.
Full textPouillard, Violette. "En captivité. Politiques humaines et vies animales dans les jardins zoologiques du XIXe siècle à nos jours : ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, zoos de Londres et Anvers." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209127.
Full textL’examen débute à la fondation du jardin zoologique, c’est-à-dire au moment de la création de la ménagerie parisienne du Jardin des Plantes en 1793, et se centre, outre sur cette institution originelle, sur le jardin zoologique de Londres, créé en 1828, et celui d’Anvers, fondé en 1843.
Pour écrire l’histoire des animaux de zoo, la thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui mêle des indicateurs descriptifs – témoignages sur les corps et comportements animaux, sur les infrastructures de captivité, sur les soins et l’alimentation dont bénéficient les bêtes, – et quantitatifs – étude sérielle sur la longue durée des entrées et sorties d’animaux ainsi que des longévités des primates et des grands félins. L’évolution de ces différents indices est examinée au sein d’un cadre chronologique régi par les politiques des gestionnaires de zoos. Ainsi, après une première partie débutant à la fondation des institutions étudiées, une seconde s’ouvre au début du XXe siècle, alors que le marchand allemand Carl Hagenbeck ouvre en 1907 un zoo privé à Stellingen, près de Hambourg, qui popularise un nouveau type de présentation des bêtes, par lequel celles-ci sont exposées durant la journée en plein air et séparées du public par des fossés. Enfin, une troisième partie s’amorce à partir des années 1950, lorsque les zoos s’attellent à la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle fonction, celle de protection des espèces ex situ, s’ajoutant aux trois autres traditionnellement endossées (récréative, éducative, scientifique).
L’examen des vies des bêtes sous l’influence des politiques humaines aboutit à élaborer une nouvelle chronologie des zoos, qui distingue un long XIXe siècle, dévoreur de vies animales ;une seconde phase, hygiéniste, à partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, caractérisée par les volontés des gestionnaires de rationaliser les conditions de captivité, mais dont les incidences sur les vies animales sont toutefois réduites ;enfin une troisième, attentive aux animaux, du milieu des années 1970 à nos jours, qui permet la naissance d’une nouvelle économie animale des zoos, qui voit l’atténuation des ponctions en milieu naturel pour la plupart des taxons (spécifiquement les mammifères et les oiseaux).
Ce faisant, l’étude met aussi en évidence, à rebours des discours finalistes de l’historiographie officielle, des permanences, immanentes à la captivité des animaux dans le contexte des zoos. Il s’agit d’une part de l’expression par les bêtes de comportements anormaux dans des proportions qui dépassent le niveau anecdotique ;il s’agit d’autre part de l’approvisionnement en milieu naturel, qui, bien qu’en déclin dans le contexte du bouleversement de l’économie animale, persiste jusqu’à nos jours en nombre important pour les taxons moins considérés, soit les poissons et les invertébrés, et se réincarne en de nouveaux avatars pour les autres (ponctions dans le cadre des programmes de protection, captures scientifiques, )./
Following in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.
The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843).
In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.
This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).
The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ).
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Solano, Solis Jaime hernán. "Etude d'une collection de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum spp tuberosum L.) native de Chiloé (Chili) : Conservation in situ, Diversité morphologique et génétique, Comportement vis-à-vis de Phytophtora infestans." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00910688.
Full textSuong, Malyna. "Effets de l'agriculture de conservation sur les nématodes parasitiques des racines du riz et étude de la diversité de Meloidogyne graminicola en Asie du Sud-Est." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT155/document.
Full textThe rice Root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne graminicola, reduces significantly rice yield in Southeast (SE) Asia and is prevalent in rice fields in this region. Despite its negative impact on yields, suitable methods of controls and current molecular markers used for M. graminicola identification are still limited. In this study, we evaluated the current occurrence of RKN in rice fields of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and identified those RKN species using molecular markers developed in this study. We then evaluated, during two years sequences, the effects of the Conservation agriculture (CA) on the occurrence and dynamics of root-parasitic nematodes (RPN) of rice, in relation with yields and soil nutrients, in a lowland-sandy field in Cambodia. Host response to M. graminicola of 13 selected cover crops commonly used in CA, of three rice cultivars as well as rice weeds as reservoirs for M. graminicola, were evaluated. Furthermore, we validated intraspecific markers for M. graminicola, studied its genetic diversity in SE Asia, and discussed the potential evolutionary relations of Meloidogyne species using comparative genomics approaches
Cybèle, Marie Cathleen. "Une analyse socio-économique de la gestion et du contrôle des plantes envahissantes dans l’archipel des Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0004/document.
Full textBiological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes
Jiagho, Evaliste Rémi. "Flore et végétation ligneuse à la périphérie du Parc National de Waza (Cameroun) : Dynamiques et implications pour une meilleure gestion." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA3001/document.
Full textEnvironmental restoration development facilities require knowledge of biodiversity (especially of vegetation. In addition, conservation remains a major challenge, hence the need to find new solutions. The current study aims at analyzing the dynamics of flora and timber trees surrounding the Waza National Park and consolidating lessons to improve conservation and sustainable management of timber resources. The methodology used is a combination of botanical and geographical approaches. Three landscape units characterize the WNP and its peripheral zone: savanna grassland, shrub savanna and wooded savanna. Flora and vegetation characteristics are different in the three landscape units. Floristic inventory identified 52 woody species. The mean absolute density of the whole zone is 81 individuals / ha. This density decreases with a decreasing gradient, from outside the park to inside. This gradient depends on the human pressure gradient which also decreases from the external to the internal park area, except when the gradient is reversed by certain factors such as cattle intrusion. The vertical structure shows that the least represented stems are stems for future planting and regeneration stems, with a very large difference from other stems. Regarding temporal dynamics, there is a regression of woody/timber vegetation cover. Each year, 478 ha of this cover disappear and 319 ha of soil degrade. To cope with the observed changes that are of anthropic, natural, bioecological or politico-institutional origin, management options have been proposed among which: zoning, implementation of a REDD + project, restoration land degraded, participatory management and eco-development
Blambert, Laury. "Biologie et chimie des jumellea aromatiques de la Réunion : application à la conservation et à la valorisation des espèces." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0034/document.
Full textReunion Island's biodiversity has recently been recognized as of worldwide interest. Since 2010, the National Park of Reunion area is classified as World Heritage of UNESCO. This rich biodiversity provides services to humans, including through aromatic and medicinal plants, which are traditionally used on the island. Today, the responsibility of Reunion to its biodiversity is important and the major challenge is to manage and promot it in a sustainable way. Faham is an iconic and of local importance orchid, endemic to the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius), well-known and widely consumed in Reunion for its aromatic and medicinal properties. The name faham actually includes two species: the high altitude species, Jumellea rossii, and the low altitude species, Jumellea fragrans. Currently, faham is harvested in the wild on public or private land because there is no agricultural production system for this resource. Continued use of faham for centuries now threatens heavily its survival in the wild. In this context, the ORCHIFAH project has been created, and aims to establish a sustainable faham production chain and to provide guarantees for its preservation. Part of this project, the aim the present work is to study some aspects of the biology and chemistry of the two species of faham, prior to the establishment of an agricultural production. Thus, the reproductive system, the asymbiotic in vitro germination, growth rates and leaf biomass production, and metabolomics composition of both species were studied. The results contribute to improve the knowledge of the species, and provide a solid foundation for their cultivation, and to conduct appropriate conservation actions
Hadjou, Belaid Asma. "Démographie et réponses adaptatives des populations végétales aux changements environnementaux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG034/document.
Full textMediterranean region is a biodiversity hot-spot with a high endemism rate and is classified among the areas most sensitive to climate change. Deep understanding of demography and evolution following these changes is a necessity for species conservation. During this thesis, two rare Mediterranean plant species have been studied, Centaurea corymbosa and Brassica insularis, using recent mathematical models to analyse long term demographic datasets (22 and 18 years). In the first part of this thesis, matrix projection models have been used to analyse spatio-temporal variation in population growth rate in C. corymbosa. Major climatic parameters that impact population growth rate and survival, flowering and fecundity have been identified. A population viability analysis has been performed under various climatic scenarios. In a second part, an analysis of the population ability of C. corymbosa to response to these climatic changes has been performed using integral projection models. Temporal variation of life-history traits showed that the realized flowering strategy varied with climatic conditions following the same direction than the optimal flowering strategy. It can thus be concluded that the studied populations can adapt to climatic changes. Finally, capture-recapture models have been applied on the Brassica insularis dataset to analyse the effect of plant detectability on demographic parameter estimations. Survival probabilities obtained with the classical approach are lower than the ones estimated using the CR models. However, the parameters estimated using both methods are highly correlated, except for one population where individual identification is problematic. Results of this thesis are linked to some considerations in conservation biology of plants, particularly in link to their ability to respond to climatic changes
Kleftodimos, Georgios. "Economic valuation of bees’ pollination services in arable crop farms : the role of Public Policy regulations towards the provision of pollination services." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20101.
Full textThe principal objective of the realized study is to evaluate the economic importance of the behavioral interactions which emerge from managed and wild bees, called bees’ complementarity in arable crop farms. A particular emphasis was placed on examining how the economic importance of bees’ complementarity should affect the public policy regulation in order to safeguard the provision of pollination services. The first Chapter of this Ph.D. thesis provides the theoretical framework on which this economic valuation is based. Chapter 2, provides an ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides, and two sources of pollination with different characteristics; managed bees, which can be replaced at a cost, and wild bees, which rely on a population being sustained within the farmland. Moreover, we take as a given that the services of wild and managed bees are in a complementary relationship. The third Chapter of this thesis, integrates the findings of Chapter 2 in a Mathematical-Programming territorial ecological-economic modeling in order to explore the potential impacts of policy changes on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes for different rates of farmers’ cooperation. Finally, Chapter 4, evaluates the effectiveness of French policy measures towards the provision of pollination services and it discusses how the results of our analyses may contribute towards the amelioration of the effectiveness of these measures. The major result of our research is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of bees’ complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. Secondly, the inclusion of this knowledge in the implemented policy measures may facilitate farmers’ adoption process towards low-input practices and, consequently, increase their effectiveness towards the sustainability of pollination services for the agricultural and food systems
Lema, Catherine. "L'exploitation illégale du palmier protégé Euterpe edulis Mart. : dynamique d'un conflit environnemental dans le Parque Estadual Três Picos [sic] (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MNHN0032.
Full textThis work focuses on the exploitation of Euterpe edulis Mart. Palm (known in Portuguese as palmito Juçara), whose heart is very popular in Brazil gastronomy. In the Parque Estadual Três Picos (located in the State of Rio de Janeiro) the exploitation of the palm occurs under a double protection: on the one hand the palm is protected by law, and on the other hand exploitation is done in an area where any use of natural resources is prohibited. In the Park, overharvesting of the palm is favored by the socio-economic status and vulnerability of local people (who find the principal source of income on palm exploitation) and by a prosperous market, both elements threatening the wild stocks of the species. Moreover, the mechanisms for control and supervision of the Park also intensify the creation of clandestine forms of organization resulting in violence. The link between environmental issues and social issues around the palm exploitation opposes two main actors: administrators of the Park and illegal loggers of palmito (palmiteiros). This opposition takes the form of an environmental conflict as these actors perform different actions depending on their interests and their perceptions regarding the exploitation of the palm. Indeed, while for palmiteiros extracting palm hearts represents a cultural and historical activity as well as a livelihood, for park administrators this exploitation constitutes a threat to biodiversity conservation. This creates an explicit confrontation that is not only related to environment but that encompasses a far more complex reality of competing interests and social and political structures that promote inequality and exclusion
Gavinet, Jordane. "Installation d'espèces feuillues en forêt de pins d'Alep : interactions avec les strates arborées et arbustives." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4371.
Full textSeedling establishment is a critical demographic phase, strongly influenced by plant-plant interactions. This thesis shows that the effect of Aleppo pine and shrubs on broadleaved seedling establishment depends on vegetation cover density, target and nurse species strategies and local conditions. A dense vegetation cover strongly limits seedling establishment by light and water competition, seedlings water stress being worsened by a low biomass allocation to roots. At the other extreme, in the open, photoinhibition and competition with grasses can limit seedling establishment. Sclerophyllous species are poorly sensitive to high temperature, irradiance and evaporative demand and can take advantage of favorable conditions at any time of the year by polycyclism in the open: interactions with pine are thus mostly competitive. In contrast, deciduous species with high SLA are more sensitive to photo-inhibition and benefit from the protection of a moderate cover, under which they are able to grow faster. In a nursery experiment, pine and shrub litters modified soil chemical and microbiological properties but without feedback on oak seedlings, indicating a poor allelopathic effect. Pine thinning is a strategy to enhance broadleaved seedling establishment and increase Mediterranean forest diversity and fire-resilience. However, the optimum thinning intensity seems to decrease in harsher climatic or edaphic conditions and for deciduous species
Wongkaew, Thitirat. "Les interrelations entre les "trois organisations soeurs" et les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires de l'ASEAN : quel avenir pour la dignité humaine ? Réflexions dans la perspective de la "New Haven School of International Law"." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020094.
Full textThe « three sisters », namely the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), and SPS measures of ASEAN maintain a mutually close relationship and can interact with one another in complex and multidimensional ways, which can affect flows of import and export activities of agro-food products regulated especially by international economic law. By perceiving law as a process of decisions, and particularly international law as a process of communication among different participants of the « world community », these interactions can be better identified and comprehended at all levels : multilateral, regional, bilateral and national. Considering the intensity and frequency of exchanges and the strong interdependency of today’s world, the « three sisters » and their standards, guidelines and recommendations are likely to play numerous roles in promoting a greater production and wider distribution of fundamental values that all human beings desire to maximize and achieve, as defended by the « New Haven School of International Law ». Not only are these roles related to the promotion of a more efficient process of eliminating trade barriers deriving from SPS protectionist measures, but also those which are insufficiently highlighted, yet becoming more obvious through repeated practices of ASEAN decision-makers. These are notably the roles of the « three sisters » as performance drivers for monitoring mechanisms of SPS measures with a view to ensuring that they are reasonable in each specific context and respectful towards human dignity; as catalysts of open regionalism ; as promoters of the development dimension in regional trade agreements concluded by ASEAN
Alfonsi, Elsa. "Processus d’assemblage des communautés végétales dans les zones humides de Gironde : du diagnostic aux services écosystémiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0092/document.
Full textWetlands are dynamic ecosystems, constantly changing in time and space, and remaining among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. This thesis contribute to wetland knowledge and conservation. We studied the vegetation of different communities belonging to a network of wetlands in Gironde and ranging from wet heathlands to alluvial meadows. Wetlands were selected from the department council historical interest and management issues. We used several descriptive and experimental approaches. The first part aims to study the organization of the communities of the two major systems, heathlands and alluvial grasslands, along environmental gradients. Then, in a second time, an approach combining old and recent data allowed us to characterize long-term vegetation changes according to different strategies of vegetation study. The third part was conducted on a plant community with a strong conservation issue: Molinia caerulea wet meadow (Code 6410 of the Natura 2000 Directive) with an experimental approach. We highlight here the importance of stochastic filters (seed dispersion) and deterministic filters (competition) in a community controlled by environmental constraints (flooding). Finally, within a prospective analysis, we considered biodiversity issues and supply in ecosystems services at the departmental level. This analysis investigate tools to develop for a multi-taxon and multi-service approach in any Gironde wetlands. This work allowed us to create a monitoring device for plant biodiversity in the department. These results lead to consider nowadays the management of these plant communities in an integrated way and offer tools of decision support for the management of these communities