Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes, effets des contraintes de croissance sur les'
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Morabito, Domenico. "Effet d'une contrainte saline sur la réponse physiologique de clones d'eucalyptus microtheca cultives en serre et in vitro." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10127.
Full textPujos, Anne. "Effets de carences en calcium et potassium sur la croissance et la nutrition minérale de la tomate." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT018A.
Full textTrépanier, Martin. "Effets des champignons endomycorhiziens sur le bouturage et la croissance de plantes ligneuses ornementales." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq26288.pdf.
Full textQuiñones, Pedroza Héctor Emiliano. "Simulation des contraintes hydriques sur la croissance et le rendement du tournesol et du mai͏̈s." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT028A.
Full textTremblay-Boeuf, Valérie. "Effets des contraintes mécaniques sur l'exsudation racinaire du maïs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL079N.
Full textMessier, Céline. "Effets des polyphénols de plantes sur la croissance et certains facteurs de virulence de Candida albicans." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28240/28240.pdf.
Full textPerrissin-Fabert, Dominique. "Contribution à l'étude des effets du cyclocel cl sur les parties aériennes d'un blé d'hiver : indicence sur le remplissage du grain." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPL056N.
Full textCunha, de Pádua Mário Manuel. "Effets du cuivre sur le métabolisme des plantes supérieures." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10061.
Full textPoirier, Magalie. "Etude écophysiologique de l'endurcissement au gel des arbres : impact des conditions estivales de croissance sur la résistance au gel des arbres." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21857.
Full textMalka, Pascale. "Étude en chambres à ciel ouvert, des effets de doses subnécrotiques d'ozone et de dyoxide de soufre sur la croissance et le fonctionnement stomatique de Picea abies." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120053.
Full textNoguera, Diana. "Interactions entre "terra preta" et vers de terre : analyse de leurs effets sur la croissance et la physiologie des plantes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066528.
Full textAl, Gehani Idress. "Effet des stades d'application et de l'intensité de stress hydriques répétés sur l'état hydrique et la croissance des plantes et des fruits de tomate." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIG0315.
Full textRepeated water stress treatments of moderate intensity (pre-dawn leaf water potential from –0. 6 to –1. 3 MPa) and high intensity (pre-dawn leaf water potential from –1. 4 to –2. 0 MPa) were applied on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cv Raïssa) plants growing in a greenhouse during the flowering and fruit growth stages for three successive years. The growth of shoots and fruits reduced with only one cycle of water stress treatment applied. When water stress treatment to be repeated, the water supply of the plants is strongly improved as well as the water supply and the dry matter accumulation of the fruits about +100% compared to the fruits developed by plants with only one cycle of water stress treatment, which results in a doubling of the water use efficiency. The stressed plants are able to develop an osmotic adjustment strategy whenever the stress intensity is high. Fruit osmotic potential decreased and accompanied by higher contents of soluble sugars (glucose and fructose) and of some organic acids (malic and citric acid). Water stress also reduces the loss of firmness of small size fruits. The firmness correlated strongly with fruit water potential but poorly with osmotic and turgor potential
Silvestre, Jérôme. "Étude des conséquences de l'asphyxie racinaire sur la croissance et le développement du colza d'hiver." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT033A.
Full textPicon-Cochard, Catherine. "Effets combinés d'un doublement de la concentration en C02 de l'air et de sécheresses édaphiques sur la croissance et l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau de Quercus petraea, Quercus robur et Pinus pinaster." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10076.
Full textRouifed, Soraya. "Bases scientifiques pour un contrôle des renouées asiatiques : performances du complexe hybride Fallopia en réponse aux contraintes environnementales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10006.
Full textPlant growth is a dynamic process that responds to environmental characteristics. The decrease of the plant biomass production induced by various stresses, disturbance, or competition, determines the tolerance to these constraints. In the case of invasive plants, assessing this tolerance is crucial to determine invasibility and to find prevention or control methods. The taxa of the genus Fallopia are here considered in the context of the invasion of the Loire department. Their responses to nutrient stress, salt stress, and disturbance are associated with environmental conditions favouring or limiting the invasion. The results give some evidences about mechanisms implied in the success of Fallopia spp and about the effectiveness of different prevention or control methods
Alboudi, Ahmad. "Contribution à l'étude des contraintes dues au régime d'exploitation et au déficit hydrique sur la dynamique de repousse et la morphologie de différents types de luzerne (Medicago sativa L. )." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20099.
Full textKemdehoundja, Mbaihoudou. "Analyse par microspectroscopie Raman de l'évolution des contraintes de croissance et résiduelles au cours de la formation de films de chromine sur l'alliage Ni-30Cr : conséquences sur les mécanismes d'endommagement." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS251.
Full textWhen a metal (or alloy) is placed in an oxidizing environment, the formation of a continuous oxide layer which can constitute a surface protective barrier whose role is to slow down the kinetics of the oxidation process. The effectiveness of this protection also depends upon the integrity of the oxide coating. Spalling and cracking phenomena can locally induce a direct contact between oxygen and metal giving rise to a new oxidation process. To increase the metals and alloys lifetime working in oxidizing atmospheres, it is necessary to understand the reasons which control the stress generation in oxide layers and the appearance of cracks and spalls. The present work deals with chromia (Cr2O3) which is of interest particularly because it is the main protective oxide in stainless steels and various chromium alloys. In this work, chromia films are formed in air at high temperature (between 700°C and 900°C) on a chromia-former alloy Ni-30Cr. The cooling is performed using three usual cooling rates (furnace cooling, air quenching and water quenching). The oxidation kinetics have been determined both by in situ experiments (TGA) and ex situ. Microscopic analysis (optical and SEM observations) have lead to the oxide characterization, mainly oxide thickness and mean grain size of the forming oxide. Raman spectroscopy has been used to measure in situ the growth stress and a more detailed analysis has been realized in the grain boundary vicinity. Stress relaxation and residual stress measurements give a complete knowledge of the stress behaviour in chromia films. Experimental conditions for the occurrence of damage and, due to the submicronic accuracy of the micro-Raman spectroscopy, the stress distribution around buckles and spalls are determined. The stress evolution with the experimental parameters, mainly time, temperature, and cooling rate is given leading to the conditions of the oxide degradation. Each experimental measurement is compared to the corresponding theoretical result
Calvière, Isabelle. "Effets de la nutrition minérale et de la composition botanique sur la croissance de prairies permanentes au printemps : conséquences pour la prévision et le diagnostic de la biomasse récoltable et de sa qualité." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT013A.
Full textBogeat-Triboulot, Marie-Béatrice. "Effets du stress osmotique et de la carence en potassium sur la croissance racinaire du pin maritime : étude biomécanique du grandissement cellulaire." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0019_TRIBOULOT.pdf.
Full textThis work allowed us to improve our knowledge about the control of root growth of maritime pine. This study, which is based on a biophysical analysis of cell expansion, utilised two new microtechnologies: the cell pressure probe and the picolitre osmometer. In unstressed plants, cell turgor pressure was uniform over the entire elongation zone. On the other hand, cell wall rheological properties changed during cell maturation and controlled cell expansion. Three levels of osmotic stress affected root growth differently. A moderate water deficit stimulated root growth by increasing cell wall extensibility, in spite of a small decrease of cell turgor pressure. During the medium water deficit, a reduction of cell turgor pressure was compensated by an increase of cell wall extensibility, root growth rate was not affected. During the highest water deficit, root growth was inhibited by a strong reduction of turgor pressure. The root system responded heterogeneously to a potassium shortage. Tap root growth was not modified by this constraint: neither turgor pressure nor rheological properties were affected. On the other hand, lateral roots growth was strongly inhibited by a reduction of cell wall extensibility. Moreover, in the apex of the tap root, a small reduction in potassium concentration (divided by 2), and also of other inorganic ions, was completely compensated by an increase of soluble sugars and glutamine concentrations. In the apex of lateraI roots, a large reduction in potassium concentration (divided by 8), and of other inorganic ions, was practically not compensated, inducing a reduction of the osmotic pressure in mature tissues
Ben, Brahim Mohammed. "Effets de la nutrition phosphatée sur la croissance et le bilan de carbone des jeunes plants de pin maritime." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10101.
Full textVaillant, Nathalie. "Effet du zinc sur la croissance, l'activité photosynthétique et la synthèse de métabolites secondaires chez différentes espèces de Datura : développement d'un procédé d'épuration des effluents urbains couplé à la production de plantes à intérêt pharmaceutique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF1MM01.
Full textLucero, Daniel William. "Effets de la sécheresse et de l'intéraction entre plantes sur la croissance et l'utilisation de l'eau du trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens) et du Ray-Grass (Lolium perenne) : importance de l'intéraction entre racines." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL135N.
Full textBockstaller, Christian. "Taille et forme des semences de maïs (Zea mays l. ) : variabilité et effets sur la croissance, le développement et le rendement." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_BOCKSTALLER_C.pdf.
Full textKoch, Garance. "Effet du stress hydrique sur la croissance de la tomate : une étude multi-échelle : de la cellule à la plante entière pour une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre les différentes échelles." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0347.
Full textAs for other multicellular organs, growth and development of leaves and fruits arecharacterized by cell division and expansion. Cell division and expansion are two maingrowth processes. Fleshy fruit pericarp cells also include successive endocycles that providean important increase in cell ploidy. There is a clear link between cell growth andendoreduplication. However, this link is still unclear from a functional point of view. Cellularprocesses interact during organ development and are related to plant water and carbon flows.The objective of this thesis is to give insights into the multi-scale control of leaves and fruitsgrowth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and the plasticity of growth-related traits inresponse to soil water stresses.This study mainly focused on cherry tomato Solanum lycopersicum, cv. West Virginia 106(WVa 106). This genotype was cultivated in different conditions of watering regimes withautomated systems developed for this study. Soil water deficit response was studied atdifferent observation scales (tissue, organ, whole plant) and at different plant growth stagesthanks to protocols that were used until now on plants with determinate growth and simpleleaves that were modified for this study. Two transgenic genotypes modified on a cell cycleregulation gene were also cultivated to create variations on growth related traits for a betterunderstanding of their relationships. Multi-scale growth kinetics of source and sink organs(leaf and fruit) were also analyzed. Results have brought new elements about growth-relatedtraits coordination and have reinforced a few hypotheses already presented in scientificpapers. This work has supplied an original dataset on water stress effects on cellular processes(division, expansion, endoreduplication) related to leaf and fruit growth in tomato in thecontext of the plant as a whole. In perspectives, this dataset may allow to further develop anexisting model of fleshy fruit development which was first developed for fruits of plantsgrowing optimal condition. Genericity of this model will be tested on another organ, the leaf.This work also opens some tracks about how the model could be modified when growth islimited by water stress
Fraioli, Sylvie. "Effets chez le rat de la 1-25 dihydroxyvitamine D3 sur la libération d'hormone de croissance et de thyréostimuline stimulée ou non par la thyréolibérine." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P098.
Full textBekmirzaev, Gulom. "Relations eau et cultures de légumes : effet des sols salins et conditions de sècheresse sur la croissance, composition minérale et photosynthèse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10010/document.
Full textConventional techniques used to control the soil salinization process - soil leaching or fertilization enhancing - contribute highly to soil and aquifers contamination; on the other hand, the use of salt tolerant species will be very useful to the plants, but does not solve the problem of soil or groundwater contamination. Hence, the only way to control the salinization process to maintain the sustainability of landscapes and agricultural fields is to combat the salinization problems with environmentally safe and clean techniques. One of these new techniques is the use of salt removing species. In order to study the potential capacity to remove soil salts, two horticultural species Portulaca oleracea and Tetragonia tetragonioides, and the salt sensitive crop lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L) were evaluated for their efficiency to remove salts from sandy soil. Plants were analysed relatively to total growth and mineral composition of the leaves and soil. According to the results, it was seen that T. tetragonioides is the best salt removing species and complementary, it has other benefits, which are as follows: 1) high biomass production; 2) several harvests; 3) high content of minerals; 4) horticultural importance; 5) easy multiplication; 6) easy crop management; 7) tolerance to drought conditions; 8) soil erosion control. P. oleracea is a high drought tolerant species, followed by T. tetragonioides. As concluding remarks, it was shown that this new technique to control salinity is a powerful and environmental clean tool to maintain the sustainability of the landscape and of the irrigated areas
Fantin, Natalie. "Croissance juvénile des arbres mères comparée à celle de jeunes semis d'épinette noire (Picea Mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) issus de graines après un feu sur un même site /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textPersello, Séverine. "Réponse du manguier, Mangifera indica L., à la taille : caractérisation et intégration dans un modèle structure-fonction des effets de la taille sur la croissance végétative et la reproduction." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG078/document.
Full textPruning is a common practice in tree fruit crops. However, its effects on the yield are variable and hardly predictable. In this thesis, we propose to study the effects of pruning on vegetative growth and reproduction for the mango tree (Mangifera indica L.), at the axis and at the tree scales, in order to better understand how fruit yield built-up following pruning. Pruning was characterized by two factors: pruning intensity, defined at the tree scale as the amount of fresh biomass removed per unit volume of canopy, and pruning severity, defined at the axis scale as the depth of pruning along the axis. At the axis scale, pruning intensity and severity had an effect on the occurrence, intensity and dynamics of vegetative growth. We also highlighted a major role of the diameter of the pruned axis on the occurrence and intensity of vegetative growth. The vegetative growth which results from pruning led to the emergence of new populations of axes whose proportions depend on pruning intensity. Flowering of these different populations of axes differ in terms of occurrence, intensity and dynamics and was affected negatively by pruning intensity and severity. At the tree scale, yields tended to be lower on moderately and intensively pruned trees as a result of a decrease of flowering rate and/or average weight of fruits. Lightly pruned trees had similar yields compared to unpruned trees. The effects of pruning on the vegetative growth, at the structural and temporal levels, were integrated in a functional-structural model of fruit yield and quality build-up. The model has shown that the number of axes and the leaf area removed at the pruning time were widely compensated by the vegetative growth stimulation that followed. The integration of the effects of pruning on reproduction will allow developing crop management techniques integrating pruning techniques in order to respond to agronomic issues related to mango tree as asynchronisms and irregular bearing
Naud, Julie. "Espèces herbacées médicinales de sous-bois, cultivées en érablière sous différentes conditions de lumière et de sol, dans le sud du Québec (Canada)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26024/26024.pdf.
Full textMontiel-Jorda, Álvaro. "Influence de la température sur la voie de signalisation des hormones brassinostéroïdes : mécanismes moléculaires et conséquences pour la croissance et le développement des plantes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS447.
Full textBrassinosteroid (BR) signaling is important for nearly all aspects of plant development, as attested by the extremely dwarf and sterile phenotype of mutants defective in the brassinosteroid receptor BRASINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). In addition, it is a key regulator of plant responses to increase in ambient temperature (thermomorphogenesis) in the above-ground parts of the plant together with auxin signaling and the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4). However, the roles molecular mechanisms of root thermomorphogenesis remain elusive. In this thesis, I describe in great detail the molecular mechanisms leading to root thermomorphogenesis of plants exposed to elevated ambient temperature from germination. In order for plants to elongate their primary root at 26°C, compared to 21°C, they selectively downregulate BR signaling via the temperature-specific degradation of BRI1. Surprisingly, under our own conditions, auxin signaling is not required for root thermomorphogenesis, suggesting a difference between aerial and root thermomorphogenesis responses. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we are able to pinpoint that the degradation is triggered by a post-translational modification targeting lysines, probably K63 ubiquitination. To find out the E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the BRI1 temperature-induced degradation we carried out a yeast two hybrid screen using BRI1’s cytoplasmic domain. We obtained three candidate proteins named DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE (DEP) that surprisingly localize to cortical microtubules (cMTs) and arose at the same time as BR signaling, suggesting a functional link. The interaction between DEP1 and BRI1 was confirmed by three different techniques and, consequently dep single mutants are defective in BR percepton. On one hand, they are hyposensitive to the BR-induced reduction in hypocotyl length but on the other hand they are hypersensitive regarding BR-induced agravitropism. This data suggest an interplay between BR signaling, BRI1 subcellular dynamics and cortical microtubules. Future research will shed light on the biological significance of the BRI1-cMTs interaction in general and the BRI1-DEP1 interaction in particular
Larochelle, Mélissa. "Effets de l'envahissement de deux milieux humides d'eau douce du fleuve Saint-Laurent par le roseau commun sur la reproduction et la croissance du grand brochet." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23123.
Full textIman, Bahmani. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux sur la dynamique de tallage et la croissance des feuilles des cultivars de Raygrass pérenne (Lolium pérenne) 'Ellet' et 'Grasslands ruanui'." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL028N.
Full textAubert, Serge. "Effets multiples du glycérol sur le métabolisme de la cellule végétale non chlorophyllienne." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10217.
Full textAgapit, Corinne. "Emission d’auxine et de nitrates par les bactéries des turricules de vers de terre : effet sur la croissance et le développement des plantes." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1001/document.
Full textPlants take up resources in their environment. They are also exposed to many signals, including molecules that profoundly alter their behavior or morphology. The prediction of the flow of nutrients from the soil to the plant requires an integration of flux regulation by signals which determine the kinetics of plant adaptations. During this thesis, different experimental and analytical approaches (split-root, isotopic labeling, root analysis) allowed us to study the coupling between signals and flows in the interactions between plants, microorganisms and earthworms. We first demonstrated that earthworms have a systemic effect on the growth and development of plants (Hordeum Vulgare L. and Oryza sativa L.) and that this effect is dependent on the abundance of earthworms. A methodological study aiming at optimizing the split-root device (the sharing of roots of a single plant into two compartments) helped us to improve plant (Brachypodium distachyon L.) survival and their emission of roots. This experimental set up was used to determine the importance of the presence of casts and their spatial localization on the N uptake by the plant. The lack of effect observed during this experiment lead us to address the mechanisms that may occur in the presence of worms according to their temporal dynamics. We then demonstrated that an important proportion of casts was responsible for root system adaptation only when the plant was exposed to casts for a sufficient period of time. These results are the first demonstration that the kinetics of the different mechanisms occurring in casts is crucial to explain the positive effect of casts on plants growth
Grieu, Philippe. "Écophysiologie du douglas : Contribution à l'étude de l'influence des déficits hydriques sur les échanges gazeux, la croissance et l'accumulation de métabolites organiques." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10354.
Full textIssa, Alaa m. issa. "Impact de la souche Psjn de Paraburkholderia phytofirmans sur la tomate en réponse à une température élevée." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS027.
Full textHigh temperatures resulting from climate change can significantly influence plant growth, development, and susceptibility to pathogens. In this situation, agriculture needs to better adapt to climate change.In this context, certain Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are able to protect plants against biotic and/or abiotic stresses. It has been shown in the laboratory that the PGPR bacterium, Paraburkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN, gives the grapevine a better tolerance under low temperatures. This protection is partly attributed to the modulation of carbohydrate metabolism through the maintenance of photosynthesis and an increase of soluble sugars levels.During this work, the bacterium P. phytofirmans was used to induce heat tolerance to tomato plants to anticipate the global warming effects. The objectives of the work were to characterize, from an agronomic, biochemical, physiological and molecular point of view, the impact of the bacteria on the plant response under heat stress conditions.The results of this study demonstrated the importance of the use of P. phytofirmans strain PsJN as a biological agent especially with respect to global warming. These results will meet the expectations of tomato breeders who aim to develop increased productivity while respecting the environment and offering a better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses
Baril, Benjamin. "Contenu en carbone du panic érigé et du sol amendé avec du biochar et une inoculation microbienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29830/29830.pdf.
Full textThe use of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) amended with biochar and/or rhizobacteria to produce energy, could potentially be a solution to reduce greenhouse gases and contribute to increase carbon (C) sequestration in soil. In this experiment, switchgrass was treated with biochar and N-fixing and P-solubilising bacteria in a split-plot experimental design. To assess the C dynamics in switchgrass production, the experiment was established on a sandy loam in St-Augustin-de-Desmaures near Quebec. A biochar treatment of 10 Mg of dry matter per hectare and treatments without biochar has been used as main plots, while three nitrogen rates (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1) and treatments of bacterial inoculation were installed as sub-plots. The mineral nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the aboveground biomass yield and C after two years of growth. A small positive effect of biochar (p=0,08) increase root C. Soil C was not affected by any treatment after two years of growth.
Richet, Nicolas. "Effet des contraintes environnementales (ozone et CO2) sur le bois de jeunes arbres : étude de la formation du bois et conséquences sur ses propriétés en tant que matériau." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10038/document.
Full textIn the context of global climate change, trees will have to cope with an atmosphere different from actual. Ozone and CO2 are two of the main gas whose increased concentration is worrying. We investigated the effects of ozone and elevated CO2 single or combined on the biosynthesis and content of lignin, wood anatomy and properties of young poplars (Populus tremula x alba) placed in controlled conditions in phytotronic chambers. Moreover, trees were bent to induce tension wood formation. The metabolism of lignin was mainly affected by ozone leading to a change in the chemical composition of wood. Ozone altered wood anatomy by reducing the vessel number, cell wall thickness of fibers and increasing lumen diameter of vessels. Elevated CO2 stimulated radial and height growth, and biomass production, but seemed to have no effect on wood properties and lignin biosynthesis. The interaction of the two gases showed a benefit effect of elevated CO2 against negative effects of ozone. Presence of high CO2 limited lignin metabolism decrease and promoted a better stem allocation of carbon in middle stem of plant. Wood properties were also altered by these treatments suggesting a different quality for the future use of wood
Hellequin, Eve. "Effets des biostimulants sur le fonctionnement biologique de sols d’agrosystèmes : réponses des communautés microbiennes et dynamique de minéralisation du carbone organique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B029.
Full textModern agriculture is undergoing important changes toward agroecological practices that rely on biodiversity and ecological processes. In agrosystems, the organic matter is the key of the soil fertility and an important reserve of carbon. Organic fertilization by crop residues is therefore an agricultural practice that improve the organic matter content in soil. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the organic carbon (orgC) dynamic because they are key players of its mineralization and are involved in the nutrients recycling. Thus, the use of agricultural biostimulant (BS) intended to enhance this microbial function is proposed as an alternative solution to improve indirectly plant growth while reducing chemical inputs. This thesis aimed to i) identify the effect of soil biostimulant on heterotrophic microbial communities, the orgC mineralization and the nutrient releases, ii) evaluate its genericity by testing different experimental conditions and iii) identify the environmental filters that control both the microbial communities and the mineralization function. We showed that the orgC dynamic was different according to contrasted physico-chemical and biological characteristics of different soils. We showed that plants can also influence the orgC dynamic by returning litter to the soil and through its root effect on the bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike plants, the amount of orgC provided by the two tested BS was negligible. However, we evaluated the effect of one BS as at least similar or even higher than those of plant on active bacterial and fungal abundances, richness and diversity. Among the two BS tested we showed that one enhanced the orgC mineralization by recruiting indigenous soil bacterial and fungal decomposers and that the other did not affect the orgC mineralization but activated indigenous soil plant-growth-promoting bacteria as well as soil bacterial and fungal decomposers. Furthermore, our study call for new normative methodological and systemic approach by monitoring simultaneously several descriptors for advancing our knowledge on BS action on microbial soil functioning
Dixon, Martin. "Étude de l'interaction de l'ozone et du dioxyde de carbone avec la sècheresse sur Quercus rubra (L. ) ; Picea abies (L. ) Karst et Fagus sylvatica (L. ), cultivés en chambres à ciel ouvert : effet sur la croissance, les échanges gazeux et les cires cuticulaires." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10042.
Full textBugnon, Jean-Luc. "Perspectives de restauration des tourbières dans l'est du Québec, réintroduction des sphaignes sur des tourbières extrêmement sèches ayant été exploitées par aspiration et abandonnées et, effets de la présence des plantes vasculaires sur la croissance des sphaignes, sur d'anciens sites d'exploitation de la tourbe par la coupe de blocs." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25519.pdf.
Full textSauvion, Nicolas. "Effets et modes d'action des deux lectines à mannose sur le puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) - Potentiel d'utilisation des lectines végétales pour la création de plantes transgéniques résistantes aux pucerons." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007006.
Full textLes caractéristiques toxicologiques de nombreuses protéines sont évaluées par des tests d'ingestion sur milieux artificiels définis. Des lectines d'origine végétale se liant au mannose présentent des propriétés toxiques intéressantes. Notre étude porte sur la Concanavaline A (lectine de Canavalia ensiformis [L.] DC, ConA) qui est une lectine modèle très étudiée du point de vue biochimique, et la lectine du perce-neige (Galanthus nivalis L., GNA) dont les caractéristiques en font un bon candidat à l'application envisagée.
Nous mettons en évidence une variabilité de la toxicité des lectines à mannose chez six espèces de pucerons. La ConA est moins active sur les espèces polyphages. Elle n'est pas phagorépulsive pour notre puceron modèle, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) et agit en quelques heures aux doses moyennes, notamment en inhibant l'ingestion. Une adaptation comportementale à moyen terme (24 h-48 h) est également mise en évidence. Des techniques de marquage révèlent que la cible physiologique primaire de la ConA est la portion antérieure du mésentéron. Elle s'y fixe en très grande quantité. Après liaison aux cellules épithéliales, la lectine induit une hypertrophie de ces cellules et un détachement de leur membrane apicale. Des expériences de compétition lectines/mannosides indiquent que la liaison toxine-épithélium ne semble pas dépendre uniquement d'une interaction sucre-lectine. Nous observons également une forte perturbation du métabolisme des acides aminés des pucerons. Le mode d'action de la ConA et de la GNA diffèrent sensiblement sur ce point.
Les premiers tests biologiques effectués sur des pommes de terre transgéniques exprimant de manière constitutive le gène de la GNA sont variables mais prometteurs.
Moura, Rebouças Deborah. "Étude du métabolisme des lipides membranaires et des gènes associés chez Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp sous contraintes abiotiques combinées (sécheresse/ozone)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1083/document.
Full textGlobal climate changes are responsible for the increased frequency of episodes of drought and high concentrations of tropospheric ozone, which can occur simultaneously to reduce plant growth, limiting agricultural production and affecting the food supply for an increasing world population. These environmental stresses can lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, promoting oxidative stress and causing metabolic imbalance. Cell membranes are the primary targets of damage induced by stresses and the preservation of cell integrity through remodeling of membrane lipids is essential for plant survival under adverse conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought, ozone and the combined stresses in two cowpea cultivars with different degrees of drought tolerance: EPACE-1 and IT83-D through physiological responses and a study focused on the content and composition of membrane lipids, as well as on the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis and degradation of these lipids. Drought and ozone (120 ppb), isolated or in combination, were applied on three-week-old seedlings during two weeks. After 7 and 14 days of treatments, physiological parameters were determined. Lipids extracted from leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Transcript accumulation (VuMGD1, VuMGD2, VuDGD1, VuDGD2, VuCLS, VuFAD7, VuFAD8, VuPLD1 and VuPAT1) was detected in leaves by real time PCR. In both cultivars, drought inhibited the plant growth and photosynthesis through stomatal closure, which appeared to involve the gene expression of phospholipase D (VuPLD1). Ozone caused foliar injury and degradation of galactolipids, mainly in IT83-D. In this cultivar, the damage resulted in an increase in DGDG:MGDG ratio and in VuDGD2 expression. Furthermore, a partial decrease in the phospholipids content in response to ozone was associated with an increase in VuPLD1 expression, suggesting a replacement of phospholipids by DGDG. Differently, EPACE-1 cultivar in the presence of ozone, concomitantly with the degradation of galactolipids, showed an increase in storage lipids and DPG (cardiolipin) contents. The two stresses in combination led to results similar to those observed in response to the drought treatment alone, in both cultivars, which likely reflected the severe restriction of ozone uptake resulting from drought-induced stomatal closure. In conclusion, the present results highlight the prominent role of membrane lipids in the metabolic adjustments that occur for the plant tolerance to drought and ozone
Constantinescu, Dario. "Analyse et amélioration d’un modèle mécaniste de croissance et composition du fruit : Etude de la variabilité génétique des mécanismes de croissance du fruit, conception d’idéotypes et analyse des effets des transferts d’eau et de la concentration des solutés sur la croissance du fruit Model-Assisted Estimation of the Genetic Variability in Physiological Parameters Related to Tomato Fruit Growth under Contrasted Water Conditions Model-assisted analysis of the pedicel-fruit system suggests a fruit sugar uptake regulation and a water saving strategy." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0716.
Full textDeveloping knowledge on fruit development responses to agricultural practices and environmental conditions is important from breeders to growers. Indeed, this would support the design of agricultural practices that could increase fruit yield and quality and adapt fruit production to climate change, for satisfying the increasing food demand. The aim of this thesis was to use and improve a mechanistic model of fruit growth for exploring the genetic variability of tomato growth in fresh and dry mass, designing drought-resistant tomato ideotypes, underlining patterns of diurnal water and sugars flows in the pedicel-fruit system, and studying the effects on fruit growth of the variations of fruit pulp solutes concentrations that determine fruit quality at harvest. The models developed allowed to describe in an adequate way biophysical and metabolic processes determining fruit growth and solutes composition. The obtained model simulation results suggested that pedicel conductivity and sugars active uptake could be key mechanisms in determining the fruit genetic variability and should be maximized in the research of ideotypes. In addition, the obtained results suggested that water flows regulation may generate a diurnally regulated fruit sugar uptake and could prevent water loss through water recirculation between xylem and phloem and between phloem and apoplast. Finally, the results obtained from an integrating model approach including the description of fruit growth and fruit solutes metabolism highlighted that acids and minerals concentrations variation due to both accumulation and dilution processes could have a non-negligible impact on fruit growth. The works presented in this thesis have highlighted that the estimation of the fruit growth physiological parameters and the techniques of models conception and calibration should be improved to make them increasingly suitable for the design of better-suited agricultural practices
Abadie, Cyril. "Exploration de la variabilité phénotypique d'Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh et caractérisation de l'effet d'un déficit hydrique sur la photosynthèse et le contenu glucidique foliaire des écotypes Col-0, Mt-0 et Shahdara." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2280/document.
Full textConsidering the predicted climate changes, plants are likely to face, in the future, severe and frequent droughts. In order to evaluate the impact of such stress on productivity and crop yield, the effect of water shortage on photosynthetic activity, sugar transport and accumulation was investigated. Firstly, growth, development, biomass and photosynthesis of eight Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes have been characterised. Secondly, three of them (Col-0, Mt-0 and Shahdara) were subjected to drought stress. The relative water content (RWC), the stomatal conductance (gs) and the net assimilation (AN) decreased early in rosette leaves of Mt-0 which was initially characterized by a very low water use efficiency (AN/E). In response to drought, AN/Ci curves analysis for each ecotype showed that stomatal limitation was quickly related with metabolic limitations (lower Vcmax). At the end of the stress, reduced starch content always led to a sucrose accumulation in leaves. The expression of genes encoding the main leaf sugar carriers (polyols, hexoses and sucrose) was differently impaired by the water shortage. Shahdara, that managed to maintain a relatively high RWC, was the most tolerant ecotype to water stress. In contrast, at the end of the stress, Mt-0 exhibited an AN inhibition together with significant and irreversible photosystem II alterations (drop of both qP and Fv/Fm)
Bouyer, Laure. "Impact de la disponibilité en nutriments sur le fonctionnement hydrique et carboné de peupliers dans des contextes de sécheresse variés." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3100.
Full textThe availability of water and nutrients are two main factors limiting tree growth and forest productivity. Despite the strong legacy of research on forest nutrition, the role of nutrients in modulating tree drought responses remains largely unknown. This thesis aimed to evaluate the role of nutrient availability on key traits related to water and carbon relations such as growth and its determinants, water-use efficiency (WUE), vulnerability to cavitation, or non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, in poplars under contrasting drought intensities. Research experiments relied on two complementary experimental designs, one in a greenhouse and the other in an outdoor common garden, and considered a maximum of four genotypes primarily selected for their contrasting growth and stomatal regulation. The main findings are as follows: 1) a higher nutrient availability increases growth and WUE under moderate drought, 2) a higher nutrient availability does not necessarily increase the risk of xylem hydraulic failure, 3) NSC depletion, in particular starch, co-occurs with massive xylem embolism under lethal drought, and 4) a higher nutrient availability reduces NSC storage, especially under moderate drought. This study shows for the first time the temporal covariance between the dynamics of xylem hydraulic failure and carbon starvation in a fast-growing but highly vulnerable tree species, and gives an example of how these relationships are modulated by nutrient availability
Couderchet, Michel. "Essai de quantification de la réponse à l'application de différents stress à partir d'une étude sur la chronosensibilité au froid chez le soja (glycine max [L. ] Merr. )." Besançon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BESA2025.
Full textLabbé, Louise. "Analyse géostatistique de la variabilité spatiale des teneurs en eau du substrat en relation avec la croissance et la nutrition minérale des semis d'épinette blanche (2+0) irrigués par des asperseurs /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766856951&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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