Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes endémiques'
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Fridlender, Alain. "Originalités biologiques et systématiques des espèces rares : quelques exemples choisis dans la flore tyrrhénienne." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0016.
Full textDroissart, Vincent. "Etude taxonomique et biogéographique des plantes endémiques d'Afrique centrale atlantique: le cas des Orchidaceae." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210364.
Full textCette étude phytogéographique porte sur la famille des Orchidaceae et est basée sur l’analyse de la distribution des taxons endémiques de l’ACA. Elle s’appuie sur un jeu de données original résultant d’un effort d’échantillonnage important au Cameroun et d’un travail d’identification et de localisation de spécimens dans les principaux herbaria européens abritant des collections d’ACA. Durant cette étude, (i) nous avons tout d’abord identifié ces taxons endémiques et documenté leur distribution au travers de plusieurs contributions taxonomiques et floristiques, (ii) nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé aux nouvelles méthodes permettant d’analyser ces données d’herbier de plantes rares et donc pauvrement documentées, testant aussi l’intérêt des Orchidaceae comme marqueurs chorologiques, et finalement, appliquant ces méthodes à notre jeu de données, (iii) nous avons délimité des centres d’endémisme et identifié les territoires phytogéographiques des Orchidaceae en ACA.
(i) Une révision taxonomique des genres Chamaeangis Schltr. et Stolzia Schltr. a été réalisée respectivement. Sept nouveaux taxons ont été décrits: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo et Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Plusieurs notes taxonomiques, phytogéographiques et écologiques supplémentaires ont également été redigées. Au total, nous avons identifié 203 taxons d’Orchidaceae endémiques d’ACA parmi lesquels 193 sont pris en compte pour l’étude des patrons d’endémisme.
(ii) Au Cameroun, les patrons de distribution des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae endémiques d’ACA ont été étudiés conjointement. Des méthodes de rééchantillonnage des données (raréfaction) ont été appliquées pour calculer des indices de diversité et de similarité. Elles ont permis de corriger les biais liés à la variation de l’effort d’échantillonnage. Un gradient de continentalité a été observé, les parties côtières étant les plus riches en taxons endémiques d’ACA. Contrairement à la région du Mont Cameroun et aux massifs de Kupe/Bakossi qui ont connu une attention particulière des politiques et des scientifiques, la partie côtière du sud Cameroun, presque aussi riche, reste mal inventoriée pour plusieurs familles végétales.
Cette analyse à l’échelle du Cameroun a également permis de comparer les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae. Les différences observées seraient principalement dues à la présence d’Orchidaceae terrestres dans les végétations basses et les prairies montagnardes de la dorsale camerounaise alors que les Rubiaceae sont généralement peu représentées dans ces habitats. Au sein des habitats forestiers, la concordance entre les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae remet en question l’utilisation des capacités de dispersion des espèces comme critère pour choisir les familles permettant l’identification des refuges forestiers et semble ainsi confirmer la pertinence de l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique.
La distribution potentielle a été utilisée pour étudier en détail l’écologie, la distribution et le statut de conservation de Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. une Orchidaceae endémique de la région guinéo-congolaise uniquement connue d’un faible nombre d’échantillons. Cette méthodologie semble appropriée pour compléter nos connaissances sur la distribution des espèces rares et guider les futurs inventaires en Afrique tropicale.
(iii) En ACA, les Orchidaceae permettent d’identifier plusieurs centres d’endémisme qui coïncident généralement avec ceux identifiés précédemment pour d’autres familles végétales. Ces constats supportent aussi l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique. La délimitation des aires d’endémisme des Orchidaceae a ainsi permis de proposer une nouvelle carte phytogéographique de l’ACA. Les éléments phytogéographiques propres à chacune des dix phytochories décrites ont été identifiés et leurs affinités floristiques discutées. Les résultats phytogéographiques obtenus (a) soutiennent l’existence d’une barrière phytogéographique matérialisée par la rivière Sanaga entre les deux principaux centres et aires d’endémisme de l’ACA, (b) étendent l’archipel afromontagnard situé principalement au Cameroun au plateau de Jos (Nigeria) et (c) montrent l’importance de la chaîne montagneuse morcelée Ngovayang-Mayombe pour la distribution de l’endémisme en ACA. Cette chaîne de montagne, qui s’étend le long des côtes de l’océan du sud Cameroun au Congo-Brazzaville et qui correspond à plusieurs refuges forestiers identifiés par de nombreux auteurs, est ici considérée comme une seule aire d’endémisme morcelée./
Atlantic central Africa (ACA) covers the Lower Guinean Domain, the four islands of the Gulf of Guinea and a part of the afromontane archipelago. Different centres of endemism have been identified into this area and are usually considered as related to glacial forest refuges. However, the origin of this endemism, the localization of the centres and the methods employed to identify these centres are subject to debate. Yet, the localization of these centres of endemism and the identification of the rare plants they harbor is an essential prerequisite to setting up rational conservation policies, and remains a priority for private, institutional and governmental organizations which are dealing with the sustainable management of biodiversity.
This phytogeographical study focuses on Orchidaceae and analyses the distribution of the taxa endemic to ACA. We use an original dataset resulting from an important sampling efforts and the identification of specimens coming from all the principal herbaria where collections from ACA are housed. During this study, (i) we first identified the taxa endemic to ACA and documented their distribution through several taxonomic and floristic contributions, (ii) we used and developed new methods allowing to correct for sampling bias associated with the use of rare and poorly documented taxa, testing at the same time the use of Orchidaceae as chorological markers, and finally, applying these methods to our dataset, (iii) we delimited the centres of endemism and identified the phytogeographical territories of Orchidaceae in ACA.
(i) A taxonomic revision of Chamaeangis Schltr. and Stolzia Schltr. respectively was carried out. Seven new taxa were described: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo and Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Several additional taxonomic, phytogeographical and ecological notes were also published. We finally identified 203 Orchidaceae taxa endemic to ACA, among which 193 were used to study the patterns of endemism.
(ii) In Cameroon, the distribution patterns of both Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae endemic to ACA were studied. Subsampling methods (rarefaction) were applied to calculate diversity and similarity indices and to correct potential bias associated with heterogeneous sampling intensity. A gradient of continentality was confirmed in Cameroon, the coastal part being the richest in taxa endemic to ACA. The Cameroon Mountain and the Kupe/Bakossi mountain massifs have received a great consideration of politics and scientists. On the contrary, the Southern coastal part of Cameroon, though almost as rich as the Northern part, remains poorly known for several plant families.
This analysis also allowed us to compare patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. The differences observed could be mainly due to the terrestrial habit of some Orchidaceae, which are only found in the grasslands of the highest part of the Cameroonian volcanic line where endemic Rubiaceae are rare. Within forest habitats, the concordance between the patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae question the widespread use of dispersal ability as a selection criterion for the families used to identify forest refuges. This also confirms the relevance of Orchidaceae as chorological marker.
Species distribution modelling was used of an in depth study of the ecology, the distribution and the conservation status of Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. an Orchidaceae endemic to the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism which is only known from very few collections. This method is proved to be appropriate to complete our knowledge on the distribution of rare plant species and to guide the future inventories in tropical Africa.
(iii) In ACA, an analysis of the distribution of endemic Orchidaceae confirmed the presence and location of several centres of endemism previously identified on the basis of other plant families. This result again supports the use of Orchidaceae as a chorological marker. The chorological study of the endemic Orchidaceae allowed us to propose a new phytogeographical map for ACA. Phytogeographical elements for each of the ten phytochoria described were identified and their floristic affinities were also discussed. Our results (a) support the existence of a phytogeographical barrier, materialized by the Sanaga River, between the two main centres and area of endemism of the ACA, (b) extend the limits of the afromontane archipelago to the Jos Plateau in Nigeria and (c) show the importance of the Ngovayang-Mayombe line to explain the distribution of endemism in ACA. This mountainous line, stretching along the ocean coast from Southern Cameroon to Congo-Brazzaville, corresponds to several forest refuges identified by many authors, and is here considered as an unique but discontinuous area of endemism.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tauleigne, Chagas Gomes Ana C. "Différenciation et hybridation chez trois espèces endémiques d'Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) du littoral portugais." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210953.
Full textPoullain, Cyril. "Contribution à l'étude des plantes endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion, recherche d'activités biologiques et de principes actifs dans 75 plantes." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_05_Poullain.pdf.
Full textA previous bibliographic study was realized to review all the active principles for five biological activities : free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal activities, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and inhibition of viral fusion. In order to understand the reactivity of the active principle, causes (oxidative stress) and pathological effects of diseases (fungal infections, Alzheimer's disease and AIDS) related to these five biological activities, were explained (chapter 1, vol. 1). In the second chapter (vol. 1), 75 plants endemic and indigenous to Reunion Island were selected for a study of their biological activities. Two kinds of tests were realized : on the one hand, by thin layer chromatography for the free radical scavenging, antioxidant and antifungal properties and for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase ; on the other hand by clusters for the anti-HIV activity. 73% of 274 polar and non-polar extracts reduced free radicals, 32% protected double bonds, 14% inhibit the growth of a fungi and 11% inhibit acetylcholinesterase (Alzheimer's disease). For HIV test, the toxic limit concentration and the medium effective concentration were determined. Three plants exhibited strong activities for one or two tests : Hypericum lanceolatum, Melicope borbonica and Croton mauritianus. In the same time, 18 plants (on 75) were investigated for determination of specific groups of molecules. All these studies were needed uses of analytical techniques as column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Ultraviolet or coupled with mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance 1H 13C, one-dimensional and bi-dimensional. The volume 2 is a complement of vol. 1 and comprises the five tables of the first chapter (vol. 1) and phytochemical and botanical data of the 75 plants studied in the second chapter (vol. 1)
Ingert, Nicolas. "Contribution à l’étude des plantes endémiques de Polynésie française et analyse phytochimique de 4 [quatre] espèces : "Hernandia nukuhivensis, Wikstroemia coriacea, Wikstroemia raiateensis et Wikstroemia johnplewsii"." Polynésie française, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POLF0003.
Full textThe endemism effect on the chemodiversity of Marquesan vascular flora was investigated by multidisciplinary approach including ethnobotany, phytochemistry, phylogeny and biological activity. The endemic Marquesan species bioprospection allowed to identify and characterize plant resources showing therapeutic potential. Two plants having biological interest have been selected for phytochemical study: Hernandia nukuhivensis and Wikstroemia coriacea. The first species possesses a high cytotoxicity at 1 μg/mL level and is composed of alkaloids and lignanes identified by NMR. Phylogenetic and chemical variability survey of Wikstroemia genus from French Polynesia had underscored two morphotypes (rampant and shrub) in Temehani Plain (Raiatea). Phylogenetic results are not well correlated to phytochemical data. Wikstroemia coriacea extracts showed a significant free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 54 μg/mL) and so we isolate and identify 4 sesquiterpenes (including 1 new compound: oleodaphnoic acid), 2 coumarins, 3 benzenoids (including 1 new compound: 2-hydroxy-1,5-diphénylpentan-1-one), 1 triterpenoid and 1 lignan. Analysis of W. Raiateensis species yielded isolation and characterization of two biflavonoids
Pouget, Marine. "Comment préserver l'héritage évolutif singulier des végétaux endémiques méditerranéens ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4338/document.
Full textDiversity patterns are temporary state in a dynamic continuum of ecological and evolutionary changes. Thus, conservation policies have to integrate this dynamics and Conservation priorities have to be oriented towards the processes which generate and maintain diversity. Conserving biodiversity without needing to measure all its different components, it is necessary to search for biological and ecological surrogates. An original approach is to assess the capacity of phylogeography to define these surrogates. Indeed, the phylogeography allows providing indices for diversification zonation and can be used to delineate the units (e.g. evolutionary significant units) that support diversification at intraspecific level. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, in terms of targets and surrogates, the role of phylogeography for conservation of the Mediterranean flora. We based our analyses on two study areas of the South-East France harbouring two endemic species: the coastal ranges of Maritime Alps where Acis nicaeensis grows, and the calcareous Provence where Arenaria provincialis is found. The phylogeography of Arenaria provincialis revealed a spatial distribution of persistence and divergence. Our study highlights the critical role of phylogeography in the search for optimal criteria for defining the conservation strategies. The marked differences of genetic and ecology in populations of Acis nicaeensis but also in terms of its vulnerability to urbanization are highlighted in a local scale. The results demonstrate the need of conservation actions designed for small areas to avoid the loss of Acis nicaeensis evolutionary legacy
Tsimoaha, Nozet. "La protection des espèces endémiques à Madagascar face à leur marchandisation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS023S.
Full textThis thesis concerns the loss of biodiversity in general and the Malagasy forests in particular. All social categories, species endemic to Madagascar has suffered over the past 10 years enormous pressure operating unprecedented on the part of the Malagasy population, a situation that could well lead to an extinction of some species such as tortoises (eg , turtles starred), and precious woods (for example, rosewood), if protection measures are not taken in time. This exploitation comes in many forms, beginning with a daily consumption up to a massive export (traffic) in cash. The main causes of this pressure are varied, namely the inconsistency of the development policy adopted by the leaders since the 80's, the total abandonment of civic education in the preservation of nature and the environment, the poverty of people living near forest ecosystems globalization and international trade This erosion of biodiversity has resulted in: the progressive depletion of resources, extreme poverty of the peasants, and finally an ecological crisis inevitable. To address this situation, we propose the following: Firstly, policy reform and environmental action plan for the overhaul of the legislation on the protection and conservation of biodiversity, and the redefinition of actions and responsibilities of environmental;Second: give priority to environmental education for each category of person child as an adult, and integrate local communities in the preservation of species and their habitats in order to achieve an accepted method of preservation and acceptable to all stakeholders (farmers, donors Basically, NGOs, state). Finally, a case study on the preservation of forest biodiversity has closed the thesis using the example site "Dabotehena Manja Madagascar" in which theoretical and practical aspects are addressed and detailed
Romaniuc, Neto Sergio. "Taxonomie et biogéographie des genres sorocea a. St. -hil. , clarisia ruiz & pavon et trophis p. Browne (moraceae - urticales) : mise en évidence de centres d'endémisme et de zones à protéger au Brésil." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0009.
Full textRalambonirina, Rasoarivelo Tiana Sylvia. "Etudes chimique et antibactérienne d'Anthospermum emirnense et d'Anthospermum perrieri, Rubiaceae endémiques de Madagascar." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P618.
Full textAnthospermum emirnense Baker and Anthospermum perrieri Homolle ex Puff (Rubiaceae) are herbaceous endemic to the Central Highlands of Madagascar, widely used in traditional Madagascan medicine for the treatment of various infectious diseases, including cough, digestive apparatus disorders, and various skin diseases. The extractions by solvents, followed by isolations from extracts and structural determination of the isolated molecules, showed the wealth of these plants on secondary metabolites. So, compounds belonging to varied chemical families were isolated: a new iridoid glycoside as well as 7 other known iridoids, a new anthraquinonique heteroside, 3 quinones and a naphtalen, 2 acids phenols, 3 coumarins, 3 lignans, 5 flavonoids and 2 phytosterols were characterized. Besides, essential oils of the aerial parts of A. Emirnense and A. Perrieri were obtained by hydrodistillation respectively with 0,03 % and 0,02 % (w/w) yield. About sixty molecules were identified in each of the essential oil. The two species showed an important qualitative similarity, with 40 compounds common to A. Emirnense and A. Perrieri, including β-elemene, trans-β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-cadinol, which were major components in both cases. As a supplement to this chemical study, antibacterial tests were made on isolated iridoïdes and on the essential oils. Among iridoids, two compounds showed good activities on Alcaligenes faecalis, Comamonas acidovorans, Pseudomonas putida, Serratia marcescens, Achromobacter xylosoxidans denitrificans, Achromobacter xylosoxidans xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia pyrrocinia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Essential oils exhibited interesting minimal-inhibitoryconcentration (MIC) values towards Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Yersinia enterocolitica. All these results establish the first chemical and biological data on the genus Anthospermum, and permit to validate scientifically the traditional anti-infective use of these species
Gimaret-Carpentier, Clémentine. "Analyse de la biodiversité à partir d'une liste d'occurrences d'espèces : nouvelles méthodes d'ordination appliquées à l'étude de l'endémisme dans les Ghâts occidentaux." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10072.
Full textTecher, Sophie. "Criblage d’activités biologiques de plantes endémiques ou indigènes de La Réunion - Recherche de molécules antivirales ciblant le virus du chikungunya." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0014/document.
Full textThe aims of this PhD work were to identify plants and/or molecules with cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antiviral (chikungunya virus , CHIKV) activities in order to find therapeutic alternatives towards oxidative stress and inflammation, mechanisms involved in chronic noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, obesity ...), and chikungunya disease, reemerging vector-borne disease. The first part of this work presents the results obtained from a biological screening carried out on a selection of eighteen endemic and indigenous plants of La Réunion. The targeted activities were cytotoxicity on a human cell line (THP-1), antioxidant activities evaluated using an in cellulo hemolysis assay and four chemical tests (TEAC / DPPH / FRAP / ORAC) together with an evaluation of the content of phenolic compounds (FOLIN test) and anti-inflammatory activity tested in murine macrophages (RAW cells-BlueTM). The results allowed to highlight activities of different extracts in particular : cytotoxic for Carissa spinarum, antioxidant for Dryopteris wallichiana and Agarista buxifolia and anti-inflammatory for Stillingia lineata and Indigofera ammoxylum.The second part of this work is devoted to the phytochemical study of Stillingia lineata, an indigenous species of La Réunion chosen because of the results obtained in this preliminary biological screening and those carried out in Phytochik programme. Bioassay-guided fractionation performed on Vero cells (green monkey kidney cells Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with CHIKV led to the isolation of three rare macrocycle-type diterpenes called tonantzitlolone and a new pimarane. The 4'-acetoxytonantzitlolone was identified as a candidate molecule against CHIKV (EC50 = 7 μM). Structure-activity relationships have been defined, the presence of an oxygenated group on the side chain of tonantzitlolones seems to play an important role in the antiviral response of the diterpene skeleton
Diadema, Katia. "Apport de la phylogéographie, de la dynamique et de la structure des populations pour la conservation de végétaux endémiques méditerranéens." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30071.
Full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the population structure and dynamic of Mediterranean endemic plants, at different spatial and temporal scales. The influence of historical biogeographic patterns and the current ecological patterns is examined. Three endemic species are studied. Phylogeographic data of Gentiana ligustica combined with glacial history suggest the presence of peripheral microrefugia and the existence of several postglacial migration routes. Recent habitat fragmentation of Acis nicaeensis decreases population viability, which induces an extinction vortex. On the other hand, disturbances characterized by intermediate intensity and frequency, among which cattle grazing and fire favour population persistence. Within a global change context, it appears necessary to propose some specific conservation strategies, including the preservation of intermediate disturbances, habitat conservation, or an assessment of population history and of their ecogeographical variability
Rajaonarivelo, Mialy. "Caractérisation chimique de composés cytotoxiques et inhibiteurs de la kinase DyrK 1A, isolés de plantes malgaches." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114860.
Full textAs part of collaboration between the Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées and the Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles in the search for new bioactive molecules, the phytochemical study of three endemic plants from Madagascar was undertaken. These plants were selected for their biological activities : Apodocephala pauciflora (Asteraceae), a cytotoxic plant on KB cell line, Carphalea madagascariensis (Rubiaceae), an inhibitor of the activity of Dyrk 1A protein kinase and Garcinia verrucosa subsp. Orientalis (Clusiaceae) a cytotoxic plant on P388 cell line. Bioguided fractionation of ethyl acetate extracts from different parts of the plants led to the characterisation of 24 compounds belonging to the helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones family, 3,4-secodammarane type triterpenes family, and a polyisoprenylated phloroglucinol. Among them 8 are new compounds. The initial activity observed for these extracts was found in most of the isolated molecules
Grougnet, Raphaë͏l. "Etude chimique de plantes endémiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Boronella koniambiensis, Rutaceae, Gardenia aubryi, Rubiaceae, étude chimique du périsperme de Sesamum indicum, Pedaliaceae." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P629.
Full textThe chemical study of the aerial parts of Boronella koniambiensis led to the isolation of fifteen compounds from several structural classes, such as lignans, coumarins, steroids, limonoids, amides, and alkaloids. Two of them, cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydromedicosmine and koniamborine, are new natural products, Koniamborine, the first pyrano[3,2-b]indol-4-one alkaloid from natural source, was thoroughly examined by catalytic hydrogenation, in order to establish unambiguously its skeleton and its relationship with 6-methoxy-1-methylisatine, although isolated from the plant material. These investigations confirmed, through the originality and the diversity of its secondary metabolites, the great interest of the Rutaceae family. The chemical study of Gardenia aubryi (Rubiaceae) bud exudate led to the isolation of twelve compounds, nine triterpens and three polymethoxylated flavonoids. Among the triterpens, three seco-cycloartanes and three dammarans are new natural compounds. This is the first report of dammaran-type triterpens in the genus Gardenia. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation didn’t show any strong activity; this is a good new, as long as this exudate is locally used for chewing, especially by children. Twenty-seven lignans and related compounds have been isolated from sesame perisperm (testa, hull, coat). Four among them are new natural products: (+)-saminol, (+)-episesaminone-9-O-b-D-sophoroside, alibabol and (+)-epipipéritolone. Most of the other compounds were described for the first time in the genus Sesamum. The identification of neolignans should be particularly emphasized on the chemotaxonomic point of view. All these metabolites were rationally integrated to the major lignan biogenetic pathways. As some of them were recently characterized as mammalian lignans precursors, the constitution of a large molecular database from a non-edible part of the plant looks very interesting. On one hand, it is now possible to estimate, by a quick, specific, and sensitive HPLC-analysis, the nature and the concentration of lignans in sesame-containing food preparation. In the other hand, the evaluation of antioxidative and estrogenic activities of this derivates are on progress, in order to determine the basis of the chemopreventive value traditionnaly accorded to sesame
Léon, Virginie Delphine. "Contribution à la caractérisation des stratégies mises en jeu par les plantes endémiques à la Nouvelle-Calédonie pour leur développement sur les sols nickelifères." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NCAL0009.
Full textMuhammad, Dima. "Etude phytochimique et biologique des trois Alphitonia (Rhamnaceae) endémiques à la Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMP202/document.
Full textA collaborative project between the institute of Molecular chemistry of Reims (ICMR, UMR CNRS 7312) and the laboratory of natural substances in New Caledonia was established with the purpose to improve the phytochemical and biological evaluation of New-Caledonia endemic plants.The purification of the extracts of the leaves, stem bark and branches of A. xerocarpa and these of the fruits of A. neocaledonica led to the isolation of 48 compounds, of which 23 are new ones. The structural elucidation by 1D and 2D NMR confirmed the presence of 2 phytosterols, 19 saponins, 10 triterpens, 12 flavonoids, three glycosylated phenols, an aurone derivative, a glycosylated lignan, and a nucleoside.All hydro-alcoholique extracts showed a good DPPH radical scavenging capacity, only the butanolic extract of the fruits of A. neocaledonica was found to have anti-tyrosinase potential.Other screening tests were performed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of isolated compounds; some of them showed a high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria with a range of MIC values between (4-32 µg/ml), and a good anti-proliferative activity against KB cells
Laplane, Odile. "Contribution à la connaissance des taxons du genre Alstonia de Polynésie française : étude morphologique, génétique, biologique et chimique : thèse présentée pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences de l'Université de la Polynésie française et soutenue publiquement le 27 novembre 2010." Polynésie française, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POLF0003.
Full textThe genus Alstonia (Apocynaceae) comprises more than 50 species widely distributed in tropical regions. Five morphologically different Alstonia taxons are found in French Polynesia : A. Costata var costata, A. Costata var fragans, A. Elliptica, A" Moorea" grown in Society archipelago, and A. Marquisensis grown in Marquisesas archipelago. Phytochemical assessment of A. Costata var costata and A. Marquisensis was carried out using two guided bioassays fractionation (radical scavenging and acetylcholinesterase inhibition). This framework led to reveal their pharmacological potential which might be related to the presence of polyphenolic constituents (flavonoids and cinnamic esters derivatives), iridoid and alkaloid components. Comparison of chemical composition of the five Polynesian Alstonia taxons showed some chemical variability. Phylogenetic assessment carried on these taxons revealed their great similarity and homogeneity and so confirm the botanical revision which had been realized by gathering them in a same species along other species from pacific region. However, phytochemical analysis offer a tool which may help to discriminate these Alstonia taxons now considered as morphotypes
Courquin, Betty. "Prise en compte de l’adaptation locale et de la dépression hybride en biologie de la conservation : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca, endémique de Haute Normandie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10129/document.
Full textIn conservation management of threatened populations or species, reintroduction and reinforcement procedures constitute essential tools. However, transplanted individuals may either establish in the introduction site or be poorly adapted to it. Moreover outcrosses may either increase or decrease outbred progeny fitness, by heterosis or outbreeding depression respectively. In this context, understanding the pattern of genetic and adaptive differentiation between populations is essential for the elaboration of conservation strategies. The objective of the present study is to apply this proposition in the context of the conservation program of Biscutella neustriaca, a declining species. First, we investigated progeny fitness from crosses between populations at distinct geographic scales. Second, we examined ecological differences between habitats, genetic differences in life-history traits between populations and the pattern of local adaptation in greenhouse and in introduction sites. Third, we compared the efficiency of two conservative reinforcement strategies. Finally after a synthesis of these three parts we developed a protocol for the conservation of B. neustriaca and more widely we identified the parameters to include for a successful transfer of individuals in threatened species or for a better understanding of failed attempts
Humeau, Laurence. "Écologie et évolution de la dioécie et du dimorphisme sexuel de la taille des fleurs chez les "dombeya" (sterculiacées) endémiques de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488723/fr/.
Full textAndrianaivoarivelo, Radosoa A. "Écologie et population de Rousettus madagascariensis G. Grandidier, 1928 (Pteropodidae)." Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700678.
Full textForest habitat loss and associated changes in floristic composition are the major threats to the Malagasy terrestrial biodiversity. These processes are responsible for the decline of numerous species. However, for the vast majority of taxa, the mechanisms triggering these declines are poorly understood. Using the Malagasy rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis) as our model organism, we examine different genetic and ecological aspects of how this animal lives in natural habitats and copes with human modified landscapes of different physical and bioclimatic characteristics. This endemic species has a broad distribution, and appears to play a role in the regeneration of native forest. Through radio telemetry, faecal sample analysis, molecular genetics, and morphometric data, we were able to understand different aspects of the life-history traits and dispersal patterns of this taxon. Observations of wild animal placed in flight cages provided important inference on its feeding preferences between native and introduced plants, with economic value. Results indicate that R. Madagascariensis i) uses both: the forest and human modified habitats while foraging; ii) it has a feeding preference for fruits of forest and pioneers species, as compared to plants of commercial importance; iii) it shows weak genetic structure, which is not associated with geographical distance; iv) and morphological variation that correlates with clines in altitude and latitude
Valenciennes, Emmanuelle. "Étude d'hétérocycles azotés : contribution à l'étude de la réaction d'Imino-Diels-Adler asymétrique : synthèse de décahydroquinolein-4-ones ; [suivi de] Étude de plantes médicinales endémiques et indigènes de l'île de la Réunion : recherche d'alcaloi͏̈des." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112241.
Full textLeducq, Jean-Baptiste. "Système de reproduction, dispersion et succès reproducteurs chez une espèce végétale menacée : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca (Brassicaceae), une espèce auto-incompatible et micro-endémique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10015/document.
Full textIn sexual species, reproduction systems and dispersal could involve in viability of small populations by having directly an impact on individuals’ reproductive success. In plants, reproduction and dispersal are mainly passive processes and thus depend of local density in mates, isolation between populations and genetic relationships among individuals. In Biscutella neustriaca, a micro-endemic plant of the Seine river valley, we highlight a strong genetic isolation between populations corroborated by habitat fragmentation and low dispersal abilities of the species. By using phenotypic and molecular approaches, we determine that B. neustriaca is strictly self-incompatible. In this context of isolation and spatially structured genetic diversity, we wonder to what extent dispersal and self-incompatibility impact individuals’ reproductive successes. Through an ex situ experiment, we highlight both effects of pollen limitation and decrease in local density of compatible mates on maternal reproductive success decrease. In four natural populations, we identify individual reproductive potential and local density of available mates as main factors explaining male and female reproductive successes variability. Genetic factors as inbreeding depression and self-incompatibility also seem to evolve in reproductive successes in some populations. We discuss about importance of considering many factors when acting for conservation in a threatened population, the need to know the reproductive system and dispersal abilities of the species, inseparable from a monitoring of targeted populations, where effects of these factors are only detectable at certain temporal and spatial scales. We illustrate our works by a concrete conservation action in one of the studied populations
Mahadeo, Keshika. "Étude métabolomique et valorisation pharmacologique et biotechnologique d'éspèces du genre Psiadia endémiques de la Réunion et de l'ile Maurice." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0001/document.
Full textThe present work describes the chemical composition of the plant genus Psiadia and focuses on three research topics: (1) a chemotaxonomic study of 11 species endemic to Reunion island, (2) a biological screening of 16 Psiadia species among which 11 are endemic to Reunion and 5 are endemic to Mauritius and (3) a phytochemical investigation of Psiadia arguta, endemic to Mauritius. The aim of the chemotaxonomic study was to identify chemical markers by a metabolomic approach using GC-MS and GC-FID for volatiles compounds and 1H NMR for non-volatiles compounds. The 11 studied species were harvested in different locations and seasons in order to analyze the seasonal or geographical variability of the chemical profile of each species. This study led to two classifications of the 11 species in terms of the composition of volatiles and non-volatiles compounds. The objective of the second research topic was to identify within 11 species endemic to Reunion island and 5 species endemic to Mauritius, the most active species for the biological activities tested. The targeted activities were antiplasmodial against Plasmodium falciparum, anticancer against the human cancer cell lines HeLa and anti-inflammatory through the inhibition of the enzyme HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase). Four species, P. amygdalina and P. anchusifolia, endemic to Reunion, and P. arguta and P. lithospermifolia, endemic to Mauritius, were particularly active against P. falciparum. Besides, P. dentata (endemic to Reunion) displayed interesting antiplasmodial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The third research topic was devoted to a phytochemical investigation of P. arguta by a bioguided fractionation and led to purification and identification of 16 terpenoids: 2 triterpenes and 4 diterpenes including 4 new compounds. The evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of all isolated compounds allowed to highlight activities of five diterpenes: labda-13(E)-en-8α-ol-15-yle acetate, labdan-8α-ol-15-yle acetate, 13-epi-sclareol, labda-13(E)-ene-8α,15-diol and (8R,13S)-labdane-8,15-diol. Furthermore, in order to identify factors influencing the production of bioactive compounds, P. arguta has been multiplicated using in vitro culture techniques and micropropagated plants were acclimatized
Paolini, Julien. "Caractérisation des huiles essentielles par CPG/Ir, CPG/SM(IE et IC) et RMN du carbone-13 de Cistus albidus et de deux Asteraceae endémiques de Corse : Eupatorium cannabinum subsp. corsicum et Doronicum corsicum." Phd thesis, Corte, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00441322.
Full textGensous, Simon. "Les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules des maquis miniers de la Nouvelle Calédonie : Diversité, rôle dans l'adaptation des plantes à la contrainte ultramafique et interaction avec des rhizobactéries promotrices de la croissance." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NCAL0062/document.
Full textIn New Caledonia (NC), restoration of open-cat mining sites is far from being mastered. It still needs work, to be improved, especially in plants - soil - microorganisms relationships. These works have focus on description of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity and role in the adaptation of plants to ultramafic constraint, with plant growth promoting rhibzobacteria (PGPR). The diversity of AMF is analyzed on two plant genera with species on ultramafic soils, nickel hyperaccumulat ing or not, and on volcano-sedimentary soils. The analysis of this diversity shows that community composition is contrasted between the two types of soil. Some of AMF taxa seem to be specific to ultramafic soils and some even to be specific to nickel hyperaccumulator species. For the role in adaptation of plants to ultramafic constraints, greenhouse experiments on three endemic species (Alphitonia meocaledonica, Carpolepis laurifolia and Costularia comosa) have shown that naturally brings mycorrhiza improved growth, mineral nutrition, water and Ca /Mg ration. Phosphorus additions seem to change these effects with different consequences on growth according to the host plant. Finally, the use of PGPR alone or with AMF showed that the effect depends on host plant species and bacterial strain, but usually leads to improved growth and plant nutrition. These studies have shown the importance of AMF in ultramafic soils NC
Grondin, Éric. "Exploration du potentiel biotechnologique des levures endémiques et indigènes de la Réunion et de Madagascar à produire des molécules d'arômes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0016.
Full textIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in identifying and characterizing the yeast ecosystems associated with diverse types of habitat because of the many potential desirable technological properties of these microorganisms, especially in food applications. In this study, a total of 101 yeast strains were isolated directly from the skins of tropical fruits collected in several locations in the South West Indian Ocean (in the regions of Anstirabe in Madagascar and Saint Paul in Reunion Island). Species identification was determined by sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene. The strains were classified into 26 different species and tested for their potential to produce aromatic flavouring compounds. Among the isolated strains, two species isolated from the skins of Cape gooseberry and Cocoa beans appeared to represent putative new yeast species. Strains EGPOC17 and EB23 showed LSU D1/D2 sequence homologies of only 97.1% and 97.4% with the yeasts Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida pararugosa, respectively. In total, 52 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were detected by Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction coupled to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (HS-SPME-GC/MS) analysis and these were classified into five main groups, namely, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. In order to classify and discriminate the yeast biodiversity, statistical analysis was performed which allowed the yeasts to be categorized according to their flavour production. With a production of 32 compounds among 52 VOCs, Saprochaete suaveolens (Geotrichum fragrans) seemed to be the best producer of flavour compounds, especially esters and unsaturated compounds. Other yeast species including Candida quercitrusa, Debaryomyces nepalensis, Pichia kluyveri and Sporidiobolus pararoseus also appeared of potential interest based on their abilities to produce acid, alcohol and carbonyl compounds. Among the VOCs detected, 6 uncommon compounds namely ethyl but-2-enoate, ethyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate (ethyl tiglate), ethyl 3-methylbut-2-enoate, 2-methylpropyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate, butyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate and 3 methylbutyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate were identified as possible yeast species specific flavour markers
Villain, Sarah. "Histoire évolutive de la section Beta : mise en évidence des phénomènes d'hybridation et de spéciation au sein de la section dans le bassin méditerranéen." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-155.pdf.
Full textAttié, Marc. "Étude sur l'entomofaune associée à la flore indigène de l'île de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_02_Attie.pdf.
Full textMai, Hoang Linh. "Etude chimique et évaluations biologiques des métabolites secondaires de Gardenia urvillei et Gardenia oudiepe, Rubiaceae endémiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : hémisynthèse de dérivés en séries cycloartane, dammarane et flavonoïde." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P632.
Full textPhytochemical studies of glutinous exudate covering the buds et the leaf base of Gardenia urvillei Montrouz. et Gardenia oudiepe Vieill., Rubiaceaeous species endemic to New Caledonia, have led to the identification of twelve cycloartanes, nine seco-cycloartanes, eight dammaranes et seven flavonoids. Among these secondary metabolites, six cycloartanes, four seco-cycloartanes et two dammaranes are original natural products. Biological evaluations, such as search for anti-angiogenic properties or inhibition of tubulin polymerization, have shown promising results. In order to establish the structure-activity relationships for these activities, twenty-six analogs were semisynthesized from the major isolated compounds, oudiépone A, hydroxydammarénone II, santin, 5,7-dihydroxy-3,3’,4’,5’,6-pentamethoxyflavone et kaempferol
Mustafayeva, Khuraman. "Etude d'une plante endémique du Caucase : cephalaria kotschyi." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22955.
Full textHummel, Irène. "Implication des polyamines dans le développement précoce sous contraintes environnementales chez les crucifères pringlea antiscorbutica, espèce endémique subantarctique, et arabidopsis thaliana, espèce modèle." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10001.
Full textVillanueva, Villa Antonio. "Services écosystémiques et paysage : Interactions dans un système socio-écologique à la périphérie de la Ville de Mexico." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0020.
Full textIn an era dominated by strong anthropogenic transformations, the search for new approaches to reconcile human activities and natural ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. In this sense, the concepts of "Ecosystem Services" and "Socio-Ecological Systems" are increasingly used in different scientific disciplines and are taken into account in political spheres to draw attention to the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. These concepts lead to the study of complex links between society and nature, where the spatial dimension and landscape characteristics have a strong influence. However, few studies have been applied in a spatial approach.This thesis presents a research on the spatial dimension of Ecosystem Services, in particulary those of the temperate forests of the mountains on the periphery of Mexico City. Ecosystems have an important role to the human well-being through many ecosystem services. These Ecosystem Services are the result of complex interactions between nature and society.The Central Valley (central zone) of Mexico is a priority area for biodiversity conservation due to the high degree of endemism of the fauna and flora species present. In this zone where several protected natural areas are located, a public-private initiative is seeking to create a new conservation category that includes the management of all these areas. This initiative is known as the "Bosque de Agua" (Water Forest). However, in the "Bosque de Agua" the spatial stakes between nature and society are subject to strong anthropic pressures which are due to mining and agricultural activities and to the urban spread of large conurbations. In this space, these pressures lead to the degradation of natural ecosystems. Research is needed to analyse the spatial dimension of interactions between nature and society, by studying the synergy between Socio-Ecological Systems and Ecosystem Services.The thesis introduces the conceptual framework used to study the links between Ecosystem Services and Socio-Ecological Systems. It is considered in this research that Ecosystem Services are at the centre of the "Bosque de Agua" Socio-Ecological Ecological System.In the spatial modelling section, four Ecosystem Services were evaluated (water supply, wood supply, food supply and local climate regulation).The results of this section include a map of Ecosystem Services by identifying hotspots of Ecosystem Services. These results make explicit in space, through geographically weighted regressions, the impact of landscape characteristics on Ecosystem Services.In addition, the spatial coherence of protected natural areas and the spatial distribution of Ecosystem Services were assessed in terms of area. The objective is to create a typology of natural areas according to the surface area of protected and unprotected Ecosystem Services hotspots.Finally, a third result relates to the perception of local inhabitants of the intrinsic capacity of the "Bosque de Agua" to provide Ecosystem Services. This perceived capacity was assessed through field photo questionnaires
Quilichini, Angélique. "Biologie et écologie d'une espèce endémique corso-sarde rare et protégée : Anchusa crispa viv. (Boraginaceae). Implications pour sa conservation." Corte, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CORT3048.
Full textGarfi, Giuseppe. "Première contribution à l'étude de Zelkova Sicula (Ulmaceae), une relique de la flore tertiaire, endémique de la Sicile sud-orientale : systématique, caryologie, dynamique de la croissance, dendroécologie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30007.
Full textNdayishimiye, Joel. "Diversité, endémisme, géographie et conservation des Fabaceae de l'Afrique Centrale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209839.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Hardion, Laurent. "Evolution et systématique du genre Arundo L. (Poaceae) et conservation d'une endémique ligure : interactions Homme/Biodiversité en Méditerranée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4765.
Full textHuman activities have scrambled biodiversity persistence and evolution of Mediterranean species since the Neolithic, inducing various impacts on biodiversity, from reduction to homogenisation. With only three to five species, the Mediterranean and South- Asian genus Arundo L. (Poaceae) well illustrate these Human-Biodiversity interactions. First, the taxonomic mess for almost all Arundo taxa harms the conservation of protected French populations of A. plinii Turra s.l. as much as the biological control of the worldwide invasive A. donax L. The systematic revision of the circum-Mediterranean A. plinii complex in three distinct taxa has distinguished French populations as a Ligurian endemic species, A. donaciformis (Loisel.) Hardion et al. This species was differentiated from its nearest relative, the italo-balkan A. plinii s.s., under the coupled effects of polyploidy and Pleistocene climatic variations. The dominating clonality of the genus and the recent speciation of A. donaciformis have reduced its adaptive potential. Despite its ancient persistence under farmlands, its current urban position on the French Riviera threatens this protected species. Finally, the Persian origin of A. donax and its hypothetic status of archeophyte in the Mediterranean show the essential usefulness of this genus during the development of antic civilisations