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1
Okamoto, Shinichiro, and Toshiko Kikkawa. "Verbal Expressions of Risk Communication: A Case Study After the 3.11 Crisis." Journal of Disaster Research 9, sp (September 1, 2014): 644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0644.
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This paper explores problems related to verbal expressions of risk communication. In particular, we analyze several problems that arose during the critical situations caused by the accidents at the Fukushima nuclear plants following the Great East Japan Earthquake from pragmatics, linguistic psychological and social psychological perspectives. e focus on verbal expressions with implicatures and expressions incongruent with the sender’s right of involvement, underscoring that these expressions can lead to inferences on the part of the receiver that were intended by the sender and/or to negative images about the sender
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Cao, Yiqing, Zhijuan Shen, and Haihe Xie. "Third-order aberration of soft X-ray optical systems with orthogonal and coplanar arrangement of the main planes of elements." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 6 (September 14, 2020): 1477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520010474.
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A third-order aberration analytical analysis method of soft X-ray optical systems with orthogonal and coplanar arrangement of the main planes of elements is proposed. Firstly, the transfer equations of the aperture ray and the principle ray are derived; then, based on the third-order aberration theory with the aperture-ray coordinates on the reference exit wavefront of a plane-symmetric optical system, the aberration expressions contributed by the wave aberration and defocus of this kind of optical system are studied in detail. Finally, the derived aberration calculation expressions are applied to calculate the aberration of two design examples of such types of optical systems; the images are compared with ray-tracing results obtained using the Shadow software to validate the aberration expressions. The study shows that the accuracy of the aberration expressions is satisfactory. The analytical analysis method of aberration is helpful in the design and optimization of the soft X-ray optical systems with orthogonal and coplanar arrangement of the main planes of optical elements.
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Ortiz, Santiago, U. Peter Svensson, and Pedro Cobo. "Analytic expression to derive the image source point between two symmetrical sloping planes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 3581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4806585.
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Jurgaitis, Nedas. "Metaphern im Diskurs des Klimawandels: eine vergleichende Analyse." Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: rakstu krājums = The Word: Aspects of Research: conference proceedings, no. 24 (December 2, 2020): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/vtpa.2020.24.314.
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Climate change is a phenomenon that is increasingly moving into the focus of public discourse. The object of the present study is the linguistic expression of the concept of CLIMATE CHANGE in German and Lithuanian public discourse, especially metaphorical expressions such as a monster called climate change or lexicalized metaphors like the fight against climate change. The aim of the study is to compare conceptual metaphors in the Lithuanian and German public discourse. The main research method is the analysis of conceptual metaphors based on the three-dimensional model of metaphor. The method is in line with the cognitive concept of the research, in which a metaphor is understood not as a linguistic phenomenon, but as a thinking strategy, mapping from a source domain to a target domain. The research is also based on ethnolinguistic principles since conceptual metaphors are linked not only to the cultural experience of an individual but of the entire nation. The analysis of the conceptual metaphors provides an insight into the perception of climate change in both languages. The concept of CLIMATE CHANGE is structured by several source domains, which can be classified according to the scala naturae (Great Chain of Being): NATURE, PLANTS, ANIMALS, HUMANITY, SUPERNATURE. The areas include different metaphorical images. Metaphorical expressions reveal that the target concept is reflected by universal conceptual metaphors in both languages, but their linguistic expression in German and Lithuanian is partly unique. The concept of CLIMATE CHANGE also has a communicative role achieved by deliberate metaphors in both languages.
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de Wijk, Rene A., Shota Ushiama, Meeke Ummels, Patrick Zimmerman, Daisuke Kaneko, and Monique H. Vingerhoeds. "Reading Food Experiences from the Face: Effects of Familiarity and Branding of Soy Sauce on Facial Expressions and Video-Based RPPG Heart Rate." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061345.
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Food experiences are not only driven by the food’s intrinsic properties, such as its taste, texture, and aroma, but also by extrinsic properties such as visual brand information and the consumers’ previous experiences with the foods. Recent developments in automated facial expression analysis and heart rate detection based on skin color changes (remote photoplethysmography or RPPG) allow for the monitoring of food experiences based on video images of the face. RPPG offers the possibility of large-scale non-laboratory and web-based testing of food products. In this study, results from the video-based analysis were compared to the more conventional tests (scores of valence and arousal using Emojis and photoplethysmography heart rate (PPG)). Forty participants with varying degrees of familiarity with soy sauce were presented with samples of rice and three commercial soy sauces with and without brand information. The results showed that (1) liking and arousal were affected primarily by the specific tastes, but not by branding and familiarity. In contrast, facial expressions were affected by branding and familiarity, and to a lesser degree by specific tastes. (2) RPPG heart rate and PPG both showed effects of branding and familiarity. However, RPPG heart rate needs further development because it underestimated the heart rate compared to PPG and was less sensitive to changes over time and with activity (viewing of brand information and tasting). In conclusion, this study suggests that recording of facial expressions and heart rates may no longer be limited to laboratories but can be done remotely using video images, which offers opportunities for large-scale testing in consumer science.
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Imoto, Ayame, Mizuki Yamada, Takumi Sakamoto, Airi Okuyama, Takashi Ishida, Shinichiro Sawa, and Mitsuhiro Aida. "A ClearSee-Based Clearing Protocol for 3D Visualization of Arabidopsis thaliana Embryos." Plants 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020190.
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Tissue clearing methods combined with confocal microscopy have been widely used for studying developmental biology. In plants, ClearSee is a reliable clearing method that is applicable to a wide range of tissues and is suitable for gene expression analysis using fluorescent reporters, but its application to the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo, a model system to study morphogenesis and pattern formation, has not been described in the original literature. Here, we describe a ClearSee-based clearing protocol which is suitable for obtaining 3D images of Arabidopsis thaliana embryos. The method consists of embryo dissection, fixation, washing, clearing, and cell wall staining and enables high-quality 3D imaging of embryo morphology and expression of fluorescent reporters with the cellular resolution. Our protocol provides a reliable method that is applicable to the analysis of morphogenesis and gene expression patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana embryos.
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Panza, Michael J. "A Finite State Space Model for Representing the Broadband Infinite Series for Acoustic Reverberation between Parallel Reflecting Planes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (June 4, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2631718.
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The acoustic reverberation between two parallel reflecting planes can be represented by an infinite series of the images caused by the planes. To provide a more useful model for analysis and control, the infinite series version of the Green’s function is converted into a finite state space model that retains the high frequency character that enables broadband noise inputs to be examined. The infinite series is first summed into a very accurate, approximate closed form expression in the time domain in terms of a radical function. The radical is then transformed into an expression containing exponentials which have exact Laplace transforms that lead to an overall closed form transfer function for the system. The system transfer function is transformed into a third-order state space model that theoretically contains all of the frequency characteristics of the infinite series representation. The accuracy of the state space model is examined by comparing it to the infinite series solution for three typical types of acoustical inputs: exponential for impulse noise, single frequency sine for harmonic noise, and a multifrequency Schroeder phased harmonic sequence for random noise.
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Wang, Yuqian, Huahong Qu, Tong Bai, Qibing Chen, Xi Li, Zhenghua Luo, Bingyang Lv, and Mingyan Jiang. "Effects of Variations in Color and Organ of Color Expression in Urban Ornamental Bamboo Landscapes on the Physiological and Psychological Responses of College Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031151.
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Visual characteristics (e.g., the color and shape) of ornamental plants can significantly affect their beneficial influence on humans. Prior research, however, has largely focused on the effects of the color or shape of flowers and the impact of differences in the visual appearance of foliage plants and plants with ornamental stalks has not yet been fully explored. This study examined the psychophysiological effects of urban ornamental bamboos that expressed different colors on different organs. Three hundred Chinese college students participated in the experiment. They were randomly assigned to view images of five ornamental bamboo landscapes with the following different visual characteristics: green stalks (GS) non-green stalks (NGS) multicolored stalks (MS) green leaves (GL) and multicolored leaves (ML). Before and after viewing the images, their EEG, blood pressure, pulse, profile of mood states (POMS) score, and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) score were measured. The results showed that ornamental bamboo landscapes have extremely significant beneficial psychophysiological effects as compared to urban landscapes. After viewing landscapes in the NGS and MS groups, EEG, blood pressure, and pulse rate of subjects showed more beneficial changes. Significant gender differences were observed only in systolic blood pressure and in the vigor score. In addition, an extremely significant interaction between color and organ of color expression was observed on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Organ of expression had significant main effects on all the physiological indicators and the fatigue, vigor, and irritability scores, while color only had a main effect on systolic blood pressure. Our study concluded that viewing urban ornamental bamboo landscapes with different visual characteristics has different effects on humans. With regards to ornamental bamboo, the organ expressing the color had a greater impact on psychophysiological responses than did the type of color itself. These study results can provide guidance for landscape construction of urban greening.
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Díaz-Lago, J. E., D. D. Stuthman, and K. J. Leonard. "Evaluation of Components of Partial Resistance to Oat Crown Rust Using Digital Image Analysis." Plant Disease 87, no. 6 (June 2003): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.6.667.
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Digital image analysis is an objective and nondestructive method potentially capable of providing accurate and precise estimates of disease resistance components. This study was conducted to quantify components of partial resistance to crown rust through the analysis of sequential digital images of inoculated leaves of adult oat plants, and to compare components found in two sources of resistance unrelated genetically. Uredinium density, relative infection frequency, latent period, days to first pustule appearance, uredinium size, and disease progress rates were assessed on three oat lines (RS-line 3W-C2R-9-3b, MN-841801, Starter) in two greenhouse experiments. Resistant lines had fewer and smaller uredinia, and these appeared later than in the susceptible check. Relative infection frequency, latent period, and uredinium size were equally important components in the expression of the partial resistance to crown rust, and the two sources of resistance could not be differentiated by any of the variables studied. The analysis of sequential digital images of diseased leaves produced precise estimates of partial resistance components and disease progress rates.
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Anderson, William F., Lane Arthur, and Peggy Ozias-Akins. "Quick and efficient measurement of transient GUS expression using image analysis." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 12, no. 4 (December 1994): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02669276.
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Ma, Weihong, Xiaoping Zang, Yuanzheng Liu, Lixia Wang, Jiashui Wang, Yanxia Li, and Yu Ge. "Overexpression of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) PaRAP2.1 Promotes Fatty Acid Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 6 (May 15, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n6p1.
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Fatty acids in avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill.) are vital composition affecting flavour and nutritive value. Hence, horticulturalists are interested in illustrating the functions of transcription factors on fatty acid accumulation in avocado fruit. In the present study, the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive transcription factor gene, PaRAP2.1, was cloned from avocado mesocarp, and the subcellular localization demonstrated that PaRAP2.1 was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The PaRAP2.1 was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Furthermore, PaRAP2.1 were functionally verified its effect on fatty acid biosynthesis. Histological analyses of lipid droplets displayed that the striking difference in the lipid droplets in the mature seeds between PaRAP2.1-overexpressing transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana lines were revealed based on confocal microscopy images. Subsequently, fatty acid analyses of PaRAP2.1-overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana lines displayed the significantly higher contents of fatty acids than those in the wild-type plants. Meanwhile, expression amount of ten genes involving in fatty acid biosynthesis dramatically up-regulated in the mature seeds of PaRAP2.1-overexpressing lines than those of wild-type plants. These results provide a theoretical basis for future research in regard to the function of PaRAP2.1 on fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Izumi, K., and H. Asada. "Perturbation Theory of Multi-Plane Lens Effects in Terms of Mass Ratios: --Approximate Expressions of Lensed-Image Positions for Two Lens Planes--." Progress of Theoretical Physics 127, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.127.355.
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Razavizadeh, Roya. "Protein pattern of canola (Brassica napus L.) changes in response to salt and salicylic acid in vitro." Biological Letters 52, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2015): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biolet-2015-0012.
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Abstract The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the salt (NaCl) tolerance mechanism was studied in canola plants (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) by molecular and physiological experiments in plant tissue culture. Seeds of B. napus ‘Ocapy’ were germinated at 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different levels (0, 2, and 5 μM) of SA for 4 weeks. Total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid content increased in response to interactive effects of SA and NaCl treatments at some concentrations. Proline content was increased under salt and SA treatments in shoot and root tissues. Salt alone and in combination with SA increased the total soluble protein content of shoots only, while the different concentrations of SA in the culture media affected variously the total soluble protein content. Protein patterns of shoots and roots showed some remarkable differences, based on gel electrophoresis and the consequent analysis of bands by ImageJ program. The relative expression of 15 and 12 protein bands in shoots and roots, respectively, differed under the applied treatments. In addition, the protein profile indicated that salinity and SA regulate the expression of salt-stress-inducible proteins as well as induced de novo synthesis of specific polypeptides. The findings may help to explain the salt tolerance mechanisms and to produce salt-tolerant canola plants.
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Hansen, Mark F., Emma M. Baxter, Kenneth M. D. Rutherford, Agnieszka Futro, Melvyn L. Smith, and Lyndon N. Smith. "Towards Facial Expression Recognition for On-Farm Welfare Assessment in Pigs." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090847.
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Animal welfare is not only an ethically important consideration in good animal husbandry but can also have a significant effect on an animal’s productivity. The aim of this paper was to show that a reduction in animal welfare, in the form of increased stress, can be identified in pigs from frontal images of the animals. We trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) using a leave-one-out design and showed that it is able to discriminate between stressed and unstressed pigs with an accuracy of >90% in unseen animals. Grad-CAM was used to identify the animal regions used, and these supported those used in manual assessments such as the Pig Grimace Scale. This innovative work paves the way for further work examining both positive and negative welfare states with the aim of developing an automated system that can be used in precision livestock farming to improve animal welfare.
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Camargo Rodriguez, Anyela Valentina. "Integrative Modelling of Gene Expression and Digital Phenotypes to Describe Senescence in Wheat." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060909.
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Senescence is the final stage of leaf development and is critical for plants’ fitness as nutrient relocation from leaves to reproductive organs takes place. Although senescence is key in nutrient relocation and yield determination in cereal grain production, there is limited understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control it in major staple crops such as wheat. Senescence is a highly orchestrated continuum of interacting pathways throughout the lifecycle of a plant. Levels of gene expression, morphogenesis, and phenotypic development all play key roles. Yet, most studies focus on a short window immediately after anthesis. This approach clearly leaves out key components controlling the activation, development, and modulation of the senescence pathway before anthesis, as well as during the later developmental stages, during which grain development continues. Here, a computational multiscale modelling approach integrates multi-omics developmental data to attempt to simulate senescence at the molecular and plant level. To recreate the senescence process in wheat, core principles were borrowed from Arabidopsis Thaliana, a more widely researched plant model. The resulted model describes temporal gene regulatory networks and their effect on plant morphology leading to senescence. Digital phenotypes generated from images using a phenomics platform were used to capture the dynamics of plant development. This work provides the basis for the application of computational modelling to advance understanding of the complex biological trait senescence. This supports the development of a predictive framework enabling its prediction in changing or extreme environmental conditions, with a view to targeted selection for optimal lifecycle duration for improving resilience to climate change.
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Macanova, Kristīne. "IMAGES OF VILIS DZĒRVINĪKS’ POETRY." Via Latgalica, no. 11 (February 20, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2018.11.3065.
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Vilis Dzērvinīks (1959–2007) is a bright Latgalian poet of the 1990s and the verge of centuries. V. Dzērvinīks has published five collections of poetry: „Sidrabainas asaru lāsītes” (Silver tear drops, 1992), „Laimeigu īsadūmōt” (To imagine being happy, 2001), „Voi moz lidmašīnu kreit” (Are there not many planes falling, 2003), „Upers” (Sacrifice, 2006), and posthumously– „Storp pērstim blusa trynās” (A flea is rubbing between fingers, 2008). V. Dzērvinīks wrote in vers libre, following the 1990s quest for modernity, at the same time the elements of rhythm, concentration of expression and word are preserved to reveal different principles of modernity. V. Dzērvinīks displays rich and cultivated Latgalian, in which he discloses ironically his experiences to the reader, who may be fluent not only in the Latgalian language. The aim of the particular research is to reveal the role of the image of the eye, day or life in the poetry of V. Dzērvinīks’ from both literary and linguistic point of view. The sources of the research are so far not analysed V. Dzērvinīks’ collections of poetry: „Sidrabainas asaru lāsītes” (1992) and „Storp pērstim blusa trynās” (2008). The author of this research has determined six most concentrated images in V. Dzērvinīks’ poetry collections – „Laimeigu īsadūmōt” (2001), „Voi moz lidmašinu kreit” (2003), „Upers” (2006). They are the following: eye, day, life, time, heart and word. The most commonly used images in Dzērvinīks’ poetry collections were also identified with the help of AntConc program; no significant differences were observed in dominating images, only conceptual and semantic distinctions, which enable us to judge about the basic values of V. Dzērvinīks’ poetry and the relationship of the lyrical person towards the world and himself. The semantic and symbolic meaning of images is revealed and the syntagmatic attitudes and semantic roles of images are studied. The research is based on the method of structural semiotics (Jurij Lotman, Jurij Tinanov and Ruta Veidemane). Although the author uses various compositional structures in collections of poetry „Sidrabainas asaru lāsītes” (1992) and „Storp pērstim blusa trynās” (2008), they share several themes of experience: politics and social problems, love poetry and philosophy of life. The distinction is marked by the change of the epoch and is reflected in the mood of poems; in the first collection of poems, the author in a separate chapter retrieves memories about his childhood, country house and here is also a chapter that can be called poet's confession. One of the central meanings of the image of the eye is the symbol of the spiritual vision or blindness, an indicator of feelings and emotions; therefore, the image of the eye is revealed directly in philosophical and love poetry, where not reason is necessary but soul; in politics there is no room for emotions and feelings, therefore the use of the eye image in socio-political poems is minimal. In spite of the great time difference between collections of poetry „Sidrabainas asaru lāsītes” (1992) and „Storp pērstim blusa trynās” (2008), the image of the day is most significant in the chapters of poetry about life philosophy; the lyrical person perceives it as an endless routine, a time loop that never changes. Almost all chapters in both collections are interwoven by such mood except the chapter of love poetry in the first collection. The image of life in all parts of the collections are revealed in a rather uniform way – the life of the lyrical person is full of pain and disappointment, there is no consolation even in love; the means by which lyrical person describes life are stylistically diverse, creative and artistically bright and nuanced. Evaluation of the collection of poems not only in terms of content but also the form reveals that in „Sidrabainas asaru lāsītes” (1992) the author applies various forms – traditional forms and vers libre, as well as more varied syntactic and stylistic figures, also found in syntagmatic analysis. The poems written in Latvian are more varied in form, because those written in Latgalian are on soul-related topics, where continuity and unambiguousness of thought are important, and thus there are fewer attempts to search for new meanings or use of unexpected tropes. In the collection „Storp pērstim blusa trynās” (2008), the author has almost abandoned stylistic figures and vers libre, focusing on irony and imaginative language as the main means of expression. Poetry is only in Latgalian and it is dominated by the search for the meaning of life and the growing disillusionment of the lyrical person with his time, life and love.
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Prunet, Nathanaël, and Keith Duncan. "Imaging flowers: a guide to current microscopy and tomography techniques to study flower development." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 10 (May 8, 2020): 2898–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa094.
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Abstract Developmental biology relies heavily on our ability to generate three-dimensional images of live biological specimens through time, and to map gene expression and hormone response in these specimens as they undergo development. The last two decades have seen an explosion of new bioimaging technologies that have pushed the limits of spatial and temporal resolution and provided biologists with invaluable new tools. However, plant tissues are difficult to image, and no single technology fits all purposes; choosing between many bioimaging techniques is not trivial. Here, we review modern light microscopy and computed projection tomography methods, their capabilities and limitations, and we discuss their current and potential applications to the study of flower development and fertilization.
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Hao, Yuzhi, Xiaoyan Yang, Yongzhong Shi, Steven Song, James Xing, Janet Marowitch, Jianmin Chen, and Jie Chen. "Magnetic gold nanoparticles as a vehicle for fluorescein isothiocyanate and DNA delivery into plant cells." Botany 91, no. 7 (July 2013): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0281.
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Magnetic gold nanoparticles (mGNPs) with uniform size and morphology synthesized by our sonication treatment method were covalently bound with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) molecules. Driven by an external magnetic field, FITC-labelled nanoparticles were delivered into plant cells with and without cell walls, evident from sectional transmission electron microscopy images. Confocal images further indicate that the green fluorescence in canola protoplasts and walled cells indeed came from the FITC molecules, instead of the chloroplasts’ autofluorescence. FITC-labelled nanoparticles had a delivery efficiency of 95% based on confocal images. In further study, plasmids were covalently bound with mGNPs, and delivered into canola cells with and without cell walls. After culturing for 48 h followed by staining with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-glucuronic acid (X-Gluc), blue colour appeared in the protoplasts, while the walled canola cells showed a green colour that can be interpreted as the combination of blue and yellow from the suspension cells themselves. The presence of the blue colour indicates the expression of the GUS gene; therefore, the plasmids were successfully delivered into the canola cells. Furthermore, on examination, mGNPs were considered to be noncytotoxic by fluorescein diacetate staining.
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Knight, M. R., N. D. Read, A. K. Campbell, and A. J. Trewavas. "Imaging calcium dynamics in living plants using semi-synthetic recombinant aequorins." Journal of Cell Biology 121, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.121.1.83.
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The genetic transformation of the higher plant Nicotiana plumbaginifolia to express the protein apoaequorin has recently been used as a method to measure cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) changes within intact living plants (Knight, M. R., A. K. Campbell, S. M. Smith, and A. J. Trewavas. 1991. Nature (Lond.). 352:524-526; Knight, M. R., S. M. Smith, and A. J. Trewavas. 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:4967-4971). After treatment with the luminophore coelenterazine the calcium-activated photoprotein aequorin is formed within the cytosol of the cells of the transformed plants. Aequorin emits blue light in a dose-dependent manner upon binding free calcium (Ca2+). Thus the quantification of light emission from coelenterazine-treated transgenic plant cells provides a direct measurement of [Ca2+]i. In this paper, by using a highly sensitive photon-counting camera connected to a light microscope, we have for the first time imaged changes in [Ca2+]i in response to cold-shock, touch and wounding in different tissues of transgenic Nicotiana plants. Using this approach we have been able to observe tissue-specific [Ca2+]i responses. We also demonstrate how this method can be tailored by the use of different coelenterazine analogues which endow the resultant aequorin (termed semi-synthetic recombinant aeqorin) with different properties. By using h-coelenterazine, which renders the recombinant aequorin reporter more sensitive to Ca2+, we have been able to image relatively small changes in [Ca2+]i in response to touch and wounding: changes not detectable when standard coelenterazine is used. Reconstitution of recombinant aequorin with another coelenterazine analogue (e-coelenterazine) produces a semi-synthetic recombinant aequorin with a bimodal spectrum of luminescence emission. The ratio of luminescence at two wavelengths (421 and 477 nm) provides a simpler method for quantification of [Ca2+]i in vivo than was previously available. This approach has the benefit that no information is needed on the amount of expression, reconstitution or consumption of aequorin which is normally required for calibration with aequorin.
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Zhang, Qiang, Li Zhang, Yue Li, and Ming Ye. "Drug Packaging Management Based on the Effect of Medical Images on the Intracellular Polysaccharide Synthesis and Antivertigo Activity of Phalaenopsis." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (August 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3793610.
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Many clinically important drugs come directly or indirectly from higher plants. People are increasingly aware of the role of the human immune system in maintaining good health. Diseases related to physical dysfunction, such as vertigo, have attracted increasing attention from medical researchers and clinicians. In this paper, some compounds isolated and identified from medicinal fomes showed promising antivertigo properties. Medical images were used to classify and synthesize polysaccharides in the management of drug subpackages of Cladosporium intracellular polysaccharides. The scientific explanation of how these compounds work in animal and human systems is increasing exponentially. Studies have found that all of these compounds can enhance the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host and activate various immune cells that are important for maintaining homeostasis, such as host cells and chemical messengers, triggering complement and acute phase reactions. The antivertigo compounds derived from the intracellular polysaccharides of Phellinus mucronatus had an activity interference of 35% without drug subpackage. Although the antivertigo activity of many intracellular polysaccharides from Fovea xylostella can reach 86%, only a few of them have been proved to have antivertigo activity. In addition, they can be considered as multicytokine inducers that can induce the expression of various immune-regulatory cytokines and cytokine receptor genes. Lymphocytes that control antibody production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are also stimulated.
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Sơn, Lê Thọ, Joohong Ahnn, Jeong Hoon Cho, and Nguyễn Huy Hoàng. "Promoters of the dhs-21 gene encoding dicarbonyl/l-xylulose reductase in Caenorhabditis elegans." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/2/12353.
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Dicarbonyl/L-xylulose (DCXR) was identified as a dehydrogenase. This type of enzyme was presented in
various forms of lives including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Generally, it converts L-xylulose to xylitol in the presence of either cofactor NADH or NADPH in vitro. Previous studies reported the biochemistry properties and crystal structure but largely uncovered biological roles of DCXRs. It was impossible to dissect the functions in mice or human cells that had many DCXR homologs in their genomes. Interestingly, the wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans, a well-known model organism in biological research, has only nuclear genomic dhs-21 that encodes a unique homologous DCXR. Thus Ce.dhs-21 and the host C. elegans were relevant for investigation of the physiologically-vital functions of the DCXR. This research aimed to the expression of dhs-21 in vivo. We defined three promoters , manipulated three relative reporter-constructs that conjugated the dhs-21 gene and Green Flouresent Protein (known as GFP) one. The construct vectors were transferred into wild-type C. elegans N2 and as well as the hermaphroditic loss of function dhs-21(jh129) by microinjection. In the results, we found that the expression pattern of dhs-21 under the only p2-promoter construct was stable and similar to immunogold Electric Microscopy (EM) images. The dhs-21 gene was expressed in both sexes of at all larval stages till the deaths of worms. DHS-21 was expressed in the cytosol of the intestinal, gonad sheath and uterous seam cell (utse).
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Veselova, S. V., G. F. Burkhanova, T. V. Nuzhnaya, S. D. Rumyantsev, and I. V. Maksimov. "Effect of the host-specific toxin SnTOX3 from Stagonospora nodorum on ethylene signaling pathway regulation and redox-state in common wheat." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 7 (November 24, 2019): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.559.
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The fungus Stagonospora nodorum Berk. is the causative agent of Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) of wheat. The most important factors of Stagonospora nodorum virulence include numerous fungal necrotrophic effectors (NEs) encoded by SnTox genes. They interact with the matching products of host susceptibility genes (Snn). SnTox-Snn interactions are mirror images of classical gene-for-gene interactions and lead to the development of disease. We have studied the SnTox3-Snn3 interaction, resulting in the development of infection on leaves and formation of extensive lesions. The mechanism of SnTox3 action is likely to be linked to the regulation of redox metabolism and the influence on ethylene synthesis in the wheat plants, although the molecular mechanisms are not fully unveiled. To characterize the SnTox3-Snn3 interaction, we used S. nodorum isolates differing in the expression of the NEs genes SnTox3 (SnB (Tox3+), Sn4VD (Tox3–)) and two soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, contrasting in resistance to the SNB agent and differing in the allelic composition of the susceptibility locus Snn3-B1: Kazakhstanskaya 10 (susceptible) and Omskaya 35 (resistant). We carried out a comparative assessment of the transcriptional activity patterns of genes responsible for ethylene biosynthesis (TaACS1, TaACО) and signaling pathway (TaEIL1, TaERF1) by real-time PCR and estimated the redox state of wheat plants infected with different isolates of S. nodorum by spectrometry. The induction of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling has been shown to result from gene-for-gene interaction between Snn3-B1 and SnTox3. The results of plant redox status estimation showed that ethylene inhibited accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in SnTox3-sensitive genotypes by regulating the operation of various pro-/antioxidant enzymes at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Our results suggest that NE SnTox3 influences ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, thereby regulating redox metabolism in infected wheat plants as necessary for successful host colonization at the initial phases of infection, which ultimately leads to extensive lesions due to fast pathogen reproduction.
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Dhillon, Taniya, Joseph M. Chiera, John A. Lindbo, and John J. Finer. "Quantitative evaluation of six different viral suppressors of silencing using image analysis of transient GFP expression." Plant Cell Reports 28, no. 4 (February 6, 2009): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-009-0675-5.
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NIWA, Yasuo, Kohki YOSHIMOTO, Shingo GOTO, and Ryoko KURUTO-NIWA. "A Novel Selection Method Based on the Expression Level of Green Fluorescent Protein Measured with a Quantitative Fluorescence Imager." Plant Biotechnology 20, no. 2 (2003): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.165.
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Kukil, Lidiia. "Semantics of figurative and plastic solutions of Green Man mascarons in the Lviv architecture of the 19th century." Bulletin of Lviv National Academy of Arts, no. 39 (2019): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37131/2524-0943-2019-39-21.
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Background. The image of Green Man (Green Man — “the spirit of the forest”), which embodies a mythological forest deity, undoubtedly entered the city's architecture along with new Western stylistic tendencies and immediately gained popularity among the Lviv architects of that time. Mythological images, which were formed during the ancient history of mankind, have often remained topical for subsequent epochs, but it should be noted that in the 19th century these mask-images acquired exclusively a decorative function and canonicity of their depiction was altered by interpretations of the author's vision. Despite the fact that Lviv architectural decor of the 19th century is a rather studied topic, so far Lviv Green Man mascarons of the 19th century have not been the subject of a special study, which predetermines the scientific novelty of the chosen topic. Objectives. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main theories of the origin of the Green Man image in the architecture of Western Europe, to reveal its symbolic meaning, to highlight the main typological groups of green man masks in Lviv architecture of the 19th century, to reveal and analyze their figurative and plastic solutions. Methods. The article applies the general scientific methods of research: method of analysis is used in the study and systematization of scientific literature in terms of the subject of research; comparative method is used for the analysis of stylistic features of 19th century Lviv Green Man mascarons in comparison with Western European tendencies; method of synthesis is used in the development of typology of Lviv Green Man mascarons of the period in question; method of art analysis is used in the analysis of stylistic and plastic features of Green Man masks on Lviv facades of 19th century. Results. Green Man is a fiction image that combines human appearance and the flora. In the ancient world cultures, Green Man sometimes was identified as the vegetative deity of the nature. First of all, it is interpreted as a pagan spirit of forest and the symbol of nature revival. It is rather paradoxical that most depictions of this pagan symbol of nature are in the interiors and exteriors of temple architecture of medieval Europe. Pre-Christian pagan traditions were closely associated with nature. Worshipping sacred trees was intrinsic for many ancient cultures that directly influenced artistic culture of Christian Europe. Accordingly, the masks of “green men” were, perhaps, only one of the pagan symbolic images, which gained the right to exist in the space of medieval ecclesiastical architecture. A new wave of interest in Green Man's image dates back to the 19th century. The reason for its revival could be an environmental crisis, and in this respect the image of Green Man present in architecture can be regarded as the archetype of “nature guardian”, whose role is to remind people of their responsibilities to nature. During this period various Green Man mascarons, deprived of symbolism, again started to be used by architects as decorative elements of secular buildings. Undoubtedly, such popularity of the “green man” masks in Victorian architecture has influenced the use of this image in European eclecticism, from where it came to Lviv architecture. Motive of the green man has many variations, which, depending on the author's conception, can be either interpreted as naturalistic or stylized. The authors of Green Man mascarons placed great importance on specific species of plants. To a large extent their choice depended on the local flora and symbolic associations they caused. Among Lviv Green Man mascarons, one can distinguish certain common features characteristic for certain types of face reliefs of the green man. Most often the authors of Lviv mascarons portrayed Green Man's face, hair, mustache and beard turning into leaves. Particular importance was attached to the mood of this bizarre creature. A deep, pensive look and a half-open mouth convey specific facial expression reflecting a special meditative condition that forces these masks to “speak”. A wide spectrum of moods of forest deity mascarons is conveyed by means of facial expressions. Some faces are friendly and smiling, others look sad, fierce, and at times even threatening, approaching theatrical feelings and emotions, thereby turning into “leafy grotesque”. Individual masks have more in common with demons or beasts than with humans. Horny faces of the “green man”, which are close to the image of an ancient god Pan, can be referred to a separate typological group of masks. Sometimes these masks stand out with an ominous look and a wry smile that bring them closer to the image of demonic forest deity, wild spirit of forest. Less often in Lviv architecture one can see the relief heads of Green Man dressed in stylized leaf crowns or from the mouth of which plant sprouts are growing. The last type of masks usually serves as an ornamental motive in the exterior decor and is characterized by small size. On the facades of many Lviv eclectic buildings, the mascarons of the green man can be complemented with ornamental compositions of plant sprouts, flowers and fruits, garlands or fruit bundles hanging on the lace out of Green Man's mouth. Similar to European art, there are Green Man mascarons in Lviv architecture depicting a human face decorated with separate leaves or surrounded by a leaf wreath. The atypical attribute of Lviv masks of nature deity are wings. In addition to all the above-mentioned images in Lviv architecture, there are also mascarons of green lions whose symbolic significance is associated with force and power. Conclusions. Consequently, Green Man mascaron is a strange symbiosis of a human face and flora, a pagan spirit of nature, the guard of forests, embodiment of the connection between the world of plants and the world of people. Together with its mysterious roots the “Green man” also entered the facade decoration of Lviv architecture of the 19th century. Analyzing the typology of Lviv mascarons images of the 19th century, we make certain that the image of Green Man was one of the most popular in the toolkit of architects and sculptors of that time. Variation of “neo” Green Man's masks is characteristic for Lviv architecture of the late the 19th century. The authors of Lviv masks attached a great importance to the facial expressions of forest deity. Its attributes can be horns, wings, sprouts growing from the mouth of Green Man or garlands of fruits and flowers, which compositionally complement the image. The choice of plant-like forms was equally important. Performing an exclusively decorative function on the facades of Lviv buildings, this image remains a mystery up to now.
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ANGUS, ROBERT A., BRINDA DASS, and PAUL D. BLANCHARD. "Quantification Of The Expression Of A Temperature-Sensitive Pigment Allele In Sailfin Mollies (Poecilia latipinna) By Image Analysis." Pigment Cell Research 12, no. 2 (April 1999): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00752.x.
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Kim, Na-Yeon, Shalom Sara Thomas, Dae-Il Hwang, Ji-Hye Lee, Kyung-Ah Kim, and Youn-Soo Cha. "Anti-Obesity Effects of Morus alba L. and Aronia melanocarpa in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese C57BL/6J Mouse Model." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081914.
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The present study investigated the synergic effect of extracts of Morus alba (MA) and Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) (AR) against high-fat diet induced obesity. Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups that were fed for 14 weeks with a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HD), HD with M. alba 400 mg/kg body weight (MA), HD with A. melanocarpa 400 mg/kg body weight (AR), or HD with a mixture (1:1, v/v) of M. alba and A. melanocarpa (400 mg/kg) (MA + AR). Treatment with MA, AR, and MA + AR for 14 weeks reduced high fat diet-induced weight gain and improved serum lipid levels, and histological analysis revealed that MA and AR treatment markedly decreased lipid accumulation in the liver and adipocyte size in epididymal fat. Furthermore, micro-CT images showed MA + AR significantly reduced abdominal fat volume. Expression levels of genes involved in lipid anabolism, such as SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, CEBPα, FAS, and CD36 were decreased by MA + AR treatment whereas PPAR-α, ACOX1, and CPT-1a levels were increased by MA + AR treatment. Protein expression of p-AMPK and p-ACC were increased in the MA + AR group, indicating that MA + AR ameliorated obesity by upregulating AMPK signaling. Together, our findings indicate that MA and AR exert a synergistic effect against diet-induced obesity and are promising agents for managing obesity.
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Mullins, Darragh, Derek Coburn, Louise Hannon, Edward Jones, Eoghan Clifford, and Martin Glavin. "A novel image processing-based system for turbidity measurement in domestic and industrial wastewater." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 5 (January 19, 2018): 1469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.030.
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Abstract Wastewater treatment facilities are continually challenged to meet both environmental regulations and reduce running costs (particularly energy and staffing costs). Improving the efficiency of operational monitoring at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) requires the development and implementation of appropriate performance metrics; particularly those that are easily measured, strongly correlate to WWTP performance, and can be easily automated, with a minimal amount of maintenance or intervention by human operators. Turbidity is the measure of the relative clarity of a fluid. It is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed by fine particles in suspension (rather than transmitted with no change in direction or flux level through a fluid sample). In wastewater treatment, turbidity is often used as an indicator of effluent quality, rather than an absolute performance metric, although correlations have been found between turbidity and suspended solids. Existing laboratory-based methods to measure turbidity for WWTPs, while relatively simple, require human intervention and are labour intensive. Automated systems for on-site measuring of wastewater effluent turbidity are not commonly used, while those present are largely based on submerged sensors that require regular cleaning and calibration due to fouling from particulate matter in fluids. This paper presents a novel, automated system for estimating fluid turbidity. Effluent samples are imaged such that the light absorption characteristic is highlighted as a function of fluid depth, and computer vision processing techniques are used to quantify this characteristic. Results from the proposed system were compared with results from established laboratory-based methods and were found to be comparable. Tests were conducted using both synthetic dairy wastewater and effluent from multiple WWTPs, both municipal and industrial. This system has an advantage over current methods as it provides a multipoint analysis that can be easily repeated for large volumes of wastewater effluent. Although the system was specifically designed and tested for wastewater treatment applications, it could have applications such as in drinking water treatment, and in other areas where fluid turbidity is an important measurement.
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Cheng, R. H., N. H. Olson, and T. S. Baker. "Cryo-electron microscopy of cauliflower mosaic virus." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100156092.
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Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), the type member of the Caulimovirus family, is one of the most extensively studied plant viruses since it was one of the first plant viruses shown to encapsidate a genome of double stranded DNA. This virus has served as a model system for studying plant gene organization, expression and replication and is potentially useful as a gene vector for the genetic manipulation of higher plants. Despite being well characterized in terms of its molecular biology, little is known about the structure, organization and assembly of mature CaMV virions.CaMV virions have a molecular mass of ˜22.8x106 daltons and a sedimentation coefficient of 208S.2 In negatively-stained samples, the diameter of the virus was determined to be 50.3±1.4 nm. The capsid consists of multiple copies of a single, phosphorylated polypeptide (37-42 kDa) which is presumed to be post-translationally modified from the 58kDa primary product of gene IV. The sizes of the virion and mass of the capsid protein indicate that there may be 420 copies of the polypeptide, arranged with T=7 icosahedral lattice symmetry, although no direct evidence exists to support this model. Projected images of CaMV particles, examined by conventional electron microscopy procedures, are difficult to interpret since the details are relatively smooth and featureless. The organization of the circular doubled-stranded DNA molecule (˜4.9xl06 daltons) is unknown: neutron diffraction experiments indicate that it is mainly confined to the region between radii 15.0-21.5 nm. The current study is aimed at obtaining a reliable three-dimensional structural determination of CaMV by examining purified virus samples using recently developed cryo-electron microscopy techniques and image analysis procedures.
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Kusznier, Jacek. "Influence of spectral properties of light sources on perceived and recorded images." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i2.1105.
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The text presents differences between the mechanism of seeing and recording images and potential sources of errors in color reproduction in recorded images. The measurements show that despite the relatively high values of indices (Ra, Rf i Rg) not all tested lamps are suitable for use on a photo set, as indicated by the value of TLCI index. The lighting requirements on a film set prioritize the quality of color reproduction, even at the expense of reducing the Luminous efficacy of a source (LES ) value. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL.T. Sharpe, A. Jagla, W. Jägle, "A luminous efficiency function, V*(λ), for daylight adaptation", J. Vision 5(11), 948 (2012) DirectLink K. Mangold, J.A. Shaw, M. Vollmer, The physics of near-infrared photography, Eur. J. Phys. 34 (2013), pp. 51-71 CrossRef Simunovic M. P., On Seeing Yellow The Case for, and Against, Short-Wavelength Light-Absorbing Intraocular Lenses, Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 130, no. 7, pp. 919-926, 2012 CrossRef M. Gilewski, The ecological hazard of artificial lighting in greenhouses, Phot. Lett. Pol., vol. 11 Issue: 3, pp. 87-89, 2019. CrossRef M. Gilewski, The role of light in the plants world, Phot. Lett. Pol., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 115-117, 2019 CrossRef I. Fryc and E. Czech Spectral correction of the measurement CCD array, Optical Engineering 41(10), pp.2402-2406 (2002). CrossRef L. Bellia, U. Blaszczak, F. Fragliasso, L. Gryko, Matching CIE illuminants to measured spectral power distributions: A method to evaluate non-visual potential of daylight in two European cities, Solar Energy, Volume 208, 2020, Pages 830-858 CrossRef J. Kusznier and W. Wojtkowski, Impact of climatic conditions on PV panels operation in a photovoltaic power plant, IEEE, 2019 15th Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), Zakopane, Poland, pp. 1-6, 2019 CrossRef J. Kusznier and W. Wojtkowski, Impact of climatic conditions and solar exposure on the aging of PV panels, IEEE, 2019 15th Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), Zakopane, Poland, pp. 1-6, 2019 CrossRef J. Fan, Y. Li, I. Fryc, C. Qian, X. Fan and G. Zhang, Machine-Learning Assisted Prediction of Spectral Power Distribution for Full-Spectrum White Light-Emitting Diode, in IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-18, Feb. 2020, Art no. 8200218, CrossRef M. Gilewski, L. Gryko, A. Zajac, Digital controlling system to the set of high power LEDs, Proc. of SPIE, 8902, 89021D, 2013 CrossRef J. Kusznier, W. Wojtkowski, Spectral properties of smart LED lamps, Phot. Lett. Pol., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 16-18, 2020. CrossRef J. Kusznier, Changes in the Spectral Power Distribution of Light Sources for Smart Lighting, IEEE, 14th WZEE, pp. 1-5, 2018 CrossRef H. F. Ivey, Color and Efficiency of Luminescent Light Sources, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1185-1198 (1963) CrossRef F. Zhang, H. Xu, Z. Wang, Optimizing spectral compositions of multichannel LED light sources by IES color fidelity index and luminous efficacy of radiation, Appl. Opt. 56, 1962-1971 (2017) CrossRef T. W. Murphy Jr., Maximum spectral luminous efficacy of white light, Journal of Applied Physics 111, 104909 (2012) CrossRef Po-Chieh Hung and Jeffrey Y. Tsao, Maximum White Luminous Efficacy of Radiation Versus Color Rendering Index and Color Temperature: Exact Results and a Useful Analytic Expression, J. Display Technol. 9, 405-412 (2013) CrossRef V. M. Lisitsyn, V. S. Lukash, S. A. Stepanov, and Ju Yangyang , White LEDs with limit luminous efficacy, AIP Conference Proc 1698, 060008 (2016) CrossRef J. Kowalska, I. Fryc, Colour rendition quality of typical fluorescent lamps determined by CIE Colour Fidelity Index and Colour Rendering Index, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny R. 95(7), pp. 94-97, 2019 CrossRef I. Fryc, J. Fryc, A. Wasowski, "Rozważania o jakości oddawania barw źródeł światła, wyrażanej wskaźnikiem Ra (CRI), uwzględniające fizjologię widzenia oraz zagadnienia techniczno-prawne", Przeglad Elektrotechniczny R. 92(2), 218 (2016) CrossRef TECH 3353, Development of a "standard" television camera model implemented in the TLCI-2012, Source: FTV-LED, EBU, Geneva November 2012 DirectLink TECH 3354, Comparison of CIE colour metrics for use in the television lighting consistency index (TLCI-2012), Source: FTV-LED, EBU, Geneva November 2012 DirectLink TECH 3355, Method for the assessment of the colorimetric properties of luminaires the television lighting consistency index (TLCI-2012) and the television luminaire matching factor (TLMF-2013), Source: FTV-LED Geneva March 2017 DirectLink J. Kusznier, Mixing colours inside the optical fibre elements, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, R 84(8), pp 182-185, 2008 DirectLink
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Dale, Anders M., and Martin I. Sereno. "Improved Localizadon of Cortical Activity by Combining EEG and MEG with MRI Cortical Surface Reconstruction: A Linear Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.2.162.
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We describe a comprehensive linear approach to the problem of imaging brain activity with high temporal as well as spatial resolution based on combining EEG and MEG data with anatomical constraints derived from MRI images. The "inverse problem" of estimating the distribution of dipole strengths over the cortical surface is highly underdetermined, even given closely spaced EEG and MEG recordings. We have obtained much better solutions to this problem by explicitly incorporating both local cortical orientation as well as spatial covariance of sources and sensors into our formulation. An explicit polygonal model of the cortical manifold is first constructed as follows: (1) slice data in three orthogonal planes of section (needle-shaped voxels) are combined with a linear deblurring technique to make a single high-resolution 3-D image (cubic voxels), (2) the image is recursively flood-filled to determine the topology of the gray-white matter border, and (3) the resulting continuous surface is refined by relaxing it against the original 3-D gray-scale image using a deformable template method, which is also used to computationally flatten the cortex for easier viewing. The explicit solution to an error minimization formulation of an optimal inverse linear operator (for a particular cortical manifold, sensor placement, noise and prior source covariance) gives rise to a compact expression that is practically computable for hundreds of sensors and thousands of sources. The inverse solution can then be weighted for a particular (averaged) event using the sensor covariance for that event. Model studies suggest that we may be able to localize multiple cortical sources with spatial resolution as good as PET with this technique, while retaining a much finer grained picture of activity over time.
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Erofeev, Vladimir T., Aleksej S. Tyuryakhin, and Tatyana P. Tyuryakhina. "Multitudes of Voigt - Reuss forks and Voigt - Christensen - Reuss tridents." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 16, no. 5 (December 15, 2020): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2020-16-5-323-333.
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In the literature, there are many studies of the representative volume of a composite material, in particular, those calculated using the formulas of Christensen, Voigt and Reiss. The aim of this work is to study the features of evaluating the set of forks of effective modules. Methods. On the basis of solving the Lame problem (for a thick-walled sphere), a spherical model of a representative volume (cell) of a composite material with a granular (spherical) filler is compiled and the value of the effective modulus of elasticity of a two-phase composite is determined. The study of the obtained formula for the effective modulus, expressed in dimensionless quantities, for the cell material revealed its identity with the R.M. Christensens formula, expressed in dimensional values, for the bulk modulus of composites with a spherical filler. In this case, Christensens solution was previously obtained by a different method when he considered the polydisperse model of the composite. The dimensionless form of the function (effective module) of three dimensionless parameters made it possible in flat spaces (two coordinate planes) to construct graphical images of the function of the named modules according to Christensen, which are compared and combined in one figure with similar images of the functions of estimating the values of the modules (real composites) according to Voigt and Reiss. Graphical studies in relation to the spherical representative volume model show that in the flat space of the set of Voigt - Reuss forks, these forks are not narrowed, but they are partially filled by the flat space of the set of Christensen - Reiss forks. The graphs of the functions of the modules, at the same time, form, simultaneously with the sets of two-toothed forks, a set of Voigt - Christensen - Reiss trident forks (tridents), which, depending on the size of the intervals of the numbers of the studied parameters, have forks of different sizes. Results. Graphic illustrations of numerical examples have been obtained showing that for given values of the module of the matrix and filler and the volume fraction of the latter, it is possible to determine the effective volumetric module and shear module of two-phase composites, and to perform a comparison with the conclusions of the applied plan. The dimensionless form of the obtained expressions makes it possible to solve the inverse problems of the mechanics of polydisperse composites, for example, to determine the volume module of the composite components by the effective modulus obtained by mechanical testing of standard samples.
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N.S., Dashko. "FEATURES OF THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE PICTURE OF THE WORLD IN THE NOVEL “LEAVES OF THE EARTH” BY V. DROZD." South archive (philological sciences), no. 84 (December 23, 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2020-84-2.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyze the novel “Leaves of the Earth” by V. Drozd and to identify the peculiarities of the artistic realization of the national linguistic picture of the world in it, taking into account the peculiar narrative structure of the work.Methods. The study was conducted using descriptive, comparative, typological methods; component, contextual and communicative-discursive analysis, using elements of psychoanalytic and semiotic methodologies.Results. In the course of the research it was revealed that the national-linguistic picture of the world in V. Drozd’s novel “Leaves of the Earth” is realized as the worldview of each of the heroes in particular and the ethnos as a whole. It appears as a result of perception and comprehension of the world around and the person in it, reflected in language.Due to the peculiar structure of the story with the simultaneous inclusion of many equal, non-subordinate points of view, which determines the phenomenon of polyphony, dialogue of different worldviews, national linguistic picture of the world in the work is marked by versatility. Its main representatives are verbs colored by subjective expression, verb metaphors dominated by the concepts of “heart”, “soul”, which are inherent in the Ukrainian language picture of the world; comparisons (most often of people with animals, plants, natural phenomena) that convey the national color, reflect the Ukrainian character; Polissya dialect, proverbs and sayings, phraseology as means of storing and translating knowledge, ideas, images of the Ukrainian people, stereotypes of its ethnic consciousness, the transfer of value orientation. There is a tendency in the work to use specific means of folk poetics. The most used among them are synonymous pairs, tautology, words with diminutive suffixes, constant epithets and direct folklore formulas. Often the author, following the example of folk poetry, creates his original pairs, combining words of different semantic and emotional shades in them, focused on reality.Conclusions. Thus, the national linguistic picture of the world in the novel “Leaves of the Earth” by V. Drozd is realized through the prism of the worldviews of many speakers and is characterized by diversity.Key words: narrative, narrator, hero, speaker, speech, polyphony, metaphor, comparison, folklore, phraseology. Мета. Метою статті є аналіз роману «Листя землі» В. Дрозда, виявлення особливостей художньої реалізації національно-мовної картини світу в ньому, зважаючи на його своєрідну оповідну структуру.Методи. Дослідження здійснено за допомогою описового, зіставного, типологічного методів, компонентного, контексту-ального комунікативно-дискурсивного аналізу, з використанням елементів психоаналітичної та семіотичної методологій.Результати. У процесі дослідження було виявлено, що національно-мовна картина світу в романі «Листя землі» В. Дрозда реалізується як світобачення кожного з героїв зокрема й етносу загалом. Вона постає як результат сприйняття й осмислення навколишнього світу та людини в ньому, відображених у мові. Завдяки своєрідній структурі оповіді з одночасним включенням багатьох рівноправних, непідпорядкованих одна одній думок, що зумовлює явище багатоголосся, діалог різних світоглядних позицій, національно-мовна картина світу у творі позначена багатогранністю. Її основними репрезентантами є забарвлені суб’єктивною експресією дієслова, дієслівні метафори з домінуванням концептів «серце», «душа», що притаманні українській мовній картині світу; порівняння (найчастіше людей із тваринами, рослинами, явищами природи), що передають національ-ний колорит, відображають український характер; поліська говірка, прислів’я та приказки, фразеологізми як засіб зберігання та трансляції знань, уявлень, образів українського народу, стереотипів його етносвідомості, передачі системи ціннісної орі-єнтації. Загалом у творі простежується тенденція до використання специфічних засобів фольклорної поетики, серед яких найбільш уживані синонімічні пари, тавтологогії, слова зі зменшувальними суфіксами, постійні епітети та прямі фольклорні формули. Нерідко автор за зразком народнопоетичних творить свої оригінальні пари, поєднує в них слова різних смислових і емоційних відтінків, орієнтованих на реальну дійсність.Висновки. Отже, національно-мовна картина світу в романі «Листя землі» В. Дрозда постає крізь призму світоглядів бага-тьох мовців і характеризується розмаїтістю.Ключові слова: оповідь, оповідач, герой, мовець, мовлення, поліфонія, метафора, порівняння, фольклор, фразеологізм.
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Tyshchyk, V. "Programmability projections in “The Ancient Kiev Frescoes” by A. Stashevsky for the button accordion." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 55, no. 55 (November 20, 2019): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-55.03.
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The article explains the role of extra-musical factors in the creation of the compositions, caused by the action of the art synthesis as a cross-cutting theme of the composer’s creativity in the European tradition. In the academic art, this phenomenon has acquired the status of the program method, which to some extent has directed the listeners’ perceptions. The actualization of the present topic and its predetermined task is to determine the degree of the correlation of the semantics of a new composition to its artistic original, since it is precisely on the “artistic type translation” that both the programmability and the ways of its implementation by means of the performing interpretation depend. The object of the article is the programmability as a condition of the composer’s idea; the subject is the author’s concept of “The Ancient Kiev Frescoes” by A. Stashevsky for the accordion, implemented in the genre-stylistic system of the individual and national-musical thinking. The purpose of the article is to identify the genre-stylistic factors of the author’s conception of the selected composition, which reflects the sound-poetic ideas about the ancient history of the native land, while forming the national memory of the modern Ukrainian. Analysis of the recent publications on the research topic. Among the fundamental works devoted to programmability, we should point out the works by V. Konen, which trace the tendency to expand the limits of programmability in music at the expense of non-musical influences, as well as those by M. Lobanova, who characterizes the synthetic genres (opera, theatre music, ballet, program symphony) in the historical dimension. G. Khutorskaya owing to the introduction of the category “interspecific translation” into the scientific circulation explains the means of the synthesis of arts in vocal compositions [5]. The interspecific interaction of the theatre, painting, dance, poetry and literature contributes to the reproduction of the complete picture of the world in music. The material for the development of the problem is the composition for the accordion called “The Ancient Kiev Frescoes” by A. Stashevsky, one of the bright representatives of the modern accordion school of Ukraine. Observing the author’s premieres (in particular, the accordion compositions) in the quality of a professional listener, one can state that his creativity has become an important part of the musical culture of the Slobozhanska Ukraine. As a multifaceted personality – an accordion performer, teacher, composer, and scientist – he embodies new ideas, genre-style models and corresponding techniques of the performing skills in his activities. A comprehensive analysis of the genre stylistics and a personal view of the performance dramaturgy of the interpretation of the program cycle have been given. “The Ancient Kiev Frescoes” by A. Stashevsky (2005), besides the program name, have a genre refinement of the “suite-notebook”, which contains the key to understanding the essence of the stated program. First, the notebook (the album) is holistic, and contains information about interrelated events of a certain era, arranged in a timeline (the linear sequence). Secondly, the pages of the notebook can be represented as the planes where the images are located – the frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. The most valuable decoration of the cathedral is the mural, which has been preserved for centuries and is an example of the skill and artistic taste of ancient Ukrainians. In general, St. Sophia Cathedral embodies the philosophical credo of the era with its national idea, the expression of the spirituality of the Christian worldview. There are nine parts in the suite-notebook, each with a program title. The author’s idea is realized, on the one hand, through the programmability of the picture type, when the parts of the suite cycle constitute a single composition that is associated with a multi-figured mural (with its mosaic, stained glass). It is impossible to capture it at one glance, so getting acquainted with it implies a consistent arrangement of the fragments of the whole in time. On the other hand, there is a pervasive narrative throughout the cycle: all the parts sound attacca. The pages of the chronicle seem to be expanded in the temporal axis; there is also a general logic of changing the various musical murals that is subordinate to the latent programmability: from “Intrada” to the climax in Part 8 and Part 9 an associate connection (a story line) is established. Programmability-driven musical stylistic contains repetitive segments of the author’s language focused on archaic styling. Because of the singing type of thematism, the ostinato nature and variability of the means of its development, the expanded fret and tonal nature, the mosaic principle of the stringing of the motives, and their combining. In the conclusions it is emphasized that in the program composition for the accordion A. Stashevsky skillfully realized his plan as a projection on historical, musical-performing and picture-everyday images-echo. The incarnation of the ancient history of Kievan Rus by means of the fret-harmonious, texture-timbre and compositional-dramatic means fully presents the author’s conception of the composition – the harmony of a man and history, the updating of the Past, in order to understand one’s own mental foundations, self-awareness in the national cosmos and logo.
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Mykhailova, O. V. "Background. The diverse experience of artistic culture, refl ected in the established system of genres, appears in a new light from the standpoint of modernity as experts." Aspects of Historical Musicology 15, no. 15 (September 15, 2019): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-15.06.
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from different fi elds of art refer to the same topic. Stable repetition of phenomena, the names of which were originally perceived in the poetic and metaphorical way, indicates the formation of a certain genre branch, little developed in scientifi c research. Genre neoformations of this kind include walks, behind the semantic layer of which a certain set of stylistic means shines through. It is not by chance that attempts are made to comprehend this phenomenon in aesthetic and artistic aspects. Objectives. The purpose of the article is to highlight the phenomena of artistic culture with the most vivid signs of promenade elements, to consider a set of musical instruments used by French composers of the late 19th – early 20th century in the music “walks”. Methods. To determine the role of walks in the genre palette of the music of the 20th century, the historical biographical and the comparative research methods were used. Results. The author of the article reveals the role of walks in the French national life and culture. Their characteristic signs are the following: desire for rest, lightness of being, enjoying the moment. From here, the verbal landscapes from the “In Search of Lost Time” novel by M. Proust take their beginning in, which were inspired by his walking in the Bois de Boulogne forest, in the outskirts of Paris, the province of Illiers-Combray, where the writer took care of fl owers, trees and shrubs. A similar passion for walking and studying the fl ora was also experienced by the enlightener J.-J. Rousseau. He was known to spend a long time feasting eyes on plants, collecting herbariums, often recording his observations. This also explains why C. Monet loved wandering in the wilds. The famous artist, known for his landscape paintings, bought from the local farmers a piece of land that bordered with his estate in order to freely wander around the fi elds in search of the right object, favorable angle or necessary lighting. As a result, promenade walking, being a typical national feature, is often embodied in French music and poetry. This phenomenon is common outside of French art as well. In music, we can refer to “The Walk” by S. Prokofi ev and “The Walk” from the “Pictures at an Exhibition” by M. Mussorgsky; in prose - “The Walk” by N. Karamzin, “Walking in Rome” by G. Morton, “Walking with Pushkin” by A. Tertz, “Six Walks in the Fictional Woods” by U. Eco; in painting – “The Walk” by M. Chagall, “An Evening Walk”, “A Man and a Woman on a Walk in the Forest” by A. Toulouse-Lautrec, “A Walk”, “A Walk” by P. Delvaux, “A Walk” by E. Degas. Quite a few works in the genre of walks revealed such areas of public knowledge as lecture sessions, historical excursions and reviews of art. Thus, the art critic, historian, art historian S. Stavitsky organized a lecture session “Walk as a genre of modern art”, which consisted of three meetings: “Walk Aesthetics”, “Walk and Neo-avant-garde”, and “Actionist Walks”. Polish literary critic Z. Kopech published a collection of articles called “Walks in Modern Polish Literature” devoted to the issues of national prose, poetry and drama. E. Kulikova wrote the work called “Walks in the Lyrics of Anna Akhmatova”, where the author reviews several of her poems , including “The Walks”. B. Godard’s piano cycle “Chemin Faisant” (1880–1881) was analyzed, where each of the pieces appears as a sketch, a “photography” of a walking person. The fi rst three items of the cycle – “Going Over”, “Crying” and “Singing”, form a mini-cycle, since they contrast with each other in terms of image and content, although they remain related in terms of the selected means complex. Among them are: fi gures of movement, repetition, dynamic approach of “moving closer-moving away”, staccato technique in outside pieces. The unifying principle is the direction of all stylistic means to visualize a music image. This explains the presence and individual traits, since the character’s image created by the composer is endowed with a unique identity. The distinctness, tangibility of B. Godard’s musical images makes one ponder over the impact of cinema on musical art: its abilities through the details – expressions of eyes, facial expressions, turns of the head – transmit a change of emotional state, moods, put together a special emotional and psychological plot. A different approach to a descriptive music in “The Walks” (1921) by F. Poulenc is revealed, where the composer does not present a character on a walk, and does not tell stories. Instead, he creates the appropriate surrounding, inspires us with the atmosphere of such different and contrasting walks with the help of harmonic colors, tempos, texture, dynamic and articulation means. His music language is far from being simple, it is full of bizarre rhythms and complex chords, thus putting forward serious technical requirements. Above all, the composer’s targeted attitudes when creating the visible realism of his urban plots are evidenced by numerous text remarks, which are designed to guide a musician as accurately as possible towards the required performance character. They are found everywhere and relate to all components of the music: tempo, sound level, mood, articulation, agogics, pedal usage. A set of various sound and visual means help a performer to implement the composer’s instructions. Conclusions. The universal and wide compositional possibilities of walks as a special artistic genre are proved by its relevance in various types of art and scientifi c knowledge. The authors use different means of declaring their idea, and different way to materialize it. This versatile experience opens the way to comprehending the new and the unexplored, steadily and leisurely, as if you are just a curious walking person.
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Ariño-Estrada, Gerard, Gregory S. Mitchell, Prasenjit Saha, Ahmad Arzani, Simon R. Cherry, Eduardo Blumwald, and Andre Z. Kyme. "Imaging Salt Uptake Dynamics in Plants Using PET." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54781-z.
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AbstractSoil salinity is a global environmental challenge for crop production. Understanding the uptake and transport properties of salt in plants is crucial to evaluate their potential for growth in high salinity soils and as a basis for engineering varieties with increased salt tolerance. Positron emission tomography (PET), traditionally used in medical and animal imaging applications for assessing and quantifying the dynamic bio-distribution of molecular species, has the potential to provide useful measurements of salt transport dynamics in an intact plant. Here we report on the feasibility of studying the dynamic transport of 22Na in millet using PET. Twenty-four green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) plants, 12 of each of two different accessions, were incubated in a growth solution containing 22Na+ ions and imaged at 5 time points over a 2-week period using a high-resolution small animal PET scanner. The reconstructed PET images showed clear evidence of sodium transport throughout the whole plant over time. Quantitative region-of-interest analysis of the PET data confirmed a strong correlation between total 22Na activity in the plants and time. Our results showed consistent salt transport dynamics within plants of the same variety and important differences between the accessions. These differences were corroborated by independent measurement of Na+ content and expression of the NHX transcript, a gene implicated in sodium transport. Our results demonstrate that PET can be used to quantitatively evaluate the transport of sodium in plants over time and, potentially, to discern differing salt-tolerance properties between plant varieties. In this paper, we also address the practical radiation safety aspects of working with 22Na in the context of plant imaging and describe a robust pipeline for handling and incubating plants. We conclude that PET is a promising and practical candidate technology to complement more traditional salt analysis methods and provide insights into systems-level salt transport mechanisms in intact plants.
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Devaux, Nicolas, Thomas Crestey, Corentin Leroux, and Bruno Tisseyre. "Potential of Sentinel-2 satellite images to monitor vine fields grown at a territorial scale." OENO One 53, no. 1 (March 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2019.53.1.2293.
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Aim: The aim of this short note is to provide first insights into the ability of Sentinel-2 images to monitor vine growth across a whole season. It focuses on verifying the practical temporal resolution that can be reached with Sentinel-2 images, the main stages of Mediterranean vineyard development as well as potential relevant agronomic information that can be seen on the temporal vegetation curves arising from Sentinel-2 images.Methods and results: The study was carried out in 2017 in a production vineyard located in southern France, 2 km from the Mediterranean seashore. Sentinel-2 images acquired during the whole vine growing cycle were considered, i.e. between the 3rd of March 2017 and the 10th of October 2017. The images were used to compute the classical normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Time series of NDVI values were analyzed on four blocks chosen for exhibiting different features, e.g. age, missing plants, weeding practices. The practical time lag between two usable images was closer to 16 days than to the 10 theoretical days (with only one satellite available at the date of the experiment), i.e. near 60% of the theoretical one. Results show that it might be possible to identify i) the main steps of vine development (e.g. budburst, growth, trimming, growth stop and senescence), ii) weed management and inter-row management practices, and iii) possible reasons for significant inter-block differences in vegetative expression (e.g. young vines that have recently been planted, low-productive blocks affected by many missing vines).Conclusions: Although this experiment was conducted at a time when Sentinel-2b was not fully operational, results showed that a sufficient number of usable images was available to monitor vine development. The availability of two Sentinel satellites (2a and 2b) in upcoming seasons should increase the number of usable images and the temporal resolution of the time series. This study also showed the limitations of the Sentinel-2 images’ resolution to provide within-block information in the case of small blocks or blocks with complex borders or both.Significance and impact of the study: This technical note demonstrated the potential of Sentinel-2 images to characterize vineyard blocks’ vigor and to monitor winegrowers’ practices at a territorial (regional) scale. The impact of management operations such as weeding and trimming, along with their incidence on canopy size, were observed on the NDVI time series. Some relevant parameters (slope, maximum values) may be derived from the NDVI time series, providing new insights into the monitoring of vineyards at a large scale. These results provided areas for further investigation, especially regarding the development of new indicators to characterize block-climate relationships.
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Villanueva, Xabier. "El aprendizaje de las plantas como seres vivos: Una metodología basada en el dibujo infantil." IKASTORRATZA.e-journal on Didactics, June 30, 2017, 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37261/18_alea/6.
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Previous studies have investigated the development of the concept of being alive at an early age from different methodological perspectives. However, these approaches place excessive emphasis on verbal communication which can lead to limitations when it comes to measure this biological concept. Therefore, a methodology based on the pictorial productions of students is presented. The present research aims to analyze the relationship between the notion of being alive and children 's drawings in a sample of 197 boys and girls of 4-8 years old. For this, a categorization task is performed with images of living and inert beings, followed by the collection of graphic expressions about the plant world. The results point to the fact that students with the most precise knowledge about plants are alive draw more frequently pictorial elements related to life such as sun, water, seeds, clouds and tend to draw more plants types.
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"Cover Image: DNA methylation and gene expression." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 61, no. 2 (February 2019): C1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12781.
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Marple, Ronald T., James D. Hurd, Jr., Lanbo Liu, Seth Travis, and Robert J. Altamura. "Investigation of the 1727 Newbury, Massachusetts, USA, earthquake using LiDAR imagery and P-wave velocity tomography." Atlantic Geology, August 26, 2018, 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2018.009.
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High-resolution LiDAR (light detection and ranging) images of northeastern Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire reveal a 10-km-long, NW-SE-oriented topographic lineament in northeastern Massachusetts that we interpret to be the surface expression of a SW-dipping thrust fault along which the 1727 Newbury, Massachusetts, earthquake occurred. The Newburyport lineament coincides with the northeast edge of a 10-kmlong, NW-SE-oriented ridge, herein named Merrimack ridge, that parallels the NW-SE-trending segment of the Merrimack River downstream from where it bends 90° to the southeast. The northwestern end of the Newburyport lineament coincides with a 1-km-long, ~7- to 15-m-high, NE-facing Newburyport scarp that is located just south of the bend in the river. The Newburyport lineament also parallels the NW-SE-oriented nodal planes of the focal mechanism that was generated for the 1999 Amesbury, Massachusetts, earthquake. A P-wave velocity tomographic model generated from a seismic-refraction profile across the Newburyport scarp shows a ~40-m-wide low-velocity zone dipping ~41° SW. Velocities along this zone decrease 15–50%, which suggests that the Newburyport lineament is associated with the surface expression of a SW-dipping brittle fault zone. The LiDAR images also revealed three other NW-SE-trending lineaments in the study area.
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Musse, M., G. Hajjar, N. Ali, B. Billiot, G. Joly, J. Pépin, S. Quellec, et al. "A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools." Plant Methods 17, no. 1 (July 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13007-021-00771-0.
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Abstract Background Drought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping. Results This project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes. Conclusions This methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.
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Wu, Xi, Hui Feng, Di Wu, Shijuan Yan, Pei Zhang, Wenbin Wang, Jun Zhang, et al. "Using high-throughput multiple optical phenotyping to decipher the genetic architecture of maize drought tolerance." Genome Biology 22, no. 1 (June 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02377-0.
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Abstract Background Drought threatens the food supply of the world population. Dissecting the dynamic responses of plants to drought will be beneficial for breeding drought-tolerant crops, as the genetic controls of these responses remain largely unknown. Results Here we develop a high-throughput multiple optical phenotyping system to noninvasively phenotype 368 maize genotypes with or without drought stress over a course of 98 days, and collected multiple optical images, including color camera scanning, hyperspectral imaging, and X-ray computed tomography images. We develop high-throughput analysis pipelines to extract image-based traits (i-traits). Of these i-traits, 10,080 were effective and heritable indicators of maize external and internal drought responses. An i-trait-based genome-wide association study reveals 4322 significant locus-trait associations, representing 1529 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 2318 candidate genes, many that co-localize with previously reported maize drought responsive QTLs. Expression QTL (eQTL) analysis uncovers many local and distant regulatory variants that control the expression of the candidate genes. We use genetic mutation analysis to validate two new genes, ZmcPGM2 and ZmFAB1A, which regulate i-traits and drought tolerance. Moreover, the value of the candidate genes as drought-tolerant genetic markers is revealed by genome selection analysis, and 15 i-traits are identified as potential markers for maize drought tolerance breeding. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that combining high-throughput multiple optical phenotyping and GWAS is a novel and effective approach to dissect the genetic architecture of complex traits and clone drought-tolerance associated genes.
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Busoms, Sílvia, Laura Pérez-Martín, Miquel Llimós, Charlotte Poschenrieder, and Soledad Martos. "Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Key Genes for Differential Lead Accumulation and Tolerance in Natural Arabidopsis thaliana Accessions." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (August 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.689316.
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Soil contamination by lead (Pb) has become one of the major ecological threats to the environment. Understanding the mechanisms of Pb transport and deposition in plants is of great importance to achieve a global Pb reduction. We exposed a collection of 360 Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions to a Pb-polluted soil. Germination rates, growth, and leaf Pb concentrations showed extensive variation among accessions. These phenotypic data were subjected to genome wide association studies (GWAs) and we found a significant association on chromosome 1 for low leaf Pb accumulation. Genes associated with significant SNP markers were evaluated and we selected EXTENSIN18 (EXT18) and TLC (TRAM-LAG1-CLN8) as candidates for having a role in Pb homeostasis. Six Pb-tolerant accessions, three of them exhibiting low leaf Pb content, and three of them with high leaf Pb content; two Pb-sensitive accessions; two knockout T-DNA lines of GWAs candidate genes (ext18, tlc); and Col-0 were screened under control and high-Pb conditions. The relative expression of EXT18, TLC, and other genes described for being involved in Pb tolerance was also evaluated. Analysis of Darwinian fitness, root and leaf ionome, and TEM images revealed that Pb-tolerant accessions employ two opposing strategies: (1) low translocation of Pb and its accumulation into root cell walls and vacuoles, or (2) high translocation of Pb and its efflux to inactive organelles or intracellular spaces. Plants using the first strategy exhibited higher expression of EXT18 and HMA3, thicker root cell walls and Pb vacuolar sequestration, suggesting that these genes may contribute to the deposition of Pb in the roots. On the other hand, plants translocating high amounts of Pb showed upregulation of TLC and ABC transporters, indicating that these plants were able to properly efflux Pb in the aerial tissues. We conclude that EXT18 and TLC upregulation enhances Pb tolerance promoting its sequestration: EXT18 favors the thickening of the cell walls improving Pb accumulation in roots and decreasing its toxicity, while TLC facilitates the formation of dictyosome vesicles and the Pb encapsulation in leaves. These findings are relevant for the design of phytoremediation strategies and environment restoration.
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Favero, Bruno Trevenzoli, Yi Tan, Yan Lin, Hanne Bøge Hansen, Nasim Shadmani, Jiaming Xu, Junou He, Renate Müller, Aldo Almeida, and Henrik Lütken. "Transgenic Kalanchoë blossfeldiana, Containing Individual rol Genes and Open Reading Frames Under 35S Promoter, Exhibit Compact Habit, Reduced Plant Growth, and Altered Ethylene Tolerance in Flowers." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (May 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.672023.
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Reduced growth habit is a desirable trait for ornamental potted plants and can successfully be obtained through Rhizobium rhizogenes transformation in a stable and heritable manner. Additionally, it can also be obtained by transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring specific genes from R. rhizogenes. The bacterial T-DNA harbors four root oncogenic loci (rol) genes and 14 less known open reading frames (ORFs). The four rol genes, i.e., rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD, are conceived as the common denominator for the compact phenotype and the other less characterized ORFs seem auxiliary but present a potential breeding target for less aberrant and/or more tailored phenotypes. In this study, Kalanchoë blossfeldiana ‘Molly’ was transformed with individual rol genes and selected ORFs in 35S overexpressing cassettes to comprehensively characterize growth traits, gene copy and expression, and ethylene tolerance of the flowers. An association of reduced growth habit, e.g. height and diameter, was observed for rolB2 and ORF14-2 when a transgene single copy and high gene expression were detected. Chlorophyll content was reduced in overexpressing lines compared to wild type (WT), except for one ΔORF13a (a truncated ORF13a, where SPXX DNA-binding motif is absent). The flower number severely decreased in the overexpressing lines compared to WT. The anthesis timing showed that WT opened the first flower at 68.9 ± 0.9 days and the overexpressing lines showed similar or up to 24 days delay in flowering. In general, a single or low relative gene copy insertion was correlated to higher gene expression, ca. 3 to 5-fold, in rolB and ΔORF13a lines, while in ORF14 such relation was not directly linked. The increased gene expression observed in rolB2 and ΔORF13a-2 contributed to reducing plant growth and a more compact habit. Tolerance of detached flowers to 0.5 μl L−1 ethylene was markedly higher for ORF14 with 66% less flower closure at day 3 compared to WT. The subcellular localization of rolC and ΔORF13a was investigated by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal images showed that rolC and ΔORF13a are soluble and localize in the cytoplasm being able to enter the nucleus.
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Payá-Milans, Miriam, Laura Poza-Viejo, Patxi San Martín-Uriz, David Lara-Astiaso, Mark D. Wilkinson, and Pedro Crevillén. "Genome-wide analysis of the H3K27me3 epigenome and transcriptome in Brassica rapa." GigaScience 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giz147.
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Abstract Background Genome-wide maps of histone modifications have been obtained for several plant species. However, most studies focus on model systems and do not enforce FAIR data management principles. Here we study the H3K27me3 epigenome and associated transcriptome of Brassica rapa, an important vegetable cultivated worldwide. Findings We performed H3K27me3 chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing and transcriptomic analysis by 3′-end RNA sequencing from B. rapa leaves and inflorescences. To analyze these data we developed a Reproducible Epigenomic Analysis pipeline using Galaxy and Jupyter, packaged into Docker images to facilitate transparency and reuse. We found that H3K27me3 covers roughly one-third of all B. rapa protein-coding genes and its presence correlates with low transcript levels. The comparative analysis between leaves and inflorescences suggested that the expression of various floral regulatory genes during development depends on H3K27me3. To demonstrate the importance of H3K27me3 for B. rapa development, we characterized a mutant line deficient in the H3K27 methyltransferase activity. We found that braA.clf mutant plants presented pleiotropic alterations, e.g., curly leaves due to increased expression and reduced H3K27me3 levels at AGAMOUS-like loci. Conclusions We characterized the epigenetic mark H3K27me3 at genome-wide levels and provide genetic evidence for its relevance in B. rapa development. Our work reveals the epigenomic landscape of H3K27me3 in B. rapa and provides novel genomics datasets and bioinformatics analytical resources. We anticipate that this work will lead the way to further epigenomic studies in the complex genome of Brassica crops.
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Malone, Mary K., Vanessa Torres, Jadwiga Turchan-Cholewo, and Ann M. Stowe. "Abstract P812: Characterizing NMDA Receptor Subunits on B Cells." Stroke 52, Suppl_1 (March 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p812.
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Background: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDARs) play a critical role in neuronal excitotoxicity after stroke. The actions of NMDARs have been shown mostly in obligatory GluN1 subunits on neurons and not GluN2A/B subunits. In B cells, these subunits have not been highly characterized though the presence of NMDARs has been shown. The function of the GluN2A/B subunits can be neuroprotective or pro-death in neurons, respectively. We hypothesized that GluN2A and GluN2B subunit presence on B cells would be affected by exposure to extracellular glutamate. Methods: Splenic B cells were isolated from 3-4mo-old C57BL/6 male mice via magnetic separation and treated with physiologic levels of L-glutamate (glu; 1uM) in the presence or absence of 5ug/mL LPS. B cell cytospins were stained for B220, GluN2A, and GluN2B, imaged using confocal microscopy, and quantified in FIJI. An average of 10.7 B cells were quantified per image at 80-157x magnification. RGB channels of the z-stacks were quantified to identify positive B220 expression. The z-stacks were split into 2D images and quantified plane-by-plane to identify GluN2A/B subunit clusters. Each cluster of subunits was recorded per cell in view across all planes of the original z-stack to yield total subunit count. Groups included 14-43 B cells quantified, and the number of subunits per cell were analyzed via ordinary two-way ANOVA, Sidak post-hoc test (Graphpad Prism). Significance was p<0.05. Results: There was an average of 19.3±7.2 GluN2A subunits and 19.0±5.0 GluN2B subunits per cell for unstimulated, untreated B cells. Neither glu treatment (p=0.23) nor LPS stimulation (p= 0.10) impacted the number of GluN2A subunits per B cell. LPS decreased GluN2B subunits when compared to unstimulated B cells (11.1±5.1 subunits; p=0.02). Glu treatment normalized GluN2B subunits per B cell near untreated baseline levels (18.2±11 subunits per cell; p=0.01), resulting in an interaction between LPS stimulation and glu treatment in B cells (F (1, 86) =6.180, P=0.015). Conclusions: Our data suggests activated B cells downregulate GluN2B-containing NMDARs following LPS stimulation. This downregulation mimics that of NMDAR activity on neurons upon excitoxicity (PMID: 24361499) but future studies should confirm GluN2B internalization.
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Kolyadko, Svetlana. "Emotivity as an element of the style category in poetry." Synopsis Text Context Media, 2019, 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2019.2.1.
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Several approaches to the interpretation of emotion in poetic text are considered in the article — linguistic, traditional literary and emotive (from the point of modern interdisciplinary interpretation of the phenomenon of emotionality). The relevance of the study determines the belief that, without taking into account of achievements of linguistic emotion and traditional linguistics, the analysis of the stylistic individuality of the writer will be incomplete. Novelty of the study is the introduction concepts of poetic emotion and emotivity into the conceptual apparatus of the style of the text. The subject of study — the emotivity of a poetic text — is defined as a formal-stylistic index / factor of author’s individuality, expressed through the images of a work. The relation of emotional and rational in methods of author’s self-expression, coordination of pathos and emotions is considered. The methodology of the research is determined by an interdisciplinary approach, it is determined during the analysis that among the linguistic approaches the most effective for literary analysis is the method of in-depth study of the category of emotivity in the text, worked out by O. Filimonova. As a result of research an emotivity of the form and content components are interpreted as the interconnected stylistic means in recognition of the lyrical work. It is proved that the expressiveness and aesthetic origin of poetry as a kind of artistic creation predetermines the emotivity of all its components. The basis of the theory of the emotivity of a poetic work, which incorporates the concepts of traditional poetry and prosody, is the principle of revealing poetic emotion in the text in three planes: content, expression and image. Stylistic differentiation of emotive means is conditioned by the formal expression of them at all levels of language use — phonological, morphological, lexical-semantic, phraseological, syntactic levels of structural models of works. According to the results of studying various aspects of the author’s emotionality in the poetic text, it is planned to develop a literary theory of poetic emotion and its description in the historical perspective.
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Das, Jayajit, Elaine Mokrzan, Vinal Lakhani, Lucia Rosas, Joseph A. Jurcisek, William C. Ray, and Lauren O. Bakaletz. "Extracellular DNA and Type IV Pilus Expression Regulate the Structure and Kinetics of Biofilm Formation by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae." mBio 8, no. 6 (December 19, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01466-17.
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ABSTRACT Biofilms formed in the middle ear by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) are central to the chronicity, recurrence, and refractive nature of otitis media (OM). However, mechanisms that underlie the emergence of specific NTHI biofilm structures are unclear. We combined computational analysis tools and in silico modeling rooted in statistical physics with confocal imaging of NTHI biofilms formed in vitro during static culture in order to identify mechanisms that give rise to distinguishing morphological features. Our analysis of confocal images of biofilms formed by NTHI strain 86-028NP using pair correlations of local bacterial densities within sequential planes parallel to the substrate showed the presence of fractal structures of short length scales (≤10 μm). The in silico modeling revealed that extracellular DNA (eDNA) and type IV pilus (Tfp) expression played important roles in giving rise to the fractal structures and allowed us to predict a substantial reduction of these structures for an isogenic mutant (ΔcomE) that was significantly compromised in its ability to release eDNA into the biofilm matrix and had impaired Tfp function. This prediction was confirmed by analysis of confocal images of in vitro ΔcomE strain biofilms. The fractal structures potentially generate niches for NTHI survival in the hostile middle ear microenvironment by dramatically increasing the contact area of the biofilm with the surrounding environment, facilitating nutrient exchange, and by generating spatial positive feedback to quorum signaling. IMPORTANCE NTHI is a major bacterial pathogen for OM, which is a common ear infection in children worldwide. Chronic OM is associated with bacterial biofilm formation in the middle ear; therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie NTHI biofilm formation is important for the development of therapeutic strategies for NTHI-associated OM. Our combined approach using confocal imaging of NTHI biofilms formed in vitro and mathematical tools for analysis of pairwise density correlations and agent-based modeling revealed that eDNA and Tfp expression were important factors in the development of fractal structures in NTHI biofilms. These structures may help NTHI survive in hostile environments, such as the middle ear. Our in silico model can be used in combination with laboratory or animal modeling studies to further define the mechanisms that underlie NTHI biofilm development during OM and thereby guide the rational design of, and optimize time and cost for, benchwork and preclinical studies. IMPORTANCE NTHI is a major bacterial pathogen for OM, which is a common ear infection in children worldwide. Chronic OM is associated with bacterial biofilm formation in the middle ear; therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie NTHI biofilm formation is important for the development of therapeutic strategies for NTHI-associated OM. Our combined approach using confocal imaging of NTHI biofilms formed in vitro and mathematical tools for analysis of pairwise density correlations and agent-based modeling revealed that eDNA and Tfp expression were important factors in the development of fractal structures in NTHI biofilms. These structures may help NTHI survive in hostile environments, such as the middle ear. Our in silico model can be used in combination with laboratory or animal modeling studies to further define the mechanisms that underlie NTHI biofilm development during OM and thereby guide the rational design of, and optimize time and cost for, benchwork and preclinical studies.
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Sudiyati, Noor. "APLIKASI KERAMIK PADA FUNGSI AROMATHERAPY." CORAK 3, no. 1 (May 28, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/corak.v3i1.2347.
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Aromatherapy obtained through combustion of essential oil as the need of health isnow mushrooming in big cities. Essential oil that made of plants has the ability to createrelaxation without causing any side effect. Those herbal such as roses, ginger, jasmine, lemongrass and so on are growing around us and treated with distilled technology.Essential oils can be processed into liquid, stick, and solid, and its use requires aceramic container made of clay. Ceramics is capable to answer the needs of aromatherapyfurnace with such a wide variety of themes, images, expressions and artistic decorations.Frangipani themed ceramic furnace is made for aromatherapy containers used for essentialliquids that are heated with candles burning. This furnace made with incorporated slabtechniques so it has unique character.Key words: Ceramic, Aromatherapy, Herbal theme, aromatherapy, for firing,frangipaniceramic. Kebutuhan akan kesehatan melalui system pembakaran mintak atsiri disebutaromatherapy yang berasal dari herbal marak di kota-kota besar, Minyak atsiri yang terbuatdari tumbuh-tumbuhan ternyata mampu membuat rileksasi, dipakai tanpa meninggalkan efeksamping. Herbal itu banyak tumbuh di sekeliling kita, namun diolah dengan teknologi suling,misalnya saja: bunga kenanga, melati (jasmine), sere, Jahe, mawar dan lain sebagainya.Minyak atsiri (aromatherapy) bisa diolah sehingga dapat berupa cairan, stick, danpadat, dalam penggunaanya memerlukan wadah berupa keramik yang terbuat dari Tanah liat.Keramik mampu menjawab kebutuhan wadah pembakaran atau tungku aromatherapi denganberbagai macam: tema, imaji, ekpresi dan dekorasi yang artistic.Tungku Keramik bertema Kamboja dibuat untuk wadah aromatherapy yang dipakaiuntuk atsiri cairan yang dipanaskan dengan pembakaran lilin. Tungku ini dibuat dengan teknikslab yang digabungkan, menjadi tungku yang berkarakter khas. Kata Kunci: keramik, aromatherapy, herbal, pemanasan, tema kamboja.
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Meyer, Rhonda C., Kathleen Weigelt-Fischer, Dominic Knoch, Marc Heuermann, Yusheng Zhao, and Thomas Altmann. "Temporal dynamics of QTL effects on vegetative growth in Arabidopsis thaliana." Journal of Experimental Botany, September 20, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa490.
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Abstract We assessed early vegetative growth in a population of 382 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana using automated non-invasive high-throughput phenotyping. All accessions were imaged daily from 7 d to 18 d after sowing in three independent experiments and genotyped using the Affymetrix 250k SNP array. Projected leaf area (PLA) was derived from image analysis and used to calculate relative growth rates (RGRs). In addition, initial seed size was determined. The generated datasets were used jointly for a genome-wide association study that identified 238 marker–trait associations (MTAs) individually explaining up to 8% of the total phenotypic variation. Co-localization of MTAs occurred at 33 genomic positions. At 21 of these positions, sequential co-localization of MTAs for 2–9 consecutive days was observed. The detected MTAs for PLA and RGR could be grouped according to their temporal expression patterns, emphasizing that temporal variation of MTA action can be observed even during the vegetative growth phase, a period of continuous formation and enlargement of seemingly similar rosette leaves. This indicates that causal genes may be differentially expressed in successive periods. Analyses of the temporal dynamics of biological processes are needed to gain important insight into the molecular mechanisms of growth-controlling processes in plants.