Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes fixatrices d'azote – Sénégal'
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Moudiongui, Adako. "Sesbania rostrata, légumineuse à nodules caulinaires : fixation symbiotique d'azote, et utilisation comme engrais vert." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10093.
Full textDupuy, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude de la symbiose fixatrice d'azote entre Acacia albida et bradyrhizobium SP." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10078.
Full textIls ont aussi été caractérisés en utilisant les galeries biolog, une nouvelle technique phénotypique miniaturisée. Enfin des hybridations adn : arnr avec l'arnr spécifique de bradyrhizobium japonicum nzp5549#t ont confirmé que la plupart des isolats appartiennent a la branche arnr de bradyrhizobium et de rhodopseudomonas. Les caractéristiques d'un isolat sont indépendantes de la profondeur à laquelle il a été recueilli. L'étude de l'infection et de l'ontogenèse des nodules d'Acacia albida a montré plusieurs caractères intéressants. L'inoculation a pour effet l'induction de poils absorbants et de mitoses corticales précédant l'infection. Le mode d'infection intercellulaire conduit à la formation de cordon dans les cellules corticales externes. Le méristème est induit au niveau des cellules corticales internes. L'invasion des cellules méristématiques et la différenciation disto-proximale observées sont caractéristiques des nodules de type indéterminé. Toutefois à maturation, les nodules d'Acacia albida sont de type déterminé avec un tissu central unique entouré de tissus périphériques
Ndiaye, Mamadou. "Contribution des légumineuses arbustives à l'alimentation azotée du maïs (Zea mays l. ) : cas d'un système de culture en allées dans le centre-sud Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_NDIAYE_M.pdf.
Full textTexier, Michèle. "Régulation des transferts d'azote dans la rhizosphère de plantes non fixatrices d'azote (cas du blé)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20042.
Full textPrin, Yves. "Les surfaces des deux partenaires de la symbiose aulne-frankia : caractérisation et rôle dans les étapes de pré-infection." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11687.
Full textHammad, Yaser. "Interactions Frankia-plante actinorhizienne : réactions de Frankia aux exsudats racinaires d'Alnus glutinosa et rôle hormonal possible du PAA dans l'établissement de la symbiose." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10071.
Full textPladys, Dominique. "Sénescence et protéolyse chez les nodosités de Phaseolus Vulgaris L. : relations avec la fixation d'azote." Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE4296.
Full textDe, Luis Margarit Ana. "Novel and symbiosis-related microRNAs in Lotus japonicus." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6011.
Full textLegumes assimilate N2 through the establishment of Root Nodule Symbiosis (RNS) with bacteria from the genus Rhizobia. Small RNAs are 18-25nt molecules that regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner via a mechanism known as ‘RNA silencing’. Among the different types of smRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional gene regulators that, in plants, play key regulatory roles in plant-microbe interactions. In this context, we chose the model legume Lotus japonicus to assess the contribution of microRNAs to RNS. First, we identified the main RNA silencing effectors in Lotus japonicus, with emphasis on miRNA-related pathways, and generated L. Japonicus transgenic lines expressing the tombusviral silencing suppressor P19, which interferes with miRNA action. We then embarked on a smRNA cloning/sequencing strategy. The pooled sequenced data served as basis for the identification of miRNA genes in Lotus japonicus: 16 conserved and 27 potentially novel miRNA families. Comparative analysis of cloned smRNAs from root and nodules revealed that a discrete number of conserved miRNAs, miR167, miR172, miR390 and miR397, are highly expressed in mature nodules, as opposed to roots. Genetic analysis showed that the accumulation of miR167 and miR172 is Rhizobium-independent, as opposed to miR397. Further genetic studies showed that miR397 induction is also reproduced at the systemic level but dependent on the establishment of a successful N2 fixation, rather than on the infection by Rhizobium per se. Thus, our findings confirm that miRNA are important gene regulators at different stages of the establishment of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Roggy, Jean-Christophe. "Contribution des symbioses fixatrices d'azote à la stabilité de l'écosystème forestier tropical guyanais." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10127.
Full textCorre-Hellou, Guénaëlle. "Acquisition de l'azote dans des associations pois - orge (Pisum sativum L. - Hordeum vulgare L. ) en relation avec le fonctionnement du peuplement." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0030.
Full textCereal-legume intercrops are gaining increasing interest in Europe in low-input systems. Face with the large variability of performance the aim of this works is to increase knowledge on interactions between species especially for nitrogen in pea-barley intercrops. This work reveals the major role of the competition for soil nitrogen between species and its dynamic interactions with N2 fixation, leaf expansion and aerial growth. Competition for soil nitrogen appears little affected by differences in root growth between species but more by differences in nitrogen demand in relation to soil nitrogen availability. This works also provides methodological tools: simple root methods for assessing root growth of associated species and adaptation of a crop simulation model for pea-barley intercrops
Santi, Carole. "Approche moléculaire de la mise en place du nodule actinorhizien chez les arbres tropicaux de la famille des "Casuarinaceae"." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20069.
Full textKurdali, Fawaz. "Interactions entre le milieu et les deux partenaires de la symbiose Alnus - Frankia mises en évidence par l'estimation de l'activité fixatrice de l'azote à l'aide des méthodes 15N." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10084.
Full textCournoyer, Benoît. "L'évolution du pouvoir infectieux chez les symbiotes actinorhiziens du genre Frankia." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10121.
Full textGirgis, Mina. "Caractérisation de souches de Frankia de casuarinacées : appllication à l'amélioration de la fixation d'azote chez Casuarina glauca." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10138.
Full textDomenach, Anne-Marie. "Estimation de la fixation symbiotique chez des plantes herbacées et ligneuses : utilisation et validité de la méthode basée sur la mesure des abondances isotopiques naturelles de l'azote." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10042.
Full textGuldner, Emilie. "Adaptation moléculaire de l'hémoglobine chez les plantes : évolution d'un gène dupliqué impliqué dans une symbiose." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20180.
Full textChaker-Bazarnov, Hossein. "Etude expérimentale in vitro de l'association de bactéries libres diazotrophes (Azospirillum et Azotobacter) et de racines de riz." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F039.
Full textTirichine, Delacour Leïla. "Étude de la spécificité d'hôte pour la nodulation et la fixation de l'azote dans la symbiose Sinorhizobium-Medicago truncatula : identification de nouveaux gènes." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT005A.
Full textGenard, Thaïs. "Potentiel agronomique et environnemental des associations Fabacées-colza." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN2028.
Full textExcessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in intensive agricultural systems has affected the balance of the global N cycle, resulting in negative environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new cultural practices to limit N inputs. This issue is particularly important for winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) which required high N fertilization level due to a low N use efficiency. The use of N fixing legumes (Fabaceae) grown in mixture is known to improve the use of available resources by the companion plants. Legumes can contribute to N nutrition by transfer or N rhizodeposition. The objective of this work was to estimate the impact of legumes as companion plants of oilseed rape at vegetative and reproductive stages to reduce N inputs while maintaining yield rapeseed. A screening of 7 legumes was performed to select 3 species maintaining or improving the growth of rapeseed under low N input: lupine (Lupinus albus L. ), clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. ) and vetch (Vicia sativa L. ). An experiment was performed to evaluate the impact of these 3 species on performances of mixture (biomass, N and S nutrition and biological N fixation) under controlled conditions. The results show that the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere was increased by 34, 140 and 290% in lupine, clover and vetch, respectively. Moreover, clover and lupine maintained the soil N pool. The quantification of N transfer from legumes to rapeseed was performed using the split-root 15N labelling method: lupin and clover had a higher capacity of transfer. The clover-rapeseed intercrop was more particularly studied to evaluate the impact of S fertilizer (30 et 60 kg S. Ha-1) on N and S nutrition of both plants, and yield and grain quality of rapeseed grown in lysimeter under low N input (100 kg N. Ha-1). Overall, the results show that growth and grain quality of rapeseed grown in mixture were similar with monoculture and that a 30 kg S. Ha-1 of fertilization was optimal for maintaining yield of rapeseed in mixture
Guy, Sylvain. "Effet des faibles températures sur la nodulation et la photosynthèse des plantes fixatrices d'azote chez le soja (Glycine max L. Merr. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT013A.
Full textTjahjoleksono, Aris. "Caractérisation et diversité des souches de Rhizobium nodulant le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) cultivé en 3 sites tropicaux." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10152.
Full textGouzou, Laurent. "Devenir d'une population bactérienne inoculée dans la rhizosphère du blé et ses effets sur la plante : Cas de Bacillus Polymyxa." Nancy 1, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1992_0197_GOUZOU.pdf.
Full textFerrières, Lionel. "Isolement et caractérisation de nouvelles cibles de l'activateur transcriptionnel FixJ dans le génome de Sinorhizobium meliloti." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30024.
Full textJourand, Philippe. "Les légumineuses du genre "Crotalaria" : symbiose fixatrice d'azote et activités biologiques contre les nématodes phytoparasites." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20127.
Full textAveline, Anne. "Etude de la variabilité de la fixation biologique de l'azote : impacts sur le rendement du soja (Glycine max L.) cultivé en zone tempéré et en zone tropicale." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10008.
Full textSougoufara, Bassirou. "La fixation de N#2 par les casuarinas : Amélioration par sélection clonale et quantification par différentes méthodes." Nancy 1, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1990_0358_SOUGOUFARA.pdf.
Full textSnoeck, Didier. "Interactions entre végétaux fixateurs d'azote et non fixateurs en culture mixte : cas des Leucaena spp. associées à Coffea arabica L. au Burundi." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10321.
Full textAlazard, Didier. "La nodulation caulinaire dans le genre Aeschynomène." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10080.
Full textLesuffleur, Fabien. "Rhizodéposition à court terme de l'azote et exsudation racinaire des acides aminés par le trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens L. )." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2053.
Full textNitrogen (N) fixing legumes contribute to N soil enrichment through N rhizodeposition (including the ammonium and amino acid root exudation pathway), and to N increase in companion grasses through transfer of deposited N. The objectives of this thesis were to characterize short-term N rhizodeposition in white clover (Trifolium repens L. ) and to study its impact on N transfer to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ), and to characterize root amino acid exudation (selectivity and mechanism). Short-term N rhizodeposition is close to 3 % of N fixed during the 3 days-labelling period. In our conditions, this short-term N rhizodéposition has been relied to N, and notably ammonium, exudation. Simultaneously, 4. 4 % of deposited N is transferred to ryegrass. Plant specie modifies the soil amino acid profile, which is close to the amino acid profile of exudates collected axenically. We show with six different species that amino acid exudation leads to highly contrasted amino acid profiles between roots and exudates (where high proportions of glycine and serine were observed). Amino acid exudation cannot be explained only by a concentration gradient between roots and root bathing solution. Selective exudation of glycine and serine is not due to a tissue partitioning. A method allowing dissociated and simultaneous measurement of both components of root exudation, influx and efflux, was set up. Glycine and serine exudation is explained by high efflux to influx ratios compare to other amino acids. Because of these data, we have questioned the passive aspect of root exudation. The use of inhibitors of active transport indicates that glycine efflux would be dependant on active process
Diagne, Ousmane. "Rhizobium en symbiose avec Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC : caractérisation et interaction avec la microflore antagoniste du sol." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO11764.
Full textFraysse, Nicolas. "Purification et caractérisation d'un lipopolysaccharide bactérien : modification de composés de surface chez Sinorhizobium SP. NGR234 en conditions symbiotiques." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30112.
Full textRiva-Grenouillat, Nathalie. "Synthèse d'analogues bioactifs de facteurs de nodulation des légumineuses." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112237.
Full textThe process of nitrogen fixation by leguminous plants is initiated by the exchange of signal compounds: flavonoids secreted by the plant and nodulation factors (Nod factors) secreted by the bacterium. Nod factors consist in a short chitin oligosaccharidic backbone (typically tetra or pentameric) that is N-acylated at the non-reducing end by a fatty acid. Ln order to understand the role of the structural elements of the bacterial molecule (the nodulation factor) that are involved in the nodulation induction, we have prepared analogs able to trigger the organogenesis in the plant. The focus is on the symbiotic relationship between alfalfa or vetch and their specific rhizobia. The tetrameric backbone was produced by the appropriate E. Coli recombinant cells. The first type of analogs are lipo-chitooligosaccharides in which the fatty-acid is fixed on the sugar via an amine. The sulfated compounds were tested on alfalfa and proved to be still active in nodulation induction, suggesting that there is no cleavage of the fatty-acid during the recognition process. However a decrease of activity seems to prove the influence of the amide group in the recognition process. In a second time, we considered the synthesis of various analogs with modified lipid chains by a method using multi-component reactions such as Passerini and Ugi reactions. Preliminary experiments with glucosamine derivatives are very promising and extrapolation to the tetrameric compounds are in progress
Charron, Dorothée. "La transduction du signal facteur Nod chez la légumineuse modèle Medicago truncatula : de la réponse morphogénétique des poils absorbants à l'expression du gène MtENOD11." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30165.
Full textMedicago truncatula is able to establish a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. The success of this association depends on the recognition by the plant of specific molecules known as Nod factors. Using a pharmacological approach, combined with the pMtENOD11-GUS reporter gene, we have studied in detail the Nod factor signal transduction pathway activated in root hairs, which involves intracellular calcium fluxes, multiple phospholipase activities and protein phosphorylation. In addition, by developing a technique for micro-drop application on root hairs, we provide genetic proof that the apical growth reorientation of root hairs is a specific response directly related to Nod factor perception. We also propose that calcium influxes play an essential role in this apical growth reorientation response
Tallec, Tiphaine. "Effets d'un double gradient azote/soufre sur la structure des communautés végétales de prairies bas-normandes : dynamique de l'acquisition des ressources minérales et des interactions compétitives." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2011.
Full textThe importance of soil S depletion, due to an increased export from plant harvest combined with a decreased atmospheric S deposition, requires to study its impact on the dynamics of grassland communities, under different N supplies. A pluri-scale study was carried out in situ, and in mesocosm consisting of populations or of model communities with 4 dominant species. Before and after defoliation, the relative production, the abundance and the competitiveness of the species were analyzed through their N and S use efficiency using a simultaneous 15N/34S labelling. Their response was conditioned by their physiological ability to mobilize resources, but also to compete for the latter in N-rich soil. A strong co-regulation between N and S metabolisms was highlighted. An increased S availability enhanced production for all scale situations. The S effects on Poaceae appeared only at high N availability, by a stimulation of their soil N use efficiency, optimizing N fertilizer use. Those on clover induced the stimulation (i) of the atmospheric N fixation, even at high N availability, (ii) of its vegetative multiplication and (iii) of N reserves accumulation in stolons. In situ and in community, S input increased the abundance of dominated species and, with high N fertilization, maintained or increased specific diversity. Overall, a rational S input appeared as an important tool for grassland management
Daniere, Cécile. "Symbiose fixatrice d'azote aulne-frankia : essai de caractérisation des individus d'Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae) par les aglycones flavoniques excrétés à la surface des feuilles : rôle de la plante-hôte dans le choix du partenaire microbien." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10108.
Full textLescure, Chantal. "Relation bassin versant-étang : étude quantitative de l'azote inorganique dans les échanges atmosphère-sol-eau." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11740.
Full textBoutekrabt, Saidi Faïrouz. "Nutrition azotée du Robinier (Robinia pseudoacacia L. ) : Variation et intéraction des activités nitrate réductase et nitrogénase." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10278.
Full textBobik, Christine. "Génomique de la fixation de l’azote chez Sinorhizobium meliloti : analyse du régulon FixLJ." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30149.
Full textTransition of Sinorhizobium meliloti from free-living to symbiotic life is associated with an irreversible differentiation into nitrogen fixing bacteroïds. An original transcriptomic approach allowed us to identify new gene candidates to study successive stages of differentiation. Thus, we found about a hundred genes preferentially expressed during late symbiotic stages, among them nif and fix genes essential to nitrogen fixation and regulated by the FixLJ two-component system. We identified and characterised the FixJ regulon and showed that FixJ is a main regulator of both symbiotic and free-living microoxic conditions. FixJ is involved in various biological functions. Among new FixJ targets we found one which is essential to symbiosis
Laplaze, Laurent. "Approche moléculaire de la mise en place de la symbiose actinorhizienne." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20070.
Full textCaffin, Mathieu. "Devenir de la fixation d'azote et export de carbone dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0475/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on the quantification of diazotrophy and its influence on biogeochemical cycles in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, a critically under-sampled region so far. The aim of this work is to (1) quantify N2 fixation and identify the main contributors of diazotrophy in this region, (2) assess the influence of N2 fixation on primary production and carbon export, (3) identify transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen in the planktonic food web.We have found that the western tropical South Pacific Ocean was a hotspot of N2 fixation. In the western part, the oligotrophic waters of the Melanesian archipelago presented high N2 fixation rates and diazotrophes were dominated by Trichodesmium. In the eastern part, the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the South Pacific gyre presented lower N2 fixation rates, and diazotrophs were dominated by UCYN-B.The nitrogen budgets show that N2 fixation contributed to more than 90 % of the of new nitrogen input in the photic layer. The study of the transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen has shown that 7 to 15 % of total N2 fixation was transferred to non-diazotrophs.This PhD thesis indicates that diazotrophy sustains the biological pump in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, and can have a critical influence in the planktonic community structure and in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in oligotrophic regions
Benamar, Saad. "Nutrition azotée d'alnus glutinosa : Variations des activités nitrate réductase et nitrogénase liées à la croissance, à l'alimentation nitrique et à l'activité photosynthétique de la plante." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10115.
Full textDekaezemacker, Julien. "Etude de la fixation d'azote dans les environnements "déficitaires en azote" : Contribution des diazotrophes unicellulaires et contrôle par la disponibilité nutritive." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4098.
Full textThe objectif of these thesis was to study dinitrogen fixation in marine environments rich but deficient of nitrogen (N) compared to phosphorus (P) in a ratio N:P<16, by using complementary approaches in culture in vitro and in the field in situ. The first part of this work was to evaluate the response of nitrogen-fixing unicellular Cyanobacteria Crocosphaera watsonii faced with micromolar concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) supposed to inhibit nitrogen fixation activity : - after sporadic input, or, - after a long period of acclimatization. The results of these studies have failed to observe the inhibition of nitrogen fixation activities of this organism, suggesting that this process could be active in an area of the Ocean with these same biogeochemical characteristics : the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP). Indeed, this area is one of the three largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) of the Ocean, where intense processes of N losses (denitrification and anammox) took place, resulting in a deficit of N compared to P. Studies assumed that the inverse process, gain of N by nitrogen fixation, could be active in the ETSP but no measurements across the basin have been performed because nitrogen fixation was assumed to occur only in oligotrophic environments, such as the subtropical gyres. In the framework of an international project, cruises took place in this area in February 2010 during a El Niño event and in March-April 2011 during a La Niña event. Results of these two cruises have confirmed that nitrogen fixation was unexpectedly active with an intensity comparable to those reported in oligotrophic areas
Keller, Jean. "La symbiose fixatrice d'azote au sein du genre Lupinus : histoire évolutive, aspects fonctionnels et gènes symbiotiques dans un contexte de spécificité hôte-symbiote." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B036.
Full textLegumes-Rhizobia symbiosis is the most important fixing nitrogen source for the good functioning of both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although, it is extensively studied in model legumes, some aspects of this interaction remain unclear, such as the genetic and functional mechanisms controlling the host-symbiont specificity. Large scale studies of this process are scarce and symbiotic genes are not well described in non-model species. In this context, the effect of symbiotic specificity was investigated in phylogenetically close relative species belonging to the Lupinus genus (Fabaceae). First, the reconstruction and analysis of complete chloroplast genomes allowed us to generate new and useful markers for clarifying the Lupinus phylogeny in order to lighten the evolutionary context of the symbiosis. Following a cross-inoculation experiment of three Mediterranean lupine species with two compatible or incompatible Bradyrhizobium strains, a RNA-Seq approach allowed the reconstruction of the first lupine nodulomes and the identification of lupine symbiotic genes. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the symbiotic specificity affects not only the signalling and regulatory symbiotic pathways, but also diverse associated metabolic pathways. Finally, evaluating the evolutionary and functional dynamics of genes highlighted the importance of gene and genome duplication events at different steps of the symbiotic genetic pathway
Fraga-Beddiar, Arifa. "Interactions entre les symbiotes mycorhiziens et les symbiotes fixateurs d'azote chez l'aulne glutineux (alnus glutinosa L. Gaertin)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10335.
Full textVincent, Bryan. "Contribution de la symbiose fixatrice d'azote dans l'adaptation d'une légumineuse à des sols contrastés : le modèle Acacia spirorbis et les contraintes édaphiques extrêmes rencontrées en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG050/document.
Full textAcacia spirorbis is a leguminous tree from New Caledonia naturally found on a wide range of soils (calcareous, ultramafic and volcano-sedimentary) and able to establish symbioses with soil microorganisms, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The contribution of this symbiosis in the plant adaptation to contrasted edaphic environments, sometimes extremes, has been investigated according to i) the nitrogen-fixing potential of A. spirorbis in its natural ecosystems, ii) the characterization of its rhizobia and iii) the plant adaptive response to heavy metals inside its roots tissues, especially in nodules.Therefore, we revealed that the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis provided more than 80% of the plant total nitrogen in natural population naturally occurring on calcareous, ultramafic and volcano-sedimentary soils. This value is top notch among other Acacia species, where A. mangium, A. melanoxylon and A. mucronata presented mean values of 50%, 43% and 58%, respectively. Acacia spirorbis established nitrogen-fixing symbioses with alpha- and bêta-proteobacteria, genus Bradyrhizobium and Paraburkholderia, respectively, thus revealing a wide range of symbiotic partner and a low selectivity. Noteworthy, the taxonomy and phenotypes of these symbionts are structured and adapted to edaphic parameters. Finally, chemical signatures of internal nodules tissues presented similarities with soils chemical properties, thus indicating a potential management of heavy metals inside these tissues.Altogether, these data suggest that the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis might significantly contributes to Acacia spirorbis adaptation towards contrasted soils with strong edaphic conditions as an extreme polymetallic toxicity
Benchemsi-Bekkari, Najoua. "Nutrition azotée du robinier (robinia pseudoacacia l. ) : relations entre métabolisme de l'urée et activités uréase et arginase." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10035.
Full textTan, Sovanna. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de facteurs de transcription associés à la signalisation des cytokinines et impliqués dans la nodulation symbiotique chez Medicago truncatula." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS044.
Full textThe legume-rhizobium interaction requires the infection of plant roots by rhizobia and the initiation of cell divisions in the root cortex. Cytokinins, a class of plant hormones acts trough a phosphotranfert signalling leading to the activation of Type-B Response Regulators(RRBs) which are transcription factors regulating the expression of cytokinins primary response genes. Phylogenetic analyses carried out indifferent legume species genomes showed anexpansion of the RRB genes family associated toan increase in non-canonical RRBs. In Medicago truncatula nodules, MtRRB3 is the most expressed RRB in roots and nodules. MtRRB3 islinked to nodulation as MtRRB3 RNAi silencedplants as well as rrb3 mutants display asignificant decrease of nodule number. Inaddition, the expression of the nodulation related genes Nodulation Signalling Pathway 2(MtNSP2) and Cell Cycle Switch 52A(MtCCS52A) is reduced in response to cytokininsin rrb3 mutants. The expression pattern of apMtRRB3-GUS fusion overlaps with thepMtNSP2-GUS and pMtCCS52A-GUS fusions in roots and nodules. Finally, ChIP-qPCR and protoplast trans-activation experiments showed that MtRRB3 can respectively interacts with and activate MtNSP2 and MtCCS52A promoters. This thesis have thus established molecular mechanisms associated to transcriptional regulations mediated by cytokinins during the legume symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodulation
Guinet, Maé. "Quantification des flux d’azote induits par les cultures de légumineuses et étude de leurs déterminants : comparaison de 10 espèces de légumineuses à graines." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCK011/document.
Full textIn the context of agroecological transition, the reintroduction of legume crops should play a key role in cropping system sustainability by allowing a reduction of nitrogen (N) inputs. But few references are available concerning the agronomical and ecological services provided by a wide range of legume crops, particularly within crops succession scale. Thus, the main objective of our study is to quantify the N fluxes during and after the legume crops taking into account 10 legume crops (peas, lupin, faba bean, soybean...). Our experiment consists in i) quantifying symbiotic N fixation depending on the amount of soil inorganic N, the mineralisation of N present in legume crop residues after soil incorporation and N losses outside of the soil-plant system (leaching, emission of nitrous oxide), ii) identifying plant biological traits associated to N fluxes. Thus, different N fluxes were quantified during a two-year field experiment, i.e. the first year (2014) legume crops were implanted and followed by wheat the second year (14-15) after incorportation of legume residues. This experiment was repeated in 2016-2017.In parallel, plant root traits were characterised during greenhouse hydroponic experiments
Tchichellé, Sogni Viviane. "Production de biomasse et quantification des flux d’azote dans une plantation mixte d’Eucalyptus urophylla x grandis et d’Acacia mangium au Congo." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0115/document.
Full textForest plantations represent 5% of the world forest area but provide more than one third of world wood supply. Sustainability of these systems is based on the long-term maintenance of their fertility without using fertilizers. The introduction of nitrogen (N) fixing species in forest plantations is one of the solutions to take-up this challenge. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of the introduction of Acacia mangium in pure stand of eucalypts on tree growth, biomass production and soil nitrogen dynamics. To achieve this goal, destructive inventories combined with quantification of N fluxes in litter fall and annual monitoring of N mineralization in soil, has been done. They were associated with study of the symbiotic fixation of N and N enrichment in particulate organic matter. The study highlighted a positive effect of acacia on the growth of eucalyptus through a modification of interspecific interactions. Facilitating relationship created by the symbiotic nitrogen fixation has been the source of an increase in the growth of eucalyptus and aboveground net primary production. This increased growth was related to improvement of the nitrogen content of the soil, especially in the coarse fraction of the particulate organic matter. An increase in nitrogen mineralization indicated a much faster soil nitrogen cycling. This work opens perspectives for an ecological intensification of tropical plantation forestry
Maire, Vincent. "Des traits des graminées au fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : une approche de modélisation mécaniste." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725487.
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