Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes fourragères'
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Veilleux, Guillaume. "Effets des conditions de culture et de la fertilisation de plantes fourragères sur leur rendement, leur composition nutritive, et les impacts sur l'équilibre nutritif chez les ruminants." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33067.
Full textDairy production and beef cattle farms form an important agricultural sector. Forage crops used to feed the cattle represent 40% of all the cultivated land in Quebec. Forage quality has an impact on nutritional disorders such as hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia of lactating cows. The influence of climatic, soil, management and fertilization factors on the yield and quality of hay can be described by linear and mixed models (Mitscherlich); this model allows to account for fixed effects that affect all samples in the same way, and random effects, specific to each sample. The final goal is to develop a forage yield response and hypomagnesemia risk model for environmental and management factors. The model relates the yield, the mineral and textural analysis of the plots where the forage crops were grown, the climatic data collected during the tests, such as the degree-days, the accumulation and diversity of the precipitations, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization, and the forage mixture. The factors that most significantly affect forage yields are nitrogen and phosphate fertilization, an increase in degree-days, increased precipitation, a decrease in clay content, and a decrease in the balance [ Legumes
Haugen, Leiv Tore. "Recherches sur les potentialités fourragères du lupin blanc (Lupinus albus L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT011A.
Full textFilion, Bernard. "La déprédation de la grande oie des neiges sur les prairies de plantes fourragères." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26202.pdf.
Full textDuchesne, Isabelle. "L'effet du climat sur les plantes fourragères au Québec: estimation des pertes par la modélisation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26822/26822.pdf.
Full textDuchesne, de Ortiz Isabelle. "L'effet du climat sur les plantes fourragères au Québec : estimation des pertes par la modélisation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22397.
Full textChampagne, Annie. "Potentiel antagoniste des bactéries lactiques épiphytes de plantes fourragères contre le développement des clostridies dans l'ensilage." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24347/24347.pdf.
Full textGréard, Camille. "La détection des variants alléliques comme voie d'amélioration génétique des plantes fourragères : exemple de la luzerne." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2261.
Full textLucerne (Medicago sativa) is an autotetraploid forage legume, whose breeding could beneficiate from allele mining. This strategy is based on the natural diversity and consists in seeking alleles with a potential effect on the phenotype. The interest of this approach was evaluated by studying five genes of agronomic interest: CAD1 and CCoaOMT (digestibility), CONSTANS-like (forage yield), NHX1 (salt tolerance) and WXP1 (drought tolerance). The diversity of these five genes was evaluated by sequencing 387 genotypes of cultivated accessions and 20 genotypes of wild accessions. The results confirmed a bottleneck during lucerne domestication and selection. CONSTANS-like and WXP1 were very variable whereas CAD1, CCoaOMT and NHX1 contained very few variants. Variants with a potential strong impact on the phenotype were identified in conserved parts of protein sequence within the Faboideae. The impact on phenotype was studied for two mutations of the CONSTANS-like gene: constans-634, causing a premature stop codon and constans-4111, located in a conserved region of the gene. Genotypes carrying one to three doses of the mutations (AAAB, AABB and ABBB) were polycrossed in order to obtain offsprings with every allele combination (AAAA, AAAB, AABB, ABBB and BBBB). KASPar markers were developed to determine the mutation doses in offspring progeny. No homozygous genotype was found for constans-634 in the 1505 offspring progeny. This mutation induced a premature flowering of three days for the genotypes carrying three doses of the mutation. The mutation constans-4111 induced an additive effect on stem height and the homozygous genotypes without the variant where on average 11.8 cm shorter than homozygous genotypes carrying three or four doses of the variant. The application of allele mining strategy in plant schemes of heterozygous autotetraploid species was discussed
Moshiri, Homayoun. "Contribution à l'étude de la valeur alimentaire d'une association luzerne-dactyle : influence du stade de récolte et de la technique de conservation." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS010.
Full textPakdee-Patrakorn, Chusak. "Recherches sur les potentialités fourragères du soja (Glycine max. (L. ) Merrill) : en culture pure et en association avec le mai͏̈s." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT012A.
Full textPelletier, Sophie. "Production d'un fourrage adapté aux vaches taries." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23923/23923.pdf.
Full textMigault, Vincent. "Insertion de la morphogenèse racinaire dans L grass, un modèle structure-fonction de graminées fourragères." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2254/document.
Full textA model of the shoot morphogenesis of forage grasses, called L-grass, was developed in previous studies. The aim of this thesis is to propose a method for introducing root morphogenesis in the current model so the effect of telluric resources availability can be taken into account for shaping plant form and functioning.A simulator of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) whole plant, which includes (i) the rules of shoot architecture self-regulation,(ii) the architectural development of the root system, (iii) the coordination processes between shoot and root parts and (iv) a system of allocation of carbon, was developed. The self-adaptable character of the model allows the reproduction of the responses to the intensity of defoliation and the competition for sunlight without the need of any central control. The coupling of the model with a soil model enables to recreate the development of the plant undergoing different scenarios of water supply with no requirement of previously established morphogenetic guidelines.The architectural representation of the root system presents some shortcomings, mainly regarding the need in computing power when simulating plant populations. In order to overcome these limitations, a continuous model of the dynamics of root densities has been also incorporated to simulate plant rooting. The comparison between both models of root systems has shown the undeniable interest of modeling root density, especially for the studies at the vegetation cover level
Leyronas, Christel. "Avancées dans la compréhension des Neotyphodium et Epichloe, clavicipitacées endophytes des graminées fourragères et à gazon : méthodes de lutte." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INAP0001.
Full textRiboulet, Cédric. "Recherche des déterminants biochimiques et moléculaires de la réticulation des parois et de l'ingestibilité du maïs fourrage." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2346.
Full textIckowicz, Alexandre. "Approche dynamique du bilan fourrager appliquée à des formations pastorales du Sahel tchadien." Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120034.
Full textOuld, Ahmed Marouf. "Métabolisme des fructanes au cours du développement et après récolte chez la fléole des prés (Phleum pratense L) : identification et analyse fonctionnelle de deux gènes codant des Fructanes Exo-Hydrolases (FEHs) à activité invertase." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2074.
Full textTimothy (Phleum pratense L. ) is an important grass forage used for pasture, hay, and silage in regions with cool and humid growth season. One of the factors affecting its nutritive value and the silage fermentation process is the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), which are mainly fructans, soluble polymers of fructose. The objectives of this thesis were i) to study fructan metabolism in timothy during the growth to assess the stage of development allowing to obtain maximal fructan contents, taking into account the level of nitrogen fertilization, ii) to study the metabolism of fructans after mowing, during wilting and iii) to identify and characterize plants enzymes involved in fructan breakdown (fructan exohydrolases, FEHs). Harvested tissues (shoot above 5cm) were analyzed at four stages of development (vegetative stage, stem elongation stage, heading and anthesis) and two levels of nitrogen fertilization (0. 375 and 3. 75 mm of NH4NO3), in hydroponic conditions. The metabolism of these sugars was also followed during wilting, for tissues harvested at heading and anthesis. Our results show that the accumulation of fructans was maximal at anthesis. The decrease of NH4NO3 concentration had no effect on fructan accumulation while it caused a strong increase of starch concentration in leaves. These results suggest that the mechanisms of interaction between starch and nitrogen metabolisms on one hand, and fructans and nitrogen metabolisms on the other hand are different. During wilting (under light or darkness, at 20 or 15°C), the contents in soluble sugars were rather stable during the first 24 hours; whereas protein and starch concentrations decreased during the first hours and then remained stable as soon as the dry material content reached 40 %. The sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase (SST) activity, which allows the initiation of fructan synthesis, decreased quickly after mowing while FEH and soluble acid invertase activities remained high during the first hours, indicating the preservation of cellular metabolism at the beginning of wilting. Besides, a cDNA library using timothy’s shoot above 10 cm was built and four new genes coding putatively for FEHs were identified. Two of these genes were expressed in Pichia pastoris to be functionally characterized. These new enzymes (Pp1&6FEH1 and PpFEH-INV) are capable to hydrolyze the β(2-1) and β(2-6) linkages in fructans and also to hydrolyze sucrose. These non specific FEHs, possessing an invertase activity, could be involved in fine regulation of fructan and sucrose contents by contributing to a better balance of carbon flows between the photosynthetically active shoot tissues and the sink tissues at the plant base
Andrieu, Nadine. "Diversité du territoire de l'exploitation d'élevage et sensibilité du système fourrager aux aléas climatiques : étude empirique et modélisation." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INAP0027.
Full textBrassard, Hélène. "Comparaison des teneurs en éléments minéraux et de la balance en cations-anions chez cinq graminées fourragères." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22446/22446.pdf.
Full textThe consumption of forages containing a high proportion of cations by comparison with anions causes the blood alkalinisation of dry dairy cows which in turn decreases the blood Ca availability and increases the susceptibility of dry cows to hypocalcaemia. To prevent milk fever, a clinical symptom of hypocalcaemia, a prepartum ration with a low Dietary Cation-Anion Difference (DCAD) is essential to improve Ca homeostasis. The objectives of this project were to verify the effects of species, cultivars, cut numbers and geographical sites on the DCAD and the mineral concentration of five cool-season grass species grown in Quebec. Concentrations of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl-, S2-, P3-) and the DCAD values were measured in different cultivars of smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and timothy. Timothy distinguishes itself from other grass species because it has low K concentrations and low DCAD values in both spring growth and summer regrowth. The DCAD of timothy varied from 267 to 373 mEq kg-1 DM while that of orchardgrass varied from 367 to 774 mEq kg-1 DM according to cut number and the year of production. Timothy is therefore the best suited cool-season grass species for the production of forages for dry cows while orchardgrass should be avoided in prepartum diets because of the high risk of hypocalcaemia. These results reveal no significant difference in DCAD between cultivars. Furthermore, the small variations in mineral concentration were not sufficient to affect the DCAD. These results show that the effect of the cut number (spring growth and summer regrowth) is insignificant by comparison with the effect of the species. These results also suggest that the combined availability of K and Cl in soil is the main factor responsible for the differences in DCAD of grass forages between geographical sites. Therefore, to produce low DCAD forages in Quebec, Cl fertilisation of timothy grown on soils with low K content should be considered.
Guillard, Valérie. "Characterization and modelling of moisture transfer in composite foods constituted of fresh filling nd cereal-based food : barrier performance of edible films placed at the interface." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20006.
Full textAlboudi, Ahmad. "Contribution à l'étude des contraintes dues au régime d'exploitation et au déficit hydrique sur la dynamique de repousse et la morphologie de différents types de luzerne (Medicago sativa L. )." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20099.
Full textRouached, Aida. "Relations hydriques et métabolisme azoté chez deux légumineuses fourragères Sulla carnosa et Medicago truncatula en condition de déficit hydrique." Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0013.
Full textWater deficit stress causes major economic and ecological problems, such as the significant reduction in plant production, especially in forage species. The effects of drought on biomass production is often associated to a disturbance of the nitrogen metabolism, this element is essential for plant growth and development. Based on physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches we have characterized the response of Sulla carnosa and Medicago truncatula to water deficit stress alone or combined with salt stress, in order to compare drought tolerance of these two species and to identify tolerance traits related to nitrogen metabolism. We studied the effects of water deficit on the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism, such as glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of compatible nitrogenous compounds such as proline (pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthetase P5CS and proline dehydrogenase PDH) were determined, as well as the expression of a nitrate transporter MtNRT1. 3. Our results showed a marked effect of water deficit stress on the biomass production of both species, with a more pronounced effect on the halophytic one ((Sulla carnosa) when compared to Medicago truncatula. An effect of water deficit is also observed on the activity of enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation (GS and GDH). In both species glutamate metabolism was directed towards the synthesis of adaptive metabolites such as proline. Upon rehydration, a partial plant growth re-establishment was observed. Regrowth capacity is a very important for forage plant, since in their natural habitats they are exposed to alternating rainy and dry periods. The additino of salt to water deficit stressed-plants mitigates the deleterious effects of this constraint on growth in the halophytic species S. Carnosa
Léger-Cresson, Nathalie. "Introduction d'une Légumineuse fourragère, (Mucuna aterrima Holl. ), dans la culture du mai͏̈s pluvial à Colima (Mexique)." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20168.
Full textMsika, Bruno. "Modélisation des relations herbe-arbre sous peuplements de Quercus pubescens Willd. Et Pinus austriaca Höss. Dans les Préalpes du Sud : un outil d'aide à la décision en aménagement sylvopastoral." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30075.
Full textGroëll, François. "Influence de la géochimie du calcium sur le pool humique des sols et sur les caractéristiques de la production fourragère : application à l'évaluation du besoin calcique dans les systèmes prairiaux jurassiens." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA2011.
Full textCisse, Sekou Mouhamadou. "Étude de l'appétence des fourrages ligneux et de leur influence sur l'évolution pondérale des ovins au Mali." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26360.
Full textFraslin, Jean-Hervé. "Réseaux locaux de communication, normes sociales et changement technique en agriculture : la question fourragère au pays de l'emmental : études de cas dans trois communes de Haute-Saône." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100035.
Full textThis thesis shows the technical change in agriculture can be analysed as a transformation process of the norms in practice know-hows and ideas steming from the farmers' communicational activity in their local networks. After having recorded the limits of diffusion studies and interpretation of means of adoption of innovations in terms of imitation (the famous "oil stain") which have for a long time inspirad the methods of agricultural development, the author presents a new theoretical model based on the combination of communication networks analysis and norms studies in the two-fold cognitive and relational dimensions. He then uses this model to analyse the relationship between the breeders from three villages of haute-saone where he studies around fifty cases relating to technical changes in the fodder production and in the feeding of dairy cow, under the restraints of particular quality forage imposed by the cheese manufacturing requisites for the label known as "emmental grand cru". This work allows to point out clearly the relationship between the characteristics of breeders' networks (structure, density, openess, disparity,. . . ) And the characteristics of the evolution in the local technical norms systems (stability, flexiblity, diversity,. . . ) It also shows how the technical changes result from a dynamic of positionings which concerns both the norms operational function (through a cognitive process of reinterpretation) and their ritual and symbolic functions (through a relational process implying a modification in the status occupied in the networks), various types of positionning strategies are then identified and analysed confirming that, beyond the classical socioeconomical variables, the position of the actor inside of the network is the main determinant of his potential role. .
Alix, Hugo. "Le sorgho et le millet perlé sucrés comme substituts potentiels au maïs fourrager au Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35021.
Full textSweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sweet pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. BR.) are two drought-resistant annual grasses that are suitable for ethanol production.However, their potential for animals feeding was only observed through the by-product of ethanol industries : the bagasse. The objective of this study was to determine if sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet are sustainable alternatives to corn forage in terms of yield, nutritive value, and ensilability in the Canadian dairy context. Two sweet sorghum hybrids BMR, one sweet pearl millet hybrid, and one forage corn hybrid were compared for two years in five Canadian ecozones. Overall, at the recommended forage corn’s harvesting stage, sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet had equivalent yields than forage corn in three ecozones. In the five ecozones, the average dry matter (DM) of sweet pearl millet (290 g kg-1) was higher than sweet sorghum hybrids (250g kg-1) and lower than corn (330g kg-1). The in vitrodigestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDFd) was higher for sweet sorghum (710 g kg-1 NDF) than forage corn (590g kg-1 NDF), while total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration was similar for sweet sorghum (530g kg-1 DM) and forage corn (550 g kg-1 DM). Across all ecozones, sweet pearl millet had lower TDN concentration and lower NDFd than forage corn. The fermentation process of forage to silage was successfully completed for all hybrids after 90 days in mini laboratory-silos. Sweet sorghum hybrids would represent viable substitutes to forage corn, as long as their DM concentration reaches at least 300 g kg-1 at harvest.
Fanchone, Audrey. "Comparaison de l'ingestion et de la digestion de moutons alimentés à base de fourrage verts : à l'auge et au paturagedu titre." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0233.
Full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate differences in feeding indoor or at pasture and to explain the differences. The starting hypothesises were that feeding differences exist between animals fed indoo and at pasture, when the same forage is offered, the origin of these differences is related to the presentation of the forage to the animals. The methodological studies showed that near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) allow to, predict digestibility (secv = 2. 02 % and r2= 0. 77) and the chemical composition of the forage really ingested. The increase of the number of data in the calibration data set allowed to improve the prediction of digestibility (secv = 1. 75 and r2 = 0. 85). The prediction of digestibility from the fecal nitrogen method did not significantly affect the precision and the parameters of the equation. The use of the nirs and fecal nitrogen equations to predict digestibility of an independent data set allowed precise estimations. The experimental studies showed that digestibility is greater at pasture (65. 0 % indoor vs 67. 0 % at. Pasture, p < 0. 05), 2) due to selection process implemented at pasture, whereas, intake (77. 2 g 1kg bwo. 75 indoor and 64. 64 g 1kg bwo. 75, p < 0. 001) and amount of dry matier digestible intake (50. 13 g 1kg bwo. 75 indoor and 43. 33 g 1kg bwo. 75 at pasture, p < 0. 001) are greater indoor; due to greater prehensibility of forage indoor; that differences of intake and digestibility between indoor and pasture vary according to the quality and the quantity of grass offered
Damar, Hada. "Évaluation de la stabilité du rendement fourrager et de la dynamique du potassium et du phosphore dans un Gleysol humique de l'Est du Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69370.
Full textA stable supply of forages is important to ensure sustainability of the dairy farms in Eastern Canada. In addition to nitrogen, optimal forage growth requires an adequate supply of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), whose availability could be influenced by agricultural practices. The main objective of this thesis was to assess forage yields stability under contrasting management practices, but also to understand how these practices influence K and P dynamics in clayey soils of Eastern Canada. We used along-term experiment established in 1989 in the region of Saguenay Lac St-Jean. This was a fixed barley-forage-forage rotation established on a humic Gleysol under moldboard plow (MP) or chisel (CP) plowing and supplied by mineral (MIN) or organic (liquid dairy manure, LDM) fertilizers. We found that crop yields were more stable cyclically (per three-year cycle) than annually. Yield stability index was reduced by factor of 1.86 ± 0.57 for grains, 1.87 ± 0.24 for straw and 2.00 ± 0.25 for forage using cyclic assessment. The LDM returned higher forage and straw yields than MIN. However, yields were not influenced by the tillage practice. Cumulative K budget averaged −579 kg K ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ with MIN and +69 kg K ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ with LDM. Exchangeable K accumulation in upper soil layers was higher with LDM than MIN. Nevertheless, no significant relationship between cumulative K budget and exchangeable K was observed across cycles. Exchangeable and non-exchangeable K fractions between 2001 and 2016 increased under MIN (deficit K budget), underlying the dynamic equilibrium between soil K forms. For P, cumulative cyclic budget varied from –20 to +150 kg P ha⁻¹ with LDM, and –33 to +3 kg P ha⁻¹ with MIN, while higher reserves of Mehlich-3 P were measured in topsoil (0–15 cm) with MIN than LDM. The negative relationship between cumulative P budget and Mehlich-3 P highlighted the complex mechanisms controlling soil P availability. Soil analysis in 0–15 cm layer showed lower total P with LDM than MIN for two dates (2001 and 2016), and a decline of organic P between 12 and 27 years under LDM probably due to organic P mineralization or loss. Tillage practices had significant effect on soil K and P distribution. Due to the difference in plowing depth between CP (15 cm) and MP (20 cm), the CP led to greater K and P accumulation than MP in the 0−15 cm layer, while the reverse was observed in 15−30 cm layer. The results also indicated that K and P uptakes by plants occurred in the 15−30 cm depth. Overall, this study showed that cyclic yield stability opened up a new perspective for land allocation and forage storage, and underlined the high buffer capacity in K and P of fine-textured soils. With regular monitoring of crops, and soil K and P status, CP and LDM could ensure the sustainability off orage production systems in Eastern Canada. However, the approach relating K and P budget to their available forms to support soil fertility buildup and maintenance appeared to be wrong in this clayey soil. Finally, we suggest to revisit local fertilization strategy of forage legume and grass mixtures in rotation with cereal established on a humic Gleysol in order to include non-exchangeable K content in K fertilizer recommendation and soil clay content in P fertilizer recommendation.
Correra, Aminata. "Dynamique de l'utilisation des ressources fourragères par les dromadaires des pasteurs nomades du Parc national du Banc d'Arguin (Mauritanie)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0021.
Full textThe Banc d’Arguin National Park (PNBA) extends either sides of the twentieth parallel over 180 km of the Mauritanian Atlantic coastline. It boasts an area of 12,000 km2, equally distributed between a marine/coastal and a continental area. Contrary to the maritime part which benefited from considerable research efforts, in particular in halieutics, the continental part never was the subject of thorough studies except for sporadic botanical prospections by eminent researchers like Monod, Lamarche, Spruyte, Hugot, Murat, Zolotarevsky. . . . The continental area belongs to Tasiat, a pastoral mainstay for many centuries. For a long time, it provided one of the main stage for transhumance and nomadism in Mauritania. Up to a recent time, the vegetation of this zone was used regularly for pastoral purposes by camel herds along a north-south / south-north axis. But for several decades and even more since the 70’s and 80’s, the pastoral potential of this territory faded, the wadis disappeared, the well output and their number decreased after regular drought occurring in the PNBA as all over Mauritania. This climatic failure led to unpredictible pasture lands and disusal of a territory much coveted in the past by a majority of the nomadic population and herds using its resources. The nomadic population linked to the Park’s territory adopted a strategy commanded by the new conditions imposed by the drought. This strategy is based on their perfect empirical knowledge of their territory, the behavior of their animals, the vegetation, the grazing areas and the empirical fodder quality of the remaining vegetation, a result of their long experience and patient observations over generations. Based on a multi-disciplinary approach, we attempted to compare the hierarchy of feeding values attributed by the nomads to those values determined by scientific analysis using multivariate statistics (comparison of typological analysis). Results of the analysis show that empirical knowledge only partially corroborates biological reality and that, meanwhile, the typology of species based on chemical analyses translates only imperfectly the hierarchy of feeding values used by camel herders. The actual values certainly depend on the chemical composition of plants but also on the way the camel herders and their animals make use of available resources. This empirical knowledge which integrates the phenologic evolution of the plants (time) and their distribution (space) deserves to be taken into account by the scientists. Combined with the development of specific research, this knowledge could not only add to the scientific data but also constitute the best suited way to sustainably manage a territory weakened by drought thanks to the invaluable help of a skilful “native” population, the nomadic herders
Assoumaya, Caroline. "Etude des facteurs limitant l'ingestibilité chez des petits ruminants valorisant des fourrages tropicaux." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003787.
Full textAdama, Theophilus Zubairu. "Evaluation des différentes végétations pastorales fourragères utilisées par des ovins dans une région steppique du sud de la France : la Crau." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20285.
Full textMesbahi, Geoffrey. "Prédiction de propriétés agroécologiques de prairies permanentes et de leurs compromis : l’exemple du massif vosgien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0086.
Full textIn France, permanent grasslands are associated with agronomic and ecological characteristics: they provide half of overall forage, shelter vegetal and animal species, and store carbon. Increasing our understanding of agroecological characteristic determinants, and the trade-offs between characteristics, could help farmers and advisors to promote high-diversity grasslands, but also a diversity of grasslands. The objectives of this thesis are 1) to predict grassland characteristics using environmental, agricultural practices and vegetation criteria, 2) to predict grassland characteristics using vegetation classifications without information about environment and agricultural practices, 3) to study and predict trade-offs between characteristics at grassland scale, 4) to query knowledge transfer between researchers, farmers and farmer advisors. For this purpose, I built a database of almost 800 permanent grasslands from previous studies. I then selected a representative sample of 59 grasslands for this database over which I conducted field and lab analyses of botanical compositions, yields, forage qualities and soil properties. I also collected information about agricultural practices, climate and topography for each of these grasslands. My results show that botanical compositions are difficult to predict, and are mainly influenced by agricultural intensification, soil and elevation gradients. Prediction of agroecological characteristics show wide variabilities: some agronomical- and ecological- characteristics are predicted well by soil, climate, landscape and botanical composition criteria. However, using only vegetation classifications could not reliably predict ecological characteristics, despite the improvement of prediction quality when combining classifications. Study of trade-offs highlighted the impossibility to combine all the agroecological characteristics for one grassland. However, I observed combinations between yield and botanical diversity, between the different indices of nutritive value, and between patrimonial species and flexibility of management. Finally, several tools can be used to transfer knowledge between scientists, farmers and advisors, but an equilibrium between tools accuracy and ease to use have to be found. This thesis work brings new insights in our understanding of large scale permanent grassland agroecological characteristics and their trade-offs, thanks to the inclusion of many predictive criteria related to environment, agricultural practices and vegetation, but also thanks to the prediction of unknown characteristics. Finally, this thesis addresses the issue of developing polyvalent tools that can be used to predict grassland agroecological characteristics
Rira, Moufida. "Les tanins hydrolysables et condensés : une piste pour la réduction de la production du méthane entérique par les ruminants en mileu tropical Intake, total-tract digestibility and methane emissions of Texel and Blackbelly sheep fed C4 and C3 grasses tested simultaneously in a temperate and a tropical area Ruminal methanogens and bacteria populations in sheep are modified by a tropical environment Potential of tannin-rich plants, Leucaena Leucocephala, Glyricidia sepium and Manihot esculenta, to reduce enteric methane emissions in sheep Potential of tannin-rich plants, Leucaena Leucocephala, Glyricidia sepium and Manihot esculenta, to reduce enteric methane emissions in sheep Potential of tannin-rich plants for modulating rumen microbes and ruminal fermentation in sheep Methanogenic potential of tropical feeds rich in hydrolyzable tannins." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC065.
Full textIn tropical areas, dairy and meat production from ruminants is limited by low availability and poor quality of forages. In addition to this dietary constraint, the emission of enteric methane under these less productive conditions is proportionally larger than under temperate conditions. The aim of this work is i) to compare enteric methane production in tropical and temperate environments, and ii) to promote tropical forages rich in hydrolysable or condensed tannins having anti-methanogenic properties that could reduce the environmental impact without compromising animal productivity. This work includes three separate studies. The first one was an in vivo study aiming to determine the origin of the differences of digestibility, methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem between tropical and temperate countries using as variables: the site of the experiment (tropics or temperate area), the type of forage (grown in the tropics or in temperate areas); and the animal genotype (tropical or temperate). Results showed that differences are mainly due to forages, but with interactions between nature of forages, environment and genotype. The objective of the second study was to determine the effect of plants rich in condensed tannins (leaves of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Manihot esculenta) on methane production, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem. An in vivo trial demonstrated that the inclusion of 40% of these plants as pellets in sheep diet reduced enteric methane without compromising the nutritive value of the diet. An in vitro trial showed that the response to tannins was more due to tannin concentration than to the plant species. In the third study, plants rich in hydrolysable tannins (leaves and pods of Acacia nilotica) or in condensed tannins (leaves of Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp) were studied for their anti-methanogenic properties and their ruminal degradation in an in situ and an in vitro trial. Results suggest that hydrolysable tannins are more suitable than condensed tannins for mitigating methane emission because of a strong reduction in methane production without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation. These results have been partly explained by the fate of the different fractions of condensed tannins (free, protein-bound and fibre-bound) in the rumen. The association of plants rich in hydrolysable tannins with plants rich in condensed tannins failed to produce synergistic effects on methane mitigation. This work showed that enteric methane production by ruminants could be reduced in tropical areas by the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins without compromising digestive processes in the rumen; methane mitigation with condensed tannins may result in a reduction of the extent of fermentation
Da, Silveira Pontes Laise. "Diversité fonctionnelle des graminées prairiales : conséquences pour la productivité et pour la valeur nutritive." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124076.
Full textDa, Silveira Pontes Laise. "Diversité fonctionnelle des graminées prairiales : conséquences pour la productivité et pour la valeur nutritive." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/12/40/76/PDF/these_Laise_Pontes.pdf.
Full textFleury, Philippe. "Le Diagnostic agronomique des végétations prairiales et son utilisation dans la gestion des exploitations agricoles : typologies fondées sur les aptitudes des prairies à remplir des fonctions, méthodes et applications dans les Alpes du Nord." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_FLEURY_P.pdf.
Full textChaibou, Mahamadou. "Productivité zootechnique du désert : Le cas du bassin laitier d'Agadez au Niger." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20017.
Full textBertrand, Georges. "Caractérisation des réponses adaptatives à la contrainte hydrique dans le Sud-Est de l’Amazonie chez trois espèces fourragères cultivées en monoculture et en association : brachiaria brizantha, Leucaena leucocephala et Arachis pintoï." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0066/document.
Full textIn the Eastern Amazon region (Pará, Brazil), smallholder farming significantly contributes to the transformation of the Amazonian rain forest ecosystem into pasture land that typically includes a single species, generally a perennial fodder grass (Poaceae) originating from Africa (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). Such pastures rapidly lose their sustainability and get invaded by weeds. To prevent these effects, two imported perennial fodder species of the Fabaceae family (Arachis pintoï cv. Amarelo and Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) have been mixed with the African grass Brachiaria and the interrelations between B. brizantha and the Fabaceae species have been studied. In this unique ecophysiological study, plant parameters, such as gas exchange and plant water potential have been correlated with soil parameters, such as soil water content. The final goal was to assess the impact of the Fabaceae plants on pasture tolerance to water deficit. The experimental setting included five treatments applied to 100 m2 fenced plots to keep cattle away. Treatments corresponded to various combinations between the grass and the two Fabaceae species. Three biological repeats were set up for each treatment for statistical significance and in order to account for soil structure variability. In monospecific plots, B. brizantha exhibited stomatal conductance values higher than those expected from typical C4 species whereas net CO2 assimilation rates were normal. A. pintoï and L. leucocephala had usual stomatal conductance values for field-cultivated C3 plants. In response to drought, a general adjustment in stomatal conductance was observed 30 days into the dry season (i.e. without rain), suggesting that the plants limited transpiration rates according to the progressive decrease in soil water content. This strategy allowed them to maintain photosynthetic activities and to supply photosynthates to their tissues while limiting rises in temperatures. Upon exhaustion of soil water cotent, decreases in leaf water potentials were observed and plants escaped drought by reducing their leaf area and by abruptly closing their stomata. Brachiaria’s responses to drought were similar in mixed and monospecific plots regarding stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate or real-time water efficiency. However, when grown in mixed plots with A. pintoï, Brachiaria’s leaf water potential decreased rapidly after the onset of drought, due to the competition for water. In a A. pintoï ! Brachiaria plot, Brachiaria had a negative impact on A. pintoï photosynthetic activities and biomass production, even though the latter was considered as a shade plant species. On the other hand, Brachiaria metabolic activities were reduced in L. leucocephala ! Brachiaria combinations, due to the interception of light supply by L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala avoided water deficit by reducing leaf area. The resulting increase in light intensity reaching the lower strata, toward the end of the dry season weakened the shortest plants and limited fodder production. In conclusion, we propose that farmers implement pasture sustainability by developing crop mixing, using fodder species adapted to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, our results show that several crop combinations represent viable solutions to the perpetuation of new pastures. Each fodder species presents specific drought adaptation features. Combining them could be beneficial if pastoral pressure was allowed to develop according to the plants tolerance level. Improvements in fodder production and diversity could extend the life-span of smallholder settlements and as a result slow down deforestation
Barnouin, Jacques. "Approche écopathologique de la composante nutritionnelle des troubles de santé chez la vache laitière : des facteurs de risque aux mécanismes de la pathogénicité." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20095.
Full textSalah, Nizar. "Alimentation de caprins, ovins et bovins viande dans les régions chaudes. "Evaluation des besoins énergétiques et protéiques des animaux et réponses animales à l’alimentation. Evaluation du système d’unité d’alimentation INRA à prédire la valeur des ressources fourragères"." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0011/document.
Full textThe overall aim of the thesis project was to generate knowledge to contribute to the development of good feeding practices for sheep goats and cattle in warm regions. The methodology used in this project crossed meta-analysis to an experimental approach. The maintenance energy requirements of goats, sheep and cattle in warm regions are higher than those of ruminants in temperate regions. These differences were partly attributed to the capacity of livestock genotypes of these regions to mobilize a fraction of the nutrients ingested for unproductive functions adaptation to stress and the energy cost of ingestion and digestion of more fibrous diets. The estimation for the energy requirements for production was the same order of magnitude as the genotypes of temperate regions. Our estimates of protein requirements for maintenance and production show that they are higher with tropical genotypes compared to temperate genotypes.The hierarchy of needs between species varies with their modes of expression (expression of metabolic weight).The energy and protein supply unit system of INRA, based on a mechanistic approach to the use of feed, potentially leads to a good assessment of food resources. However, some factors must be revised to reflect the specific composition of forage resources in warm regions
Dureau, Romain. "Gestion collective d’un risque ravageur pour améliorer la résilience des systèmes fourragers. Modélisation bioéconomique de la gestion des pullulations de campagnols terrestres." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD009.
Full textSince the 1970s, some territories located in middle mountain areas and strongly specialized in grass-based breeding have been undergoing intense and frequent outbreaks of a small rodent causing damages to meadows: the vole (Arvicola terrestris scherman). Every 5 to 10 years, depending on local landscape, fodder production of exposed meadows can be reduced by 50% on average, which can disrupt fodder systems and cause important economic losses. Despite the direct and indirect control methods which are currently available, the collective dimension of risk management along with the associated costs noticeably reduce breeders’ intervention. Beyond the efficiency of control methods, we propose analyzing the failure of collective action regarding institutions and incentives set up to increase breeders’ involvement in the collective action to control voles’ outbreaks. Our goal is to determine relevant management strategies to create the conditions for a greater involvement of breeders in voles’ control. Our methodology relies on three series of qualitative interviews with breeders and institutional actors as well as on a modelling approach of fodder systems facing multiple risks (serious game) and incentives to collective action (multiagent modeling). We show that the costs of collective action (direct costs, opportunity costs, transaction costs) are an important element to explain the under-investment of breeders. Nevertheless, we argue we should also investigate more globally the lack of collective action as a lack of coordination. New institutionalism and social capital theory are interesting entry points to analyze this paradoxical state of latent group, as defined by Olson (1965). We propose defining collective action as an iceberg whose emerged part (formal structures: institutions, contracts, subventions, costs) couldn’t exist without a consistent immerged part (informal structures or social capital: knowledge, sharing, trust, networks, information). Our study leads to public policy recommendations aiming at increasing efficiency of existing institutions
Costera, Pastor Adrián. "Transfert des polluants organiques persistants (POP) du fourrage vers le lait chez le ruminant." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL028N/document.
Full textRuminant is exposed to POPs deposited on grasslands. This thesis study the transfer of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs from fodder and soil to milk. PHE, PYR and B[a]P contaminated grass was incubated in the rumen of cows in order to determine the in sacco disappearance of PAHs, cuticular n-alkanes and DM. The 3 PAHs disappeared (83%) in the 1st hour of incubation while the cuticular n-alkanes and DM disappearance was slower. The transfer of PAHs from grass and soil towards milk has been studied in vivo in goats. The transfer to milk of native PAHs is minimal whatever the matrix ingested. The transfer of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from contaminated hay to milk has been also studied. The CORs of PCBs varied from 5% to 90% and for PCDD/Fs from 1% to 40%. The risk of human exposure via milk could become meanly with PCDD/Fs an PCBs. The current safety threshold values in milk as well as toxicity of 1-OH-PYR must be reviewed
Léauthaud-Harnett, Crystèle. "De l'influence des crues sur les services écosystémiques des prairies inondables : Application à la production fourragère dans le delta du fleuve Tana, au Kenya." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20001/document.
Full textWetlands are a vital resource for many pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa as they provide dry-season grazing zones. As floods are essential for wetland ecosystems, the assessment of water abstraction and hydroelectric infrastructure on downstream flooding dynamics is crucial. Yet, scarce data, environmental variability and the lack of models make this challenging. This research contributes to quantifying the influence of changing water resources on fodder pro- duction of floodplain grasslands in the Tana River Delta, Kenya. 1/ Growth characteristics of floodplain grasslands of Echinochloa stagnina (Retz) P. Beauv. for different flood and manage- ment options were determined and a quantification of their productivity achieved. This kind of data is scarce for floodplain grasslands. A plant growth model adapted to tropical floodplain conditions and perennial C4 grasses was developed, and is the first known physiologically based model for floodplain grasslands. 2/ Hydrological processes of ecological importance (flood extent, timing, duration, frequency) were characterized in a poorly gauged basin using a water-balance model combined with remote-sensing techniques, despite precise knowledge of discharge rates, topography and a high cloud cover. 3/ A preliminary analysis explored different flooding scenarios and their impact on fodder production through the use of simple ecosystem service indicators. This PhD contributes to the repertoire of wetland ecosystem ser- vices by building biophysically based simulation models and exploring possible scenarios in a region of the world and an ecosystem where these type of evaluations are rare
Zaka, Serge. "Caractérisation et modélisation des réponses à la température de la luzerne et de la fétuque élevée pour des variétés d'origines contrastées. Application au modèle STICS." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2262/document.
Full textDue to climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise with marked impacts on crop growth. However, extreme temperature's impacts on perennial herbaceous species have received much less attention to date than other crops and aren’t currently implemented in grassland models. Yet, grassland models have a major role to play in defining adaptation options to global warming’s impacts on agriculture. In this context, our aims were to characterise the responses to temperature of two major perennial forage species over a large range of growth temperature and to improve the temperature response formalisms in the STICS model. First, experiment conducted in growth chambers indicated that the responses of normalized developmental rates did not differ between genotypes from contrasting thermal areas (Mediterranean/temperate) within each species. On the other hand, the responses to temperature of normalised rates differed significantly between several of the physiological processes studied; in particular stem elongation rate differed from other developmental rates in alfalfa. Irrespective of cultivar origin, a remarkable acclimation of photosynthesis to growth temperature was observed. Mediterranean genotypes displayed a greater sensitivity of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation to elevated temperatures. Modifications of temperature formalism in the STICS crop model (implementation of nonlinear response, hourly/daily step of response) had a significant impact on thermal time accumulation and crop development for future climate scenarios. However, due to larger effects of water stress and to saturation of radiation interception, impacts on projections of grassland dry matter production were limited. This result suggests that grassland production could be less exposed to thermal stress than annual crops
Bertolami, Miguel Angel. "Structures paysagères, production et dégradation des steppes de Patagonie argentine, Département d'Escalante, Province de Chubut." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20032.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the primary production and degradation of the landscape units in the Escalante Department of Chubut Province in the Argentine Patagonia. The sheep grassing has be the most important element in the population development processes at regional level along the XXth century and also the causes of the desertification processes in the arid natural landscapes. In the southeast area of Chubut Province, with a strong rain gradient are delimitated landscape units, from the climatic; geomorphological; topographics and phytogeographical characteristics. In these units the primary production and degradation levels are evaluated, to the field measures and the LANDSAT 5 and 7 data. The results confirm the higher level of carrying capacity in the eastern units, but in some cases the floristic composition is most important than the simple biomass measures. In relation to environmental degradation, the western units are high values than the eastern ones; with the exception the edaphic conditionated units in the east. The vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) of the remote sensings products of 1986, 1997 and 2001, with strong climatic differences, are an moderate correlation to the primary production and environmental degradation. By other hands, the use of NDVI to delimitation the primary production in the most degradated soils is very complex and the floristic composition indetected in the satellital data, take an important place in the primary productivity evaluation. The analysis of these results shows the satellital imagery importance to asses and monitoring arid environment and also the fragility of predictions in ecosystems with high level of climatical interannual variability
Criscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066574.pdf.
Full textCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
Michaud, Audrey. "Evaluation des services fourragers et environnementaux des prairies permanentes à partir de la végétation, du milieu et des pratiques de gestion." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL039N/document.
Full textThe contribution of permanent grasslands (PG) to agronomic and environmental services is important. However, their low level of subsidies, a lack of knowledge about their management and a disinterest of these surfaces in favour of more productive forage production have accelerated their downturn. The upgrade of these surfaces in forage systems in particular by studying services of PG is an important issue. In this context, the objective of our study was to identify pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors and characteristics of the vegetation relevant to predict these services. Our approach was based on different steps: i) identification and characterization of forage and environmental services relevant to the PG, ii) identification of aptitude criteria (herbage quality, amount of nectar available ...) which allow to assess the degree of achievement of the services, iii) prediction of values for each criterion of aptitude from characteristics of vegetation (botanical and functional composition) and iv) building links between characteristics of vegetation and pedoclimatic (temperature, soil moisture) and management practices (fertilization, date of first cut) descriptors. From the literature survey, expertise and farm surveys we selected the forage and environmental services, the criteria of aptitude, the characteristics of vegetation and pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors. In total, four environmental services and 11 feed services were studied, taking into account the 12 characteristics of the vegetation (botanical composition (presence and dominance of species) and functional composition (life traits and properties of species)), 15 pedoclimatic descriptors (temperature, soil moisture ...) and 19 management practices descriptors (fertilization, intensity of use of grassland...). The study of a national network of 190 grasslands allowed us to show that botanical and functional composition are non-redundant and influenced by different pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors. The functional composition is influenced by pedoclimatic and management practices descriptors while the botanical composition, which uses a larger number of descriptors, is mainly predicted by pedoclimatic descriptors. The model predictions are better for the botanical composition than for the functional composition. The study of this network and of an experiment in control conditions allowed us to evaluate the quality of prediction of criteria of aptitude for forage services from the functional composition (functional types (FT), proportion of grasses, legumes and forbs, middle stage and dry matter content) of the vegetation. The study in a common environment of three grasslands contrasted on FT composition confirms on the whole growth season the differences in quality and production of grassland that are linked to the FT composition. In contrast, at the scale of the national grassland network, FT composition alone is not sufficient to predict the observed differences in production and quality. Other characteristics of vegetation such as the proportion of legumes and forbs, as well as the mean stage of vegetation or the dry matter content also contribute to explain the differences in production and quality between grasslands. Finally, a multicriteria approach allowed us to build an evaluation method of forage and environmental services from the criteria of aptitude.Thus, this thesis work allowed the development of a method to predict the forage and environmental services provided by permanent grasslands from the knowledge of pedoclimatic characteristics, management practices and of simple vegetation criteria
Pellet, Gilles. "Phytoécologie, phytosociologie et potentialités fourragères des pelouses d'altitude en Oisans (Alpes françaises) : application à la vallée du Chazelet (la Grave, Hautes-Alpes)." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10126.
Full textCriscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066574/document.
Full textCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
Juárez, Reyes Arturo Saul. "Étude de la digestibilité des pâturages naturels sahéliens sénégalais par la méthode de la pepsine-cellulase." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066229.
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