Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes ligneuses'
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Ravolanirina, Florine. "L'endomycorhization VA des plantes ligneuses (vigne, pommier et poirier) micropropagées." Dijon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990DIJOS030.
Full textKairé, Maguette (1962. "La production ligneuse des jachères et son utilisation par l'homme au Sénégal." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11066.
Full textProsperi, Juliana. "Biologie du développement des hémi-épiphytes ligneux." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20240.
Full textTrépanier, Martin. "Effets des champignons endomycorhiziens sur le bouturage et la croissance de plantes ligneuses ornementales." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq26288.pdf.
Full textNader, Souhel. "Contribution à l'étude structurale des phytocénoses ligneuses méditerranéennes : aspects écologiques et biochimiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30013.
Full textDelaire, Mickaël. "Variations de la capacité d'absorption minérale par les racines du jeune Acer pseudoplatanus, L. (Acéracées) consécutives à l'histoire nutritionnelle récente et ancienne de la plante : Application à la culture hors sol des végétaux ligneux." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0015.
Full text“Is it necessary to fertilize continuously ornamentals woody plants leading in containers or can we achieve the same plant with fractional mineral supply?” This assumes that roots could develop a short term capacitive functioning. This hypothesis was tested in young Acer pseudoplatanus. After its botanical description, its development and root mineral uptake were studied. NO3 and K are the main elements absorbed. Their both uptakes are strongly coupled but differently following the seasons. In absence of aerial system, roots can absorb nitrate with strong variations following the old and recent nutritional story of plant. The hypothesis was finally tested with an agronomic approach. The results show that a weekly fertilizer supply does not induce any change in aerial development compared to a daily supply if the cumulated fertilizer quantities supplied each week are preserved. The integration at the whole plant scale of the short term roots capacitive functioning is discussed
Paolini, Virginie. "Effets des tanins condensés sur le parasitisme par les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez la chèvre." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0524.
Full textThe first objective of the study was to examine, on goats, in controlled conditions, the effects of condensed tannins (CT) on established parasite populations and on the establishment of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Teladorsagia. Circumcincta and Haemonchus contortus. The main result on the established populations was a decrease in egg excretion associated with a dimininution of the fecundity of the female worms. In the second case, the CT provoked a reduction of the implantation of the worms. These studies have permitted to show differences of effects of CT according to the parasite species and the parasitic stages. An in vitro study was realized in order to screen the effects of three woody plants rich in CT: hazel tree, oak and brambles, usually consumed by goats on the model nematodes. The effects of sainfoin were also tested, a forage plant, in order to have a comparison with others leguminous forages. The infective larvae and the adult worms were affected by the plant extracts. Two applied researchs were performed in order to examine the consequences of ingestion of dry sainfoin by naturally infected goats. Egg excretion was decreased in the two cases. In the second study, the fertility of the female worms and the number of intestinal parasites were decreased. A better resilience was also observed in the sainfoin group
Hily, Jean-Michel. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance virale d'une plante ligneuse transgénique." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21199.
Full textThe stability of resistance to Plum pox virus under field conditions has been demonstrated in the transgenic C5 plum (Prunus domestica L). This particular clone, transformed with the PPV-CP gene, is immune to aphid inoculation with PPV and still displays PTGS hallmarks with hypermethylation of the PPV-CP sequence and no detectable transgene expression. To better characterize RNA silencing in woody perennial crops, hallmarks of PTGS were investigated C5 clone constitutively produced both short (22 nt) and long (25-27 nt) siRNA species from embryo to mature plant. Following this concept of gene silencing-based virus resistance, constructions using RNA interference technology were engineered. This technology of dsRNA through expression of a self-complementary hairpin structure will interfere with the virus at the RNA level. Two transgenic clones containing an ihpRNA construct were obtained. Preliminary results of PPV infection under containment conditions indicated immunity to virus inoculation, confirming the potential use of RNA interference technology in tree breeding
Keller, Roland. "Les familles des dicotylédones ligneuses tropicales et leur identification à l'aide d'une clef fondée sur les seuls caractères végétatifs." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20081.
Full textGonzalez, Maya. "Diversité des plantes ligneuses de fragments forestiers dans les côteaux de Gascogne : importance des facteurs locaux et du contexte paysager." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30103.
Full textThe woody plants of the forest fragments in agricultural zone partly condition the presence and the diversity of other forest organisms. This work is centred on the study of the diversity of woody species and its determinants on three levels of organization: the wood, the stand and the micro-site of regeneration. On the level of wood, the richness of woody species is mainly related to the surface of wood. Late-successionnal species are sensitive to the distance to wood sources. At stand level, the richness and the composition are connected to the soil quality and the exposure. On the level of regeneration micro-site, the identity of the reproducers and the distance to the edge determine the diversity of woody species under cover. The found relations are improved by using regroupings of species based on their life history traits. The diversities found on these three scales are dependent on the successionnal state of the stands
De, Grandcourt Agnès. "Acquisition et utilisation du phosphore par les plantules ligneuses forestières associées à des endomycorhizes : comparaison de deux espèces de forêt tropicale humide de Guyane française et impact du niveau d'éclairement." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10036.
Full textPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth. In tropical rainforest, P is thought to be a limiting factor for primary production. Plant can establish mycorrhiza, symbiosis between fungus (bringing nutrient) and plant (bringing carbon (C)). The first objective of this work was to study the dependency (P acquisition) and sensitivity (growth) of Dicorynia guianensis and Eperua falcata (two Ceasalpiniaceae) to mycorrhiza. At seedling stage, both species were dependant but only D. Guianensis was sensitive. Both species stocked P in case of elevated soil P rates. The second objective was to study competition for C between plant and fungus for D. Guianensis. At high irradiance, mycorhization increased P acquisition and growth. At low irradiance, fungi colonised roots but were unable to absorb P. At this irradiance, mycorhization did not improved C acquisition and had a negative effect on plant growth
Grosfils, Matthieu. "Les espèces ligneuses plantées à Paris depuis les travaux d'Haussmann : nomenclature et origine géographique. Etude des plantations d'alignement du IIe arrondissement." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P169.
Full textDomenach, Anne-Marie. "Estimation de la fixation symbiotique chez des plantes herbacées et ligneuses : utilisation et validité de la méthode basée sur la mesure des abondances isotopiques naturelles de l'azote." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10042.
Full textRodrigues, Stéphane. "Dynamique sédimentaire et végétation : évolution de chenaux fluviatiles en Loire moyenne (France)." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4016.
Full textHydrological and sedimentological investigations were carried out on a vegetated secondary channel of the Loire River (Bréhémont, France). Sediment dynamics is important in the upstream part of the channel while an asymmetrical behaviour is noted in the downstream part : sediment by-passing in the bare areas contrasts with particle retention in the vegetated parts. Locally, flow velocities, directions and sediment deposition are influenced by vegetation. Models of evolution are discussed. During moderate floods, reduced redistributions indicate poor sedimentary supply from the mean channel. During intense floods (1) high quantities of sediments delivered by the mean channel allows the feeding of riffles and bars, (2) vegetation bands influence flow velocities and directions. Deposition and retention of sediment are induced by these bands while erosion is important in their periphery. Accretion in the vegetated areas exerts a feedback control on flow and sediment transport
Leclerc, Juliette. "Les espèces ligneuses plantées à Paris depuis les travaux d'Haussmann : nomenclature et origine géographique, étude des plantations d'alignement du XIè arrondissement." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P223.
Full textCisse, Sekou Mouhamadou. "Étude de l'appétence des fourrages ligneux et de leur influence sur l'évolution pondérale des ovins au Mali." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26360.
Full textHamidou, Boubacar. "Relations herbe-arbre en conditions pâturées : influence du recouvrement arboré dans des taillis de chêne pubescent (Quercus pubescens Willd.)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20287.
Full textGonzalez, Herrera Mailyn Adriana. "Etude de la diversité spécifique et phylogénétique de communautés de plantes ligneuses en forêt tropicale : apport des séquences ADN dans l'identification des espèces et l'étude des communautés." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/682/.
Full textThis dissertation is anchored in the global need for understanding mechanisms underlying plant diversity, as well as the need to develop technical tools that allow one to study diversity. The studies included in this dissertation were conducted at the sites of Nouragues & Paracou in the rainforest in French Guiana. One of the goals was to test the reliability of DNA barcoding as a tool in tropical plant species identification. DNA barcoding performance was tested for seven plastid markers and one nuclear marker over more than 250 angiosperm species. DNA markers correctly delimit species in about 70% of cases. Despite this imperfect success, DNA barcoding was useful to identify juveniles stages, provided an aid to identification at the herbarium, and reveal potential cryptic species. One major goal of this dissertation was to examine ecological mechanisms that drive species assembly beyond the regeneration phase, integrating for this purpose molecular information. This was done by comparing phylogenetic and species diversity patterns of saplings and trees. I found no changes in species or phylogenetic richness across sapling and tree assemblages. However, rare species were favored across these size classes, increasing species evenness at the tree layer. These results, indicates that negative density-dependence is driving species sorting from sapling to tree assemblages. Elucidation of this mechanism highlights the importance of ecological processes beyond the regeneration phase in the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical tree communities
Domenach, Anne-Marie. "Estimation de la fixation symbiotique chez des plantes herbacées et ligneuses utilisation et validité de la méthode basée sur la mesure des abondances isotopiques naturelles de l'azote /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376046000.
Full textSteelandt, Stéphanie. "Disponibilité et exploitation des ressources ligneuses par les Paléoesquimaux et les Inuit sur la côte ouest du Nunavik (Québec, Canada)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25743.
Full textLes bois flottés actuels et ressources ligneuses archéologiques trouvés sur la côte ouest du Nunavik ont été étudiés afin de documenter leurs cararctéristiques, méthodes de collecte, exploitations et origines. Au total, 1572 bois flottés provenant des plages d’Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak et Umiujaq ont été examinés. Ces bois étaient moins nombreux, de plus petites tailles et plus dégradés dans les aires les plus au nord. Huit taxons ont été identifiés sous microscope. L’épinette était majoritaire, suivie du saule, du mélèze, du peuplier et de l’aulne. Le cèdre blanc, le bouleau blanc et le sapin baumier étaient également présents mais extrêmement rares. La composition de 293 bois archéologiques, 550 charbons et 11 artéfacts ligneux provenant de 11 sites archéologiques dans les quatre zones d’études n’était guère différente. Des charbons de pin rouge ou pin sylvestre et de châtaignier ont été découverts dans un site archéologique à Ivujivik mais étaient probablement importés. De plus, de nombreux charbons d’éricacées probablement locaux ainsi que du chêne ont été trouvés dans les sites archéologiques aux alentours d’Umiujaq. La présence du cèdre blanc et du bouleau blanc dans les amas de bois flottés actuels et archéologiques témoigne d’une origine des bois au sud et sud-est de la Baie de James. Ce résultat est également appuyé par les études comparatives et interdatations des largeurs moyennes de cernes de croissance. Des entrevues avec 27 Aînés dans les quatre villages révèlent que : le vocabulaire du bois était plus diversifié dans les villages les plus méridionaux; les arbustes étaient coupés en automne et utilisés pour la confection de matelas ou pour le feu; les plus gros bois étaient prioritairement utilisés pour la construction des bateaux, des kayaks et traîneaux; à Ivujivik, les bois flottés étaient principalement collectés l’été par bateau autour des îles alors que plus au sud, les gros bois étaient collectés ou coupés l’hiver puis rapportés par traîneaux à chiens. Finalement, des expérimentations visant à différencier chimiquement un bois flotté d’un bois non flotté pour en déduire le mode de collecte des gros bois archéologiques, ont montré un plus fort enrichissement en sodium dans les bois immergés. Des analyses en composantes principales (ACP), basées sur les concentrations relatives des cations, montrent que les bois immergés et secs peuvent être séparés en deux groupes. La complémentarité de ces recherches xylologiques, anthracologiques, radiométriques, dendrochronologiques, sociales et chimiques sur les ressources ligneuses au Nunavik apporte des connaissances précieuses et inédites sur cette matière première fondamentale dans la vie quotidienne des Inuit et de leurs ancêtres.
Modern driftwood and archaeological wood found on the west coast of Nunavik were studied in order to document its characteristics, methods of collection, uses and origins. In total, 1572 driftwood samples from beaches around Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak and Umiujaq were examined. Driftwood in the more northern areas was less frequent, smaller in size and more degraded. Eight taxa were identified under a microscope. Spruce was the most abundant, followed by willow, larch, poplar and alder. White cedar, white birch and balsam fir were extremely rare. The composition of the 293 wood samples, 550 charcoals and 11 wooden artifacts from 11 archaeological sites located within the four study areas was similar to the driftwood composition. Charcoals of red pine, Scots pine and chestnut were found at an archeological site in Ivujivik, but these were probably imported. In addition, many local ericaceous charcoals and an oak sample were found at archaeological sites around Umiujaq. The presence of white cedar and white birch in both modern and archaeological wood samples indicated that the wood originated from the south and southeast of James Bay. This conclusion is supported by comparative studies and cross-dating of the average growth rings. Interviews with 27 elders from the four villages revealed that: the wood vocabulary was more diversified in the southern villages; shrubs were cut in autumn and used for making mattresses or as fuel; the larger driftwood pieces were primarily used for the construction of boats, kayaks or sleds; in Ivujivik, driftwood was mainly collected in the summer by boat from around the islands whereas further south, the large wood pieces were collected or cut in winter and carried by dogsled. Finally, experiments to chemically differentiate immersed wood from dry wood in order to deduce the harvesting method of the large archaeological wood specimens, showed a stronger enrichment in sodium in the submerged woods. Principal component analyses (PCA), which are based on the relative concentrations of cations, allowed us to divide the immersed and dry samples into two groups. Principal component analyses (PCA), based on the relative concentrations of cations, reveal that the immersed and dry samples can be separated into two groups. The complementarity of these xylological, anthracological, radiometric, dendrochronological, social and chemical studies on wood resources in Nunavik provides invaluable and original knowledge concerning this essential raw material in the daily life of the Inuit and their ancestors.
Olioso, Albert. "Simulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse d'un couvert végétal, dans le but de relier la transpiration et la photosynthèse aux mesures de réflectance et de température de surface." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20109.
Full textGrebenshchykova, Zhanna. "Optimisation de la filière de filtres plantés pour l'épuration d'eaux usées municipales en climat continental nordique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IMTA0189.
Full textA treatment wetland (TW) system represents a promising solution for wastewater treatment for small-scale communities and allows meeting the discharge criteria in many countries with a temperate or tropical climate. In Quebec province (Canada), almost 49% of municipalities are small-scale communities (< 1000 people-equivalent (PE)) with nonexistent or partial equipment of sewage facilities. This situation demonstrates a serious need of alternative solutions of wastewater treatment. However, the most interesting systems as a vertical flow TW can’t be used as such in cold climate, and so need to be adapted. Therefore this manuscript proposes an innovative study allowing an implementation of a TW solution appropriate to specific features of a cold continental climate. In this thesis research the compact version of a vertical flow TWs was studied through three principal axes: 1) a study focused on an overall functioning taken in account a treatment performances, 2) a thermal properties study focused on a winter-period and 3) a study of woody species using on TWs. This research validates a proposed TW design forcold climate application highlighting a high level of treatment performances as well as a great frost resistance of filtering bed. It was confirmed that woody species is an appropriate solution for this kind of treatment system
Jacquet, Christophe. "Biosécurité de la lutte par transgénose contre la sharka : obtention de plantes herbacées et ligneuses contenant des séquences modifiées du gène codant pour la capside du plum pox virus : étude des mécanismes de résistance et contrôle des risques biologiques." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28472.
Full textYehiya, Abdou. "Cartographie des couverts forestiers à partir des photographies aériennes et des données satellitaires LandSat et SPOT dans une zone test du Mali (forêt classée du Sousan) en vue de l'identification et du suivi des formations ligneuses." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20132.
Full textCarreras, Alexis. "Caractérisations biochimique et microscopique du piège extracellulaire de racine et des exsudats racinaires de trois essences ligneuses sahéliennes : balanites aegyptiaca D., Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana S., et tamarindus indica L." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR017.
Full textThe root cap is primordial for seedling growth and supports root apical meristem integrity. The root cap releases root border cells (RBCs) that surround the root tip and ensure seedling protection against numerous stresses. RBCs and their associated mucilage form the root extracellular trap (RET). Here, RET and root exudate characterization of three Sahelian woody seedlings are performed. In contrast to B. aegyptiaca and A. raddiana which thrive in semi-arid areas, T. indica is more sensitive to drought. B. aegyptiaca, A. raddiana and T. indica seedlings were sub-cultured in vitro. RBC morphologies and RET organization were determined using microscopic approaches. The polysaccharide composition and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) content were determined by biochemical approaches in the RET and the root exudates. Moreover, the effect of root exudates on the growth of Azospirillum brasilense a plant benefical bacteria has been performed. While B. aegyptiaca produces only border cell (BC) type, the two Fabaceae seedlings release both BCs and border-like cells (BLCs). BCs are enclosed in a dense mucilage enriched in cell wall polymers. Compared to T. indica, RET and root exudates of B. aegyptiaca and A. raddiana include more abundant AGPs. In this context, AGPs could contribute to woody seedling survival. This work opens new research perspectives regarding involvement of RET in plant survival to aridity
Delerue, Florian. "Dynamique de population d'une légumineuse du sous-bois de la forêt landaise (Ulex europaeus) dans le cadre de la sylviculture du pin maritime : proposition d'un modèle conceptuel." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00873385.
Full textKawas, Mohyidine. "Influence de l'intensité du pâturage sur la végétation ligneuse dans deux régions méditerranéennes humides : comparaison d'une région du Sud de la France et d'une région du Nord-Ouest de la Syrie." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20043.
Full textJiagho, Evaliste Rémi. "Flore et végétation ligneuse à la périphérie du Parc National de Waza (Cameroun) : Dynamiques et implications pour une meilleure gestion." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA3001/document.
Full textEnvironmental restoration development facilities require knowledge of biodiversity (especially of vegetation. In addition, conservation remains a major challenge, hence the need to find new solutions. The current study aims at analyzing the dynamics of flora and timber trees surrounding the Waza National Park and consolidating lessons to improve conservation and sustainable management of timber resources. The methodology used is a combination of botanical and geographical approaches. Three landscape units characterize the WNP and its peripheral zone: savanna grassland, shrub savanna and wooded savanna. Flora and vegetation characteristics are different in the three landscape units. Floristic inventory identified 52 woody species. The mean absolute density of the whole zone is 81 individuals / ha. This density decreases with a decreasing gradient, from outside the park to inside. This gradient depends on the human pressure gradient which also decreases from the external to the internal park area, except when the gradient is reversed by certain factors such as cattle intrusion. The vertical structure shows that the least represented stems are stems for future planting and regeneration stems, with a very large difference from other stems. Regarding temporal dynamics, there is a regression of woody/timber vegetation cover. Each year, 478 ha of this cover disappear and 319 ha of soil degrade. To cope with the observed changes that are of anthropic, natural, bioecological or politico-institutional origin, management options have been proposed among which: zoning, implementation of a REDD + project, restoration land degraded, participatory management and eco-development
Joffre, Richard. "Contraintes du milieu et réponses de la végétation herbacée dans les dehesas de la Sierra Norte (Andalousie, Espagne)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20284.
Full textCeschia, Eric. "Effets environnementaux sur les variations spatiales et saisonnières de la respiration ligneuse chez le hêtre et l'épicéa." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112349.
Full textThis thesis discusses the environmental and biological factors controlling stem respiration in beech and Norway spruce trees. The results are based on field experiments in France and Sweden in 1997-2000. Effects of fertilization and high atmospheric [CO2] on stem growth and respiration were studied. Woody respiration varied with seasonal changes in temperature and secondary growth. Spatial variation in respiration was explained by temperature gradients, uneven distribution of living cells, differences in diameter increment along the axis and variations in tissue vitality. Higher respiration rates usually were found in the upper stem or in the crown. Neglect of spatial variation in respiration led to errors in estimating annual aboveground woody respiration (Rag) of 30-110%. Rag represented 30% of annual respiration in the beech forest. Rag was 245-289 g C m-2a-1 in beech, 64 and 134 g C m-2 a-1 in control and fertilized stands of Norway spruce, respectively. Carbon use efficiency was 0. 58, 0. 71, and 0. 72 for beech trees, control and fertilized spruce trees, respectively. Growth respiration represented ca. 40% of total stem respiration. The wood construction cost (rG) was on average 0. 2 and 0. 16 g C respired g-1 C fixed in the new wood of beech and spruce trees. For both species, rG was higher in the crown than at breast height. Fertilization increased rG in spruce, but maintenance respiration (RM) was not affected. High [CO2] had little effect on rG in spruce and none in beech. [CO2] had no effect on Rm when fertilization was applied but Rm increased by a factor of 2. 5 for spruce in absence of fertilization. A change in wood composition of trees grown in high [CO2] without fertilization, apparently caused the increase in rG and Rm. In perspective of global warming, Rag would increase by 25% and 14% in young beech and Norway spruce forests, respectively, and the combined effect of high [C02] and global, warming would increase Rag by a factor of 2. 3 in spruce stands
Schuehmacher, Laurent. "Les espèces ligneuses plantées à Paris depuis les travaux d'Haussmann : nomenclature et origine géographique, étude des plantations d'alignement du 10e arrondt." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P144.
Full textBoutekrabt, Saidi Faïrouz. "Nutrition azotée du Robinier (Robinia pseudoacacia L. ) : Variation et intéraction des activités nitrate réductase et nitrogénase." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10278.
Full textLei, Jiyu. "Étude expérimentale des systèmes symbiotiques mycorhiziens de quelques essences ligneuses : Application pratique à la mycorhization de vitroplants." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10043.
Full textJinagool, Wanploy. "Variabilité génétique de la tolérance à la sécheresse d'arbres d'intérêts agronomiques : rôle de la vulnérabilité à la cavitation du xylème." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22575/document.
Full textIn a context of climatic changes, drought stress and water management are regarded as one of the most important constraints for agricultural sector. Thus the selection for drought tolerance became a main objective for many breeding programs. Vulnerability to cavitation is considered a trait of interest for the selection for extreme drought stress, especially for woody species. However, the extent of its variability and its relation to drought tolerance are poorly documented on intraspecific level, particularly for cultivated species. In this study the genetic variability of vulnerability to cavitation was studied on three different experimental devices with three trees of agronomic interest that are threatened by the risk of drought: walnut, rubber and apple trees. Low or no variation in xylem vulnerability to cavitation was found in the studied species and between two species of walnuts despite differences previously reported features. These results suggested a canalization of cavitation resistance on critical organs (branches and stems). In apple tree, the rootstock was suspected to cause the narrow resistance to cavitation on the scion. On the contrary, differences on other traits in response to drought stress such as stomatal regulation, leaf shedding or vulnerability to cavitation on petiole were found. Therefore, vulnerability to cavitation of critical organs was not a relevant parameter for the selection of drought tolerance and breeding programs on the species studied did not appear to affect this parameter
El, Debbagh Nabil. "Analyse de la diversité de processus de développement racinaire chez les Prunus : aptitude au bouturage et réponses à la contrainte hydrique." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0676/document.
Full textIn breeding programs of Prunus rootstocks the aim is to use the existing genetic variabilitywithin Prunus species in order to create new rootstock genotypes with excellent agronomic traits, andimproved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Exploitation of the genetic variability is based on the evaluation of phenotypic variation amongindividuals within genetic collections for desirable traits. This make possible to select specificgenotypes to improve a given trait.This study consists of two parts; we explored the genetic diversity within the genus Prunusregarding two important characteristics: rooting ability of hardwood cuttings and responses of somerootstocks to water stress.In the first part, rooting ability of hardwood cuttings was evaluated among 222 genotypespreserved in genetic collection. The results show considerable variability among the sub genusAmygdalus, Prunophora, and also an interspecific variability within each of them. Rooting ability byhardwood cutting was significantly improved in interspecific hybrids if one parent belongs to Pcerasifera species.In the second part of this study we studied the responses of nine genotypes, commonly usedrootstocks, to water stress. We applied three treatments: control, water stress and recovering.Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity through all stages of the experiment for the controlplants. On the contrary we stopped watering during 14 days for the stressed plants, and then we rewateredthe recovered plants for 10 days.During this experience, we performed morphological and physiological measurements on the aboveground parts of plants and we excavated plants at the end of each phase to observe root systemmodifications.Aboveground parts of plant responded to water stress by a significant decrease in net photosynthesis,total transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf expansion.Root system responded to water stress by several modifications:Four genotypes (GF305, Montclar, GF677 and Myrobolan) showed a significant increase in root toshoot ratio under drought conditions. We also detected morphological modifications on the differenttraits of root architecture in response to water stress.The length of the apical unbranched zone LAUZ and the apical diameter were decreased forall genotypes, consequently, roots became finer and reduced their rate of elongation. Fine rootsenhance the surface of contact between roots and soil which in turn improve the acquisition of waterunder drought condition.The inter-branch distance also responded, and it tended to decrease under the water stress treatment.The decrease in inter-branch distance can be explained by a production of more lateral roots in deeplayers, where water was more available, moreover these new laterals roots were also finer.Qualitatively, a common response to water stress was observed on the different traits of the rootsystem architecture, but we showed a genotypic effect determining the level of the response
Grellier, Brigitte. "Approche biotechnologique des mycorhizes : culture in vitro et physiologie des associations ectomycorhiziennes." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605677t.
Full textBekkaoui, Faouzi. "Microbouturage in vitro et culture de méristèmes de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) : problèmes liés à l’âge et au milieu de culture." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066383.
Full textBissonnette, Laurence. "Efficacité d'espèces ligneuses en symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire pour la phytoremédiation d'un site urbain contaminé." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8122.
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