Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes – Parasites – Lutte contre'
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Pichard, Brigitte. "Bacillus polymyxa, inhibiteur de parasites microbiens du chou-fleur." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2018.
Full textMennerat, Adèle. "L'apport de plantes aromatiques au nid par la Mésange bleue : quels avantages évolutifs ?" Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20044.
Full textDelahaye, Marie-Louise. "Structure et biosynthèse des polysaccharides chez "plasmopara viticola", parasite strict de la vigne." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0384.
Full textRuellet, Thierry. "Infestation des coquilles d'huîtres Crassostrea gigas par les polydores en Basse-Normandie : recommandations et mise au point d'un traitement pour réduire cette nuisance." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2015.
Full textLacroix, Damien. "Constituants chimiques et activités antiparasitaires de trois plantes de la médecine traditionnelle ougandaise (Région de Kibale) : Markhamia lutea, Teclea nobilis et Citropsis articulata." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0015.
Full textWithin the framework of a Makerere University (Uganda)/ CNRS/ MNHN cooperative research programme aiming to investigate medicinal plants in the Kibale area, a field ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Kiohima village in order to bring to the fore the plants with anti-malarial potential. The investigation led to more than 250 selected plants from which 28 were collected and identified. From an in vitro biological screening three plants were selected for their growth inhibition activity of Plasmodium falciparum: a Bignoniaceae, Markhamia lutea, and two Rutaceae, Teclea nobilis and Citropsis articulate. They were then submitted to complete phytochemical studies. From the leaves of M. Lutea, used by Kiohima villagers against malaria, were isolated fifteen compounds, ten of which being new cycloartane triterpenes. One of them (musambin B) showed a strong in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity (CE50 de 1,9 μg/ml). From the fruits of T. Nobilis were isolated five furoquinoline alkaloids among them a new one. Finally, the root barks of C. Articulata, which are used locally as an aphrodisiac, were shown to have a strong antiplasmodial activity. From their EtOAc extract, structurally diversified compounds were isolated, among them one novel coumarin together with two known one’s, a limonoïd, three alkaloids with strong antiplasmodial activity among which a new quinolone and two previously described acridones and also four new cycloheptapeptides composed of L-amino acids, three of which enclosed an arginine residue in their sequences, a basic residue which is unusual in plant cyclopeptides. Their sequences were determined from mass and 2D-NMR spectral data and their solution conformation discussed
Marboutie, Georges. "Contribution à l'étude de l'oïdium du pêcher dans la moyenne vallée du Rhône : morphologie, cytologie et biologie de Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lév., var. persicae Wor. Méthodologie de lutte contre la maladie." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO19063.
Full textAli-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textMangin-Peyrard, Madeleine. "Effets de deux nouveaux fongicides à groupement triazole, le bromuconazole et le RPA 400727 sur quelques parasites foliaires des céréales : étude histologique et ultrastructurale." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10209.
Full textCoquillaud, Marie-Sylvie. "La sortie de la diapause reproductrice des femelles de Bruchus Affinis Frolich (Coleoptera Bruchidae) : approche physiologique et comportementale en relation avec ses plantes hotes Lathyrus Sylvestris et Lathyrus Latifolius (Leguminosae : Papilionaceae)." Pau, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PAUU3015.
Full textMichalakis, Ioannis. "Evolution des systèmes plantes hôtes - insectes parasites : approche théorique et expérimentale." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20008.
Full textGaudin, Elodie. "Le sainfoin déshydraté - un modèle de nutricament dans la lutte contre les nématodes parasites des petits ruminants." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0042.
Full textGastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent a major threat for grazing ruminants. The traditional mode of control of these parasites mainly relied on the use of synthetic anthelmintics (AHs). However, the repeated use of these molecules has led to resistance against all AH drugs in worm populations of small ruminants. Alternative solutions are needed. Among those, the use of plants that contain plant secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins (CTs), has been studied for the last 20 years. These CT-containing resources, such as sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) have AH properties and beneficial effects on health and also interesting nutritional values; hence they correspond to the definition of nutraceuticals. Recently, an organization has developed to produce dehydrated pellets of sainfoin. The advantages of such pellets are 1/ to grow sainfoin in the best agronomic conditions; 2/ to better standardize the product; 3/ to evaluate the pellet before use and to facilitate exportation. The general aim of this thesis was to optimize the use of sainfoin pellets in farm conditions. Our first objective was to characterize the CT content and AH properties of sainfoin pellets. For industrial purposes, simple, low cost and repeatable methods to evaluate the CT content and the AH activity are requested in order to rapidly qualify the pellets. The CT content was evaluated by biochemical measurements of total phenols and tannins (Folin-Ciocalteu). This was completed by the measure of the complexation of tannins with proteins (Radial Diffusion) and by development of prediction calibrations using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS). The AH evaluation was performed on samples before and after dehydration, using the Larval Exsheathment Inhibition Assay. Calculations of correlations between the different methods showed significant links between the quantity of CT and the AH activity, and the possible use of NIRS to measure the CT content and the AH activity of pellets and forages. The second objective aimed at defining the optimal conditions to use sainfoin pellets on farm, to improve the AH activity. We aimed at analyzing, in experimental conditions, 1) how the combination of 2 factors, namely the CT concentration in feed and the length of distribution, influence the AH efficacy of sainfoin pellets on intestinal and abomasal L3 larvae or adult worms; 2) whether or not the combined use of sainfoin with a chemical AH (oral ivermectine) is beneficial. Results showed that a minimum CT content in sainfoin and a minimum length of distribution of 15 days are mandatory to alter the adult worm and L3 larvae biology of nematodes, particularly the Trichostrongylus colubriformis fertility and the number of Haemonchus contortus. Moreover, the combined use of AH and sainfoin consumption should be avoided because of negative interactions. The last axis aimed at studying the behavior of sheep and goats in relation to sainfoin pellets and their ability to change the feeding behavior according to their parasitic status (self-medication ability). The objective was to verify the following hypotheses: due to their lower resistance against parasites and their higher propensity to eat CTs, goats will eat more sainfoin than sheep, parasitized animals will prefer sainfoin and this preference will increase overtime. The results showed that two of our hypothesis were verified in a cafeteria study: 1) goats preferred sainfoin while sheep preferred alfalfa and 2) the sainfoin consumption increased overtime for infected animals, without being higher than nonparasitized ones. However, nor goat, nor parasitized animals, showed a higher motivation in the operant-conditioning trial to feed on CT rich resources. All the present results showed the interest to exploit sainfoin pellets in farms, as one alternative to AHs molecules in order to limit the development of resistances to these drugs in GIN populations
Baranes, Nadine. "Contrôle de la bilharziose ou schistosomose par les plantes à activité molluscide : exemple de Swartzia madagascariensis DESV." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P148.
Full textMartin, Thibaud. "La résistance aux insecticides de Heliccoverpa armigera (Hübner) en Afrique de l'Ouest : du mécanisme à la gestions." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30087.
Full textBuduca, Cécile. "Etude du comportement alimentaire de "Peregrinus Mai͏̈dis (Ashmead, 1890)" par électropénétrographie, en relation avec la résistance à la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20053.
Full textIraqi, Housseini Abdel Ilah. "Recherches sur la lutte biologique contre fomes lignosus (K1. ) Bres. , parasite de l'hevea, par utilisation de champignons antagonistes." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10087.
Full textLang-Combescot, Catherine. "Etude de l'activité reproductrice d'un ectoparasitoi͏̈de solitaire, Dinarmus basalis (Rondani, 1877) (Hym. :Pteromalidae) et de ses relations avec son hôte, Callosobruchus maculatus (F. 1775) (Col. :Bruchidae)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20136.
Full textDenoyes-Rothan, Béatrice. "Etude des relations hôte-pathogène chez le couple Fragaria x ananassa et Colletotrichum spp." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28496.
Full textMondy, Nathalie. "Etude du mutualisme entre un champignon phytopathogène Botrytis Cinerea et un ravageur de la vigne Lobesia Botrana : recherche de nouvelles méthodes de lutte." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR20616.
Full textHernandez-Mendoza, José Luis. "Ecopathologie et dégâts de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep. Noctuidae) en culture de mai͏̈s au Mexique (Etat de Colima) : possibilité de lutte à l'aide de la bactérie entomopathogène Bacillus thuringiensis." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20179.
Full textManga, Bella. "Etude de la diversité de "Colletotrichum kahawae" responsable de l'anthracnose des baies et caractérisation de la résistance du caféier Arabica à cet agent pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20088.
Full textArmand, Eric. "Dynamique des populations de Psylla pyri (L. ) (Homoptera-Psyllidae) en verger de poiriers dans la région d'Avignon : étude du cortège de ses parasitoi͏̈des et relations avec l'environnement." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20040.
Full textSafraoui, Adil. "Synthèse et mécanisme d'hydrolyse d'une série de phénylcarbazates : évaluation des activités phytotoxiques et fongitoxiques." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT037G.
Full textLIU, ZHI-QIAN. "Contribution a la lutte contre les angiospermes parasites : recherche de methodes de lutte chimique selective contre la cuscute dans les cultures de legumineuses." Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT2022.
Full textAlaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Full textNguyen, Van Chung. "Diversité génétique du nématode vecteur Xiphinema index sur vigne et application pour optimiser la stratégie de résistance." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4079/document.
Full textThe ban of most nematicides renders urgent control alternatives against plant-parasitic nematodes and breeding for resistant plant varieties is promising. In vineyards, the nematode Xiphinema index has a high economical impact by transmitting Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the main virus of ‘Court-noué’ disease and the first grapevine viral disease worldwide. Resistant rootstocks are being selected in grapevine, using Muscadinia rotundifolia (muscadine) as a resistance source to the vector, in order to arrest or delay GFLV transmission. In this crop, a previous study had shown that this meiotic parthenogenetic nematode is able to reproduce sexually (rarely) in the field. A preliminary phylogenetic work had allowed to reveal the predominant diversity groups and to select representative populations for the creation of single-female lines. Resistance durability is a real challenge that must consider the key information of the nematode diversity. In this context, the PhD project first completed and deepened our phylogeographical approach using an extended geographic coverage of the worldwide nematode distribution. Our results allow proposing strong hypotheses to locate the native area of X. index in the Middle-East and trace its dissemination routes from the Antiquity. They also highlight the close link since this epoch between dissemination of the nematode and domesticated grapevine by man. The second part of the PhD project has then evaluated the durability of muscadine-derived rootstock material in greenhouse (non viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 3 to 6 years) and field (viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 16 years) conditions. In the greenhouse, F1 and BC1 resistant accessions, previously obtained from both in vitro and hardwood-cutting propagation, were inoculated with 4 mixed representative X. index lines, traceable each with microsatellite markers. We showed that nematodes from plants obtained from in vitro progressively overcame the resistance while the material obtained from cuttings displayed a durable resistance. Nematode progressive multiplication in resistant accessions obtained only from in vitro removes a priori the hypothesis of a nematode genetic adaptation and appears linked to a different architecture of the root system in this propagation type. This type may have induced discrete but durable physiological changes in apical root tissues from where nematodes feed. Nematode microsatellite genotyping allowed detecting a low but increasing rate of hybrid individuals from 4 to 6 years, which confirms data from the vineyard. As the hybrid occurrence appears independent from the propagation type and the resistance status of the plant, our data discard hybridization as the mode of adaptation of the nematode underlying resistance breakdown from in vitro plants. In field conditions, after 16 years, nematodes were almost undetectable on the resistant BC1 accession, also almost unaffected by the viral attacks, while higher numbers were detected on a susceptible control accession, whose plants were by contrast in high majority dead or poorly vigorous. Taken all together, our results show that the muscadine-derived resistance strategy appears durable. This strategy focused on vector control will significantly contribute to reduce the impact of GFLV transmitted by X. index
Grenier, Simon. "Biologie et physiologie des relations hôtes-parasitoïdes chez 3 tachinaires (Diptera, Tachinidae) d'intérêt agronomique : développement en milieux artificiels : lutte biologique." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10004.
Full textGounifio, Pierre. "Bio-morphologie de Commelina benghalensis L. Pour une meilleure approche d'une lutte raisonnée." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20070.
Full textKirk, Alan Alastair. "Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Full textHamraoui, Abdelaziz. "Adaptation d'Acanthoscelides obtectus say (coléoptère-bruchidae) bruche du haricot (phaseolus vulgaris L. ) à des légumineuses originellement non hôtes et protection végétale induite par des plantes et extraits aromatiques et leurs dérivés allèlochimiques." Pau, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PAUU3013.
Full textCaron, Daniel. "Épidémiologie de la rouille brune du blé (Puccinia recondita f. Sp. Tritici) dans le Sud-Ouest de la France." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT011A.
Full textSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae cav. ) : stratégie et applications." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT025A.
Full textMasih, Emmanuel Isaac. "Lutte biologique contre Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise de la vigne." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS049.
Full textGrey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of the grapevine. The intensive use of the chemical products to irradicate the grey mould disease resulted in environmental pollution, and appearence of the resistant varieties of the pathogen. This study of research showed the antagonism between the B. Cinerea and the bacteria and yeast, and the different isolates of the genus Pythium. The selected antagonistic microbes to Botrytis cinerea, were identified using morphological as well as genetical tools and the study of their mode of action was initiated. The enzymatic activities and the elicitation capability were also studied. These activities have a direct relationship with the trigerring of the natural defence mechanisms of the grapevine. In the following context, the use of the selected micorobes as biocontrol agents can be undertaken for the effective control of Botrytis cinerea
Mille, Bruno. "La rhynchosporiose de l'orge à Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) DAVIS : élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte, importance relative des différentes sources d'inoculum." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112110.
Full textNew cultural practices against barley scald disease were proposed and some epidemiological characteristics of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) Davis, especially importance of seeds, assessed both directly showing its presence and indirectly by field trials. The first analysis method, a "classical" one, associated barley seeds disinfection with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and bactericidal and fungicidal solution, before placing them on the elective ("barley") and selective medium (terramycine + iprodione + procymidone + 2,4 D). But the experiments were not adequatly successful. The second method, immunofluorescence, allowed routine analysis of seeds samples. Moreover, a higher specificity of immunsera was obtained by complex immunization procedures including different antigenic forms. The chemical treatments of seeds and sprayings of fungicides on the soil that were tested allowed estimation of the comparative importance of "seeds" and "soil" inoculum. They also demonstrated that such applications can be useful as cultural techniques. Lastly, varietal mixtures can be used as a strategy to limit disease spreading in the crop
Babi, Adnan. "Bioécologie de Trichogramma Cacoeciae Marchal et T. Daumalae Dugats et Voegele (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) : utilisation en lutte biologique contre Lobesia Botrana Den. et Schief. (Lef. Tortricidae)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30032.
Full textTachapattaworakul, Thunwadee. "Optimisation de la culture et de la traçabilité de la culture de Trichoderma atroviride destiné à la lutte biologique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20076.
Full textCacas, Jean-Luc. "Rôle des lipoxygénases et des lipides acyles-hydrolases de type patatine dans l'exécution du processus de mort cellulaire hypersensible chez les plantes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22010.
Full textBendahmane, Boubekeur Seddik. "Contribution à la lutte chimique contre drechslera teres (Sacc. ) shoem. , agent de l'helminthosporiose de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT010A.
Full textKazic, Dusan. "Plantes animées. De la production aux relations avec les plantes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA027.
Full textThis thesis deals with animated relationships between peasants and their plants in French fields. For some, plants are sentient and intelligent beings, for others they are working beings, accompanying beings, game beings, suffering beings. Some peasants speak to their plants, others weave loving relationships, and let their plants teach them how to cultivate them in the fields. In describing these relationships, the thesis shows that, thanks to the sensitive relations that these peasants weave with their plants, they animate them by leaving naturalist epistemologies aside. By taking these words seriously, literally, the thesis defends the hypothesis that, in order to prevent the agricultural world from becoming ruins, we must no longer seek to "produce differently", but we must break with the paradigm of production to anchor peasants and their plants in co-evolutionary relationships. By plunging into the history of modernity, that is to say by revisiting the conflict between the peasant world on one side and the modern world on the other, with the arrival of the physiocrats among the French intellectual and policy-making bodies, this thesis shows that the concept of production is based on a universalist and naturalized approach that has been imposed without any empirical basis in the agricultural world and in the modern world more widely
Tirilly, Yves. "L'hyperparasitisme du Hansfordia pulvinata envers le Fulvia fulva et les perspectives de lutte intégrée contre la cladosporiose de la tomate." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2036.
Full textMousques, Adeline. "Mise en évidence d'une nouvelle substance antifongique produite par une souche de Pseudomonas cepacia isolée du sol : action sur Botrytis Cinerea." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20446.
Full textRondeau, Sabrina. "Lutte biologique contre le parasite apicole Varroa destructor à l'aide de l'acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36553.
Full textEn se nourrissant de l’hémolymphe et des corps gras de l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) et en lui transmettant de nombreux virus, l’acarien parasite Varroa destructor (Acari : varroidae) constitue la principale cause de mortalité des colonies d’abeilles. Les traitements chimiques présentement utilisés pour lutter contre le varroa comportent plusieurs désavantages, tels que le développement de résistance de l’acarien aux acaricides de synthèse et une toxicité variable pour l’abeille. Via l’utilisation d’ennemis naturels du parasite, la lutte biologique pourrait représenter une avenue durable et sécuritaire pour la santé des colonies. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de tester l’efficacité de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari : Lealapidae) comme moyen de lutte biologique contre le varroa. Une étude du comportement alimentaire du prédateur a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer le risque de prédation du couvain d’abeille (oeufs, larves et pupes) par S. scimitus, ainsi que son potentiel de prédation envers les varroas phorétiques (se trouvant sur le corps des abeilles adultes). Des essais in vivo ont ensuite permis d’évaluer l’efficacité de deux doses d’introduction du prédateur (6 250 ou 12 500 acariens/colonie) à contrôler les populations de varroa dans les colonies d’abeilles en septembre (en comparaison avec l’acaricide biologique Thymovar®) et en novembre (en comparaison avec l’acide oxalique). Bien que S. scimitus soit capable de s’alimenter sur tous les stades de développement de l’abeille en laboratoire, nos résultats suggèrent que le prédateur ne représente pas une menace pour le couvain lorsqu’il est introduit dans la colonie. Par contre, nos résultats démontrent que le prédateur n’est pas en mesure de contrôler les populations de varroas dans les colonies d’abeilles sous les conditions testées, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il est introduit à l’automne selon la dose actuellement recommandée par certains distributeurs. Cette inefficacité est probablement liée à l’incapacité du prédateur à s’attaquer aux varroas phorétiques.
By feeding on the hemolymph and fat bodies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and transmitting many viruses, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: varroidae) is considered as the main cause of honey bee colony losses. The use of chemicals in varroa control shows many disadvantages, such as the development of mite resistance to synthetic acaricides and a variable toxicity for bees. Through the use of natural enemies, the biological control of varroa mites could represent a sustainable and safe avenue for colony health. The main objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Lealapidae) as a means of biological control against varroa mites. A study of the predator’s feeding behaviour was first performed to evaluate the risk of predation of bee brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) by S. scimitus, as well as its predation potential upon phoretic varroa mites (varroa parasitizing adult bees). In vivo trials were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of two predator introduction rates (6,250 or 12,500 mites / colony) to control varroa populations in honey bee colonies in September (compared to the organic acaricide Thymovar®) and in November (compared to oxalic acid). Although S. scimitus is able to feed on all bee developmental stages in the laboratory, our results suggest that the predator does not pose a threat to the bee brood when introduced into the colony. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that the predator is not able to control varroa populations in bee colonies under the tested conditions, that is, when it is introduced in fall according to the rate currently recommended by some biocontrol suppliers. This ineffectiveness is probably related to the inability of the predator to attack phoretic varroa mites.
Ben, Lalli Ameziane. "Étude et modélisation de la désinfestation de la datte : analyse du couplage entre transferts thermiques et mortalité des insectes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20013.
Full textDate fruits are subject to major attacks by insect pests. Fumigation with toxic gases is the classic and effective response to insect infestation, but it is neither environmentally friendly nor compatible with organic date certification. Alternative forms of disinfestation by thermal processes are therefore considered. The present work aims to develop experimental and modelling approaches to evaluate the impact of heat transfer (convection and electromagnetic waves) on the disinfestation of dates, while limiting browning. To achieve this, a breeding population of insects (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) was established and a database of survival rate of eggs and larvae between 46 °C and 75 °C constructed. The two kinetic models selected (first order for eggs and a Weibull distribution for larvae) accurately describe insect survival according to their thermal history. In parallel, a 2D axis-symmetric numerical model of energy transfer was designed and solved by the finite element method (Comsol). It takes into account the various parts of a date fruit (pulp, air layer and pit) and the position of an insect in the fruit. The dielectric properties of insects and date fruit were measured and used in the model in order to simulate the coupling between the energy transfer, the survival rate of larvae located in the air layer (between pulp and pit), that of eggs on the date surface, and their interactions during heating and cooling. Achieving a low survival rate of larvae is the limiting factor for disinfestation by convection, whereas in contrast, the survival rate of eggs becomes the limiting factor for treatment by electromagnetic waves. Due to their high specific surface area, the eggs do not become hot enough to die during microwave treatment (915 MHz) at an electric field . Disinfestation by microwaves is therefore only of interest if associated simultaneously or sequentially with a surface treatment using a hot fluid (air, liquid, vapour). In contrast, an intense convective transfer (with liquid) used alone may lead to unacceptable surface browning. A microwave treatment (1 290 V m-1) associated with moderate ventilation (20 W m-2 K-1) with hot air (60 °C) for 180 s achieves an insect survival rate of 0.01% while limiting surface browning. However, this combined operation is only effective if the water content of dates is homogeneous. Indeed, the dielectric loss factor of date pulp depends strongly on water content
Hoffman, Gérard. "Contribution à l'étude des phanérogames parasites du Burkina Faso et du Mali : quelques aspects de leur écologie, biologie et techniques de lutte." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30083.
Full textRiffaud, Christine. "La bactériose du melon : écologie et stratégies de lutte contre Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10017.
Full textGouzerh, Guillaume. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de glycérolipases de type "patatine" induites lors de la réaction d'hypersensibilité chez le tabac : Recherche de leur implication dans la biosynthèse d'oxylipines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13022.
Full textThe release of fatty acids from membrane lipids is at the origin of the biosynthesis of an array of signals and antimicrobial derivatives in plant defense. The enzymes catalyzing this hydrolytic step are poorly characterized. Previous work done in our laboratory has led to the isolation of three tobacco genes (NtPAT1, NtPAT2 and NtPAT3) related to the patatin, a major protein from the potato tuber that displays weak lipolytic activity. These genes are rapidly induced during the hypersensitive response (HR) to tobacco mosaic virus, in advance to jasmonate accumulation. A detailed study of the regulation of NtPAT genes showed that these genes are also induced after infection by the bacterium E. Carotovora and the fungi B. Cinerea. The treatment with β-megaspermin, a cell death-inducing protein elicitor also induced NtPAT genes which are then rapidly expressed in the infiltrated zone before the appearance of necrosis and in the surrounding area with some delay. In the infiltrated tissue, NtPAT gene expression is associated with the accumulation of the two jasmonates, OPDA and JA. In elicitor treated leaves, NtPAT gene are corregulated with several genes encoding proteins involved in oxylipin metabolism such as 9-LOX, α-DOX, DES and some P450s fatty acid hydroxylases. This suggests that NtPAT proteins are involved in providing fatty acids for different oxylipins biosynthetic pathways. In each challenge, NtPAT gene expression also appears with a profile parallel to the appearance of PLA2 activity. In β-megaspermin treated leaves it is also correlated with the degradation of phospholipids and galactolipids, and the accumulation of free fatty acids. We hypothesised that NtPAT proteins are mostly responsible for these activities. Indeed, recombinant expression in E. Coli showed that NtPAT1 and NtPAT3 encode proteins with huge lipolytic activity. First described as PLA2, NtPAT proteins are in fact able to cleave both sn-1 and sn-2 positions of phospholipids and galactolipids, but are completely inactive on storage triglycerides. Although they are strongly active on galactolipids, the preliminary results we obtained on the sub-cellular localization of NtPAT, using both immunolocalization and GFP fusion proteins, suggest that these proteins are cytosolic. As galactolipids are only present in the chloroplasts and NtPAT proteins are expressed while the massive galactolipid consumption occurs during the HR, one hypothesis is that these proteins are able to hydrolyze the chloroplastic outer membrane starting from the cytosol. Fatty acids released in this case could supply the chloroplastic 13-LOX pathway but may also supply the cytoplasmic 9-LOX pathway as can do fatty acids released from other membranes. This hypothesis will only be validated by metabolic profiling of transgenic plants depleted in NtPAT proteins. Such plants are currently being studied. Transgenic plants overexpressing NtPAT3 have also been obtained. These plants display increased resistance to tobacco mosaic virus reinforcing the involvement of NtPAT proteins in resistance against pathogens
Toure, Kadidiatou. "Biologie et écologie de Chilo zacconius Blesz : (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), foreur de tiges de riz au Mali : étude des relations trophiques avec sa plante-hôte cultivée, le riz." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112111.
Full textRochat, Jacques. "Modélisation d'un système hôte-parasitoïde en lâcher inoculatif : application au couple Aphis gossypii - Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de concombre." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10196.
Full textSt-Laurent, Marianne. "Amélioration de la lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points en framboisières sous grands tunnels : essais d'un supplément nutritif, de plantes-réservoirs et de brumisation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29866.
Full textHigh tunnels show many benefits for raspberry production, including increased yield and improved fruit quality. However, this crop management approach also provides an environment that fosters outbreaks of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Although some miticides are available, pre-harvest application intervals and pesticide resistance development can be problematic. Phytoseiid predatory mites, such as Neoseiulus fallacis, are recognized for their efficacy in controlling spider mites. However, repeated introductions often must be made during a season, resulting in significant cost. To reduce these costs and thereby make biological control more attractive to growers, we tested a food supplement for predators, a banker plant and misting. The main objective of this study was to improve the effectiveness of integrated control against spider mites while decreasing the number of predator introductions in raspberry production under high tunnels. The specific objectives were to determine the effectiveness of four integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in raspberry under high tunnels and estimate their cost ($ / ha) in comparison to conventional control (mitices only) methods. The tested approaches combined different strategies: introduction of Neoseiulus fallacis predators; addition of Sorbaria sorbifolia as a banker plant; use of a pollen-based food supplement for predators, “Nutrimite", from Biobest; and misting. Tests were conducted at two raspberry farms in the greater Quebec City (Quebec, Canada) area. Data collected by monitoring populations of both spider mites and predators show that the pollen supplement has a positive effect on the predatory ability of N. fallacis and that misting tends to reduce T. urticae densities.
Toubia-Rahme, Hala. "Effet de l'environnement chimique sur le développement de Drechslera teres (sacc. ) shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT035A.
Full textBarrera, Gaytan Juan Francisco. "Dynamique des populations du scolyte des fruits du caféier, hypothenemus hampei (Coléoptera : Scolytidae), et lutte biologique avec le parasitoi͏̈de Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae), au Chiapas, Mexique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30085.
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