Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes – Teneur en composés organiques'
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Vergnoux, Aurore. "Impact des incendies et de leur répétition sur la matière organique et minérale des sols forestiers du Massif des Maures." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11047.
Full textDue to the social and political issues about the restoration of burned forests, this work deals with the impact of forest fires on organic and inorganic matters from forested soils collected in Maures Moutains, taking into account the fire temporal recurrence. This studied site was chosen because every year it undergoes an important pressure from wildfire. Among the three main objectives, the first one was to highlight the impact of the fire frequency on the soil quality, studying more precisely the organic matter and some nutrients. Moreover, we wanted to find fire indicators among many elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Finally, we searched to develop a tool for the management and characterization of burned soils using near infrared spectroscopy. The sampling was done for 2 soil layers in 30 sites involving different fire regimes. After the repeatability test of the employed analytical methods, the results show that fires have an impact on soil. Generally, the fires preferentially affect soil surface layers in a qualitative and quantitative way. If the fires have an impact on the soils, it is usually negative because one year after the last event, the soils present losses of the organic pool and nutrients. In addition, some elements could be considered as potential fire indicators in the long term. Comparatively to the elements, the studied PAH with the lowest molecular masses seem to be good fire indicators in the short term. Lastly, this work enabled to validate and envisage the use of a tool for the burned soil management, by the NIR spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics treatments
Planquart, Pierre (19. "Etude des mécanismes de transfert des métaux en traces dans le système boue compostée-sol-plante et recherche de perturbations induites." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11012.
Full textRomero, Sarmiento Maria Fernanda. "Contribution of molecular biomarkers to the knowledge of terrestrial plants development during the Palaeozoic." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10041/document.
Full textThe aliphatic and aromatic biomarker content from terrestrial and marine sediments of Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous age have been related to their palynomorph assemblages (e.g. acritarchs, prasinophytes, chitinozoans, cryptospores, trilete spores and megaspores) in order to contribute to the knowledge of land plant evolution during the Palaeozoic. This investigation is therefore focused on the land-derived biomarkers and their attributions to specific kind of plants. The biomarker record of middle Silurian – lower Devonian sediments from southern Tunisia, Ghadamis Basin (Gondwana) reveals the presence of retene, cadalene, kaurane, norabietane, tetrahydroretene, C19 isohexylalkylnaphthalene and simonellite. The early Palaeozoic bryophytes and tracheophytes (e.g. Cooksonia, lycophytes and zosterophylls) may therefore be considered as potential precursors for retene and its related molecular compounds in sediments of Middle Silurian to Early Devonian age. In contrast, the Early Carboniferous flora formed by arborescent lycopods, sphenopsids and pteridosperms have been suggested here as apossible terrestrial source for phyllocladane, abietane, ent-beyerane, bisnorsimonellite, diaromatic totarane, diaromatic sempervirane and 2-methylretene in the Lower Carboniferous (Viséan) coal deposits at Dunbar (East Lothian, Scotland). Among the other biomarkers detected in our samples, ionene, alkyldibenzofurans, perylene and combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate pollen, lichens, fungi and vegetation fire contributions, respectively. Most of the biomarkers identified here had been so far generally associated to conifers, though conifers only evolved during Late Carboniferous. Thesecompounds therefore are also characteristic of early land plants
Kfoury, Miriana. "Préparation, caractérisation physicochimique et évaluation des propriétés biologiques de complexes d'inclusion à base de cyclodextrines : applications à des principes actifs de type phénylpropanoïdes." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0397/document.
Full textPhenylpropanoids (PPs) are one of the largest families of plants secondary metabolites. They protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Nowadays, extensive research has been dedicated to PPs aiming their use as natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in food and pharmaceutical formulations. However, PPs suffer from a low water solubility, high volatility, high light and thermal sensitivity that limit their further use. This current study aimed to encapsulate seven PPs in host cage molecules, cyclodextrins (CDs), in order to develop natural and biocompatible formulation that may find applications in food and pharmaceutical fields. It focused on three main research axes. The first part dealt with the preparation and the characterization of CD/PP inclusion complexes both in solution and in solid state. Characterizations were performed with Static-Headspace-Gas Chromatography (SH-GC), UV-Visible, ¹H NMR, (2D) ROESY NMR, FTIR, DSC and molecular modeling. These investigations were complemented with phase solubility studies. The second part was devoted to the evaluation of the effect of CDs on the PPs photostability and controlled release. The last part aimed to evaluate the CD/PP inclusion complexes as radical scavengers, antibacterial and antifungal agents. Results showed that CDs could successfully encapsulate PPs, reduce their volatility, enhance their solubility and photostability and generate controlled release system. In addition, encapsulation maintained the antioxydant, antibacterial and antifungal properties of PPs. Thus, the CD/PP inclusion complexes could be considered as a promising tool for formulation optimization
Senior, Gailindo William James. "Etude de la matière organique dans l'estuaire de l'Elorn, Brest-France : Les carbohydrates." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES2030.
Full textIqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Full textSavoye, Nicolas. "Origine et transfert de la matière organique particulaire dans les écosystèmes littoraux macrotidaux." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2034.
Full textPuget, Pascale. "Distribution des matières organiques dans des agrégats de sols limoneux cultivés : conséquences sur la stabilité structurale des agrégats et sur la biodégradation des matières organiques." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120035.
Full textTranier, Julie. "Modélisation stratigraphique de la distribution et de la préservation de la matière organique en milieu marin profondCas d'une marge à sédimentation pélagique : système d'upwelling côtier du Benguela (Namibie, Afrique du Sud Ouest)." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13167.
Full textThomen, Aurélien. "Développement instrumental de la mesure de l'hydrogène, du carbone et de l'azote à la nanosims : applications à l'origine des volatils en cosmochimie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0025.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the measurements of isotopic and elementary compositions of hydrogen and nitrogen in the Insoluble Organic Matter (IOM) isolated from the carbonaceous chondrites and Wild 2 materials collected by the Stardust mission. Analysis were performed by means of secondary ions mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this thesis, an effort was done to quantify the N/C ratio in the IOM. The precision on the N/C ratio is improved by collecting secondary ions with similar physical parameters, in that case molecular ions C−2 and CN−. The IOM in carbonaceous chondrites shows that isotopic anomalies in hydrogen and nitrogen are spatially correlated for the most of them. For the non -correlated anomalies, enrichments in D and 15N are decoupled. Apart from isotopic ratios, no classification of these isotopic anomalies can be done on the basis of their elementary H/C and N/C ratios. The isotopic fractionation of the hydrogen is not systematically correlated with the nitrogen isotopic fractionation. The measured Wild 2 cometary grains have chondritic carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions. Two peculiar grains bearing isotopic anomalies were observed, probably condensed in stellar envelopes of novae stars. One of these grains is composed of organic matter as shown by its spectrocopic signature
Krosniak, Miroslaw. "Rôle des ligands organiques dans les propriétés antidiabétiques du vanadium." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON13523.
Full textVahirua-Lechat, Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude des composés organiques volatils d'huiles essentielles de plantes aromatiques médicinales polynésiennes." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20120.
Full textCoulon, Anaïs. "Rôle des sédiments organiques sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des bassins d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. https://hal-agrocampus-ouest.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01203123.
Full textThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of organic sediment deposits on the hydrodynamic functioning of the Cheviré stormwater retention-infiltration basin (44). Physical and chemical characterization of the sediments, underlying soil of the basin, and sediment organic matters were undertaken. Sediments influence on the soil transfer properties were then evaluated by an experiment at the soil column scale and by a numerical simulation at the basin scale. Organic matters of the Cheviré basin had a small degradation capacity, which explained their large concentrations in sediments. These large levels of organic matters favored a large water retention capacity of sediments but led to a decrease of their infiltration capacity. This decrease may be induced on the one hand by a highly hydrophobic behavior of sediments, especially to anthropogenic organic matters such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and on the other hand, by a closure of sediment macroporosity. Conversely, sediment microporosity became increasingly important and favored water retention. Simulations showed that combined effects of (i) the sediments accumulation at the basin soil surface, (ii) the gradual decrease of sediment porosity, and (iii) the increase of sediment hydrophobicity, explained the decrease of the basin infiltration capacity and the increase of the frequency of overflows in the basin during aging
Jalaluddin, Noor. "Origine, nature et distribution des hydrocarbures dans des sendiments marins tropicaux (Martinique et Guadeloupe) et équatoriaux (Indonésie)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30042.
Full textIbrahim, Sanusi. "Etude d'une méthode de synthèse simultanée pour l'accès à plusieurs phosphonates apparentés : application dans le domaine des phosphonates bioactifs." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20160.
Full textFrancou, Cédric. "Stabilisation de la matière organique au cours du compostage de déchets urbains : influence de la nature des déchets et du procédé de compostage - recherche d'indicateurs pertinents." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0035.
Full textBotondi, Rinaldo. "Caractérisation de melons transgéniques exprimant un gène antisens de l'Acc oxydase : étude de la composition biochimique et de l'activité d'enzymes de dégradation de la paroi." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT009A.
Full textZou, Xiaoqin. "Etude de la sélectivité moléculaire des membranes à base de matériaux poreux." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2012.
Full textZeolitic membranes, films and composites with regular pore systems are attractive for a wide range of applications including gas/liquid separation, chemical sensors, catalytic membrane reactors, and light-harvesting materials. In this study, detection, removal or reduction of pollutants from liquid and gas media using porous materials (zeolites and MOFs) assembled in films and membranes are presented. As-prepared ZSM-5 membrane by secondary growth and LTL-hemp composite by in-situ crystallization are used to remove toxic heavy metals and aromatics contaminants from aqueous solutions. Design of new materials and development of facile and efficient processes for fuel gas or vapour separations are presented. In addition to pure silica MFI membrane (Silicalite-1) applied for extraction of ethanol from aqueous solution, the focus was on the preparation of MOF [Co3(HCOO)6] membranes via secondary growth approach, and further evaluation for the upgrading of natural gas by binary gas permeation of CO2/CH4. The porous materials (zeolites and MOFs) are also used as selective and high sensitive films for detection of air pollutants. MOF films composed of Y(BTC) nanocrystals are fabricated and apply for sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as chloroform, acetone and 2-ethylthiophene. Besides, zeolites and MOF thin films loaded with metals are prepared and used for detection of CO with low concentration in the presence of water and hydrocarbons
Barnier, Madeleine. "Hydrocarbures et acides gras présents dans les milieux marins "propres" : Méditerranée (site de Port-Cros), région subantarctique (îles Amsterdam et Saint Paul)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30038.
Full textManagau, Lyliane Marie. "Contribution à l'étude de la matière organique estuarienne et marine : classe des acides aminés." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2012.
Full textPichevin, Laëtitia. "Sédimentation organique profonde sur la marge continentale namibienne (Lüderitz, Atlantique sud-Est) : impacts des variations climatiques sur la paléoproductivité." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12804.
Full textOrmeño, Lafuente Elena. "Stratégies d'émission de composés organiques volatils (COV) par quatre espèces végétales méditerranéennes : effet de plusieurs facteurs écologiques sur l'émission et le stockage de terpènes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11036.
Full textCauwet, Gustave. "Dynamique de la matière organique dans les milieux marin et polyhalins : son rôle dans les processus géochimiques aux interfaces." Perpignan, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PERP1066.
Full textSablayrolles, Caroline. "Etude fondamentale de transferts des composés traces organiques aux plantes : cas des systèmes amendés par des boues d'épuration." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT024A.
Full textThe first part of this work concerns an anlytical study of the trace organic compounds contained in the soil, sewage sludges and plants. These were : auromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls, phthalates, nonylphenol ethoxylates and laurylalkylbenzene sulfonates; The pre-treatment, extraction, purification and analysis of samples has been optimized in order to obtain the most appropriate, reliable protocol to characterize the trace organics for the particular type of matrix or compound. The extraction uses a Soxtec apparatus which is fast, economical and safe. Purification is by solid phase cartridges, specific to the extraction technique. Analysis is by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer and/or by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorimetric detector. Both these techniques are sensitive and selective and permit very low limits of detection. The second part of the work concerns a study of the uptake of the organics in containers of plants. An aquiculture study where all the parameters are controlled has enabled validation of the analytical choices. For the in-soil studies the trace organics in question have been introduced via residual urban sludges. Plant growth monitoring (carrots and tomatoes), shows that the addition of sludge increases plant production. The initial levels of trace organics in the plant containers have been compared to those found in the plants; the percentage uptake of trace organics is low. Finally, the results obtained have been incorporated into a life cycle analysis on the environmental impact of two agronomic, sludge use sectors, from the dewatered sludge through to plant production, using plants growing in containers
Autfray, Patrice. "Effets de litières sur l'offre en azote d'origine organique dans les systèmes de culture de maïs à couvertures végétales : étude de cas dans la zone à forêt semi-décidue de Côte d'Ivoire." Montpellier, ENSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENSA0028.
Full textN supply coming from SOM mineralisation or above-ground litter decomposition was compared with Chromolaena odorata (natural) or Pueraria phaseoloides (improved) 6 month fallow (CS6MF) and 18 month fallow cropping systems (CS18MF) with maize. The capacity of litter to mineralise N during in-vitro incubation was directly correlated with the C/N ratio which were lower for Pueraria (20 à 23) than for Chromolaena (25 à 43). C and N litter dynamics during decomposition were different the two years but were closely fit the double-exponential model simulations. Soil mesofauna and termites were responsible for about 50% at the beginning and about 35% at the end of the total decomposition process. Utter N supply for subsequent maize crops was suggested to be asynchronous since the release of N litters was rapid. N supplies in 6MF cropping systems were globally insufficient and similar for the two species. Upper in situ N soil supply (0-10 cm) for CS6MF during two cropping seasons was weil correlated with N maize uptake and higher with Pueraria fallow. Natural 15N concentration in soil and plant samples showed that the Pueraria litter would contribute for 30 to 87% N maize uptake. After four years upper N soil stock (0-10 cm) was 2. 34 t ha-1 for CS6MF and 2. 83 t ha-1for CS 18MF. N balance between cumulated litter inputs and soil losses suggested that Chromolaena would have a better capacity than Pueraria for N soil maintenance. Upper soil in-vitro incubation (0-10 cm) contributed to estimate that the size of N pool of labile organic matter was higher with Pueraria for CS6MF in relation with lowest lignine 1 N ratio organic residues. This pool was comparable with those obtained for CS18MF
Richez, Elisabeth. "Germination et croissance de graminées sur des sols pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : implications en écotoxicologie et en phytomanagement." Littoral, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DUNK0043.
Full textThe research concerns the interactions between vegetation and industrial soils contamined with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The approach in situ is based on a phytosociological analysis of the present herbaceous plants on a fallow land of cokeworks combined with physio-chemical soil data. This study shows that there is no particular herbaceous vegetation related to the presence of the HAP in the soil. The experimental approach is based on the study of the development of two grasses, Lolium perenne and Alopecurus Myosuroides. On the polluted soil, a germination delay and a slower development of the roots of grasses are observed. However, no important effects of contaminants on the growth of the abroveground plant parts. The analysis of the contents of HAP in grasses, cultivated in a controlled environment with the atmosphere and the soil separated, shows that grasses are mainly contaminated through the roots. However, no phenomenon of bioaccumulation is observed. Furthermore, a translocation of a part of contaminants of the roots towards the abroveground plants parts is revealed. Long-term attempts show variations of behavior in the transfer of pollutants towards the air parts when plants are cultivated alone or together. In mixed culture, pollutants are almost not absorbed by Lolium perenne. On the contrary, Alopecurus myosuroides transfers in the stalks important quantities of HAP. Furthermore, these longer cultures, showed that the addition of a layer of healthy earth on the polluted soil limits strongly the contamination of vegetation. The question of the impact of vegetation on the decontamination of soils used during the experiments is analysed. The total concentrations of HAP are not significantly decreased after one year of Lolium perenne’s culture. Meanwhile, the concentrations of some contaminants like the benzo[g,h,i]perylene decrease, due to the simulation of microorganisms by the grasses
Pischedda, Laura. "Bioturbation et hétérogénéité de l'oxygène dans les sédiments marins appréendées par une méthode optique de quantification 2D : incidence sur les communautés microbiennes sédimentaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009Aix22051.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns the study of oxygen heterogeneity (spatial and temporal variability) in marine sediments induced by benthic macrofaunal bioturbation activity. For that, planar optodes that enable the mapping of two-dimensional (2D) oxygen distribution and dynamics at high resolution were used. First, a heterogeneity index that allows quantifying the spatial variability from 2D oxygen distribution images was developed and successfully tested with organisms presenting different reworking modes. Since we noticed that burrow builder organisms (i. E. Gallery-diffusors) induced higher sediment oxygen heterogeneity, we thus explored it in detail by recording oxygen distribution and dynamics within a burrow structure of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. This study underlined strong variations in oxygen concentration on a short temporal scale (min) within the burrow structure and a strong multiscale spatial variability (cm, mm). A third study showed that the bacterial community of the N. Diversicolor burrow structure exhibited higher biodiversity compared with surrounding sediments. This community was also specific of that environment which is unique, notably in terms of biogeochemical characteristics (e. G. Redox oscillations). Finally, in a last work, we wanted to understand the potential interaction of an inorganic contaminant with bioturbation activity and its influence on oxygen fluxes. For that, we tested the impact of a radioactive heavy metal, the uranium (238U), in a bioturbated environment. Despite reworking activities were reduced, the oxygen diffusive fluxes in contaminated sediments were higher (24%) compared with the non contaminated sediments. This study also reflected the degree of complexity generated by interactions between macrofauna, microfauna and that kind of contaminant. These works corroborated the idea that oxygen distribution heterogeneity is intimately linked to bioturbation which, by acting on the bacterial community structure and activity, indirectly influences organic matter oxidation processes
Durand, Cédric. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des produits de l'assainissement pluvial : origine et devenir des métaux traces et des polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2287.
Full textThe objective of this multidisciplinary work was to characterise the mineral and organic matters in the sediments from storm water drainage systems. Several physical chemical techniques were used to study the mineral fraction of sediments from retention ponds and street sweeping. This study concerned major elements and trace metals. The results show that the sediments are often polluted, with concentrations higher than the reference values for polluted soils. The study of organic matter shows that the lipid fractions are mainly composed of hydrocarbons and PAHs at high concentrations. Humic acids and humine were studied by global techniques and by thermochimiolysis with different alkyl agents. The TMAH technique shows that the studied humic substances contain biopolymers from plant and bacterial origins, as well as ligneous fibres. The use of TEAA allows to show that the released compounds are partly trapped in the humic macromolecular net and are released as soon as this one is altered. The last part of the work was devoted to trace metal mobility in the different organic fractions and using the BCR sequential extraction scheme. The mobility sequence of trace metals appears to be : Cr £ Ni < Pb £ Cu < Zn £ Cd. These results could be used as a basis for recommendations to local governments in order to improve the management of sediments from storm water drainage systems
Courtois, Elodie. "Le parfum de la défense des plantes en forêt amazonienne." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1074/.
Full textThe main objective of this PhD was to study several aspects of the ecology and evolution of defensive traits in tropical tree species. In a first part of this PhD, I highlighted the importance of Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs in the defense of tropical trees by studying intra and interspecific differences in the mixture of compounds. Future studies focused on these compounds should help improve our understanding of their ecological and evolutionary importance in plant-herbivore interactions. In a second part, I studied leaf functional traits linked to defense and photosynthesis in tropical sapling and tree communities and showed that adult trees tend to possess tougher and denser leaves with a higher nitrogen and phosphorous content
Comont, Laure. "Étude des processus de stockage de la matière organique et de régénération des tourbières dégradées après exploitation : sites du Russey (Jura français), de la Chaux d’Abel (Jura suisse) et de Baupte (Cotentin, France)." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2047.
Full textStotz, Marie. "Contribution à la chimie des flavonoïdes : Elaboration de squelettes flavylium sophistiqués.Nouvelle voie d'accès aux flavan-3-ols et aux proanthocyanidines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/STOTZ_Marie_2008.pdf.
Full textIn the plant kingdom, flavonoids represent an important family of secondary metabolites. Because of their natural occurrence, these compounds have always been consumed by human beings and nowadays, several studies have shown that a flavonoid-rich diet is beneficial to human health. In order to obtain active flavonoids at a large scale, total synthesis appears today as the right method. In this context, we tried to develop new synthetic strategies for two flavonoid skeletons: the flavylium skeleton and the flavan-3-ol skeleton. Concerning flavylium derivatives, we reactivated and optimized an original synthetic tool that enables the obtention not only of classical flavylium compounds but also of original oligocationic derivatives. Moreover, the affinity of some synthetic flavylium cations with the GABAA receptor was successfully tested. The chiral flavan-3-ol skeleton (monomeric and dimeric) was studied: our approach consisted in a convergent strategy, with the intervention of an original precursor, the flavylium cation
Scheiner, Javier David. "Spéciation du carbone, de l'azote et du phosphore de différentes boues de stations d'épuration au cours de leurs incubations contrölées dans deux types de sol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000379/.
Full textFontaine, Sébastien. "Rôle des composés énergétiques sur la minéralisation des matières organiques du sol : Conceptualisation, modélisation expérimentales et conséquences." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0052.
Full textPallier, Virginie. "Elimination de l’arsenic par coagulation floculation et électrocoagulation d’eaux faiblement minéralisées." Limoges, 2008. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/132b8acd-9e31-4857-aa02-0020c9c316b6/blobholder:0/2008LIMO4062.pdf.
Full textThe mobilization of arsenic in the environment by naturally occurring processes results in source water contamination. While drinking water represents the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic, this source water contamination increases the human health hazard. Thus, the maximum contaminant level of arsenic in drinking water was reduced to 10 µg/L and as a consequence new analytical methods and efficient and innovative arsenic removal processes have to be developed and optimized. Here As(III) was quantified by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry or by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry depending on matrix composition. Both chemical and electrochemical processes as coagulation flocculation with Iron(III) salts and electrocoagulation, were optimized to remove arsenic. Their efficiency depends on arsenic speciation, pH, treatment dose and presence of organic matter. These parameters also control the arsenic removal mechanisms
Msokar, Sawsan. "Étude de la matière organique dans deux écosystèmes estuariens : Les estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-61-62.pdf.
Full textMillet, Pierre. "Modélisation du transfert et du transport de composés organiques des matériaux dans l’eau potable : Applications aux réseaux d’eau intérieurs." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENCR0039.
Full textThe French Public Health Code sets out the requirement on tap water quality and the materials used in the contact of drinking water are subject to the Attestation of Sanitary Conformity. However, organoleptic degradation can remain in tap water. A bibliographic study has shown that organoleptic degradation could be caused by the presence of chemicals migrating from materials and by complex hydrodynamic phenomenon. A compartmental model has been developed. It models the transfer and the transport of chemicals from materials to water. This approach allows to combine the study of transfer of chemical from the material and the study of hydrodynamics in private water installations. It provides the opportunity i)- to observe the impact of dynamic operating conditions on the concentration of chemicals in tap water ii)- to make diagnostics of the installation to avoid disagreements and iii)- to study the quantity of chemicals deliver in tap water in function of consumption habits of the users. The study of chemicals transfer phenomenon in dynamic conditions has shown the impact of water temperature, turbulent agitation and duration of the use of materials on migration kinetics of chemicals. However, the experiences made with compartmental model have indicated that the leaching of chemicals in dynamic conditions was negligible compared with the leaching of chemicals in static conditions. Indeed, the static contact time is far more important that the dynamic one. However, it has been shown that the hydrodynamics could have a significant impact on tap water quality, particularly due to exchanges between different parts of the networks. Finally, the complex scenario development based on consumption habits of the users have shown that the quantity of chemicals ingest by the consumers were strongly dependant of the consumption behaviour of the users. The approach could be a part of a process like the threshold of toxicological concern based on the prediction of the daily quantities of chemicals ingest
Jacquet, Stéphanie [Hélène Michèle]. "Barium in the Southern Ocean : towards an estimation of twilight zone C mineralization." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22079.pdf.
Full textGossart, Pascal. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux lourds : étude structurale et analytique de molécules modèles." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-187-188.pdf.
Full textWallens, Sabine A. J. G. "Modélisation des émissions de composés volatils par la végétation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/241310.
Full textBonald, Marie-Louise de. "Les isoprénoi͏̈des dans la plante et dans l'atmosphère : étude de leur évolution en milieu forestier (Landes et Bavière)." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT007G.
Full textValenciennes, Emmanuelle. "Étude d'hétérocycles azotés : contribution à l'étude de la réaction d'Imino-Diels-Adler asymétrique : synthèse de décahydroquinolein-4-ones ; [suivi de] Étude de plantes médicinales endémiques et indigènes de l'île de la Réunion : recherche d'alcaloi͏̈des." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112241.
Full textCotel, Solenn. "Etude des transferts sol/nappe/atmosphère/bâtiments ; Application aux sols pollués par des Composés Organiques Volatils." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377724.
Full textLe polluant considéré est le trichloréthylène, le milieu poreux est un sable moyen et les expériences ont été réalisées en colonne.
Après la mise au point d'une méthode d'analyse du TCE aqueux, gazeux et sorbé, les mécanismes prédominants des transferts ont été quantifiés isolement essentiellement par le biais d'essais de diffusion en sable sec, à saturation résiduelle en eau et saturé. Puis, ces mécanismes ont été couplés au sein d'une expérience de transfert de TCE en sable avec un profil de teneur en eau réel (hydrostatique). Chaque type d'essai a été dimensionné, si possible dupliqué et interprété grâce au code multiphasique Comsol dont l'équation de l'écoulement a été modifiée afin de considérer la convection gravitaire.
En contrôlant rigoureusement les facteurs externes influents ainsi que les conditions aux limites, il a été possible de réaliser des expériences reproductibles et interprétables de transfert de TCE, un composé volatil et réactif en milieu poreux très perméable. Une bonne reproductibilité des résultats expérimentaux par la simulation a été obtenue moyennant de légères modifications des paramètres de base : rapport perméabilité sur viscosité, tortuosité(Millington, 1959) et paramètre de calage de la courbe de conductivité aéraulique (Thomson et al., 1997). Ce travail a permis une compréhension fine des transferts gazeux en ZNS, en particulier en frange capillaire.
Bodineau, Laurent. "Etude de la matière organique (constituants élémentaires et composés lipidiques) en Manche et dans l'estuaire de la Seine." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10213.
Full textKhoury, Madona. "Préparation, analyse et activités antimicrobiennes d'huiles essentielles de plantes libanaises." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MNHN0024.
Full text@Inspired by plant defenses, we undertook to evaluate the chemical diversity and antimicrobial activities of essential oils (EOs) from Lebanese plants. Following a metabolomic approach we were able to highlight the chemical diversity among the 32 studied oils and between the chemotypes of the same plant species. The screening led to the identification of several EOs with interesting antimicrobial activities. Hirtellina lobelii DC. EO was among the most active ones, alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs. This oil holds remarkable antifungal potential against dermatophytic fungi by disrupting fungal membrane and ultimately leasing cells. We hypothesized that H. Lobelii EO should increase cell penetration of antifungal drugs and may also act through a specific mode of action. Altogether, these results lead us to believe that plant defense arsenal can inspire alternative ways of addressing the societal issue of multidrug resistant infections
Serre, Nathalie. "Contribution à l'étude de la chimie de trois iridoi͏̈des : l'aucuboside, le catalposide et le monomélittoside." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P124.
Full textBravo, Mercado Manuel. "Spéciation des composés organostanniques dans les sédiments et matériaux biologiques du littoral chilien par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la photométrie de flamme pulsée (GC-PFPD)." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3027.
Full textIn this work the development of an analytic methodology based on "headspace" soild phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD) were carried out. It showed to be efficient, fast and simple for the simultaneous determination of eight organotins. The chemometrical optimisation of extraction allowed to reach instrumental limits of detection more lower than 1 ng (Sn) l-1. During the analysis of some Chilean sediments the unknown signal presence on chromatograms were found. The GC-MS use demonstrated that these signals correspond to sulphur compounds. The application of HS-SPME allowed to solve these problems and it appears as a promising alternative thanks to its high sensitivity and selectivity for the organotin determination by GC-PFPD on the complex samples. For the first time, the tin speciation on environmental samples coming from the Chilean coastal sites was determinated. Only butyltins were determinated (MBT, DBT and TBT). Their concentrations are variable and it depends of sampled sites and their proximity with contamination sources. The determination of the total concentrations of metals and metalloids on more contaminated sites allowed to classify the samples in two groups. Besides, factor analysis evidenced relationships between some elements concentrations and organotin compounds. This result suggests a common anthropogenic source for butyltins, arsenic and copper, chemicals species used in antifouling paints
Ouro-Boya, Boukari Sahidou. "Evaluation de l'état d'une eau de rivière par analyse multidimensionnelle utilisant des paramètres caractéristiques de la matière organique dissoute." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2255.
Full textThis study aims to show the possibilities offered by the PCA in the description of the physicochemical quality of a river and to evaluate the anthropic contribution of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the degradation of this quality. Being based on an analytical follow-up in 13 stations of Vienne river, it was shown that the study of the bivaried correlations allows to reveal perturbations of the environment, by the organic discharges. Various PCA made it possible to specify with a good objectivity the spatial and temporal changes in water quality in Vienne river. In addition, dispersion in the PCA plan of the individuals representative of the same station can be used to evaluate the disturbances related to the anthropic contributions. In order to acquire a better knowledge of the evolution of the DOM of a rivers, research were carried out on the study of OM extracts isolated through various analytical techniques from characterization
Laumonier-Loewe, Françoise. "Errance et prégnance de la matière : des pratiques dévaluées dans l'art contemporain." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010559.
Full textGombert, Bertrand. "Etude de l'oxydation par l'ozone en présence de catalyseurs solides de molécules organiques en milieu aqueux." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2292.
Full textLabanowski, Jérôme. "Matière organique naturelle et anthropique : vers une meilleure compréhension de sa réactivité et de sa caractérisation." Limoges, 2004. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9d25021a-654e-427c-bdac-a3e8527731cd/blobholder:0/2004LIMO0031.pdf.
Full textThis study was interested to characterise Organic Matter (OM) from a leachate, OM which plays a major role within landfills. Fractionation protocols by XAD resins were set up in order to compare the distribution of carbon-contained and nitrogen-contained elements and of the oxydability of this OM with various OM of terrestrial (soil, peat) and aquatic (surface water and groundwater) natural environments The basic elements of the leachate OM were identified by pyrolysis GC/MS after TMAH derivation. The most hydrophilic OM was the subject of a procedure of conditioning to pyrolysis, based on a fixation on a catalytic clay. Biodegradability tests were developed for an original characterisation of OM based on its biochemical reactivity. Another approach of characterisation consisted in studying the chemical reactivity of OM by using treatment processes like coagulation-flocculation and electrocoagulation