Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes vivaces – Effets de la température'
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Khodorova, Nadezda. "Contribution à l’étude de l’adaptation au froid d’une plante géophyte : Corydalis bracteata (Steph.) Pers (Fumariaceae DC.) et approche du métabolisme secondaire au cours du développement." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0110.
Full textThe first part of the work concerns the determination of physiological mechanisms affected by the temperature and their role in the growth and development of geophytes. By the example of Corydalis bracteata we have shown that low temperature applied to geophyte plants during autumn and winter months is the essential factor for their development, flowering in particularly. We suppose that temperature influences mobilization and distribution of carbohydrates in underground organs. Namely, low temperature leads to efflux of the sugars into apoplastic domain of the tuber. The apoplastic way is the main route for soluble carbohydrates transport from the tuber to the bud. Without low temperature the apoplastic route is not activated and the sugar transport is disturbed. This provokes the lack of nutriments in the bud and leads to the necrosis of the latter. The second part is devoted to the study of C. Bracteata benzylisoquinoline alkaloids metabolism (seasonal dynamics of alkaloid accumulation and transport throughout the plant). Using different analytical techniques, we could identify 13 benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in the extracts of C. Bracteata. Moreover, the results of our analysis of MS/MS spectra of tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids detected in the extracts suggest the possibility of a new fragmentation mechanism of these compounds by the rupture of C-C liaisons in the cycle B that has never been described before. The data on seasonal dynamics of alkaloid accumulation show that alkaloid content is highest in young growing organs. The results of alkaloid transport in C. Bracteata indicate that there is no long distance alkaloids translocation between different organs of the plant. This suggests that all plant organs could be implied into alkaloid biosynthesis
Salgarolo, Patrice. "Étude des stérilités physiologiques chez le sorgho et de l'effet inducteur des abaissements nocturnes de la température." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT014A.
Full textAdt, Isabelle. "Influence de facteurs environnementaux sur la physiologie et le métabolisme de SINORHIZOBIUM MELILOTI M5N1." Compiègne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002COMP1421.
Full textAgostini, Dominique. "La floraison du kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) : analyse de la variabilité et simulation par un modèle stochastique." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10160.
Full textMartinez, Jacques. "Approche génétique et physiologique de la croissance et du développement à basse température chez quelques "Lycopersicon"." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20234.
Full textMagagi, Ramata D. "Étude de synergie optique et micro-onde active : estimation des paramètres de surface en zone semi-aride : cas du Sahel." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT101H.
Full textSoares, Angela Maria. "La température de surface des couverts végétaux en liaison avec le microclimat et l'état hydrique du sol." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20014.
Full textAgnusdei, Monica. "Analyse de la dynamique de la morphogenèse foliaire et de la défoliation de plusieurs espèces de graminées soumises à un pâturage continu dans une communauté végétale de la pampa humide (Argentine)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_AGNUSDEI_M.pdf.
Full textThe effect of sward state and stocking rate upon leaf growth, senescence and consumption rates per tiller and upon the efficiency of herbage utilization in Lolium multiflorum (C3 annual grass), Paspalum dilatatum and Cynodon dactylon (C4 perennial grasses) within a native grassland continuously grazed by cattle under natural mineral and hydrie conditions was analyzed. Data of two complementary studies, one on leaf morphogenesis and the other on the effect of N fertilization on the dynarnics of herbage growth and utilization, are also presehted. Results demonstrated that leaf length (LL) and number of living leaves (NLL) per tiller can be adequately predicted by the association between leaf morphogenesis dynamics and temperature. However, canopy structure modified leaf appearance as weil as LL and NLL, the consideration of this plastic response being postulated as central to extend morphogenetic models of leaf growth to field conditions. Growth and senescence rates were generally not linked along the experimental cycle, this phenomena being particularly marked in the C4 grasses. The importance of such dynamics to optirnize the defoliation regime in complex plant communities under fluctuating temperatures is discussed. Results confirm that while the probability of defoliation (PDf) during the leaf life span (LLS) depends on stocking rate, the intensity of each defoliation is relatively constant. This supports that PDf and LLS constitute the main components that define the leaf proportion that will senesce and, hence, the efficiency of herbage utilization. Species selectivity analysis suggests that defoliation pattern results can be general to a wide range of species abundance. Evidences are presented on the positive effect of herbage growth increase upon the carrying capacity and the efficiency of herbage utilization. On this basis, the role of LAI and stocking rate as determinants of leaf tissue flows dynamics under continuous grazing are discussed
Olioso, Albert. "Simulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse d'un couvert végétal, dans le but de relier la transpiration et la photosynthèse aux mesures de réflectance et de température de surface." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20109.
Full textGillard, Morgane. "Réponses de plantes aquatiques invasives au réchauffement climatique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B014/document.
Full textClimatic models predict a rise of globale surface temperature about 1 to 4°C by 2100. Climate modifications generated by this warming might favor biological invasions. The general objectif of this thesis was to explore the impacts of climate warming and climate change on four macrophytes invasive in Europe. This work focused on germination, growth, physiology and distribution of these species, through experiments in controlled conditions, in experimental garden and by using species distribution models. We showed that i) higher temperatures favor moderately the germination capacity of Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, decrease the seedlings survivorship but improve their biomass production, ii) the effect of increased temperature on macrophytes depends on the season, iii) a 3°C warming can modify metabolism without generating changes on the growth, iv) the water primroses L. hexapetala is the only species that showed both better apical and lateral growth when facing a warming, v) models predict an increase of the distribution surface of Ludwigia spp., Myriophyllum aquaticum and E. densa in their invasive ranges, and a decrease of their distribution area in the other continents, including their native range. This thesis offer a better understanding of climate changes consequences on invasive macrophytes in order to anticipate their futur colonisation potential
Flores-Mejia, Sandra. "Les effets de la température et des changements climatiques sur la performance relative d'un réseau trophique : plante-herbivore-parasitoïde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27306.
Full textEach trophic level of a food-web reacts differently to changes in temperature, because some species are more sensitive than others. Because of the interdependence between the different trophic levels, even the smallest change in temperature could trigger cascading effects throughout the food-web. This may cause a partial or total collapse of the system. As part of my project, I was interested in the effects of temperature and climate change over the relative performance of a tri-trophic food web system (plant-herbivore-parasitoid). The general objectives were to determine: a) which trophic level is more sensitive to an increase in temperature? and b) What are the effects of climate change on a food-web as a whole? In order to determine the effects of temperature on the whole food-web, I developed three parameters to measure the relative performance, by using biomass as common currency between the three trophic levels. The developed parameters are: net generational productivity (NGP), the bi-trophic food-web ratio (φh/p), and the tri-trophic food web ratio (φ3t). In general, my results suggest that the thermal window of the relative performance of each trophic level has a wider span at the base of the food-web (e.g. the plant) and it is reduced by about 4 °C for each subsequent trophic level. Also, the (φh/p) values obtained, suggest that the aphids have the highest performance at low temperatures, but they are incapable of reproducing beyond 28°C, which gives the plant a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, this advantage cannot be maintained for long, due to the negative effects of temperature on the biology of the plant. The φ3t values suggest that the performance of the food-web is influenced by trophic cascades in a « top-down » fashion; but both the inter- and intra-specific variation of the host plant plays a major role in the productivity of the system. The results of the experiments about climate change suggest that: in all three tested climate change scenarios, the parasitoid has the largest relative performance of the system in spite of having the smallest thermal window. This suggests a greater thermal plasticity than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the absence of parasitoids, the herbivore dominates the system. Although there was a 4 °C difference between the three climate change scenarios that were tested, the the performance of the tri-trophic food-web was not significantly affected. In comparison, under two 2050 climate change scenarios, the long-term exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on the accumulation of biomass for the three components of the food web, both individually and collectively. This is the first study to evaluate empirically and exhaustively the effects of temperature over a great range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, in order to determine the relative performance of the system in a holistic way.
Issa, Alaa m. issa. "Impact de la souche Psjn de Paraburkholderia phytofirmans sur la tomate en réponse à une température élevée." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS027.
Full textHigh temperatures resulting from climate change can significantly influence plant growth, development, and susceptibility to pathogens. In this situation, agriculture needs to better adapt to climate change.In this context, certain Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are able to protect plants against biotic and/or abiotic stresses. It has been shown in the laboratory that the PGPR bacterium, Paraburkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN, gives the grapevine a better tolerance under low temperatures. This protection is partly attributed to the modulation of carbohydrate metabolism through the maintenance of photosynthesis and an increase of soluble sugars levels.During this work, the bacterium P. phytofirmans was used to induce heat tolerance to tomato plants to anticipate the global warming effects. The objectives of the work were to characterize, from an agronomic, biochemical, physiological and molecular point of view, the impact of the bacteria on the plant response under heat stress conditions.The results of this study demonstrated the importance of the use of P. phytofirmans strain PsJN as a biological agent especially with respect to global warming. These results will meet the expectations of tomato breeders who aim to develop increased productivity while respecting the environment and offering a better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses
Montiel-Jorda, Álvaro. "Influence de la température sur la voie de signalisation des hormones brassinostéroïdes : mécanismes moléculaires et conséquences pour la croissance et le développement des plantes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS447.
Full textBrassinosteroid (BR) signaling is important for nearly all aspects of plant development, as attested by the extremely dwarf and sterile phenotype of mutants defective in the brassinosteroid receptor BRASINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). In addition, it is a key regulator of plant responses to increase in ambient temperature (thermomorphogenesis) in the above-ground parts of the plant together with auxin signaling and the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4). However, the roles molecular mechanisms of root thermomorphogenesis remain elusive. In this thesis, I describe in great detail the molecular mechanisms leading to root thermomorphogenesis of plants exposed to elevated ambient temperature from germination. In order for plants to elongate their primary root at 26°C, compared to 21°C, they selectively downregulate BR signaling via the temperature-specific degradation of BRI1. Surprisingly, under our own conditions, auxin signaling is not required for root thermomorphogenesis, suggesting a difference between aerial and root thermomorphogenesis responses. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we are able to pinpoint that the degradation is triggered by a post-translational modification targeting lysines, probably K63 ubiquitination. To find out the E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the BRI1 temperature-induced degradation we carried out a yeast two hybrid screen using BRI1’s cytoplasmic domain. We obtained three candidate proteins named DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE (DEP) that surprisingly localize to cortical microtubules (cMTs) and arose at the same time as BR signaling, suggesting a functional link. The interaction between DEP1 and BRI1 was confirmed by three different techniques and, consequently dep single mutants are defective in BR percepton. On one hand, they are hyposensitive to the BR-induced reduction in hypocotyl length but on the other hand they are hypersensitive regarding BR-induced agravitropism. This data suggest an interplay between BR signaling, BRI1 subcellular dynamics and cortical microtubules. Future research will shed light on the biological significance of the BRI1-cMTs interaction in general and the BRI1-DEP1 interaction in particular
Cherchali, Selma. "Contribution à la résolution du problème du pixel mixte en vue de l'amélioration de l'estimation de la productivité primaire nette en zone sahélienne (couplage haute et basse résolution spatiale)." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30084.
Full textCamut, Lucie. "Rôle des gibbérellines dans l’adaptation des plantes à la disponibilité en azote." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ109.
Full textThe phytohormones gibberellins (GAs) regulate major aspects of plant growth and development in response to endogenous and exogenous signals. GAs promote growth by stimulating the degradation of nuclear growth repressing DELLA proteins. Nitrogen (N), a macronutrient essential for plant development, is one of the most limiting factors for agricultural productivity. Nitrate (NO3-) represents the main N source for cultivated plants but its availability fluctuates in both time and space due to its high solubility. Since the Green Revolution in the 1960’s, the use of N-fertilizers associated with high-yielding semi-dwarf cereal varieties, altered in GA responses, led to impressive yield increases. Recently, it has been reported that some NO 3 - transporters belonging to the NPF family (NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY), were able to transport GAs. Despite these observations, the effect of nitrate on GA biosynthesis, transport and signaling pathway is still unknown. Using genetics, molecular and biochemical approaches performed in Arabidopsis and wheat, this thesis work demonstrates that nitrate activates GA biosynthesis and GA12 transport (an inactive GA precursor), and as a consequence, DELLA protein degradation. The reduction in DELLA abundance increases cell division rate and thus plant growth. Moreover, through micrograftings and GA import assays in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we show that NPF2.12 and NPF2.13 facilitate the basipetal transport of GA12 and nitrate. Finally, we show that GA12 transport is enhanced by a small elevation of the ambient temperature. Altogether, these results reveal that GA biosynthesis and transport are tightly regulated in response to nitrate availability and temperature changes, enabling adaptive and optimal growth of the plant
Caillon, Robin. "Biogéographie du microclimat foliaire : mécanismes et conséquences sur les relations plantes-insectes." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4006/document.
Full textPlant performance and leaf-dwelling arthropods are impacted by leaf surface temperatures. Leaf surface temperatures can show important deviation from air temperature and present different levels of heterogeneity depending on the spatial scale. The leaf buffers temperature extremes by getting closer in amplitude to air temperature. However, this physiological response decreases the heterogeneity of temperatures at the leaf surface and the opportunities for arthropods to behavioraly thermoregulate in this microclimate. Mean temperatures at the leaf surface show low buffering abilities in response to warming and locally determine photosynthetic performance. From the leaf to the canopy scale, plants show different responses to warming and scaling is crucial to increase our understanding of the impact of global warming
Girard, Sabine. "Déterminants écophysiologiques de la crise de transplantation de plants d'espèces forestières résineuse (Pinus nigra ssp laricio Poir. Var Corsicana) et feuillue (Quercus rubra L. ) : effets du stockage des plants." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10157.
Full textPillet, Jérémy. "Impact du microclimat sur le métabolisme de la baie de raisin." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21863/document.
Full textGlobal warming will affect berry metabolism, and especially phenylpropanoïd contents. This PhD work aimed to acquire a better understanding on the cellular processus linking the microclimate and the phenolic synthesis. By molecular and biochemical approaches, we extended this study to detail specific responses taking place in berries under heat and light stress.Transcriptomic analysis of heat-stressed and light-stressed berries showed the existence of two processes that occur in exposed berries. The first one triggers a rapid and transient expression of genes within the first hours of treatment. The second one mobilizes a set of genes showing increase in their expression after several days of stress exposure. Furthermore, this study validated the experimental set used to discriminate the effects of light and temperature, respectively.Expression analysis of 20 genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway revealed strong differences among the transcriptional responses, depending on the nature of stress and the developmental stage of the berry. However, expression patterns of genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid could not fully explain the changes in anthocyanin and flavonol contents. This suggests that additional regulation processes such as post-traductional modifications of enzymes or metabolite degradation might take place in berries under abiotic stress. Anthocyanin content decreases under heat stress whereas flavonol content increases under high light. Malic acid increases in berry exposed to heat stress and high light. Moreover, heat-stressed berries showed an accumulation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and lysine in skin but not in pulp.In parallel, a metabolomic analysis was initiated on stress exposed berry skins by using UPLC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap™ technology. The first experiments revealed contrasted metabolite contents in berries according to the stress applied, and highlighted several metabolites of interest. The preliminary assays will help optimize this powerful tool for futures analysis.Finally, expression of VvGOLS1 (Galactinol synthase 1) was strongly induced in grape berries exposed to heat stress, in good agreement with the observed galactinol accumulation. Role of galactinol as a signaling molecule is discussed. Transient expression experiments revealed that VvGOLS1 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level through VvHsfA2 action. VvHsfA2 expression is also stimulated under heat stress. In this context, characterization of the grapevine heat stress factors was initiated
Wahl, Anne-Lena. "Importance des interactions entre plantes et mycorhizes dans le maintien de la productivité des écosystèmes pastoraux montagnards soumis à des forçages climatiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS038/document.
Full textEven though arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are present from foothills to all alpine habitats, research on their role in mountain ecosystems remains incomplete. The main objective of this dissertation was to investigate interactions between AMF and plants along altitudinal gradients under both, natural conditions and simulated future climate change conditions.A novel framework is suggested for the functioning of the AMF-plant relationship along altitudinal gradients based on the stress gradient hypothesis. The first hypothesis expects the AMF-relationship to shift along the mutualism–parasitism continuum following changing environmental stress along the altitudinal gradient. The relationship might be most mutualistic at the subalpine zone. In a second hypothesis, this shift along the mutualism-parasitism continuum is predicted to be different under climate change conditions, and the most mutualistic expression of the AMF-plant relationship expected in the montane and alpine zone. Studies to validate the presented hypotheses will help to identify important mechanisms underlying plant-AMF interaction and with that the mediation of plant-plant interactions by AMF. In the scope of this thesis, the framework was addressed in field experiment as well as under controlled conditions in a climate chamber experiment.From a literature review and from a field experiment along a dry inner-alpine altitudinal gradient this thesis proposes the following conclusions: First, AMF are also ubiquitous in mountain ecosystems, but a decrease in their abundance with increasing altitude is dependent on the overall climatic context. Second, their relationship to plants is however strongly dependent on the host plant species as well as the biotic and abiotic context. Third, a shift of the AMF-relationship along with altitude is expected but will quite possibly also depend on the plant species identity. Fourth, to fully assess the suggested working hypotheses for AMF-plant interactions field studies must be conducted at different spatial scales and covering different mountain systems.It is particularly important to understand and investigate the drivers of AMF plant relationship in mountain ecosystems to be able to make sound predictions for AMF-plant interactions under future climate change conditions. The presented field and climate chamber experiments on climate change show that temperature is an important factor because it aggravates the conditions of drought in lowland and a threshold is surpassed. It becomes also clear that whether AMF mitigate climate change effects for plants or not is dependent on the plant species. Altogether this thesis contributes to current research questions in ecology, climate change mitigation and plant–soil interactions, because it addresses the role of AMF in mountain grassland ecosystem, investigates the effects of climate change and provides a new framework concerning the functioning of the AMF-plant relationship ranging from parasitism to mutualism
Zaka, Serge. "Caractérisation et modélisation des réponses à la température de la luzerne et de la fétuque élevée pour des variétés d'origines contrastées. Application au modèle STICS." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2262/document.
Full textDue to climate change, the global average temperature is expected to rise with marked impacts on crop growth. However, extreme temperature's impacts on perennial herbaceous species have received much less attention to date than other crops and aren’t currently implemented in grassland models. Yet, grassland models have a major role to play in defining adaptation options to global warming’s impacts on agriculture. In this context, our aims were to characterise the responses to temperature of two major perennial forage species over a large range of growth temperature and to improve the temperature response formalisms in the STICS model. First, experiment conducted in growth chambers indicated that the responses of normalized developmental rates did not differ between genotypes from contrasting thermal areas (Mediterranean/temperate) within each species. On the other hand, the responses to temperature of normalised rates differed significantly between several of the physiological processes studied; in particular stem elongation rate differed from other developmental rates in alfalfa. Irrespective of cultivar origin, a remarkable acclimation of photosynthesis to growth temperature was observed. Mediterranean genotypes displayed a greater sensitivity of the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation to elevated temperatures. Modifications of temperature formalism in the STICS crop model (implementation of nonlinear response, hourly/daily step of response) had a significant impact on thermal time accumulation and crop development for future climate scenarios. However, due to larger effects of water stress and to saturation of radiation interception, impacts on projections of grassland dry matter production were limited. This result suggests that grassland production could be less exposed to thermal stress than annual crops
Mojayad, Fahima. "Adaptation à la sécheresse, photosynthése et photoinhibition chez le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT020A.
Full textCui, Xiaoyun. "Dynamics of histone modification in integration of metabolic activity and stress response." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS474.
Full textGlobal warming is having significant and costly effects on the climate and agricultural production. Being sessile, plants have evolved complex mechanisms to perceive and respond to temperature variation and display specific changes in their morphology or development. However, little is known on the chromatin mechanism of gene expression reprogramming during plant response to elevated ambient temperature. Chromatin modification enzymes require intermediary metabolism products as substrates or cofactors. For example, histone acetyltransferases use acetyl-CoA as a donor for lysine acetylation and histone demethylases require α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) as a cofactor. In plants, cytosolic acetyl-CoA is produced by ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and α-KG is produced by isocitrate dehydrogenases (ICDH) in different metabolic pathways. However, it remains unclear whether metabolic fluctuation affects the activity of histone modification enzymes and regulates gene expression under elevated ambient temperature. In my thesis, I contributed to analyze the roles of Arabidopsis histone deacetylases HDA9, HDA15, and HDA19 in plant thermal response and I studied the effect of acetyl-CoA levels on histone acetylation status in Arabidopsis and the role of α-KG fluctuation in controlling JmjC demethylase activity and plant growth and gene expression under warm temperature. In the first part of the study, genetic and molecular analysis showed that HDA9, HDA15, and HDA19 target to different sets of genes and play distinct roles in responding to warm temperature. On the other hand, we found that when overexpressed ACL in gcn5 mutants, the H3K27ac level was increased. Additionally, ACL overexpression partially complemented the gcn5 phenotypes. The results demonstrated an intrinsic link between acetyl-CoA fluctuation and histone H3K27 acetylation levels in plants. In the second part of my thesis, we showed that loss of cytosolic ICDH resulted in increased H3K4me3 levels and enhanced mutant phenotypes of the H3K4me3 demethylase gene JMJ14. Genetic analysis suggested that JMJ14 and JMJ15 (another H3K4me3 demethylase) functioned redundantly to regulate plant thermal responsive gene expression and growth and indicated the cICDH mutation mainly affected JMJ15 function. Genome-wide analysis revealed an essential role of JMJ14 in establishing both gene activation and repression programs of plant thermomorphogenesis. JMJ14 and JMJ15 directly repressed a set of genes that are likely to play a negative role in the process. The results provided evidence that the fluctuation of metabolites levels regulates histone demethylase activity and plant response to warm temperature. Taken together, the results highlight the interplay between metabolism, epigenetics and plant adaptation to changing the ambient environment
Wu, Jing. "Impact d'une augmentation modérée de la température du raisin sur le métabolome et le transcriptome." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0013/document.
Full textViticulture depends on climate conditions during the growing season. In the context of global warming, any changes in viticulture caused by the rising temperatures expected for the next decades may alter the geographical distribution of grape varieties and even threaten the sustainability of viticulture in hot areas. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of moderately elevated temperature on grape composition, both at metabolic and transcriptomic levels. A passive open-top heating system was applied in Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Sauvignon Blanc (SB) vines grown with standard practice in Bordeaux, France and the Barossa Valley, Australia (CS only) to increase the bunch zone mean temperature by around 0.5-1.6 °C, which was commensurate with the projected global warming. This moderate heating was applied from fruit-set to two weeks after harvest. Metabolites related to technical, phenolic and aromatic maturities (IBMP, the green pepper aroma, precursors of 3SH, grapefruit aroma, and β-damascenone, floral aroma) were assessed, together with transcriptome analysis via RNA-seq and q-PCR, in order to obtain a comprehensive view of berry responses to this moderately elevated temperature in realistic vineyard conditions.The moderately elevated temperature hardly affected the concentrations of sugars, organic acids and total amino acids, but it altered free amino acid composition depending on varieties, vintages and locations.The final concentrations of IBMP were not affected by warming condition in mature berries. However, the elevated temperature significantly reduced IBMP content and expression level of VviOMT3 (a known key gene of IBMP) in CS berries at bunch closure stage, while it reduced the expression levels of VviOMT3 and VviOMT4 at bunch closure stage without affecting IBMP concentration in SB berries. This limited and genotype-dependent effect of elevated temperature suggests that a moderate temperature elevation may not be sufficient to significantly modify IBMP.Glut-3SH-Al was much more concentrated than Glut-3SH and Cys-3SH. Reduced Glut-3SH-Al and Cys-3SH concentrations were associated with a significantly lower expression level of VviGST4 in heated SB berries. Meanwhile, VIT_08s0007g01420 (GSTU8), was down-regulated by elevated temperature and might be a potential candidate gene involved in the biosynthesis of precursors of 3SH.The concentrations of total carotenoids and two predominant carotenoids (lutein and β-carotene) were not altered by elevated temperature in CS berries, but zeaxanthin was reduced by elevated temperature and was significantly less concentrated at harvest. This lower concentration may limit the biosynthesis of β-damascenone and explain the observed lower β-damascenone concentration in post-ripening berries under elevated temperature.A total of 357 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) in response to the elevated temperature in Bordeaux samples in 2015. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology showed that temperature mainly regulated four GO categories, including microtubule, cell wall, extracellular region, and transcription factor activity. 6 DEGs related to anthocyanins synthesis were down-regulated and it could explain, at least in part, the observed lower total anthocyanins in warmed CS. Conversely, tannins were not affected by elevated temperature.The results provide a better understanding of potential global warming effects on metabolite changes during berry development, along with novel molecular insights into the response of grape berry to moderate heating in vineyard conditions
Guinchard, Marie-Pierre. "Comportement hivernal du trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens l. ) : morphogénèse et rôle des composés carbonés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1995_GUINCHARD_M_P.pdf.
Full textCuccia, Cédric. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la phénologie du Pinot noir en Bourgogne." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS094/document.
Full textThe viticulture is an important economic and cultural sector in Burgundy. The current climate change raises a number of issues including its impact on crops. In this thesis, the idea is to develop a methodology to address the problem: what are the potential impacts of changes in temperature on the phenology of Pinot noir in Burgundy for years 2031-2048?The evolution of temperatures in Burgundy since 1961 is characterized by a positive temperature shift at the end of the 1980s followed by a period where the temperature increases of about 1.5 ° C.One of the interests of this thesis is to develop, following a strategy developed during the thesis, a spatial database conducted over the period 1989-2009 to estimate the ability of the WRF model to reproduce the climate Burgundy by disaggregating large scale data. The model reproduces satisfactorily the seasonal and spatial variability in global climate despite bias (cold on the Tx and hot on the Tn).To regionalize the climate change, WRF was used to disaggregate data from the scenario SRES/A2 on the periods 1970-1987 and 2031-2048. After being evaluated and inter-compared three phenological models, using average temperatures data to simulate the dates of occurrence of phenological stages of Pinot Noir, have been applied to these decompositions.The impact of warming temperatures on the horizon 2031-2048 (SRES/A2), estimated at 1.35 ° C on average, is characterized by an earlier flowering and veraison of about 7 and 15 days respectively. The interstadial duration is also reduced of about 5 days
Poser, Christophe. "Influence de la température sur la phénologie de la canne à sucre : conséquences sur la phase d'implantation de la culture dans les Hauts de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0030/document.
Full textThis thesis is centered on the effects of temperature on sugarcane development and its potential for geographical expansion under low temperatures in high-altitude tropical conditions. In the highlands of Reunion Island (les Hauts), the duration of the germination, in planting years, affects the date and the level of the first harvest, as well as the sugarcane yield in the following ratoon crop cycle. Trials took place in climate chambers, greenhouses and fields at different temperatures and altitudes. A preliminary study validates the conditions governing the experimentation: bud bursts can be studied through single, healthy, single bud cuttings that are taken from the middle section of the mature stem. Temperature considerably influences the primary tiller germination and emergence stages. The thermal model that was developed satisfactorily predicts bursting at a constant temperature and allows for the quantification of observed varietal differences. Field trials reveal a disparity in the production and growth dynamics of leaves and stems according to locations and varieties. Temperature influences this differentiation. Among the indicators that were elaborated, the duration for the seedling of half the population, when applied to a climatic database, allows one to define geographical zones and time periods conducive to the introduction of sugarcane according to its variety. The methods presented herein can be used in varietal selection for all zones where cold temperature limits the spread of crops. Results could be used for the development of new cultural practices or for further studies in geo-referenced agronomic zoning
Valdes, correcher Elena. "Drivers of insect herbivory in Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) from tree to biogeographical scale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0034.
Full textInsect herbivory is an important ecological process that affects plant populations, communities and ecosystems. The distribution and abundance of insect herbivores and their resulting activity are shaped by a multitude of drivers, intrinsic or extrinsic to the host plant, that act at different spatial scales and often in concert. A widely used classification distinguishes between bottom-up forces where herbivore activity is influenced by the distribution and dynamics of the resource stock (including the defenses), and top-down forces where herbivore activity is constrained by drivers of mortality (e.g. predators, pests). Both bottom-up and top-down forces are involved in the trophic cascades that inevitably accompany plant-herbivore interactions in natural plant populations, yet their relative importance can vary greatly depending on the particular study context, and the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.I investigated the ecological drivers shaping the relationships between Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) and its insect herbivores across different spatial scales. In particular, I examined the effects of the ecological neighbourhood, the landscape context, tree genetic relatedness and climate on herbivore activity. A major aim of my thesis was to evaluate the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in shaping oak-herbivore relationships.The thesis is structured in three main chapters corresponding to independent manuscripts that are either published (chapter 1), under review (chapter 2) or under preparation (chapter 3) at the moment of submitting the thesis document. In chapter 1 I investigated the relationship between herbivory and the community and activity of insectivorous birds in oak stands that differed in size and connectivity. I found that herbivory, bird predation and bird communities were influenced by landscape characteristics, but neither predation on herbivores nor bird communities had a significant effect on herbivory. In chapter 2 I investigated the relationship between oak genotype, leaf defences and herbivory in the same stands. I found that insect herbivory and leaf defences were not only influenced by landscape characteristics but also by the genotype of the tree, and that insect herbivory decreased with increasing concentration of leaf defences. Finally, in chapter 3 I investigated the effect of large-scale climate variability on the interactions between plants, herbivory and bird predation in oak trees along a latitudinal gradient. I found that climatic factors influenced insect herbivory as well as leaf nutritional traits, while they did not influence leaf defences and bird predation. Furthermore, insect herbivory was only influenced by bottom-up forces (e.g. leaf nutritional traits and leaf defences) and these effects on herbivory varied among herbivore feeding guilds, while neither other traits nor top-down forces affected insect herbivory.Overall, these results help improve our understanding of the different ecological forces shaping insect herbivory and their bottom-up and top-down drivers in natural tree populations. Future studies of plants-herbivores-predator interactions should take into account that these are simultaneously influenced by host plant genotype, landscape characteristics and climate. Finally, the thesis also illustrates the value of citizen science approaches that can combine scientific research with much-needed environmental education
Poulet, Lucie. "Développement de modèles physiques pour comprendre la croissance des plantes en environnement de gravité réduite pour des apllications dans les systèmes support-vie." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC026/document.
Full textChallenges triggered by human space exploration of the solar system are different from those of the International Space Station because distances and time frames are of a different scale, preventing frequent resupplies. Bioregenerative life-support systems based on higher plants and microorganisms, such as the ESA Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) project will enable crews to be autonomous in food production, air revitalization, and water recycling, while closing cycles for water, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, during long-duration missions and will thus become necessary.The growth and development of higher plants and other biological organisms are strongly influenced by environmental conditions (e.g. gravity, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, partial pressure of O2 or CO2). To predict plant growth in these non-standard conditions, it is crucial to develop mechanistic models of plant growth, enabling multi-scale study of different phenomena, as well as gaining thorough understanding on all processes involved in plant development in low gravity environment and identifying knowledge gaps.Especially gas exchanges at the leaf surface are altered in reduced gravity, which could reduce plant growth in space. Thus, we studied the intricate relationships between forced convection, gravity levels and biomass production and found that the inclusion of gravity as a parameter in plant gas exchanges models requires accurate mass and heat transfer descriptions in the boundary layer. We introduced an energy coupling to the already existing mass balance model of plant growth and this introduced time-dependent variations of the leaf surface temperature.This variable can be measured using infra-red cameras and we implemented a parabolic flight experiment, which enabled us to validate local gas transfer models in 0g and 2g without ventilation.Finally, sap transport needs to be studied in reduced gravity environments, along with root absorption and leaf senescence. This would enable to link our gas exchanges model to plant morphology and resources allocations, and achieve a complete mechanistic model of plant growth in low gravity environments
Bénard, Camille. "Étude de l'impact de la nutrition azotée et des conditions de culture sur le contenu en polyphénols chez la tomate." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL050N/document.
Full textDuring my PhD we studied the effects of nitrate supply on tomato polyphenolics content. Several cultural systems were used (hydroponic, rockwool culture, NFT). We quantified the main tomato phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid, rutine, kaempferol rutinoside in vegetative parts (leaf, stem, root), together with some caffeic acid derivates and naringenine chalcone in fruits. These compounds were analyses by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. We noticed that leaves were the more responsive compartment of the plant, to the nutrition conditions. We observed a two-fold increase in polyphenolics concentrations when nitrate supply decrease from 15 to 0.05mM. We found, by drawing response curves, that this increase was more important when nitrate supply limited plant growth. Ten to 20 days seem necessary to observe a modification, at the plant level, of polyphenolics content. In tomato fruits, polyphenolics concentrations were modified by the nitrate supply, but we do not observed very significant increases. The effects of other environmental factors, such as climate conditions (light, temperature) were studied. Our results seem to indicate that climate is more important than nitrogen nutrition for the determination of the polyphenolic compounds concentrations
Saunier, Amélie. "Réponse de la forêt à des scénarios de sécheresse appliqués à moyen et long terme en milieu naturel : étude des COVB du chêne pubescent, principal émetteur d’isoprène en région méditerranéenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0106/document.
Full textBiogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by vegetation represent 1PgC.yr-1 at the global scale. These BVOC, once emitted into the atmosphere, can participate in the troposheric ozone formation as well as secondary oragnic aerosols and, consequently, on the atmospheric pollution. That’s why, it is very important to quantify, as accurately as possible, the BVOC emissions and to improbe the knowledge about the environmental factors which drive these emissions. It is well known that BVOC emissions are controlled by the light and the temperature but they can be impacted by other factors such as water stress. Nevertheless, these mechanisms are not well understood yet, since it has been shown that water stress can increase or decrease BVOC emissions according to the intensity and the duration of stress. In a context of climate change, we can expected an intensification of summer drought in Mediteranean area with an incerase of temperature, a decrease of rainfall as well as an elongation of stress period. This climate change could modify BVOC emissions. Moreover, the effects of a water stress applied during several years are not known. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the impact of water stress, expected with climate change, on BVOC emitted by Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.), main isoprene emitter of Mediterranean region
Brédoire, Félix. "Impacts of global change on the biogeochemical cycling of water and nutrients in the soil-plant system and consequences for vegetation growth in south-western Siberia." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0033/document.
Full textPredicting the evolution of vegetation productivity in SW Siberia in the contextof global change remains a challenge because of major uncertainties concerningthe biogeochemical cycling and the plant-availability of water and nutrients. Weprovided insights on their relation to climate and soil properties, investigating sixcontrasting sites.Aspen stem radial growth is mainly sensitive to soil water budget in the foreststeppezone established in the south of SW Siberia while it is enhanced by highsummer temperatures in the sub-taiga, in the north of the region.Field measurements and water budget simulations revealed that snow-melt isimportant re-filling soil water reserves in the south. In the north, these reservesare mostly re-filled in autumn and snow-melt is associated with drainage. A thicksnow-pack also prevents soil from freezing in winter in the sub-taiga. Water deficitand soil freezing largely impact the distribution of fine roots within the soil profilewhich is deeper in forest-steppe than in sub-taiga.The homogeneous soil phosphorus (P) status in the region investigated revealedthis nutrient has not been yet very impacted by contrasting soil processes. High Pstocks, and in particular plant-available forms, suggest P is unlikely to be limitingunder current and future conditions.By contrast, we found differences in nitrogen (N) status. Above-ground litterdecay and the release of N occurs faster in sub-taiga than in forest-steppe. Higherdrainage may explain deeper N transfer in sub-taiga soils. However, sub-taiga soilsalso seem to be efficient in retaining N, limiting losses from the soil–plant system