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1
Anderson, Emily Kathryn. "Can planting trees bring co-benefits? : smallholder tree planting for development and carbon mitigation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29472.
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There has been a growing interest in land-use change and forestry activities for advancing the global goals of climate change mitigation and rural development. Because of its links to agriculture, the main livelihood activity of the rural poor in most developing countries, one particularly promising land-use is agroforestry, the use of land for both agricultural and silvicultural activities. The potential for agroforestry to deliver rural development and climate change mitigation benefits is well documented. There is considerable hope and expectation that agroforestry will be able realize co-benefits, where projects seek simultaneous goals of improving human welfare and mitigating climate change. However, it is less clear how and whether both goals might be accomplished in practice. Through an analytical literature review of rural development and carbon forestry literature, and a qualitative case study of participant experiences and understandings in smallholder tree planting initiatives in Uganda, this thesis explored the following overarching research questions:
1. What are areas of likely tension and synergy when smallholder agroforestry projects in developing countries attempt to realize co-benefits for rural development and climate change mitigation?
2. How should smallholder planting projects be designed to effectively maximize the delivery of benefits for both development and carbon goals?
Both the case study and review of the literature suggest that projects seeking co-benefits from smallholder tree planting initiatives will encounter substantial tension between practices best suited to realizing development versus carbon benefits. These projects have considerable potential to fail in meeting expectations. Explicitly seeking ancillary benefits in projects that have primary goals of development or climate change mitigation may be a more effective way to more quickly expand the use of smallholder planting projects and attain both types of benefits, while concurrently providing opportunities to learn from experience and move towards the development of best practice for delivering returns for carbon and development on the ground. Alternative approaches to project design and pathways to deliver development benefits may be more appropriate in smallholder carbon projects to overcome expected tensions in projects attempting to deliver both development and climate benefits.
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Schuch, Ursula, and Jack Kelly. "Selecting, Planting and Staking Trees (PowerPoint)." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144772.
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39 slidesPlanting Guidelines; Container Trees and Shrubs (1998) Plant Selection and Selecting your Plants (2000) Selecting, Planting and Caring for Landscape Trees (DVD and VHS (2003); Originally published: 2006
This slide set with accompanying notes is intended to educate profesisonals in the nursery and landscape trade and lay people interested in proper horticultural practices related to selecting, planting and staking trees.
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Tipton, Jimmy L. "Planting Guidelines: Container Trees and Shrubs." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144775.
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2 pp.The majority of tree and shrub roots lie within the top two feet of soil and extend one and a half to four times the width of the crown, the above ground portion of the plants. These roots hold the plant in place and absorb most of the water and nutrients. Steps taken during planting to encourage the growth of these roots can reduce establishment time and improve plant survival and stability. This publication provides information on material requirements, drainage test, and other issues to consider when planting trees and shrubs.
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Tong, Mei-ka Julie. "Tree planting and air quality in Hong Kong urban areas /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/.
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Rathjens, Richard G. "PLANTING DEPTH OF TREES - A SURVEY OF FIELD DEPTH, EFFECT OF DEEP PLANTING, AND REMEDIATION." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1243869972.
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Agha, N. S. A. "High-density planting system for Bramley's seedling apple trees." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373464.
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Sheeter, Eric. "Mechanical silviculture." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10527.
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Problem: How to mechanise tree planting in North American logged sites? Trees are presently hand planted. Preliminary exploration identified the following collection of sub-problems. Vehicle: How to carry tools reliably and cost effectively over rough obstacle strewn ground? Results: U.S.A. - patent granted European Patent Office - patent granted Canada - patent granted The patents cover the main form and mode of operation of a simple but unconventional vehicle. Silvicultural/mechanical: How to mechanise the handling and placement of trees? Results: Two International Patents allowed. They cover a magazine/feed mechanism and a placement mechanism. They form a planting tool. One man guides the vehicle/tool system. An array of planting tools is carried. Two problems arise from the need to make guidance manageable and the planting rate fast enough. Spacing: How to cause the members of a collection of simultaneously operating tools to space themselves appropriately the spacing being driven by machine perceived cues? Choice: How to cause a tool to move to and halt over a plan table spot, tool action being driven by machine perceived cues? Results: One International Patent allowed. Spacing: A conceptual solution is described. Choice: A semi-automatic solution is described. It involves a system of tool guidance and a system of tool set-up, both light guided. Two methods for the detection of light signals in the presence of sunlight have been investigated. Choice-automatic; two solutions have been explored. One uses standard data processing, the other "parallel" processing. Here an idealised device is described which will compare for likeness two two-dimensional patterns.
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Bryan, Donita Lynn. "Influence of planting depth on landscape establishment of container-grown trees." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3179.
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Gauld, Zoë. "Planting trees, planting hope: an analysis of the role of urban forestry in addressing environmental inequality in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13669.
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The presence of trees in urban spaces has been identified as providing numerous environmental, psychosocial, and economic benefits. However, rather than being an equally distributed resource which all city residents share, tree cover in Cape Town, South Africa tends to be a marker of environmental inequality and racism, with trees being significantly more prevalent in wealthy, predominantly white, areas as opposed to poor, predominantly black, ones. The present study aims to analyse the potential for urban forestry to address this inequality. In order to gain in-depth understanding, a case study of an urban forestry project at the Lathi-Tha School of Skills in Khayelitsha is conducted. Within this framework, semi-structured and photoelicitation interviews are undertaken with 5 learners and 4 staff members in order to determine participants’ experiences and perceptions of their urban forestry project. The findings suggest that urban forestry does have the ability to redistribute the environmental, economic, and psychosocial benefits of tree cover to poor communities. Additionally, participation in urban forestry in South Africa is shown to have the capacity to tackle social inequalities that continue to recreate green-space inequality.
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Osorio, Amy Camille. "Incentives to Plant Trees in Tigray Ethiopia: Interactions of Public Microdams and Health." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33394.
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Governments of developing countries face the dual tasks of increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring sustainability of resources. The government of Ethiopia initiated a major rural development program in Tigray, Ethiopia ten years ago, called SAERT (Sustainable Agricultural and Environmental Rehabilitation), to change the decline in agricultural productivity and reverse local forest degradation. SAERT targets water resource development through the construction of regional public microdams, intended to bring irrigated agriculture to surrounding villages and improve household income. Through SAERT, villagers can choose to plant trees on public microdam sites, protected and monitored by the surrounding villages. Unfortunately, microdams may cause potentially serious side effects to human populations through water-borne illnesses such as malaria and schistosomiasis. This paper examines incentives for villagers in Tigray to plant trees for private use, in both villages with and without access to regional public microdams. In addition, we investigate the importance of health factors on the household decision to plant trees on household and public land.Master of Science
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Kay, Samuel. "Uprooting People, Planting Trees: Environmental Scarcity Politics and Urban Greening in Beijing." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587652027967202.
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Tong, Mei-ka Julie, and 湯美嘉. "Tree planting and air quality in Hong Kong urban areas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013251.
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Walsh, Terese Ann Catherine. "Diameter/basal area increment equations for loblolly pine trees in cutover, site-prepared plantations." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94489.
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The objective of this study was to develop diameter/basal area increment equations for loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned plantations on cutover, site-prepared areas. Results indicated that one set of coefficients was sufficient to estimate individual tree growth (for the three year period following thinning) on lightly thinned and heavily thinned plots. However, unthinned plots required a separate set of coefficients and therefore a separate equation to estimate growth.
Diameter growth was adequately explained by some form of the following regressor variables: pine basal area, hardwood basal area, initial age, initial diameter, average height of the dominant and codominant trees, and crown ratio ( optional). Transforming the dependent variable from a function of diameter to a similar function of basal area had no apparent effect on the precision of the predicted results.
Two alternative methods of predicting diameter growth were evaluated: (1) direct fitting of diameter growth, and (2) fitting a potential diameter growth equation and a modifier function. Even though the potential times modifier approach performed slightly better in terms of fitting the data, it provided unrealistic results at ages beyond the upper range of the data. After additional data are obtained at older ages, the potential times modifier approach may surpass the direct approach. However, at present, the direct diameter growth model was chosen as the final model form.M.S.
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Mehari, Amanuel. "Growth and suitability of some tree species selected for planting in adverse environments in Eritrea and Ethiopia /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200591.pdf.
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Enibe, David Okechukwu. "Analysis of the reasons for limited planting of traditional and improved breadfruit (Treculia africana) trees in Southeast Nigeria." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76774/.
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Breadfruit (Treculia africana) is a member of the taxonomic family Moraceae, genus Treculia and a multipurpose tree crop of Southeast Nigeria. The desire to study breadfruit was instigated by a paradoxical situation observed in Nigeria. First, there is high and increasing demand for the crop. Second, it is a well-known and appreciated traditional component of Souteastem Nigerian farming systems. Third, however, high demand for the crop does not seem to be leading to an increase in cultivation and production of any of the varieties. Finally, instead of increasing supply, it is listed as an endangered species. The need for increased planting of the crop has been emphasized by many authors, but there appears to be no increase in breadfruit cultivation. The research therefore investigates this apparent paradox with the aim of understanding the reasons for limited planting of both traditional and improved breadfruit varieties in Southeast Nigeria. Data were collected via a survey questionnaire, 38 key informant interviews, 16 focus group discussions and 21 in-depth interviews. A total of 260 farmers were randomly selected from 13 communities in two states of Southeast Nigeria for the study. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Z statistics and logistic regression analysis. The study found that breadfruit planting appears to be at subsistence level with an increased number of the trees in the last 10 years relative to the number in the previous 20 years and that this is due to an increase in the number of farmers growing the crop and that adoption of improved varieties is poor. The study revealed that breadfruit plays important roles in the livelihoods of the farmers including its use for household food security, income generation, snacks, a source of firewood, fodder and traditional medicine, and in sociocultural activities. It was also found that the major reasons for limited planting of breadfruit were lack of access to new breadfruit (NBF) planting material, high cost of NBF and lack of awareness of the existence of NBF varieties, fear of increased risk of bush fires, drudgery relating to breadfruit depulping and cultural norms that allow the free collection of breadfruit in farm fields. The study indicates that the farmers' characteristics associated with NBF adoption at 5% level of significance were their breadfruit consumption frequency (monthly intake), extension contact and educational level while sourcing of fodder and medicinal importance were associated with planting more of their traditional trees.
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Battaglia, Michael J. "A multi-methods approach to determining appropriate locations for tree planting in two of Baltimore's tree-poor neighborhoods." Ohio : Ohio University, 2010. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1275679254.
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Bopape-Mabapa, Moshidi Paulina. "Yield characteristics, carbon capture and chemical composition of moringa oleifera under diverse planting population and agro-ecological conditions of the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2860.
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Thesis (Ph. D. Agric. (Plant Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2019Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose fast growing tree which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world due to its numerous benefits. The benefits include medicinal use, industrial use, soil fertility, water purification, climate change mitigation as well as of nutritional value for humans and livestock. Recently, many areas globally have been rendered vulnerable to climate change as well as food insecurity. Climate change increases irregularities of rainfall and temperature patterns in semi-arid conditions. One practical way to address this challenge in the agricultural sector is to introduce more trees crop species which are found to be more tolerant than annual crops under harsh growing conditions. Moringa is one species that could be considered under variable climatic conditions for positive outcomes through climate change adaptation and mitigation as well as life sustenance against food insecurity threats. Production of moringa in South Africa is exclusively for leaf processing and consumption. To date, there is no documented information available about seed and oil yield production of moringa mainly in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The aim of the study was to generate knowledge on moringa growth, nutritional composition, seed and oil yield production as well as its response to drought through gaseous exchange parameters, as influenced by plant density under diverse agro-ecological locations in Limpopo Province. The study was conducted in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, from November 2013 to January 2016. The study area falls within the semi-region which is characterized by low and erratic rainfall which predominately falls in summer as well as extremely low or high temperatures. A survey was conducted from November 2013 to September 2014 in five districts of the Limpopo Province. Focus group discussion, questionnaires and field observations were used for data collection. A total of 150 moringa growers formed part of the focus group and a questionnaire was administered to only thirty-one farmers, who constitute the population of farmers producing moringa within an area of 0.25 ha or more. A second study was conducted at two experimental sites in the Limpopo Province of northern part of South Africa to evaluate for the first time, the effect of plant density and cutting interval on biomass production and chemical composition of moringa grown under two diverse climatic conditions. Four different planting densities (435 000, 300 000, 200 000 and 100 000 plants/ha) were arranged in a randomized complete block design and experimental samples were replicated four times. A third study was conducted over two years to achieve additional objectives which included evaluation of gaseous exchange, biomass, seed, and oil yield. Untreated seeds of Moringa oleifera were used for establishing the trial at densities of 5 000, 2 500, 1 667 and 1 250 plants ha-1, with eight replicates. The same study was used to achieve the objective on gaseous exchange in comparison with other two naturally growing tree species of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees growing within the moringa trial vicinity. The study was further used to evaluate the effect of planting density on biomass, grain, oil yield production and nutritional composition of Moringa oleifera trees. The last part of the study was carried out in the five districts of the Limpopo Province to determine the influence of soil physical and chemical properties on the nutritional composition of moringa leaves. The farms that were identified during the survey were also used to achieve other objectives of the study. In order to determine soil and leaf nutritional composition, soil samples were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The harvested leaves were dried at room temperature and their nutritional compositions were determined using standard methods. Findings from the studies revealed the following: The survey indicated that there are potential moringa farmers in all the districts of the province, with the intention to commercialize the tree. Majority of farmers grow moringa on 0.251.0 ha and have been producing the crop for the past 2 years. The study on planting density and cutting frequency revealed satisfactory nutritional composition in the leaves across the cutting frequencies and that, an increase in the plant density led to enhanced biomass production. The study on the monthly and seasonal gaseous exchange revealed significant differences in net photosynthetic rate, transpiration, sub-stomatal CO2 and stomatal conductance. However, planting densities of Moringa oleifera had no significant effect on all the gaseous exchange parameters measured. In a comparison of moringa with other tree species growing in the vicinity of moringa, the results differed significantly in gaseous exchange. The highest activity in photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and sub-stomatal CO2 (Ci), as well as higher stomatal density, was found in moringa. The findings from the biomass, seed yield and oil yield study showed that the increase in measured biomass, seed and oil yield increased with increasing planting density. However, seed oil concentration was non-significant. Findings from the ecology study revealed that moringa improved soil nutritional composition; mainly in areas where the trees were more than three years old as compared to control soils where moringa had not been planted. The soil nutritional composition differed with soil textural classes with the clay soils recording higher nutrient ion values. The study revealed that moringa can be produced in many locations of the Limpopo Province without negatively affecting leaf nutritional composition. Moringa leaves contain high level of nutrients even under marginal production areas irrespective of the planting density. A population of 5000 plants ha-1 can be used for seed and oil yield production where temperatures are favourable for improved farmers’ livelihoods. The results strongly showed with no doubt, the superiority of moringa in capturing more carbon among the three species. Moringa maintained good leaf yield even under drought condition, which is an indication of its potential to act as a good sink for carbon dioxide absorption. It can, therefore, be recommended for many parts of Limpopo Province for climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and food security. KEY CONCEPTS: agro-ecology, biomass, climate change, commercialization, drought, food security, gas exchange, leaf chemical composition, location, Moringa oleifera, oil, seed, soil textural class, survey, trees, weather, yield
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Esler, William Kevin. "On the development and application of indirect site indexes based on edaphoclimatic variables for commercial forestry in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20145.
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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Site Index is used extensively in modern commercial forestry both as an indicator of current and future site potential, but also as a means of site comparison. The concept is deeply embedded into current forest planning processes, and without it empirical growth and yield modelling would not function in its present form. Most commercial forestry companies in South Africa currently spend hundreds of thousands of Rand annually collecting growth stock data via inventory, but spend little or no money on the default compartment data (specifically Site Index) which is used to estimate over 90% of the product volumes in their long term plans. A need exists to construct reliable methods to determine Site Index for sites which have not been physically measured (the socalled "default", or indirect Site Index). Most previous attempts to model Site Index have used multiple linear regression as the model, alternative methods have been explored in this thesis: Regression tree analysis, random forest analysis, hybrid or model trees, multiple linear regression, and multiple linear regression using regression trees to identify the variables. Regression tree analysis proves to be ideally suited to this type of data, and a generic model with only three site variables was able to capture 49.44 % of the variation in Site Index. Further localisation of the model could prove to be commercially useful. One of the key assumptions associated with Site Index, that it is unaffected by initial planting density, was tested using linear mixed effects modelling. The results show that there may well be role played by initial stocking in some species (notably E. dunnii and E. nitens), and that further work may be warranted. It was also shown that early measurement of dominant height results in poor estimates of Site Index, which will have a direct impact on inventory policies and on data to be included in Site Index modelling studies. This thesis is divided into six chapters: Chapter 1 contains a description of the concept of Site Index and it's origins, as well as, how the concept is used within the current forest planning processes. Chapter 2 contains an analysis on the influence of initial planted density on the estimate of Site Index. Chapter 3 explores the question of whether the age at which dominant height is measured has any effect on the quality of Site Index estimates. Chapter 4 looks at various modelling methodologies and compares the resultant models. Chapter 5 contains conclusions and recommendations for further study, and finally Chapter 6 discusses how any new Site Index model will effect the current planning protocol.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hedendaagse kommersiële bosbou gebruik groeiplek indeks (Site Index) as 'n aanduiding van huidige en toekomstige groeiplek moontlikhede, asook 'n metode om groeiplekke te vergelyk. Hierdie beginsel is diep gewortel in bestaande beplanningsprosesse en daarsonder kan empiriese groeien opbrengsmodelle nie in hul huidige vorm funksioneer nie. SuidAfrikaanse bosboumaatskappye bestee jaarliks groot bedrae geld aan die versameling van groeivoorraad data deur middel van opnames, maar weinig of geen geld word aangewend vir die insameling van ongemete vak data (veral groeiplek indeks) nie. Ongemete vak data word gebuik om meer as 90% van die produksie volume te beraam in langtermyn beplaning. 'n Behoefte bestaan om betroubare metodes te ontwikkel om groeiplek indeks te bereken vir groeiplekke wat nog nie opgemeet is nie. Die meeste vorige pogings om groeiplek indeks te beraam het meervoudige linêre regressie as model gebruik. Alternatiewe metodes is ondersoek; naamlik regressieboom analise, ewekansige woud analise, hibriedeof modelbome, meervoudige linêre regressie en meervoudige linêre regressie waarin die veranderlike faktore bepaal is deur regressiebome. Regressieboom analise blyk geskik te wees vir hierdie tipe data en 'n veralgemeende model met slegs drie groeiplek veranderlikes dek 49.44 % van die variasie in groeiplek indeks. Verdere lokalisering van die model kan dus van kommersiële waarde wees. 'n Sleutel aanname is gemaak dat aanvanklike plantdigtheid nie 'n invloed op groeiplek indeks het nie. Hierdie aanname is getoets deur linêre gemengde uitwerkings modelle. Die toetsuitslag dui op 'n moontlikheid dat plantdigtheid wel 'n invloed het op sommige spesies (vernaamlik E. dunnii en E. nitens) en verdere navorsing kan daarom geregverdig word. Dit is ook bewys dat metings van jonger bome vir dominante hoogtes gee aanleiding tot swak beramings van groeiplek indekse. Gevolglik sal hierdie toestsuitslag groeivoorraad opname beleid, asook die data wat vir groeiplek indeks modellering gebruik word, beïnvloed. Hierdie tesis word in ses hoofstukke onderverdeel. Hoofstuk een bevat 'n beskrywing van die beginsel van groeiplek indeks, die oorsprong daarvan, asook hoe die beginsel tans in huidige bosbou beplannings prosesse toegepas word. Hoofstuk twee bestaan uit ń ontleding van die invloed van aanvanklike plantdigtheid op die beraming van groeplek indeks. In hoofstuk drie word ondersoek wat die moontlike invloed is van die ouderdom waarop metings vir dominante hoogte geneem word, op die kwaliteit van groeplek indeks beramings het. Hoofstuk vier verken verskeie modelle metodologieë en vergelyk die uitslaggewende modelle. Hoofstuk vyf bevat gevolgtrekkings en voorstelle vir verdere studies. Afsluitend, is hoofstuk ses ń bespreking van hoe enige nuwe groeiplek indeks modelle die huidige beplannings protokol kan beïnvloed.
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Tesluk, Jordan. "Health and safety in the tree planting workplace /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2006. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2715.
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Nabar, Sean J., and Salvatore B. Pallante. "Design of a tree moving and planting device." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36752.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 67).
Planting trees that weigh over 200 pounds normally requires three or more able persons. Therefore, a device that allows a single person to easily and efficiently plant such trees possible by one person is highly desirable. During a Product Design class in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a group of 14 students developed a series of four concept models which culminated in a Final Prototype of such a product that can successfully lift, move and plant trees of over 200 pounds. This paper is aimed at documenting this series of designs and analyzing, testing and further developing the Final Prototype built in the course in order to make it marketable. Based on customer feedback, testing results, and user interaction, revisions to the next prototype of this device are proposed. Testing with trees of 170 and 370 lbs determined that the current outrigger stabilizing mechanism needs modification. The current outriggers, which are stored inside the frame, sustained maximum loads of 29 lbs for the 170 lbs tree, and 46 lbs for the 370 lbs tree. A sketch model built to simulate the outrigger mechanism suggests that the outriggers should be attached outside the base frame of the device rather than stored inside.
(cont.) The revised device is also to include two stacked pipe clamps for securing the vertical member members of the outriggers. The upper and lower frames are to be reduced in width from 42 to 36 inches, making the device more compact while still accommodating tree root balls of up to 3 feet in diameter. Nylon insulation of the current winch wire is necessary to prevent damage to tree trunks while operating the device. These design revisions will improve the performance of the device Final Prototype and are believed to make the revised device commercially viable on the product market.
by Sean J. Nabar and Salvatore B. Pallante.
S.B.
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Mudzunga, Maluta J. "Enhancement of vegetative growth in young citrus plantings." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51740.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Enhancement of vegetative growth in young citrus plantings The establishment of citrus involves high input costs, with break-even usually only attained after six years, making early returns imperative for economic survival. Early production is inseparably associated with good growth of the trees in the non-bearing years. In cool and cold production regions, coupled with a high frequency of wind, the initial tree growth is unsatisfactory. Trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of Progibb® (GA3), Promalin'" (G~+7 + BA), Kelpak® (seaweed extract containing auxins and cytokinins) and soil applications of Temik® (aldicarb) as a means to promote vegetative growth. GA3 and/or aldicarb significantly increased tree height, without increasing the stem diameter in comparison to the control trees on 'Eureka' lemon, but not on 'Lisbon' lemon. G~+7 + BA or Kelpak® treatments did not have an effect on tree growth or fresh weight distribution. In conclusion, growth stimulation by GA3 and/or aldicarb could lead to quicker filling of the allotted space, and consequently higher, earlier yields, but further trials are required to verify these results. Insufficient carbohydrate and nitrogen reserves are often implicated in poor establishment performance of nursery trees. The effect of tree size at planting and different topping heights on early growth in the field were evaluated; also the physical and chemical profile of tall nursery whip trees were quantified. Significant correlations were found between the initial stem diameter and final stem diameter and initial tree height and final tree height at the end of the first growing season. Stem diameter increase was significantly reduced in topped trees relative to untopped trees. Roots comprised approximately 22%, and the aboveground portion about 78% of total dry weight. Roots nearly always contained higher concentrations of carbohydrates and nitrogen reserves. However, the aboveground sections, comprising a higher proportion of total dry weight, contained more than two thirds of total carbohydrates and nitrogen reserves. Topping of nursery whip trees at 60 cm aboveground thus would result in a loss of 33 to 37% dry matter, 29 to 33% carbohydrates and 37 to 46% nitrogen. Therefore, planting large, untopped nursery trees enhance initial tree growth in the orchard. The use of well-branched nursery trees for orchard planting can shorten the time to commercial fruit production. Citrus nursery trees do not develop lateral shoots adequately in the nursery or in the field and therefore necessitate various branch induction techniques. Two trials on newly-planted (one or five months after planting) trees were conducted to evaluate various branch induction techniques, viz., girdling, Promalin® (G~+7 + BA) (at 1000 or 2000 mg/I) and/or leaf removal and notching either to individual buds or the whole trees. The first trial, on l-month-old trees did not yield significant results. In the second trial, notching and girdling significantly increased the number and total length of lateral branches, but notching was the most effective technique. As the first trial, on the very young trees, yielded no significant results, it seems that trees have to be well established before they will respond. In young, non-oearing trees a lot of energy is invested in the flowering process, which results in an inhibition of vegetative growth. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and heavy mineral oil (Bac-oil) treatments, either individually or in combination, applied during early winter were evaluated as a means to reduce flowering levels in young nonbearing citrus trees. GA3 and mineral oil either separately or in combination were sprayed from April to July to the whole tree. GA3 and mineral oil either individually or in combination applied late in May to late June markedly reduced flowering. GA3 application in mid April had a minimal effect on flowering levels. Peak responses to GA3 coincided with a significant reduction in bud sprouting. Although optimum application time proved to be around May to July, this time is likely to vary from year to year depending on the influence of the prevailing temperature and other climatic conditions. The winter application of GA3, specifically, and possibly in combination with mineral oil to inhibit flowering and early vegetative growth may be utilised commercially. However, response may vary dramatically from season to season. Effect of time of application and concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4-DP) and l-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) as potential fruit thinning agents to reduce fruit set soon after flowering and enhance vegetative growth were evaluated over a two year period. 2,4-DP at 150 and 300 mg/I and NAA at 200 and 400 mg/! were sprayed on 2- and 4-year-old 'Mihowase' Satsuma, as well as on 2-year-old 'Marisol', 'Nules' and 'Oroval' Clementine trees at two times (late October and early November). The higher concentration of 2,4-DP and NAA generally did not result in increased fruit abscission in the first year. However, in the case of 2,4-DP the higher concentration resulted in stronger thinning in the second year. 2,4-DP and NAA can be used as potential fruit thinning agents to reduce fruit set on young non-bearing trees.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verbetering van vegetatiewe groeie by jong sitrus-aanplantings Die vestiging van sitrus behels hoë insetkoste en die gelykbreekpunt word gewoonlik eers na ses jaar bereik. Vroë opbrengste is dus noodsaaklik vir ekonomiese oorlewing. In koel en koue produksie-areas, met baie wind, is die aanvanklike boomgroei onvoldoende. Studies is uitgevoer om die effek van blaarbespuitings van Progibb'" (GA3), Promalin® (G~+7 + BA), Kelpak (seewier-ekstrak wat ouksien en sitokiniene bevat) en grondtoedienings van Temik® (aldicarb), as metodes om vegetatiewe groei te verbeter te evalueer. GA3 en/of aldicarb het boornhoogte betekenisvol laat toeneem, sonder om stamdeursnit te bevoordeel op 'Eureka' suurlemoen, maar nie op 'Lisbon' suurlemoen nie. G~+7 + BA of Kelpak'" behandelings het geen effek op boomgroei of varsmassa-verspreiding gehad nie. Groeistimulasie deur GA3 en/of Aldicarb kan lei tot vinniger vul van spasie, en hoër en vroeër oeste, maar verdere studies is nodig om die resultate te bevestig. Onvoldoende koolhidraat- en stikstofreserwes word dikwels gekoppel aan swak vestigingsprestasie van kwekerybome. Die effek van boomgrootte by planttyd en verskillende tophoogtes op vroeë groei in die veld is geëvalueer; die fisiese en chemiese profiel van lang ongetopte kwekerybome is ook gekwantifiseer. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen die aanvanklike stamdeursnit en en finale stamdeursnit en tussen aanvanklike boomhoogte en finale boomhoogte aan die einde van die eerste groeiseisoen. Stamdeursnit-toenarne is betekenisvol verminder in getopte bome relatief tot ongetopte bome. Wortels het uit ongeveer 22% en die bogrondse porsie ongeveer 78% van die totale droë massa bestaan. Wortels het bykans altyd hoër konsentrasies koolhidrate- en stikstofreserwes bevat. Die bogrondse gedeeltes, wat ook 'n hoër proporsie van die totale droë massa bevat, het meer as twee derdes van die totale koolhidraat en stikstofreserwes. Die top van kwekerybome op 60 cm bo die grond sal lei tot 'n verlies van 33 tot 37% droë massa, 29 tot 33% koolhidrate en 37 tot 46% stikstof. Dus, die plant van groot, ongetopte kwekerybome sal die aanvanklike boomgroei in die boord verbeter. Die gebruik van goedvertakte kwekerybome by planttyd kan die tyd tot komrnersieële vrugteproduksie verkort. Sitrus-kwekerybome gee nie voldoende laterale vertakking in die kwekery of in die boord nie. Twee studies op pas-aangeplante bome (een en vyf maande na plant) is uitgevoer om verskillende tegnieke om laterale lootgroei te stimuleer te evalueer, nl. Promalin® (G~+7 + BA) (teen 1000 of 2000 mg/I) en/of blaarverwydering, en die maak van kerfies op individuele knoppe of op bome as geheel. In die eerste studie, op die een-maand-oue bome, is geen betekenisvolle resultate verkry nie. In die tweede studie het kerfies en ringelering die hoeveelheid en lengte van laterale takke betekenisvol vermeerder, maar kerfies was meer effektief. Die bome moet egter blykbaar goed gevestig wees voor dit reageer. In jong, nie-draende bome word baie energie gebruik in die blomproses en dit lei tot die inhibisie van vegetatiewe groei. Gibberelliensuur (GA3 ) en 'n swaar mineralolie (Bac-oil) wat individueel of in kombinasie toegedien is tydens die vroeë winter is geëvalueer as 'n tegniek om blomvlakke in jong nie-draende sitrusbome te verminder. GA3 en minerale olie individueel of in kombinasie, is gespuit vanaf April tot Julie op die bome as geheel. GA3 en minerale olie toegedien individueel of in kombinasie laat in Mei tot Junie het blomvlakke verminder. GA3 toegedien in middel April het 'n minimale effek gehad. Die beste reaksie op GA3 het saamgeval met 'n betekenisvolle vermindering in die bot van knoppe. Alhoewel die optimum tyd van toediening rondom Mei tot Julie is, mag hierdie tyd wissel van jaar tot jaar afhangende van die effek van heersende temperature en ander klimaatstoestande. Die wintertoediening van GA3, spesifiek en moontlik in kombinase met minerale olie om blomvlakke en vroeë vegetatiewe groei te verminder kan kommersieel gebruik word. Die reaksie op hierdie behandelings mag egter drasties wissel van seisoen tot seisoen. Die effek van die tyd van toediening en konsentrasie van 2,4- dichlorofenoksipropioonsuur (2,4-DP) en 1-naftaleenasynsuur (NAA) as potensiële vruguitdunagente om vrugset kort na blom totaal te verminder en om vegetatiewe groei te verbeter, is geëvalueer oor 'n twee-jaarperiode. 2,4-DP teen 150 en 300 mg/l en NAA teen 200 en 400 mg/l is gespuit op 2- en 4-jaaroue 'Mihowase' Satsuma, en ook op 2-jaaroue 'Marisoi', 'Nules' en 'Oroval' Clementines op twee tye (laat Oktober en vroeg November). Die hoër konsentrasies van 2,4-DP en NAA het oor die algemeen nie gelei tot 'n verhoging in vrugafsnoering in die eeste jaar nie. Met 2,4- DP het die hoër konsentrasie gelei tot strawwer uitdunning in die tweede jaar. 2,4-DP en NAA kan as potensiële vruguitdunagente op jong, nie-draende bome gebruik word.
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Burcham, Daniel C. "Urban forest management for multiple benefits an analysis of tree establishment strategies used by community tree planting programs /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 214 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885755681&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Abod, Sheikh Ali. "Growth and establishment of woody perennials." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364051.
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Mason, Thomas E. 1971. "Narratives and reality for tree planting in Southern Malawi." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11047.
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ix, 48 p. : maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.This thesis examines the roots of deforestation in Malawi and how it has been problematized and turned into an accepted discourse of an impending crisis. I argue that deforestation in Malawi has been prioritized in order to suit the needs of Malawi's powerful elite and does not reflect the real and urgent problems of Malawi's small farmers. Deforestation has been explained by narratives which suggest that the farmers are to blame either because they have over-consumed fuelwood without replanting or have cut too many trees for expanding agriculture. These narratives not only mask the ultimate cause of deforestation, which is unequal access to land, but also deflect attention from more immediate problems. In recent surveys, however, Malawi's farmers have been clear about their priorities. Deforestation is a concern, but poverty and lack of food security are their chief problems.
Committee in charge: Peter Walker, Chairperson; Dennis Galvan, Member
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Ketcham, Cene Walstine. "Influence of Tree Planting Program Characteristics on Environmental Justice Outcomes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56571.
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Urban trees provide a variety of benefits to human physical and mental health. However, prior research has shown that urban tree canopy is unevenly distributed; areas with lower household incomes or higher proportions of racial or ethnic minorities tend to have less canopy. Urban tree benefits are largely spatially-dependent, so this disparity has a disproportionate impact on these communities, which are additionally subject to higher rates of health problems. Planting programs are a common way that municipal and nonprofit urban forest organizations attempt to increase canopy in cities. Increasing canopy in underserved communities is a commonly desired outcome, but which of the wide range of programmatic strategies currently employed are more likely to result in success? This research uses interviews with planting program administrators, spatially referenced planting data, and demographic data for six U.S. cities in order to connect planting program design elements to equity outcomes. I developed a planting program taxonomy to provide a framework for classifying and comparing programs based on their operational characteristics, and used it along with planting location data to identify programs that had the greatest reach into low-income and minority area. I found that highly integrated partnerships between nonprofit and municipal entities, reduced planting responsibility for property owners, and concentrated plantings that utilize public property locations to a high degree are likely to improve program penetration into low-income and minority areas. These findings provide urban forestry practitioners with guidance on how to more successfully align planting program design with equity outcomes.Master of Science
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Emtage, Nicholas F. "An investigation of the social and economic factors affecting the development of small-scale forestry by rural households in Leyte Province, Philippines /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18311.pdf.
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French, Christopher James. "Tree planting for phytoremediation : the fate of soil contaminants on brownfield sites." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2004. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5779/.
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Whittet, Richard Robert. "Genetic resources of native tree species and their deployment under climate change." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31467.
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Current and emerging threats to trees and forest ecosystems require a re-evaluation of the way forest genetic resources are managed. Governments in the United Kingdom and elsewhere are committed to the restoration, expansion and creation of new woodlands. Tree populations are often adaptively differentiated from one another, so a key question underpinning the success of planting schemes is the choice of seed origin. A long held understanding is that locally sourced seeds will have the best opportunity to tolerate conditions of the planting site (local provenancing). However, the rate at which the environment is changing introduces a great deal of uncertainty into decision making and there is concern that climate change is proceeding at rates faster than those with which locally adapted trees would be able to cope. As such, there are suggestions that seed collected from areas already experiencing the anticipated future conditions will improve the adaptability of forests (predictive provenancing). This thesis investigated outstanding questions relating to the merits of the local provenancing and predictive provenancing approaches, and the practical implementation of seed sourcing policy in British forestry. The validity of existing seed zone boundaries used under local provenancing was analysed for ancient semi-natural Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. forests of Scotland. Vegetation description and analyses of climatic covariates revealed that the existing series of seed zones used to guide selection of planting stock for restoration do not necessarily environmentally match seed sources to planting sites under current conditions. Additional disparity is introduced when edaphic variation (or proxies for this) is considered. To determine whether future adaptation under local provenancing may be restricted by limited pollen flow among populations of native Scots pine in Scotland, the timing of pollen production in five populations was estimated by repeatedly measuring strobilus development on a series of twenty trees over three consecutive springs. Differences in the mean predicted date of pollen production were found, with populations in the warmer west shedding pollen earliest each year, although the timing and differences in timing among populations varied from year to year, with shedding taking place earliest in the warmest of the three years and latest in the coolest year. A theoretical multi-patch, ecological genetic individual-based model (IBM) was developed to investigate the utility of different seed sourcing strategies (local versus non local provenance) and their capacity to help populations adapt to directional climate change. As well as being adapted to climate, which varied in a clinal pattern, individuals also had to be well adapted to the habitat conditions of the planting site in order to survive hard selection at the seedling stage. The model showed that population size of a new planting was reduced when planting stock adapted to the future conditions but not to current conditions was deployed. The differences were most severe when selection acted simultaneously on both the climate-related and the habitat-related phenotype. Finally, a series of in-depth qualitative surveys conducted with members of the domestic forest nursery and seed supply sector in Great Britain found that there are many difficulties associated with seed sourcing and the supply of trees. These problems arise due to a very limited ability to predict demand at the time of seed sowing, and lead to waste when demand is overestimated and importation of planting stock when demand is underestimated. Confidence and competitiveness in the domestic sector could be greatly improved by updating seed sourcing guidelines and by simplifying certain aspects of the process by which forest planting projects are funded.
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Cockfield, Geoffrey John. "Evaluating a markets-based incentive scheme for farm forestry : a case study /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18381.pdf.
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Ekers, Michael. "Working the landscape : Cultures of labour in the British Columbia tree planting sector." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527296.
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Rhéaume, Dave. "Income Effects on Worker Productivity : a natural experiment in the tree-planting industry." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23865/23865.pdf.
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Adams, Joseph Brett. "A sweet cherry planting system comparison involving virus effects with multiple genotypes." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2008/j_adams_012609.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in horticulture)--Washington State University, December 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 17, 2009). "Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture." Includes bibliographical references.
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Sarkissian, Arbi J. "Exploring payments for ecosystem services in the context of native tree planting in Lebanon." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/exploring-payments-for-ecosystem-services-in-the-context-of-native-tree-planting-in-lebanon(ce8456f2-658b-4924-abd5-63b24df67eb8).html.
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From local governance regimes to policies and markets, diverse institutions are crucial for ensuring effective natural resource management. Payments for Ecosystems Services (PES) are being adopted globally as a potential strategy for protecting and increasing forests by paying for environmental goods and services not captured in the market. Large-scale reforestation efforts have also increased globally, but are mostly aimed at increasing forest cover rather than ensuring resilient ecosystems. Many have argued that such incentivised reforestation schemes could lead to plantations of limited species diversity. Enhancing tree species diversity simultaneously with other forest ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration) in reforestation therefore remains a challenge. Since many land managers are reluctant to voluntarily plant trees of little market or use value, PES may offer a strategy for enhancing tree diversity if stakeholders’ perceptions were understood. I therefore explored how PES should be designed to deliver biodiversity-enhancing reforestation. Empirical research was carried out in mountainous villages within Lebanon’s newly designated Important Plant Areas (IPAs). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local authorities and key informants in 48 villages within nine IPAs exposing numerous socio-institutional and biophysical constraints to reforestation on municipal lands. I then set out to gauge landowners’ perceptions of PES schemes with varying levels of conditionality. In this mixed-methods study, I found that private landowners are very diverse in their preferences and attitudes towards PES schemes expressed through their discussions about risks and reward. I later surveyed national stakeholders’ preferences for native species to be used in reforestation. Similarly, these stakeholders (and potential PES buyers) also exhibit preference heterogeneity when prioritising native species for reforestation. Finally, I estimate a production possibility frontier from a choice experiment conducted with landowners in the Bcharre-Ehden IPA. My results indicated that real trade-offs do exist between the extent of forest cover and diversity of species used in reforestation. However, while limited in scope, it is possible for reforesting private lands with diverse native forest species cost-effectively through identifying and targeting willing suppliers (i.e. landowners). Increasing participation requires further research to investigate whether absentee residents, with landholdings not tied to commercial farming, would be willing to accept low-cost payments for biodiversity-enhancing reforestation. My thesis provides insights from empirical studies that will contribute to both research and policy in designing PES for achieving multiple objectives cost-effectively.
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Hwang, Won Hoi. "Investigating the Impact of Urban Tree Planting Strategies for Shade and Residential Energy Conservation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75168.
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Expanding urbanization, characterized by increased impervious surfaces and decreased tree canopy, is contributing to rising urban temperatures. This trend has implications for energy consumption, which strategically placed trees can modify by casting shade upon building and ground surfaces. However, urban densification, a paradigm of modern residential land development, often constrains space for planting shade trees. Thus, the overall objective of this dissertation was to investigate shade tree planting strategies and their effects on residential cooling and heating energy conservation for dense urban neighborhoods in U.S. cities on a latitudinal gradient. The first study used a computer program called Shadow Pattern Simulator to examine the effects of tree form, tree placement, and sunlight exposure on shade provision for a residential structure model. Simulation results affirmed the conventional strategy in northern latitudes that recommends planting shade trees on the east or west aspect for maximizing beneficial shade while avoiding tree plantings on the south aspect to minimize any heating penalty of undesirable shade. However, in southern latitudes, planting trees on southerly aspect should not be discounted because the shorter heating season lessens the detrimental heating penalty while providing beneficial season shade. The second study, using an energy simulation program called EnergyPlus, evaluated the effect of a single shade tree upon the energy consumption of the structure model. This study affirmed that energy conservation benefits are influenced by the quantity as well as the quality of tree shade upon building surfaces. In addition, interactions between sun angle, tree form, and tree placement were observed to influence tree shade effects on annual energy consumption. In the third study, based on the first two studies, an alternative tree placement strategy, which reconfigured tree placement around the residential structure, was developed to maximize cooling and heating energy savings while attenuating space conflicts. The alternative strategy was found to be as effective as the conventional strategy while being more responsive to parcel or building orientations in dense urban neighborhoods. Overall, understanding the fundamental interactions between tree form, tree placement, and geographic settings is critical for improving energy conservation benefits of shade trees in dense urban settings.Ph. D.
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Mahapatra, Ajay Kumar. "Factors influencing adoption of farm level tree planting in social forestry in Orissa, India." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU090390.
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This study of the adoption of farm level forestry in one eastern Indian state, Orissa, focused on the above issue. 428 farm owners, both tree planters and non planters from 24 villages in two districts were interviewed with a questionnaire and household level data on socio-economic resources, tree products demand and their attitude towards forestry were collected. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to identify factors influencing the decision of farmers to adopt/reject tree growing on farm. The social status, progressiveness of the households, and participation in village organisations were the important variables on social aspects, whereas land, credit, agricultural production and livestock ownership on the economic front were seen to be affecting householders decisions. Household supply of labour, land tenancy and family structure did not have a relationship with farm decision to adopt. Result of Chi-square and Spearman test indicated the land ownership to be positively correlated with most social and economic variables, but having little effect on demand for biofuels. The result of the cross tabulation between participation and householders interaction with extension agents, mass media and awareness about social forestry established that dissemination across socio-economic groups was influenced by communication factors rather than household demands of firewood or timber. There was no distinct difference in the attitude of tree planters and non-planters towards the forestry problems. The stepwise discriminant analysis resulted in prediction models of agroforestry adoption. The social and economic models based on selected variables were able to classify about 66% and 64% of the cases, whereas the communication factors successfully distinguished 74% of planters and non planters. The integrated model resulted in a prediction rate of 90%. The parameters estimated from the discrimination function showed the relative impact of the determinants in identifying adopter and non adopter. The variance in the production of the major crop, paddy, was higher for the tree planter which might have motivated them to grow trees to reduce uncertainty in the farm production.
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Hansen, Jamie Douglas. "Tree planting under customary land and tree tenure systems in Malawi, an investigation into the importance of marriage and inheritance patterns." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28941.pdf.
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Bullock, Bronson P. "Diameter Distributions of Juvenile Stands of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) with Different Planting Densities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26412.
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Diameter distributions of juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with different planting densities were characterized utilizing a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Trend analysis was employed to describe the effects of planting density, age, relative spacing, and rectangularity on the estimated diameter distributions for juvenile loblolly pine. A reparameterization of the two-parameter Weibull distribution was sought to reduce the dispersion of the estimated shape parameter.
Methods that quantify the amount of inter-tree spatial dependency in a particular stand were applied. Empirical semivariograms were derived for each plot over all ages to enable spatial trend recognition. Moran's I and Geary's C coefficients were estimated for ground-line diameters from ages 2 to 5, and for breast height diameters from ages 5 to 11. Though there was no discernable trend in the presence of significant spatial autocorrelation with planting density, an initial negative trend with age was present, but leveled off by age 5. A conditional autoregressive model was utilized to evaluate the amount of spatial influence stems in a stand have on one another. The occurrence of significant spatial influences was positively associated with age through age 8, the trend then leveled off; no recognizable trend was detected with planting density.
These indices help to describe stand dynamics that are influenced by the spatial distribution of stems. Models to predict the parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution were developed to aid in forecasting and simulation of juvenile loblolly pine. Simulations were conducted where a spatial dependency was imposed on the diameters within a stand. The spatial structure simulation enables accurate representations of stem characteristics when simulating forest stands that include spatially-explicit information.Ph. D.
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Liljekrantz, Jhimmy. "Planting The Tree Upside Down? : Perspectives on Actors' Influence on the Development of Democracy in Kosovo." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1616.
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This study explores different actors’ perceptions on how the democratization process is being influenced in Kosovo. It is based upon empirical facts gathered during a field study in Kosovo. The material was mainly gathered through interviews with different representatives from international organizations present in Kosovo and with members of the Kosovar political elite.
The theoretical standpoint in the study draws on the theory of polyarchy for defining the concept of democracy, and the two-level game. The interaction between domestic and international actors within the democratization process is highlighted.
The conclusions are that different actors are influencing the ongoing democratization process in Kosovo, mainly international external ones acting in several ways and on different levels. This influence is considered by the international community and the domestic political elite to be necessary both for the continued development of democracy and for the preservation of stability. However as the influence has more or less become institutionalized, problems occur when responsibility is handed over to domestic authorities without accountability being made clear.
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Lee, Justin Lance. "Participation and pressure in the Mist Kingdom of Sumba : a local NGO's approach to tree-planting /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl4781.pdf.
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Larsson, Cecilia, and Moa Orvehed. "Carbon Offsetting, a new form of CO2lonialism? : Local implications of tree-planting projects in East Africa." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Utveckling och internationellt samarbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45657.
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Carbon offsetting has a growing presence on the global climate action agenda where it is promoted as a triple-win for the environment, business and development. However, the opinions on carbon offsetting are divided. Projects with agroforestry and participatory methods are highlighted as having more positive aspects, but critics emphasize that carbon offsetting can become an excuse for the Global North to continue business as usual while using the Global South as a carbon dump. Carbon offsetting can reproduce unequal power structures where countries, while formally decolonized, are still affected by coloniality. This study examines carbon offsetting through tree planting projects and the potential discrepancies between discourse and documented effects in East Africa with focus on Uganda. Four projects are compared with each other, focusing on documented social effects and impacts on land access. We analyze how power structures are expressed in carbon offsetting generally and in the projects. This is a literature study with a combined theoretical framework of political ecology and the decolonial approach. Findings imply that there, to varying degrees, are discrepancies between rhetoric and reality for the projects. Differences between the projects’ outcomes mainly boil down to their planting method, degree of participation and operating logic. All the projects are to varying degrees based on a coloniality, permeated by power structures and have some level of exclusion. However, findings also imply that best practices involve the local communities in a bottom up approach with an agroforestry method and carbon offsetting as a co-benefit.
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Sundqvist, Johan. "Of Tree Planting, Salvation and Urbanization : The Role of Evangelical Movements in Adaptive Capacity. Kigali, Rwanda." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63369.
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Evangelical churches are growing rapidly in Sub-Sahara Africa, in sheer numbers as well asin societal importance. At the same time urbanization and its associated negativeenvironmental and social consequences are putting pressure on many urban social-ecologicalsystems in the global south. The question that this paper raises is how the growing religioussocial movements frame these change processes and their role in them? With its rapidurbanization and high church involvement in civil society Kigali, Rwanda serves as the casestudyThe study, conducted through semi-structured interviews with church leaders from fivechurches in Kigali conveyed that the evangelical religious movements offer a world viewsalient with many of its' supporters belief systems and experiences of everyday life. There isno doubt of the potential for mobilizing collective action, inherent in the evangelical churchesin Kigali. While currently lacking a clear and coherent agenda on its role in the adaptivecapacity of the social-ecological system of Kigali, an awareness is awakening. Yet manyactions, such as tree planting, infra-structure improvements and education, are taken toimprove the biophysical environment. These are based in the movement supporters' holisticworldview, where physical and spiritual health goes hand in hand. With increasedunderstanding within the movements, of complex social-ecological relations possibly throughthe ambitious projects set up by some of the churches involved, this study shows themovements potential of becoming important actors on environmental issues. This study addsto the growing body of work challenging the assumption that a focus on key individuals issufficient to explain the human processes within a social-ecological system. The empiricalfindings serve as good examples of how the intangible processes occurring inside individualsin a system have the potential of inducing far reaching consequences for that system, whenamplified through a social movement. Further research, emphasizing on participatoryobservations could increase this papers contribution to theory development on adaptivecapacity.
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Awada, Hanady M. "Planting the Cedar Tree: The History of the Early Syrian-Lebanese Community in Toledo, OH, 1881-1960." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1242242870.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2009.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Arts in History." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 180-189.
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Sanchez, Aida Cuni. "Predicting suitable areas for cultivation and conservation of the baobab tree and investigating superior sources of planting material." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/196555/.
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The baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.), with more than 300 uses and commercial value in EU and US, has been identified as one of the most important edible savannah trees to be conserved, domesticated and valorised in Africa. A decline in baobab populations due to overexploitation and/or changes in climate could have a significant negative effect on African livelihoods. Therefore, it is important to determine potential strategies for conservation and cultivation. The present and potential future distributions of the baobab tree were studied using Maxent niche modelling framework. And, in order to contribute to the selection of superior materials for cultivation, fruit morphology was studied in situ (in Malawi and Mali) while leaf and seedling morphology were studied in situ (in Benin and Malawi) and in a greenhouse experiment. Maxent modelling suggests that predicted changes in climate will have a negative effect on baobab tree distribution in Africa: only a percentage of the present distribution was predicted to be suitable in the future. Some countries were found not to have any suitable habitats for the baobab tree in the future. Several conservation strategies are recommended, such as in situ conservation in Protected Areas; ex situ conservation in Seed Banks and conservation through ‘sustainable utilisation’. Modelling results also showed that the baobab tree could be widely cultivated in most countries in south-eastern Africa and in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa. India, north-west Australia, Madagascar, north-east Brazil and Mexico could be other suitable places for cultivating the baobab tree outside Africa. Although results from modelling should be validated with in situ seedling experiments, there seems to be potential for the wide cultivation of this species. Significant differences in leaf, fruit and seedling morphology were observed between Benin, Mali and Malawi and also within each country. While some characteristics were correlated with environmental differences between study sites, others might be genetically determined. It seems that genetic and physiological effects play a role in baobab fruit, leaf and seedling morphology. Thus, there is room for selecting high quality baobab planting materials
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Whalen, Kevin Christopher. "A map system to disseminate national science on forests for the creation of regional tree planting prioritization plans." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1510664712622379.
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Sun, Xing. "Nonindustrial private forest landowner participation in incentive programs and regeneration behavior." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-09242007-094521.
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Brown, Jasmine. "The Price of a Green Conscience : Social impacts of carbon forestry projects." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101054.
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Scholars and civil society organizations have over the last decade referred to large-scale carbon sequestration TPPs as "carbon colonialism" (Carmody and Taylor, 2016) as well as a "development by dispossession" dressed in new clothing behind words such as climate change mitigation and development (Kröger, 2012). Concerns have been raised that the trade-offs from the implementation of industrial tree plantations (ITPs) may result in conflicting effects on countries' overall development (The Oakland Institute, 2019; Osborne, 2015; Nel & Hill, 2013). Moreover, NGO's and think tanks, such as FIAN (2012) and the Oakland Institute (2017, 2019), have released reports in which such tree planting projects are accused of displacing people and violating human rights (FIAN, 2012; The Oakland Institute, 2017, 2019; Carmody & Taylor, 2016). This thesis explores the impacts of carbon forestry projects, emphasizing the impacts of ITPs on local livelihoods and their subsequent effects on development. Three dimensions have been chosen to limit the scope of this thesis: (1) food security; (2) access to land; and (3) employment & income. The thesis is conducted using a qualitative desk study and secondary analysis of two multiple case studies of Uganda and Mozambique. The findings presented suggest carbon forestry projects may negatively affect all three dimensions, ultimately affecting communities' sustainable development. The author recommends further research to evaluate the complex effects of carbon forestry projects.
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Andeltova, Lucie [Verfasser]. "Action-based and outcome-based payments for environmental services : An experimental auction for tree planting contracts in Kenya / Lucie Andeltova." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/116301320X/34.
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Muñoz, Baeza Carlos Andrés. "Evaluación de tres sustratos en la producción de plantines de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) y su comportamiento postrasplante." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/148216.
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Memoria para optar al título profesional de: Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: FitotecniaLa producción hortícola nacional abarca una gran diversidad de cultivos, dentro de los cuales la lechuga destaca por sus 5.425 ha (ODEPA, 2013), como también por su consumo masivo. El presente estudio intenta evaluar la factibilidad de utilizar Espuma Agrícola Ultrafoam® Rooting Media en reemplazo de los sustrato convencionales empleados tanto en horticultura convencional como en hidroponía, como son la turba, perlita expandida y lana de roca, con el objetivo de comprobar una mayor precocidad en la obtención de plantines con aptitudes óptimas para trasplante y también conferir una mayor resistencia al shock postrasplante. Se produjeron plantines en un invernadero utilizando bandejas plásticas termoformadas con 162 alvéolos de 16 cm 3 de volumen por alvéolo. Como sustrato se utilizó turba rubia, lana de roca y perlita expandida, además de la espuma agrícola. Cuando se obtuvo las condiciones óptimas para el trasplante, los plantines fueron llevados a una parcela experimental para evaluar su comportamiento hasta 20 días postrasplante. Los resultados mostraron que en la etapa de almácigo los plantines obtenidos en espuma agrícola no fueron más precoces que los producidos en los demás sustratos, siendo los producidos en la mezcla turba-perlita los que mostraron mayor precocidad y superiores estadísticamente en altura, área foliar, color y materia fresca, no encontrándose diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el parámetro de materia seca. El comportamiento postrasplante de los distintos tratamientos, mostró que la mezcla turbaperlita fue estadísticamente superior solo en el parámetro de materia seca, en tanto que en las demás evaluaciones, no se encontró diferencia entre los tratamientos.
The national horticultural production includes a great variety of crops. Lettuce is one of the most important crops for Chile because of the planted area 5.425 ha according to the Agrarian Policy and Research Office (ODEPA for its acronym in Spanish), and its massive consumption. This investigation aims to assess the feasibility of using agricultural foam Ultrafoam® Rooting Media in order to replace conventional substrates, like peat moss, expanded perlite and rockwool, used in both conventional horticulture and hydroponics with the objective of proving two facts: that seedlings can be obtained earlier in time with optimal capability to be transplanted and that this product can give them more resistance after being transplanted. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse using thermoformed plastic trays with 162 cells of 16 cm 3 each. In addition to agricultural foam, peat moss, rockwool and expanded perlite were used as substrates. When optimal conditions for transplant were found, the seedlings were taken to an experimental plot to evaluate their evolution for 20 days after being transplanted. The results showed that the seedlings obtained in agricultural foam grew slower than seedlings obtained in the other substrates during the nursery period. The seedlings in which the mixture of peat moss and perlite was used grew faster and were statistically superior in relation to height, foliar area, color and fresh matter criteria and no significant differences were found in relation to dry matter criterion. The behavior of seedlings after being transplanted showed that the mixture of peat moss and perlite was statistically superior just in the dry matter criterion, while in other evaluations differences were not found.
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Santos, Wander Laizo dos [UNESP]. "Crescimento e sobrevivência de espécies arbóreas em plantio de enriquecimento de mata ciliar em restauração." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123418.
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Estudos têm demonstrado que a diversidade das florestas em restauração está, geralmente, aquém dos ecossistemas de referência, ou seja, da vegetação nativa pré-existente. Entre as possíveis alternativas para aumento da diversidade dessas florestas têm sido propostos plantios de enriquecimento. Porém, o desempenho das mudas de espécies arbóreas plantadas sob florestas em restauração ainda não foi testado experimentalmente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar comparativamente o crescimento e a sobrevivência de cinco espécies arbóreas nativas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na condição de plantio de enriquecimento sob o dossel das matas ciliares em restauração, buscando elucidar os fatores que influenciam o desempenho das espécies. Testamos três diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento (tratamentos), aplicadas a cinco espécies arbóreas nativas: cabreúva - Myroxylon peruiferum, cedro - Cedrela fissilis, peroba rosa - Aspidosperma polyneuron, guaritá - Astronium graveolens e piúna - Plinia rivularis, todas espécies não-pioneiras associadas a estádios mais avançados da sucessão. Efetuamos também plantio das mesmas espécies a céu aberto, como referência de qual seria o desenvolvimento das espécies em um plantio convencional. Os tratamentos de enriquecimento foram: Anelamento (plantio em pequenas clareiras pela morte em pé de árvores adultas), Falha (plantio nas falhas do plantio original) e Entrelinhas (plantio nas entrelinhas do plantio original). Para cada indivíduo plantado, no enriquecimento ou a céu aberto, foram coletados, ao final da estação seca e ao final da estação chuvosa, durante 27 meses, dados de altura, diâmetro de copa, diâmetro do coleto e mortalidade ao longo do tempo. Com base nesses dados foram calculados os incrementos absolutos em altura, diâmetro de copa e diâmetro do coleto e mortalidade ao longo do período de ...
Studies have shown that the diversity of tropical forests undergoing restoration has not reached the expected values compared to the pre-existing native vegetation (reference ecosystems). Aiming at to increase de number of species in these forests, enrichment plantings have been recommended. The performance of seedlings of tree species planted under the canopy of forests under restoration, however, has not yet been tested experimentally. In this study, we aimed at comparatively evaluate growth and survival of nursery-raised seedlings of five native species of Tropical Semideciduous Forest, planted under the canopies of riparian forests being restored. We aimed also to elucidate the factors, besides the enrichment technique, influencing the performance of the species. We tested three different enrichment techniques (treatments) applied to five native tree species: Myroxylon peruiferum, Cedrela fissilis, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Astronium graveolens and Plinia rivularis, all non-pioneer species associated with late successional stages. We also analyzed the same species growing in the open, as a reference for what would be the development of species in conventional plantings. Enrichment treatments were: Girdling (planting in small clearings under mature trees which were deliberately killed by girdling and applying herbicide), Failure (planting in the lines, where the trees from the original planting were dead) and between lines of the original planting. For each individual planted in the open or enrichment, at the end of the dry season and at the end of the rainy season, during 27 months, we collected the following data: status (dead or alive), height, canopy diameter and stem diameter at the base. Based upon these data we calculated absolute increase in height, crown diameter and stem diameter, as well as mortality over time. For analysis of growth and survival, the entire period was considered ...
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Santos, Wander Laizo dos 1967. "Crescimento e sobrevivência de espécies arbóreas em plantio de enriquecimento de mata ciliar em restauração /." Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123418.
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Orientador: Giselda DuriganBanca: Flaviana Maluf de Souza
Banca: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes
Banca: Maria José Brito Zakia
Banca: Vera Lex Engel
Resumo: Estudos têm demonstrado que a diversidade das florestas em restauração está, geralmente, aquém dos ecossistemas de referência, ou seja, da vegetação nativa pré-existente. Entre as possíveis alternativas para aumento da diversidade dessas florestas têm sido propostos plantios de enriquecimento. Porém, o desempenho das mudas de espécies arbóreas plantadas sob florestas em restauração ainda não foi testado experimentalmente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar comparativamente o crescimento e a sobrevivência de cinco espécies arbóreas nativas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na condição de plantio de enriquecimento sob o dossel das matas ciliares em restauração, buscando elucidar os fatores que influenciam o desempenho das espécies. Testamos três diferentes técnicas de enriquecimento (tratamentos), aplicadas a cinco espécies arbóreas nativas: cabreúva - Myroxylon peruiferum, cedro - Cedrela fissilis, peroba rosa - Aspidosperma polyneuron, guaritá - Astronium graveolens e piúna - Plinia rivularis, todas espécies não-pioneiras associadas a estádios mais avançados da sucessão. Efetuamos também plantio das mesmas espécies a céu aberto, como referência de qual seria o desenvolvimento das espécies em um plantio convencional. Os tratamentos de enriquecimento foram: Anelamento (plantio em pequenas clareiras pela morte em pé de árvores adultas), Falha (plantio nas falhas do plantio original) e Entrelinhas (plantio nas entrelinhas do plantio original). Para cada indivíduo plantado, no enriquecimento ou a céu aberto, foram coletados, ao final da estação seca e ao final da estação chuvosa, durante 27 meses, dados de altura, diâmetro de copa, diâmetro do coleto e mortalidade ao longo do tempo. Com base nesses dados foram calculados os incrementos absolutos em altura, diâmetro de copa e diâmetro do coleto e mortalidade ao longo do período de ...
Abstract: Studies have shown that the diversity of tropical forests undergoing restoration has not reached the expected values compared to the pre-existing native vegetation (reference ecosystems). Aiming at to increase de number of species in these forests, enrichment plantings have been recommended. The performance of seedlings of tree species planted under the canopy of forests under restoration, however, has not yet been tested experimentally. In this study, we aimed at comparatively evaluate growth and survival of nursery-raised seedlings of five native species of Tropical Semideciduous Forest, planted under the canopies of riparian forests being restored. We aimed also to elucidate the factors, besides the enrichment technique, influencing the performance of the species. We tested three different enrichment techniques (treatments) applied to five native tree species: Myroxylon peruiferum, Cedrela fissilis, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Astronium graveolens and Plinia rivularis, all non-pioneer species associated with late successional stages. We also analyzed the same species growing in the open, as a reference for what would be the development of species in conventional plantings. Enrichment treatments were: Girdling (planting in small clearings under mature trees which were deliberately killed by girdling and applying herbicide), Failure (planting in the lines, where the trees from the original planting were dead) and between lines of the original planting. For each individual planted in the open or enrichment, at the end of the dry season and at the end of the rainy season, during 27 months, we collected the following data: status (dead or alive), height, canopy diameter and stem diameter at the base. Based upon these data we calculated absolute increase in height, crown diameter and stem diameter, as well as mortality over time. For analysis of growth and survival, the entire period was considered ...
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