Journal articles: 'Planting trees'

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Bond, Sue. "Planting trees." Journal of Australian Studies 22, no. 59 (January 1998): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059809387437.

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Walsh, C. S., A. J. Barton, M. Newell, and G. R. Welsh. "Long-term Performance of Asian Pear Trees in Maryland." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 548b—548. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.548b.

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Three Asian pear plantings were set during the past decade. Plantings included an initial cultivar planting on OH × F rootstock, the SE Zonal planting, and a rootstock by cultivar factorial. Fireblight susceptibility and survival were assessed in the first two plantings following a summer hailstorm. Trees were compared to Magness, a blight-tolerant buttery pear. Shin Li, Daisu Li, Shinsui, and Olympic were more resistant than Magness, while Chojuro and Niitaka were nearly as tolerant. Eleven other cultivars showed greater field-susceptibility. The most-susceptible cultivars were Ya Li and Ts'e Li. The third planting, which was managed “organically,” was set at a different University farm. Trees there were precocious and productive. A high percentage of marketable fruit was picked from that planting over a 4-year period. Fireblight damage in this planting was low, despite its “organic” production. Limited damage was attributed to early bloom date, ground cover management, and a lack of insect vectors to transmit the bacteria. Hosui, Seuri and Ts'e Li produced large-sized fruit. Shinko, 20th Century, Ya Li and Shinseiki fruit were too small to be marketable without heavy hand-thinning. Asian pears are an interesting alternative crop which are suited to direct-market enterprises or to specialty growers interested in producing organic fruit in the mid-Atlantic region.

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Wells, Lenny. "Pecan Planting Trends in Georgia." HortTechnology 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.4.475.

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Georgia is the largest pecan (Carya illinoinensis) producing state in the United States, accounting for ≈30% of national production. Georgia’s pecan acreage has undergone at least three significant expansions since the industry’s establishment in the early 1900s. The most recent expansion was likely a result of recent price increases driven by the export market for pecans. This stimulus also led to the planting of additional pecan acreage throughout the pecan growing regions of the United States. A survey of pecan producers throughout Georgia was conducted from Jan. through Mar. 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014 regarding the planting of pecan trees. The current survey documents the planting of 391,488 pecan trees and 15,328 additional pecan acres since 2010 in Georgia. New orchard plantings averaged 40, 35, 42, and 62 acres in size for 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. The state’s pecan producers planted 14 to 30 different pecan cultivars, depending on the survey year. Aside from nongrafted seedling trees planted in 2010, ‘Desirable’ and ‘Pawnee’ accounted for the highest percentage of trees planted annually until 2014, both in percentage of total trees planted and percentage of producers planting trees. The survey also indicates a shift toward the planting of pecan trees at higher density by Georgia pecan producers since 2010.

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Evett, Steven. "Lessons Learned from Planting Trees." CSA News 63, no. 10 (October 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/csa2018.63.1022.

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Sako, J., and E. Laurinen. "APPLE TREES IN RIDGE PLANTING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 160 (February 1986): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.160.30.

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Ristevski, B., P. Kolechevski, and R. Ristevski. "NEST PLANTING OF APRICOT-TREES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 293 (September 1991): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1991.293.55.

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Schwarz, Hans. "Planting Trees: A Theological Autobiography." Dialog: A Journal of Theology 40, no. 2 (June 2001): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0012-2033.00068.

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Baker, Jessica C. A. "Planting trees to combat drought." Nature Geoscience 14, no. 7 (July 2021): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00787-0.

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Tilt, Ken, Charles H. Gilliam, and John W. Olive. "TRANSPLANTING TO LARGE CONTAINERS TWO TREE SPECIES PRODUCED IN GROW BAGS AND BY TRADITIONAL FIELD PRODUCTION METHODS." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 485b—485. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.485b.

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Lagerstroemia × `Natchez' and Quercus virginiana were planted into a sandy loam soil in grow bags and by traditional field planting methods. After 2 years in the field, 1 sample from each of 6 replications was dug from the field in March. Root and top growth were measured. Half the remaining plants were dug and transplanted into 76 liter containers for 3 months. Growth indices were measured at this time. The remaining trees in the field were dug in July and handled similarly. Data from live oak trees showed increased height in trees produced by traditional field planting methods. No differences between planting methods were found in any other growth indices for the two species. Both crapemyrtle and live oak trees transplanted from traditional field plantings in March had greater height than trees transplanted from grow bags. However, no differences were detected for top weight, caliper or root ratings. July transplanted crapemyrtles showed no differences in any of the growth indices. Live oaks transplanted in July from traditional field plantings to containers all died with no additional growth. Grow bag transplanted oaks survived and continued to grow.

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Rhind, Susan G., Murray V. Ellis, Martin Smith, and Daniel Lunney. "Do Koalas Phascolarctos cinereus use trees planted on farms? A case study from north-west New South Wales, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140302.

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Biodiversity benefits are routinely cited as an outcome of planting trees on farms but there has been too little information to properly substantiate such claims. This study is among the first to examine the use of plantings by arboreal mammals. We examined an important inland koala population and its use of farm revegetation to determine: (1) if koalas use planted trees; (2) patch characteristics correlated with use/non-use by koalas; and, (3) contextual characteristics correlated with use/non-use. Surveys of koala dung, also known as scats or faecal pellets, were conducted under trees in 19 plantings. Fourteen showed signs of koalas and their pellets were recorded under 16 of the 25 tree taxa examined. All sizes and ages of trees were used, including the youngest plantings (six years). Considerable koala activity occurred in the various Eucalyptus species, but some tree species were not used. Koalas made substantial use of inland ironbark species, which are not listed as ‘koala food trees’ in government policy documents. Proximity to potential source populations of koalas was the strongest predictor of a planting being used, but this was further improved by including the age of the planting. There is extensive public funding available for restoration and land care activities. This study demonstrates that certain trees rapidly provide koala habitat when planted on farms and that the first priority should be restoring sites in close proximity to known koala populations. Tree species used should include local recognized food trees, as well as ironbarks and non-eucalyptus species that offer shelter.

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Saha, Somidh, Christian Kuehne, and Jürgen Bauhus. "Lessons learned from oak cluster planting trials in central Europe." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 2 (February 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0265.

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Oaks (Quercus spp.) are becoming increasingly important for future forest management as the climate in central Europe warms. Owing to the high costs of conventional row planting, artificial oak stand establishment in the form of “clusters” became popular in central Europe beginning in the 1970s. In cluster plantings, oaks are planted either in groups of ca. 20–25 at 1 m spacing between trees (i.e., group planting) or in denser groups with 20–30 oaks·m−2 (i.e., nest planting). In both cases, the clusters are spaced apart at a distance that represents the target density of future crop trees. A comprehensive review of the history, growth, tree quality development, and economic aspects of oak cluster plantings suggests that initial growing space was the most important factor influencing development of oaks in clusters. Consequently, survival, growth, quality, and biomass production were comparable in group and row plantings but lower in nest plantings. In addition, group plantings resulted in greater stand-level tree species diversity than nest or row plantings. We conclude that oak group planting is a comparatively inexpensive option for the artificial regeneration of oak-dominated broadleaved forests for a range of situations such as reforestation of disturbed areas or the afforestation of abandoned agricultural land. Future research needs regarding development and tending of forests established by oak group planting are highlighted.

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Wagger, David L. "Letters: Planting trees not the answer." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 7 (April 2003): 121A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es032406s.

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Powell, Keith. "Tackling climate change by planting trees." Veterinary Record 186, no. 8 (February 27, 2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.m786.

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Holloway, Peter. "The practical science of planting trees." Arboricultural Journal 36, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2014.888184.

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Yasu, Hiromi. "The Practice of Planting Exotic Trees." Journal of African Studies 1999, no. 54 (1999): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.1999.35.

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Basser, Herbert. "Planting Christian Trees in Jewish Soil." Review of Rabbinic Judaism 8, no. 1-2 (2005): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007005774513918.

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NAGASHIMA, Hiroki, Naoya ENDO, Keisuke SHIBUYA, and Sumito SATO. "Study on roadside trees suitable for planting between tall trees." Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 40, no. 1 (2014): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.40.231.

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Phuyal, Dinesh, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Arun D. Jani, Davie M. Kadyampakeni, Kelly T. Morgan, and Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi. "‘Ray Ruby’ Grapefruit Affected by Huanglongbing I. Planting Density and Soil Nutrient Management." HortScience 55, no. 9 (September 2020): 1411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15111-20.

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Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, affects practically all fruit-bearing trees in commercial citrus orchards in Florida with no cure identified yet. High-density plantings and enhanced nutritional programs such as application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) with higher micronutrient levels can mitigate disease symptoms and extend the tree life span of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of tree planting density and application of CRF blends differing in N to K ratio and micronutrient content on grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) plant health, canopy volume, fruit yield, and fruit quality in an HLB-affected orchard. A study was conducted in Florida for two growing seasons (2017–18 and 2018–19) to evaluate the response of ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit on Kuharske citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) to three planting densities (300, 440, and 975 trees per ha) and two CRF blends [12 nitrogen (N)–1.31 phosphorus (P)–7.47 potassium (K) and 16N–1.31P–16.6K] with different nutrient sources and composition. According to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction testing, all sampled trees tested positive for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the pathogen associated with HLB. Trees planted at 975 trees per ha had 33% lower canopy volume per tree but 160% greater fruit yield per hectare and 190% higher yield of solids compared with 300 trees per ha. Fruit produced in high-density planting (975 trees per ha) was 18% more acidic with higher soluble solid compared with low-density planting (300 trees per ha). The use of a CRF blend with higher amounts of micronutrients along with lower K increased canopy volume in both seasons and resulted in 24% and 29% reduction in fruit yield per hectare and yield of solids, respectively, in 2017–18. Our results indicate that high-density plantings increase fruit yield per area, and regardless of the N to K ratio, the use of CRF blends supplemented with micronutrients may not increase fruit yield in HLB-affected grapefruit.

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Naranjo, Anastacio Perez, and Robert J. McNeil. "EVALUATION OF ORCHARD PERFORMANCE OF THE HASS AVOCADO ON THREE Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands RESISTANT AND ONE SUSCEPTIBLE ROOTSTOCK." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 604c—604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.604c.

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The experiment compared productivity and vegetative growth of the Hass avocado on three avocado root rot resistant rootstocks and one susceptible rootstock. Hass trees on Duke 7 reported the largest number of fruit per tree and on G 755c the smallest five years after planting. Trees on Topa Topa and Duke 7 reported the highest average production four years after planting. Trees on G 755c were significantly lower in the amount of leaf N. Trees on Toro Canyon and G 755c showed significantly lower amounts of Na. Trees on Duke 7 showed a significantly higher level of Mn. Trees on G 755c were significantly smaller two years after planting. Trees on Topa Topa and Duke 7 showed a significantly larger canopy diameter than those on G 755c four years after planting. Trees on G 755c showed the smallest mean shoot growth four years after planting. Trees on G 755c had significantly larger trunk circumferences three and four years after planting. No statistical differences were found among rootstocks as to freeze damage to the Hass scions.

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Phuyal, Dinesh, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Arun D. Jani, Davie M. Kadyampakeni, Kelly T. Morgan, and Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi. "‘Ray Ruby’ Grapefruit Affected by Huanglongbing II. Planting Density, Soil, and Foliar Nutrient Management." HortScience 55, no. 9 (September 2020): 1420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15255-20.

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Since the arrival of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease in Florida, several management approaches, including modification of orchard architecture design and nutritional therapy, have been explored. High-density plantings anticipate early economic returns from HLB-affected orchards. With no cure available for HLB, balanced nutrient application through soil and foliar spraying can mitigate the disease. A 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of three grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) planting densities [single-row (300 and 440 trees per ha), and double-row high-density (975 trees per ha)], two controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) blends, and foliar-applied micronutrients (FAM) (a blend of B, Mn, and Zn at 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 times the recommended rates) on grapefruit growth and fruit yield, physiological parameters, and foliar nutrient concentrations in an HLB-affected orchard. All the trees tested positive for HLB based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test. The highest planting density resulted in the lowest trunk diameter and canopy volume. Despite lower yield per tree in 2019–20, 975 trees per ha planting induced the greatest fruit and solid yields per ha. Also, the fruit produced from 975 trees per ha planting tended to be acidic with the deposition of more soluble solids. Use of CRF with higher micronutrients increased canopy volume with the expense of reduced fruit number in 2019–20. FAM did not affect cycle threshold (Ct) value and tree growth parameters. Fruit yield, photosynthesis rate, and stomatal conductance (gS) decreased, and all leaf nutrient concentrations except B increased in 2019–20 with all FAM rates tested. In conclusion, our study showed that high-density planting optimizes yield under HLB-endemic conditions. In addition, supplemental soil and foliar micronutrient application do not enhance yield of HLB-affected trees over a 2-year timeframe, warranting further research for confirmation of results.

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Jarecki, Mark W., David J. Williams, and Gary J. Kling. "(38) Planting Depth and Tree Performance." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1026C—1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1026c.

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Growers, nurseries, landscape contractors and installers, and those responsible for maintenance have observed a trend that trees are too deep within the root ball. This study addresses the relationship between planting depth and its effect on tree survival, root growth, root architecture, and caliper growth. The experiment was initiated to determine the effect of planting depth on nursery-grown trees. Three-year-old, 2.1–2.7 m, bare-root liners of Acer platanoides `Emerald Lustre', Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple', Fraxinus pennsylvanica `Patmore', and Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis `Shade Master' were planted in April 2004 in a completely randomized design with 20 replications per treatment per species. The trees were selected so that the distance between the graft union and the trunk flare was consistent. Trees were planted with the graft union 15.2 cm below the soil surface, or with the base of the graft union at the finished grade or with the trunk flare at the finished grade. The trees were grown in a nursery field setting with minimal supplemental watering. There were no differences in stem caliper growth at the end of two seasons in any of the four species. Root dry mass, stem elongation, and rooting structure were determined on a representative sample of trees while others were planted into the landscape for a long-term study of the effects of the original planting depth on landscape performance.

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Pomper, Kirk W., Desmond R. Layne, R. Neal Peterson, and Dwight Wolfe. "The Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial: Background and Early Data." HortTechnology 13, no. 3 (January 2003): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.3.0412.

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Beginning in 1993, 12 institutions and individuals and The PawPaw Foundation (PPF) embarked on a joint venture to evaluate commercially-available, named pawpaw (Asimina triloba) varieties and PPF's advanced selections within and outside of the pawpaw's native range. Each Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial (PRVT) planting, consists of about 300 trees, with five to eight replications (blocks) of 28 grafted scion varieties per block in a randomized complete block design (10 named varieties and 18 clones selected in the PPF orchards at the University of Maryland Experiment Stations at Queenstown and Keedysville, Md.). Variables being examined in the trial include climatic effect, culture, pests, growth, fl owering, yield, and fruit characteristics. In 1995, PRVT plantings were established in Kentucky (Princeton, Ky.), Louisiana, North Carolina, Oregon, and South Carolina. In 1998, a second planting was established in Kentucky (Frankfort, Ky.). In 1999, PRVT plantings were established in Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, and Ohio. In the Frankfort planting, 95% of the trees have survived. Based on height and trunk diameter measurements taken from 1998 to 2001, most selections displayed good vigor. The variety PA-Golden had the best early fruit production as evidenced by the fact that five of eight trees had fruit in 2001. In the Princeton, planting, only 54% of the trees have survived. The selections `Sunfl ower', `PA-Golden', `NC-1', `Wilson', 1-23, 8-20, and 9-58 showed the best fruit production and survival rates (>63%) in 2001. Based on limited data collected so far in the Kentucky trials, `PA-Golden' and `Sunfl ower' have performed well in the two locations and other varieties and PPF selections show promise.

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Quamme, H. A., C. R. Hampson, and R. T. Brownlee. "Use of planting depth and budding height to modify vigour control of Ottawa 3 apple rootstock." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-032.

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The dwarfing apple rootstock Ottawa 3 (O.3) produces trees slightly too large for high density plantings on fertile soils, but it is more cold hardy and better anchored than Malling 9. Our objective was to reduce the vigour of trees on O.3 by budding scions higher or planting the trees more shallowly. Summerland McIntosh was budded at 15 cm onto O.3 and planted such that 6 to 14 cm of the rootstock shank was above ground. Planting depth did not affect tree size, yield or yield efficiency. Increasing budding height from 5 to 25 cm increased vigour control, yield efficiency and the production of root suckers on O.3. Higher budding may be an effective way to reduce the vigour of trees on O.3 in areas where the greater root suckering is not a fireblight hazard. Key words: Malus domestica Borkh., dwarfing rootstock

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Weyerhaeuser, Horst, and Fredrich Kahrl. "Planting Trees on Farms in Southwest China." Mountain Research and Development 26, no. 3 (August 2006): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[205:ptofis]2.0.co;2.

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Leach, Mark K. "Forest Restoration in Landscapes: Beyond Planting Trees." Restoration Ecology 14, no. 2 (June 2006): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2006.00138.x.

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Szabó, K. "Applying artificial mycorrhizae in planting urban trees." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 12, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): 835–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1204_835853.

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Autio, Wesley R., Duane W. Greene, Daniel R. Cooley, and James R. Schupp. "Improving the Growth of Newly Planted Apple Trees." HortScience 26, no. 7 (July 1991): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.7.840.

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Increasing the N application rate (in the form NH4NO3 to newly planted `Marshall McIntosh'/M.9 apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) trees beyond 76 g N per tree per year reduced growth in the first two growing seasons. Peat moss or composted manure mixed into the planting hole of `Royal Gala'/M.26 increased growth in the first growing season after planting. The soil-active fungicides, fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl, increased trunk and shoot growth of `Royal Gala'/M.26 in the first season after planting. Mulching enhanced growth of `Gala'/M.26 only in the third season after planting, a season during which the region experienced a drought. Mulching significantly increased bloom on `Gala'/M.26 2 years after planting. The growth of `Royal Gala'/M.26, `Marshall McIntosh'/M.26, and `Ace Delicious'/M.26 was not affected by planting technique planting by hand in 61-cm augered holes vs. planting with a mechanical tree planter. Chemical names used N-(2,6-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-(methloxyacetyl)alanine methyl ester (metalaxyl); aluminum tris (O-ethyl phosphonate) (fosetyl-Al); 1,1'-dimethyl-4-4'-bipyridinium ion (paraquat); isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate).

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Berbeć, Adam Kleofas, and Mariusz Matyka. "Planting Density Effects on Grow Rate, Biometric Parameters, and Biomass Calorific Value of Selected Trees Cultivated as SRC." Agriculture 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120583.

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Agricultural land is mostly devoted to food production. Production of biomass is limited, as it competes for land with basic food production. To reduce land loss for growing food, biomass can be grown on marginal lands that are not usable for food production. The density of plantings have to be optimized to maximize yield potential. The presented study compares yield parameters end energy potential of six species of biomass plants (poplar, Siberian elm, black alder, white birch, boxelder maple, silver maple) cultivated in 18 planting densities from 3448 to 51,282 plants per hectare as short rotation coppice (SRC). Biomass yield parameters depended on both cultivated species and planting density. Green mass, dry mass, and shoot diameter was dropping with the increasing planting density for most tested species. Calculated yield of dry mass was dropping with increasing planting density for black alder, increasing for Siberian elm and boxelder maple. White birch and silver maple yields were optimal at moderate planting densities (25,000–30,000). White birch and boxelder maple had the highest average higher heating value (HHV). The optimal density of plantings should be chosen to best suit both the needs of cultivated species and to optimize the most important parameters of produced biomass.

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Minh Quang, Phan, Jack Baynes, John Herbohn, Grahame Applegate, and Murray Keys. "The Long-Term Survival and Growth of Enrichment Plantings in Logged Tropical Rainforest in North Queensland, Australia." Forests 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040386.

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Enrichment planting is often suggested as a means of enhancing the productivity of logged rainforest. However, little is known about the long-term survival and growth of these trees. In this study, we used historical data from enrichment planting trials ranging from 15 to 32 years old to examine the survival and growth of 16 tree species across different sites in north Queensland, Australia. The results complement and extend current knowledge on the potential role of enrichment planting from a production perspective. A key finding was that the initial level of post-logging overwood did not appear to affect the immediate survival of enrichment plantings, but in the longer term (up to 30 years) survival decreased as post-logging overwood and regrowth increased. This suggests that removal of overwood should take place at the time of enrichment planting. A further key finding was that despite regular tending to remove vegetation adjacent to the plantings, competition from saplings and trees that were situated outside the tended area emerged as a major source of competition in some plots. By implication, the success of enrichment planting may depend on removal of competition from the entire logged area, not just adjacent to enrichment plantings. Results between individual species and trials varied widely. The best development of Flindersia brayleyana resulted in a mean tree diameter of 32.5 cm at age 22 for the 100 tallest trees per hectare. Although Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus microcorys, and Eucalyptus pilularis all failed—as expected, because they do not normally grow in rainforest—Corymbia torelliana, Cardwellia sublimis, Araucaria bidwillii, Khaya senegalensis, Flindersia amboinensis, and Swietenia macrophylla also failed although they grow naturally in similar sites. In other trials, tree height and basal area growth were often poor. For example, Khaya ivorensis grew to a basal area of only 1.3 m2/ha and a mean height of 7.7 m at age 10, and Flindersia ifflaiana only grew to a basal area of 0.7 m2/ha and a height of 7.9 m, also at age 10. Overall, these results emphasise the necessity of site–species matching before enrichment planting begins and the necessity of post-planting monitoring and remedial tending.

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Heiligmann, Randall B., Gary Schneider, and Donald P. White. "Effects of Wind Barrier Protection on Eleven-Year Growth of Black Walnut Seedlings." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.83.

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Abstract Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantings in exposed, open-field sites frequently result in poor seedling growth. The use of artificial wind barriers significantly improved tree growth on such a site in central Michigan on a sandy loam soil, a well-drained Arenic Hapludalfs. The use of a wooden lath (snow fencing) barrier for the first 4 years following planting provided a wind-protected microenvironment that improved the 11-year diameter growth by 60%, and the height growth by 70%, compared to trees grown without the barriers. Annual diameter growth of the protected trees was significantly greater throughout the study, indicating that the barrier effects on growth persisted at least 7 years after the barriers were removed. Trees growing behind the barriers had greater crown and leaf area than those in adjacent exposed plots. The use of existing natural barriers, such as forest edges, fence rows, topography, and tall natural herbaceous vegetation, should be considered when planting trees such as black walnut on exposed sites.

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Zhao, Dan, Quanhuan Lei, Yajie Shi, Mengdi Wang, Sibo Chen, Kamran Shah, and Wenli Ji. "Role of Species and Planting Configuration on Transpiration and Microclimate for Urban Trees." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080825.

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Research Highlights: To demonstrate the effectiveness of configuration modes and tree types in regulating local microclimate. Background and Objectives: Urban trees play an essential role in reducing the city’s heat load. However, the influence of urban trees with different configurations on the urban thermal environment has not received enough attention. Herein we show how spatial arrangement and foliage longevity, deciduous versus evergreen, affect transpiration and the urban microclimate. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the differences between physiological parameters (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance) and meteorological parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit) of 10 different species of urban trees (five evergreen and five deciduous tree species), each of which had been planted in three configuration modes in a park and the campus green space in Xi’an. By manipulating physiological parameters, crown morphology, and plant configurations, we explored how local urban microclimate could be altered. Results: (1) Microclimate regulation capacity: group planting (GP) > linear planting (LP) > individual planting (IP). (2) Deciduous trees (DT) regulated microclimate better than evergreen trees (ET). Significant differences between all planting configurations during 8 to 16 h were noted for evergreen trees whereas for deciduous trees, all measurement times were significantly different. (3) Transpiration characteristics: GP > LP > IP. The transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of GP were the highest. Total daily transpiration was ranked as group planting of deciduous (DGP) > linear planting of deciduous (DLP) > group planting of evergreen (EGP) > linear planting of evergreen (ELP) > isolated planting of deciduous (DIP) > isolated planting of evergreen (EIP). (4) The microclimate effects of different tree species and configuration modes were positively correlated with E, Gs, and three dimensional green quantity (3DGQ), but weakly correlated with vapor pressure deficit (VpdL). (5) A microclimate regulation capability model of urban trees was developed. E, Gs, and 3DGQ could explain 93% variation of cooling effect, while E, Gs, VpdL, and 3DGQ could explain 85% variation of humidifying effect. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the urban heat island could be mitigated by selecting deciduous broadleaf tree species and planting them in groups.

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Smith, Michael W. "INFLUENCE OF SPACING ON PEACH TREE PERFORMANCE." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 853d—853. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.853d.

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Performance of peach trees at seven spacings were evaluated over an 8-year period. Treatments were `Garnet Beauty' on Lovell spaced 3.0 or 4.6 × 6.1 m and 4.6 or 6.1 × 7.6 m, self-rooted `Garnet Beauty' spaced 1.0 × 6.1 or 7.6 m then thinned to 3.0 × 6.1 or 7.6 m 4-years after planting, and self-rooted `Garnet Beauty' spaced 1.0 × 2.0 × 5.5 m managed as a meadow orchard with alternate rows pruned to 30-cm height after harvest. Trees spaced 4.6 × 6.1 m or closer were mechanically hedged beginning 4-years after planting to 9 m tall and 6 m wide. Trees in all treatments, except 1.0 × 2.0 × 5.5 m, were trained to an open-center and hand-pruned annually. Trunk area and canopy area of trees spaced 3.0 × 4.6 m or closer were smaller than trees in other spacings by 5-years after planting. Cumulative yield per ha of trees spaced 1.0 × 2.0 × 5.5 m was greater than yield from other spacings 2- through 4-years after planting, then less 6- and 7-years after planting. There were no significant differences in yield/ha among the other spacing treatments. Fruit size was not affected by treatment. Yield efficiency of trees spaced 3.0 or 4.6 × 6.1 m decreased by 8-years after planting compared to trees spaced 4.6 or 6.1 × 7.6 m, indicating a reduction in fruit bearing growth. Hand pruning time was proportional to tree spacing.

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Yunusov, R., and M. Sattorova. "Productivity Of Intensive Varieties In Apple Trees Depends On Density Of Trees In Orchards." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, no. 05 (May 22, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue05-01.

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In this article, the productivity of intensive apple varieties was studied, grafting on vegetatively propagated medium-sized stock MM - 106 Golden Delicious and Korey. In a long-term watering experience, it was revealed that in the optimal planting scheme of 6 × 4, the yield of apple fruits increased by 12-15%, the quality of apple fruits improved significantly.

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Kim, Wol Soo, Kyong Ho Lim, Hyung Kee Lim, and Byeong Sam Kim. "Super-density Planting and Lower Canopy using Hardwood Cuttings of `Sunaga Wase' Peaches." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 477E—477. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.477e.

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In order to investigate the super-density planting in peach orchards, the experiment was carried out using nursery trees out of hardwood cuttings in `Sunaga Wase' peach (Prunus persica L.). The nursery trees were planted with various planting densities of 1 × 0.5 m (20,000 trees/ha), 1 × 1 m (10,000 trees/ha), 2 × 0.5 m (10,000 trees/ha), 2 × 1 m (5,000 trees/ha), and 6 × 5 m (330 trees/ha) as traditional density on 22 Mar. 1995. As soon as fruit harvest in mid-July, the peach trees were pruned by thinning and heading-back the shoots to induce the new shoot as well as to limit the tree height and lower the canopy. During the second year after planting, nursery cutting trees yielded the most peach fruits from the planting density of 1 × 0.5 m, as much as 14.37 t, which was 14 times higher than the 6 × 5 m of traditional density, followed by 2 × 0.5 m, 1 × 1 m, 2 × 1 m, and 6 × 5 m, respectively. According to summer pruning just after harvest, remaining vegetative buds burst and then the new shoot grew very vigorously in several days. The floral bud differentiation on the new shoots was lower, as much as 32.2%, than that of 77.9% in no-pruning shoots. There were no differences in fruit characteristics among various planting densities.

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Herrera, Estaban A. "Economic Comparison of Removing Pecan Trees and Planting Young Trees and Transplanting Established, Mature Trees." HortTechnology 5, no. 3 (July 1995): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.3.212.

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Pecans [Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. K. (Koch)], grown in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, are usually planted at a spacing of 9.1 × 9.1 m (30 × 30 ft). At this spacing, orchards begin to crowd in about 20 years. This crowding results in reduced yields and nut quality, Strategically removing trees over a period of years is the best alternative to avoid tree-crowding problems. Establishing a new orchard with transplanted mature trees can show a profit 3 years earlier than if using nursery-produced trees.

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Rohovskiy, S. "Analysis of structure and condition of the dendroflora of Kryukovshchina park in Kiev-Svyatoshyn district, Kyiv region." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-79-89.

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Aims: to make a comprehensive analysis of the rural park dendroflora, to define the value of plantations and develop measures to preserve and reconstruct the plantations. The inventory was conducted in accordance with the regulations requirements. Plant species composition was determined by morphological features using the description of three-volume edition Dendroflora of Ukraine. Trunks diameter were measured using callipers, trees height – with an altimeter, approximate age was defined visually. The sanitary condition of trees was defined in compliance with the Sanitary Requirements for forests in Ukraine. Landscape analysis of the territory occupied by plantings was conducted by N.M. Tyulpanov method, the integral value of plantations was defined by our own methods. The inventory has found that 1,165 trees and bushes grew in the Kryukovshchina village park by the stocktaking time. Of these, the majority (96 %) are aged between 15 and 50, only 1.2 % of the trees aged over 50, and 3.8 % belong to the group of trees up to 15 years. 44.2 % of the species identified in the inventory were made by aboriginal trees, while the rest – 55.8% – by the introduced species. Woody plants are represented by 38 species, 1 decorative form -1and 1 variety belonging to 13-families and 27 genera. The main species growing in the park are Acer sacharinum L., Tillia cordata Mill., Betula pendula L., Populus nigra L., Tillia platipholius Scop., Aesculus hippocastaneum L., Acer platanoides L., sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanum L., Carpinus betulus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., other types are represented by a small number of samples. Some trees appeared in the park as self-sown plants, these are Acer negundo L., Prunus divaricata Ledeb., Juglans regia L., Morus alba L. The trees of these species are 5-15 years old. Some Hornbeam tree, sugar maple, deciduous linden, white willow aged about seventy were found among the park plantations. For the quantitative composition, the introduced species make up 62 % of the trees growing in the park. Apart from sugar maple and horse chestnut which are the most frequent in the plantations, there are Quercus rubra L., Celtis occidentalis L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh., Ulmus parvifolia Jacq among the introduced species. There are not many bushes in the park, they are likely to fell from the plants, only a few Syringa vularis L. bushes and Rosa rugosaThunb parterres survived. There are unauthorized planted species like Hippophae rhamnoides L., Cerasus vulgaris Mill. and C. tomentosa Mill., C. avium (L.) Moench., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Prunus domestica L.planted by the locals in the southern part of the park which borders on private buildings, Evaluation of the sanitary condition of the trees showed that about 0.5 % of the total number of trees is deadwood, 15.6 % are of unsatisfactory sanitary condition, 66 % – of satisfactory and only 18.4 % – of good condition. The main factor of the trees condition deterioration is their infestation with Viscum album L. semi-parasite. Acer sacharinum and Tillia cordata species were infested with mistletoe most. Mistletoe was also found in some broadleaf trees of linden, Robinia locust, lancetous ash, maple. Aesculus hippocastanum L. trees viability and decorative value was reduced due to Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dem. which damages the leaves and promotes trees premature defoliation and weakening while spreading. It should be noted that the local residents systematically break the rules of green plants maintenance, i.e. damage trees while harvesting the birch sap, make a fire in the park, have picnics, drive their cars in the park and even arrange parking, beat boards to the trees trunks which have negative impact on the plants. To determine the integral value of plantations, considering uneven distribution and the value of the planting, the park territory was divided into zones: northern - closed landscapes, southern - semi-closed and central one – semi-open. According to these methods, planting are to be completely replaced when their assessment point is 10-15. Planting with the total value poin of 16-22 were considered poor, but they can be used as a basis for future compositions after reconstructive landscape chopping and replanting new plants; 23-32 points were for limited value of plantations, these plants need a selective sanitary measures and replanting; 33-41 points – plants are considered valuable but they require scrap molding and minor optimization; 42-50 – plants are particularly valuable, require protection and regular care. Using the above mentioned criteria scale, we conducted an integrated assessment of plants in different areas of the park and defined their value. Thus, the northern part of the park planting value is limited (total score 24) according to our estimation, the plants need sanitary and recreational measures and landscape reconstructive chopping, replanting of conifers and deciduous decorative trees and bushes. Planting of the southern part of the park (34 points) are classified as requiring urgent sanitary and recreational measures and the landscape enrichment with evergreen species and ornamental shrubs. The central part planting (31 points) has limited value and can be the basis for compositions when optimized and trimmedand providing sanitary measures ornamental shrubs replanting are conducted. Planting around the stadium – the south-western part of the park (28 points) – have limited value and can be partially removed and replaced with decorative species, especially conifers. Conclusions. 1. Kryukivshchyna park dendroflora is quite diverse in its taxonomic composition and comprises 38 species, a decorative shape and a sort, united into 27 genera and 13 families. However, the absence of evergreen and deciduous decorative species reduces decorative plantings, especially in winter. 2. Integral assessment of the plantating value has shown that planting in various parts of the park have different value and therefore a need different measures to optimize the space. Priority measures improving the health of vegetation is sanitary chopping and removal of dead wood plantations and self-seeded trees severely affected with mistletoe, pruning trees with the initial stage of mistletoe infestation. This will thin the planting out and reduce competition among trees. Key words: native, species, genus, family, dendroflora, tree, bush, introduced species, plantation, sanitation, village park, taxonomic analysis, method of determining the integral value of trees.

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Shcheglovitova, Mariya. "Valuing plants in devalued spaces: Caring for Baltimore's Street trees." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619854375.

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Baltimore City, MD is addressing its future with expansive sustainability initiatives. These include an aggressive tree planting campaign to double the city's tree canopy by 2037. While discourses of greening present tree plantings and related programs as a resolution for the legacies of racist housing market practices, these programs are themselves subject to the legacies of spatial inequalities in access to infrastructural care. Sustainability discourses present urban trees as inherently valuable economically and environmentally but these discourses are disconnected from trees' needs for ongoing care and maintenance. The daily material practices of caring for and maintaining trees are deprioritized in favor of planting more trees to gain these supposedly “inherent” benefits. In the spaces where trees were meant to bring economic and environmental vitality, their deaths reinforce the racist legacies they claim to correct. This paper examines these links and contradictions within the framework of relational urban political ecology. Through a lens of care, this paper shows how humans and non/humans actively co-construct urban space and how just spaces can come about through attention to the needs of humans and non/humans.

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Hamido, Said A., and Kelly T. Morgan. "Effect of Various Irrigation Rates on Growth and Root Development of Young Citrus Trees in High-Density Planting." Plants 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111462.

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Citrus yields have declined by almost 56% since Huanglongbing (HLB) was first found in Florida (2005). That reduction forced citrus growers to replant trees at much higher densities to counter-balance tree loss. The current project aims to determine how much water is required to grow citrus trees at higher planting densities without reducing their productivity. The study was initiated in November 2017 on eight-month-old sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees grafted on the ‘US-897′ (Cleopatra mandarin × Flying Dragon trifoliate orange) citrus rootstock planted in the University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) demonstration grove, in Immokalee, FL (lat. 26.42° N, long. 81.42° W). The soil in the grove is Immokalee fine sand (Sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquods). The demonstration grove included three densities on two rows of beds (447, 598, and 745 trees per ha) replicated four times each and three densities of three rows of beds (512, 717, 897 trees per ha) replicated six times. Each density treatment was irrigated at one of two irrigation rates (62% or 100%) during the first 15 months (2017–2019) then adjusted (2019–2020) to represent 26.5, 40.5, 53, and 81% based on recommended young citrus trees evapotranspiration (ETc). Tree growth measurements including trunk diameter, height, canopy volume, leaf area, and root development were evaluated. During the first year, reducing the irrigation rate from 100% to 62% ETc did not significantly reduce the young citrus tree growth. Conversely, the lower irrigation rate (62% ETc) had increased citrus tree’s leaf area, canopy volume and tree heights, root lifespan, and root length by 4, 9, 1, 2, and 24% compared with the higher irrigation rate (100%), respectively. Furthermore, the root lifespan was promoted by increasing planting density. For instance, the average root lifespan increased by 12% when planting density increased from 447 to 897 trees per ha, indicating that planting young trees much closer to each other enhanced the root’s longevity. However, when treatments were adjusted from April 2019 through June 2020, results changed. Increasing the irrigation rate from 26.5% to 81% ETc significantly enhanced the young citrus tree growth by increasing citrus tree’s canopy volume (four fold), tree heights (29%), root lifespan (86%), and root length (two fold), respectively. Thus, the application of 81% ETc irrigation rate in commercial citrus groves is more efficient for trees from two to four years of age.

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Williamson, J. G., and D. C. Coston. "Planting Method and Irrigation Rate Influence Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Peach Planted at High Density." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 2 (March 1990): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.2.207.

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Several planting treatments modified vegetative and reproductive growth of young, own-rooted peach (Prums persica) trees evaluated at two levels of irrigation in a high-density orchard (5000 trees/ha). Trees planted in auger holes, narrow herbicide strips, and in fabric-lined trenches, but not those from raised beds, were smaller than control trees set in holes dug with a shovel. After two growing seasons, trees planted in the fabric-lined trenches were smaller and had more flowers per node and greater flower bud densities than trees in other planting treatments. Yield efficiency was greatest for this treatment, although fruit size was small throughout the orchard. Irrigation rates did not affect fruit yield or size. The effects of irrigation rate on vegetative growth were small compared to differences among planting treatments.

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40

Durrenberger, Paul. "Old Men Planting Trees: Trusting in the Land." Practicing Anthropology 38, no. 3 (June 2016): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552-38.3.67.

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Davidson, Walter H. "SELECTING HYBRIDS AND SUPERIOR TREES FOR RECLAMATION PLANTING." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1986, no. 1 (1986): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr86010165.

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Davidson, W. H. "Selecting Hybrids and Superior Trees for Reclamation Planting." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1986, no. 1 (1986): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr86010166.

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Wagenmakers, Patricia S., and S. J. Wertheim. "Planting systems for fruit trees in temperate climates." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 10, no. 4 (January 1991): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689109382317.

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Cadman, Tim. "Book Review: Environmental Missions: Planting Churches and Trees." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 38, no. 3 (July 2014): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693931403800331.

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Rosenthal, D. H., J. A. Edmonds, K. R. Richards, and M. A. Wise. "Stabilizing U.S. net carbon emissions by planting trees." Energy Conversion and Management 34, no. 9-11 (September 1993): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(93)90032-6.

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Zairuddin, Nor Syafiqah, Noriah Othman, and Nurhayati Abdul Malek. "Sustainable Urban Streetscape: Managing trees as green infrastructure." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 5, no. 19 (August 31, 2020): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v5i19.193.

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Green and grey infrastructure plays a significant role in exposing the quality to the urban streetscape. The establishment and post-execution of streetscape planting management practice become a marking factor in measuring the sustainability of roadside tree planting. Due to the acceleration of the urbanization, conflicts in growing healthy roadside tree planting keep arising. Hence, this study is to deliver a discussion of non-numerical data on the potential attributes and approaches that can be adopted and adapted in Malaysia for a better quality of streetscape tree planting practices. Keywords: Streetscape Design; Roadside Tree Planting; Tree Sensitive Urban Design Theory eISSN 2398-4295 ©2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers (AMER); Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians / Africans / Arabians (ABRA); Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies (cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v5i19.193

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Guerfel, Mokhtar, Mohamed Ben Mansour, Youssef Ouni, Flamini Guido, Dalenda Boujnah, and Mokhtar Zarrouk. "Triacylglycerols Composition and Volatile Compounds of Virgin Olive Oil from Chemlali Cultivar: Comparison among Different Planting Densities." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/354019.

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The present study focused on the comparison the chemical composition of virgin olive oil samples obtained from fruits of the main Tunisian olive cultivar (Chemlali) grown in four planting densities (156, 100, 69, and 51 trees ha−1). Despite the variability in the triacylglycerols and volatile compounds composition, the quality indices (free fatty acids, peroxide value, and spectrophotometric indices K232and K270) all of the virgin olive oils samples studied met the commercial standards. Decanal was the major constituent, accounting for about 30% of the whole volatiles. Moreover, the chemical composition of the volatile fraction of the oil from fruits of trees grown at the planting density of 156, 100, and 51 trees ha−1was also characterised by the preeminence of 1-hexanol, while oils from fruits of trees grown at the planting density of 69 trees ha−1had higher content of (E)-2-hexenal (20.3%). Our results confirm that planting density is a crucial parameter that may influence the quality of olive oils.

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Sarsekova, Dani. "GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF POPLAR SPECIES IN SOUTHEASTERN KAZAKHSTAN." CBU International Conference Proceedings 3 (September 19, 2015): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.646.

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A small area of forestation and an acute shortage of timber are reasons to seek ways to improve productivity and the rational use of forests in the territory of Kazakhstan. A deficit in timber can be compensated, to some extent, by planting stands of fast-growing plantation species, including top and hybrid Populus spp, which are commonly referred to as “poplar”.There is an increased interest in poplar, globally, due to its organic traits and the economic value it provides, including:rapid growth and ability to produce wood that is technically suitable for cutting within 20 years of planting;a source of suitable timber for use in most industries;the ability to grow in soils that are not generally suitable for agricultural use;a potential source of timber for widespread use in screening, landscape and recreational plantings; andthe ability of most poplar species and hybrids to asexually propagate.There has been extensive planting of poplar trees in Kazakhstan, especially in the south and south-east. Poplar trees have been planted in populated areas, along roads and in forest stands. However, these plantings are unsuitable as a source of timber for commercial or ornamental purposes. Hence, there is a need to establish plantations of poplar for timber supply in Kazakhstan.The most common types of poplar in this country are the deltoid, Algerian, and Bolle, which were used in the extensive greenery planting of southeastern Kazakhstan. The main factors ensuring high productivity of poplar plantations are the soil conditions of fertility, good aeration and adequate moisture. Results of this study indicate that the greatest height increase occurs in these trees between the age of 5 and 10 years, and for trunk diameter, between the age of 4 and 9 years. After this age, the growth rate gradual declines, with a sharp fall off in the rate noticeable between years 14 and 16. Additionally, results of this study show the high productivity of poplar plantations, in plot sizes 2.5 to 3 m by 1.5 to 2 m, with 2000 – 3000 trees per hectare. This compares with the production of timber mass from stands of 5000 – 7000 trunks per hectare, which leads to rapid growth of trees in height, but an earlier growth reduction in diameter.

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REPETSKAYA, Anna Igorevna, Irina Gennadievna SAVUSHKINA, Ekaterina Vasilievna GORODNYAYA, Elena Alexandrovna KRAVCHUK, Stanislav Olegovich VISHNEVSKY, Natalya Vladimirovna NEVKRYTAYA, and Roman Vasilievich SALOGUB. "Prospects for the Development of Decorative Nursery in the Crimea." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.3(43).17.

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Potential volume of planting material market for ornamental crops was calculated based on the analysis of master plans for the development of Crimean cities taking into account standards for planting trees and shrubs. Data were obtained on territorial belonging, purpose, production cycle, and range of peninsula nurseries. It was proposed to use plus trees growing in urban conditions as mother trees for production of planting material adapted to the urban ecological and climatic conditions of this area. We have previously proposed a basic recommended assortment to green the Piedmont zone of Crimea. On its basis a GIS of plus trees of large landscape objects of Simferopol was developed.

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Souza, Carlos Alberto Spaggiari, Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias, Marco Antonio Galeas Aguilar, Sabrina Sonegheti, Jéferson Oliveira, and Jorge Luiz Andrade Costa. "Cacao yield in different planting densities." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 6 (December 2009): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000600001.

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The effect of six planting densities on cacao yield of a commercial hybrid mixture as well as the interaction of planting densities with the years were investigated. Crop data collected over a 14-year period (1977-1990) showed that it was possible to optimise the regional cacao yields by implementing high planting densities (2500 and 1736 trees ha-1). This was however only true for the first half of the crop period. In the second half, low planting density (1059 trees ha-1) attained the best yields. This change in the ranking of planting densities over the years confirmed the presence of density-year interaction. Alternatives to achieve high productivity in high planting density systems were presented and discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Planting trees'

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