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Journal articles on the topic 'Plants Disease and pest resistance'
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1
YOSHIHARA, Teruhiko. "Disease and pest resistance of plants." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 62, no. 6 (1988): 995–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.62.995.
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DEMPSEY, D., H. SILVA, and D. KLESSIG. "Engineering disease and pest resistance in plants." Trends in Microbiology 6, no. 2 (February 1998): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(97)01186-4.
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DHALIWAL, Harcharan S., and Hirofumi UCHIMIYA. "Genetic Engineering for Disease and Pest Resistance in Plants." Plant Biotechnology 16, no. 4 (1999): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.255.
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Rajareddy, Gundreddy, Gunturi Alekhya, Kirankumar Reddy Kasa, Gopal Dasari, Kalwala Srikanth Reddy, and Kadapa Sreenivasa Reddy. "Nutrient Strategies for Pest Resilience in Plants: A Review." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 5 (May 22, 2024): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i54188.
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Sustainable agriculture plays a vital role in modern farming, addressing concerns of traditional pesticides, which raise issues related to safety, environmental impact, and resistance. Consequently, alternative insect pest management methods, including nutrient-based approaches, have gained prominence. However, understanding the relationship between nutrients and plant diseases remains a complex challenge. This review synthesizes recent insights on the impact of specific nutrients (N, P, K, Mn, Zn, B, Cl and Si) on insect pest resistance in sustainable agriculture. Nitrogen supply has a major impact on insect pest intensity as compared to low nitrogen doses and control, pest populations were high at high levels. Phosphorus (P) has an inconsistent role in resistance. Comprehensive nutrient management in sustainable agriculture offers cost-effective, eco-friendly disease control, reducing pesticide reliance. Potassium (K) enhances resistance to an optimal point, beyond which there is no further improvement. Proper nutrient management can make subsequent control measures more efficient and economical. Understanding the interplay of plant nutrition, insect herbivores, and community dynamics is essential. Balanced nutrient levels, especially potassium and phosphorus, indirectly strengthen plant resistance to various insect pests through biochemical, physical, and mechanical mechanisms. Strategies to enhance plant defense against phytophagous insects align with the demand for food and nutritional security. This review emphasizes the significance of comprehensive nutrient management in sustainable agriculture for disease and pest control while prioritizing food safety and environmental quality.
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Starratt, Alvin N., and George Lazarovits. "Increases in Free Amino Acid Levels in Tomato Plants Accompanying Herbicide-Induced Disease Resistance." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 54, no. 3 (March 1996): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1996.0027.
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James, D. J., A. J. Passey, M. A. Easterbrook, M. G. Solomon, and D. J. Barbara. "Transgenes for Pest and Disease Resistance." Phytoparasitica 20, S1 (March 1992): S83—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980414.
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Ghosh, Paramita, Anjanabha Bhattacharya, and Bharat Char. "Manipulating disease and pest resistance pathways in plants for enhanced crop improvement." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 10, no. 4 (December 25, 2017): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/10.4/5.
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Amtmann, Anna, Stephanie Troufflard, and Patrick Armengaud. "The effect of potassium nutrition on pest and disease resistance in plants." Physiologia Plantarum 133, no. 4 (August 2008): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01075.x.
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Yin, Kangquan, and Jin-Long Qiu. "Genome editing for plant disease resistance: applications and perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1767 (January 14, 2019): 20180322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0322.
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Diseases severely affect crop yield and quality, thereby threatening global food security. Genetic improvement of plant disease resistance is essential for sustainable agriculture. Genome editing has been revolutionizing plant biology and biotechnology by enabling precise, targeted genome modifications. Editing provides new methods for genetic improvement of plant disease resistance and accelerates resistance breeding. Here, we first summarize the challenges for breeding resistant crops. Next, we focus on applications of genome editing technology in generating plants with resistance to bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of genome editing for breeding crops that present novel disease resistance in the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.
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Ajaharuddin, SK MD, Madan Lal, Ashwani Yadav, Nitin Kumar, Atul Dhakad, Gayatri Sinha, Budhesh Pratap Singh, and Archana Upadhyay. "Breeding for Resistance against Pest and Diseases in Tomatoes: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 6 (May 13, 2024): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i62063.
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Diseases and pests have a substantial effect on tomato production, greatly affecting both the quantity and quality of this crucial vegetable crop. Although fungicides and insecticides have been important in controlling plant diseases and pests, their excessive usage raises significant environmental issues. Vegetable breeders are increasingly concentrating on developing cultivars with natural tolerance to biotic stresses to promote sustainability and environmental friendliness. The change in focus is intended to cultivate tomato cultivars with inherent resistance to diseases and pests, hence decreasing the need for chemical treatments. Advancements in creating high-yielding genetically resistant tomato cultivars are a result of detailed study on the genetic basis of pest and disease resistance in tomato crops, as well as the complex interactions between the host plant and pathogens. For effective breeding programs and pre-breeding activities, scientists and breeders must have access to sources of resistance and a thorough grasp of the genetic complexities involved. This requires examining the genetic composition of both the tomato plants and the different infections that are impacting them. Breeders may generate tomato cultivars with strong resistance to common diseases and pests by using the inherent defensive mechanisms found in certain tomato types via selective crossing. Continuing to study how hosts and pathogens interact and the molecular processes involved in resistance is crucial. This information offers vital insights on how to improve and expand resistance, leading to the creation of cultivars with long-lasting and wide-ranging resistance. Currently, the emphasis on breeding is a proactive and sustainable strategy for transfer of resistances in high yielding tomato cultivars. Researchers aim to develop tomato cultivars that provide high yield and demonstrate tolerance to changing disease and pest stresses by integrating genetic knowledge with sophisticated breeding methods. This comprehensive method protects tomato crops and encourages environmental sustainability by decreasing the need on chemical inputs in agriculture.
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Li, Chunjie, Xingxu Zhang, L. I. Author, Zhibiao Nan, and C. L. Schardl. "Disease and pest resistance of endophyte infected and non-infected drunken horse grass." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3099.
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The naturally occurring mutualistic symbiosis of Neotyphodium gansuense and drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians) was studied previously in China. In this paper, new data on the interactions of endophyte, host and pathogenic fungi, mite and insect pests are presented. Fungal diseases and pests were examined when test plants were grown in pots in a climate chamber or in the field. There were usually no significant (P>0.05) differences in the levels of powdery mildew infection (caused by Blumeria graminis) under climate chamber conditions; the only exception was that E+ plants had significantly less powdery mildew infection at 50% soil water holding capacity (WHC) than at 30% WHC. There was no significant difference (P
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Strittmatter, Günter, and Dorothee Wegener. "Genetic Engineering of Disease and Pest Resistance in Plants: Present State of the Art." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1993): 673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-9-1001.
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Abstract Rapid progress in gene technology has allowed, on the one hand, insight to be gained into the complex molecular mechanisms of plant/pathogen recognition and the natural defence strategies of host plants. On the other hand, this technology can also be used for the controlled and efficient generation of genetic variability and for the identification of desirable genotypes, far beyond the possibilities of classical breeding. The first successful attempts have been made to improve resistance against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects by engineering transgenic plants. The majority of these strategies were based on constitutively expressing single proteins that are either toxic to the pathogen/pest, or interfere with its reproductive cycle. More refined strategies, which are at the stage of testing, try to mimic and modify naturally-evolved defence reactions of plants and, thereby, will potentially confer a more durable resistance to a broad range of pathogens
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Guan, Wenjing, Xin Zhao, Richard Hassell, and Judy Thies. "Defense Mechanisms Involved in Disease Resistance of Grafted Vegetables." HortScience 47, no. 2 (February 2012): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.164.
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Grafting with resistant rootstocks is an effective strategy to manage a variety of soilborne diseases and root-knot nematodes in solanaceous and cucurbitaceous vegetables. In addition, improved resistance to some foliar diseases and viruses has also been reported in grafted plants. Hence, grafting technology is considered an important and innovative practice of integrated pest management and a promising alternative for soil fumigants in vegetable production. Inherent resistance within rootstocks and improved plant nutrient uptake are generally suggested as the main reasons for improved disease control in grafted vegetables. However, increasing evidence indicated that systemic defense mechanisms may also play an important role in plant defense as a result of grafting. This review analyzes current literature on the use of grafting techniques for disease management in vegetable crops, discusses potential mechanisms associated with grafting-conferred plant defense, and identifies needs for future research to promote more effective and efficient use of grafting technology to support sustainable vegetable production.
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Desmedt, Willem, Wim Jonckheere, Viet Ha Nguyen, Maarten Ameye, Noémie De Zutter, Karen De Kock, Jane Debode, et al. "The phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor piperonylic acid induces broad‐spectrum pest and disease resistance in plants." Plant, Cell & Environment 44, no. 9 (June 16, 2021): 3122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pce.14119.
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CARLE, R. "ChemInform Abstract: Phytoalexins and Their Relevance to Pest Resistance of Higher Plants Towards Disease Organisms." ChemInform 23, no. 38 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199238327.
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Dara, Surendra K. "Non-Entomopathogenic Roles of Entomopathogenic Fungi in Promoting Plant Health and Growth." Insects 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090277.
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Multiple genera of hypocrealean fungi infect and kill a wide variety of arthropod pests. Several formulations based on these soilborne fungi are commercially available as biopesticides for controlling urban, garden, greenhouse, and agricultural pests. These fungi are an important part of integrated pest management strategies to maintain pest control efficacy, reduce the risk of chemical insecticide resistance, and offer environmentally sustainable pest suppression. While the entomopathogenic or pest management role of these fungi is well documented, several studies in the past decade or two have provided insights into their relationship with plants, soil, and plant pathogens, and their additional roles in promoting plant growth and health. This review highlights these endophytic, mycorrhiza-like, and disease-antagonizing roles of entomopathogenic fungi.
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Komal, J., H. R. Desai, Ipsita Samal, Andrea Mastinu, R. D. Patel, P. V. Dinesh Kumar, Prasanta Kumar Majhi, Deepak Kumar Mahanta, and Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi. "Unveiling the Genetic Symphony: Harnessing CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing for Effective Insect Pest Management." Plants 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 3961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12233961.
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Phytophagous insects pose a significant threat to global crop yield and food security. The need for increased agricultural output while reducing dependence on harmful synthetic insecticides necessitates the implementation of innovative methods. The utilization of CRISPR-Cas (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology to develop insect pest-resistant plants is believed to be a highly effective approach in reducing production expenses and enhancing the profitability of farms. Insect genome research provides vital insights into gene functions, allowing for a better knowledge of insect biology, adaptability, and the development of targeted pest management and disease prevention measures. The CRISPR-Cas gene editing technique has the capability to modify the DNA of insects, either to trigger a gene drive or to overcome their resistance to specific insecticides. The advancements in CRISPR technology and its various applications have shown potential in developing insect-resistant varieties of plants and other strategies for effective pest management through a sustainable approach. This could have significant consequences for ensuring food security. This approach involves using genome editing to create modified insects or crop plants. The article critically analyzed and discussed the potential and challenges associated with exploring and utilizing CRISPR-Cas technology for reducing insect pest pressure in crop plants.
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Nichols, P. G. H., R. A. C. Jones, T. J. Ridsdill-Smith, and M. J. Barbetti. "Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 11 (2014): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14031.
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Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.
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Kumar, Sandeep, Monika Nehra, Neeraj Dilbaghi, Giovanna Marrazza, Satish K. Tuteja, and Ki-Hyun Kim. "Nanovehicles for Plant Modifications towards Pest- and Disease-Resistance Traits." Trends in Plant Science 25, no. 2 (February 2020): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.007.
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LUNDGREN, L., G. NORELIUS, and G. STENHAGEN. "Prospects of a holistic approach to the biochemistry of pest and disease resistance in crop plants." Hereditas 97, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00719.x.
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Piotr, Szulc, Bocianowski Jan, Nowosad Kamila, Michalski Tadeusz, Waligóra Hubert, and Olejarski Paweł. "Assessment of the influence of fertilisation and environmental conditions on maize health." Plant Protection Science 54, No. 3 (May 15, 2018): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2017-pps.
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Field experiments showed the occurrence of such agrophages as the frit fly (Oscinella frit L.) and the European maize borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn.). Identified diseases included fusariosis (Fusarium ssp.) and maize smut (Ustilago maydis Corda). The incidence of the frit fly was influenced by weather conditions, mainly temperature, in the period from sowing to the BBCH 15–16 phase. Moderate temperature conditions contributed to the occurrence of the pest. The significantly highest percentage of plants damaged by larvae of this pest was recorded on maize fertilised only with potassium (K) and phosphorus with potassium (PK). In turn, the lowest percentage of plants damaged by frit fly larvae was recorded for maize fertilised with nitrogen and potassium (NK). The percentage of plants damaged by the European maize borer was influenced by temperature and humidity conditions in individual years of the study. The highest percentage of plants damaged by larvae of the pest was found in the vegetation season characterised by the highest amount of rainfall with the lowest mean daily air temperature. The presence of potassium in a given fertiliser combination, the application of manure or combined application of manure and mineral fertilisation resulted in an enhanced resistance of maize plants to Fusarium ssp. fungi. The significantly greatest infestation of maize plants by the fungus Ustilago maydis Corda was recorded in the treatment in which only nitrogen was applied. In turn, the lowest percentage of plants with symptoms of this disease was recorded in the treatment with the application of potassium alone and in the application of potassium together with phosphorus.
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Doggalli, Gangadhara, Santhoshinii E, Manojkumar H G, Mitali Srivastava, Ganesh H S, Amruta Barigal, Anithaa V, Arfa Ameen, and Ritama Kundu. "Drone Technology for Crop Disease Resistance: Innovations and Challenges." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 8 (July 23, 2024): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i82237.
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Drones have been used for diverse application purposes in precision agriculture and new ways of using them are being explored. Many drone applications have been developed for different purposes such as pest detection, crop yield prediction, crop spraying, yield estimation, water stress detection, land mapping, identifying nutrient deficiency in plants, weed detection, livestock control, protection of agricultural products and soil analysis. Drones can create georeferenced maps that pinpoint the exact location of disease outbreaks within a field. These maps help farmers and agronomists monitor disease progression and plan targeted interventions. Drone operations are highly dependent on weather conditions. High winds, rain, and fog can hinder drone flights and affect the quality of images captured. Addressing technical limitations, regulatory and safety concerns, economic barriers, and data management issues will be crucial for the widespread adoption of drones in agriculture. By overcoming these challenges, drone technology can become a vital tool in sustainable and effective crop disease management.
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Nurhayati, Nurhayati, Fatma Fatma, and M. Idrus Aminuddin. "KETAHANAN ENAM KLON KARET TERHADAP INFEKSI CORYNESPORA CASSIICOLA PENYEBAB PENYAKIT GUGUR DAUN." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 10, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11047-51.
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Resistance of six rubber clones to Corynespora cassiicola the pathogen of rubber leaf fall disease. The objectives of the research was to evaluate the resistance of six rubber clones to Corynespora cassiicola, the pathogen of rubber leaf fall disease. The research was conducted at Phytophatology laboratorium and green house at the Plant Pest and Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, from March to July 2008. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with six treatments and four replications. Each replication consisted of four polibags of rubber plants. The clons tested were GT 1, PB 260, IRR 39, BPM 1, BPM 24 and PR 261. The results showed that IRR 39 was the most susceptible clon to C. cassiicola infection, whereas disease severety reach up to 98.45 % and leaf fall 73.95 %. Clon PB 260 show as the moderat resistance clon to the pathogen infection. The severity disease of this clon only 41.53 % and leaf fall 10.41%.
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Arsi, Arsi, Bambang Gunawan, Suparman Suparman, and Anggita Aulya Trimeiwardani. "Tingkat Serangan Hama dan Penyakit pada Tanaman Hortikultura di Kabupaten Bangka, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung." J-Plantasimbiosa 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2023): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25181/jplantasimbiosa.v5i1.2979.
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Pesticides are chemical ingredient used to eradicate and prevent disturbances of insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, weeds, viruses, bacteria, and micro-organisms which are considered as harmful pests. Excessive use of pesticides can cause pest resistance, pest resurgence, emergence of secondary pests, and environmental pollution. This research aims to evaluate the use of pesticides by farmers in controlling pests and plant diseases of horticultural crops in Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. This research was conducted using interview method followed by direct observations in the interviewed farmers’ fields. The results obtained from interviews and observations indicated that farmers still use synthetic pesticides unwisely in controlling pests and plant diseases of cultivated plants. Farmers still rely on their personal experience of using pesticides rather than science. Most of farmers did not understand the use of pesticides properly and correctly, so they do not understand the economic threshold for using pesticides. In conclusion, farmers still think that the more types of pesticides used, the faster the control of pests and diseases show good results. Thus, it is necessary to give extension to farmers about the use of pesticides, so that farmers can understand how to use pesticides wisely and precisely in the future. Pest and disease species that attack horticultural crops are 13 pest species and 11 disease species.
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LUCAS, J. A. "Advances in plant disease and pest management." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, S1 (December 22, 2010): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000997.
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SUMMARYPests and diseases impact on crop yield and quality, and also reduce resource-use efficiency. Improved crop protection strategies to prevent such damage and loss can increase production and make a substantial contribution to food security. DNA-based technologies are likely to greatly increase the speed, sensitivity and accuracy of pest and pathogen detection and diagnosis. Rapid sequencing of nucleic acids from infected plants will aid identification of novel disease agents. Biomarkers of disease or crop damage such as volatile chemicals or blends may also be used to detect pest outbreaks. Biosensors coupled to information networks will provide real-time monitoring and surveillance of crops or stored produce and hence early warning of emerging problems and new invasive species. Challenges remain in the dissemination of new technologies and information to resource poor farmers in developing countries, although the rapid extension of the internet, mobile phones and other communication networks will provide new opportunities. Defining the genetic and molecular basis of innate plant immunity has been a major advance in plant biology with the potential to identify new targets for intervention via novel chemistry or genetic modification (GM). Identification of regulatory genes, signal molecules, pathways and networks controlling induced plant defence should lead to the development of a new generation of defence modulators, delivered either as crop protection products, or via biological agents on seeds or in the root zone. There should also be opportunities to select more responsive crop genotypes, or to develop transgenic crops tailored to respond to specific chemical cues or molecular patterns diagnostic for particular biotic threats. Sequencing of the genomes of the major crop species and their wild relatives will expand enormously the known gene pool and diversity of genetic resources available for plant breeders to access. It should be possible to identify genomic regions and genes conferring more durable, quantitative resistance to pathogens. The breeding cycle will be accelerated by high-throughput phenotyping and more efficient selection of resistance traits using within-gene markers. GM approaches will facilitate pyramiding (combining) resistance genes with different specificities and modes of action, thereby reducing the risk of directional selection for virulence. Analysis of the genomes of plant pathogens and invertebrate pests is already providing new information on genes, gene families and processes involved in host colonization and pathogenicity. Comparative genomics of species with diverse host ranges, contrasting feeding habits and different pathogenic lifestyles will identify new targets for inhibiting pest attack and aid the development of novel antimicrobial drugs and pesticides. Understanding the natural ecology of pests and pathogens, such as the factors determining host location, resource exploitation and interactions with other organisms, will improve our ability to manipulate behaviour, or exploit natural enemies or other antagonists of pest species. Volatile signals, either from natural plant sources, or engineered in transgenic crops, will be more widely used to modify pest behaviour. It may also be possible to manipulate microbial communities regulating pathogen populations and activity, and thereby recruit and retain more effective biocontrol agents. Insights into the natural diversity and activity of soil and microbial populations in the zones surrounding roots and seeds will provide new information on mechanisms of suppression regulating pest species. Fully effective interventions are unlikely, due to the complexity and diversity of the soil system, but there should be progress towards integrated control regimes combining more resistant crop genotypes (either selected or GM) with targeted management of natural suppressive processes. Harnessing new technologies and knowledge to create more durable resistant crops and sustainable disease and pest management systems will require improved understanding of the factors driving pest and pathogen adaptation and evolution. There must also be an increased emphasis on translational research and delivery, and developing strategies appropriate for lower-input production systems, if the second ‘green revolution’ is to become a reality.
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Khazaei, Hamid, and Adithya Madduri@gmail.com. "role of tomato wild relatives in breeding disease-free varieties." Genetic Resources 3, no. 6 (September 22, 2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.pses6766.
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Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most economically important and widely grown vegetable crops worldwide. However, tomato plants are often affected by biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce yield and affect fruit quality. Phenotypic diversity is evident in cultivated tomatoes, particularly for horticultural traits, but genetic diversity is rather narrow. Major disease resistance genes for different pathogens such as viruses, fungi, bacteria and nematodes are mainly derived from wild tomato species and introgressed into cultivated tomatoes. Here, we list the major disease and insect-pest resistance genes identified in S. pimpinellifolium, S. habrochaites, S. peruvianum, S. chilense, S. pennellii, S. galapagense, S. arcanum and S. neorickii with perspective on the gap between current knowledge on tomato wild relatives and the knowledge that is needed.
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Liu, Zeci, Huiping Wang, Jianming Xie, Jian Lv, Guobin Zhang, Linli Hu, Shilei Luo, Lushan Li, and Jihua Yu. "The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Disease and Pest Resistance." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061097.
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With the expansion of the area under Cruciferae vegetable cultivation, and an increase in the incidence of natural threats such as pests and diseases globally, Cruciferae vegetable losses caused by pathogens, insects, and pests are on the rise. As one of the key metabolites produced by Cruciferae vegetables, glucosinolate (GLS) is not only an indicator of their quality but also controls infestation by numerous fungi, bacteria, aphids, and worms. Today, the safe and pollution-free production of vegetables is advocated globally, and environmentally friendly pest and disease control strategies, such as biological control, to minimize the adverse impacts of pathogen and insect pest stress on Cruciferae vegetables, have attracted the attention of researchers. This review explores the mechanisms via which GLS acts as a defensive substance, participates in responses to biotic stress, and enhances plant tolerance to the various stress factors. According to the current research status, future research directions are also proposed.
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Elad, Yigal, Dalia Rav David, Yael Meller Harel, Menahem Borenshtein, Hananel Ben Kalifa, Avner Silber, and Ellen R. Graber. "Induction of Systemic Resistance in Plants by Biochar, a Soil-Applied Carbon Sequestering Agent." Phytopathology® 100, no. 9 (September 2010): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-9-0913.
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Biochar is the solid coproduct of biomass pyrolysis, a technique used for carbon-negative production of second-generation biofuels. The biochar can be applied as a soil amendment, where it permanently sequesters carbon from the atmosphere as well as improves soil tilth, nutrient retention, and crop productivity. In addition to its other benefits in soil, we found that soil-applied biochar induces systemic resistance to the foliar fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) and Leveillula taurica (powdery mildew) on pepper and tomato and to the broad mite pest (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) on pepper. Levels of 1 to 5% biochar in a soil and a coconut fiber-tuff potting medium were found to be significantly effective at suppressing both diseases in leaves of different ages. In long-term tests (105 days), pepper powdery mildew was significantly less severe in the biochar-treated plants than in the plants from the unamended controls although, during the final 25 days, the rate of disease development in the treatments and controls was similar. Possible biochar-related elicitors of systemic induced resistance are discussed.
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Correoso, Claudio Cordoba, Mari Inês Carissimi Boff, and Pedro Boff. "Homeopathic preparations to increase resistance and development of yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crops." March 2024, no. 18(03):2024 (March 15, 2024): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.03.pne4096.
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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an essential part people’s staple diet in Brazil as well as in some Latin American countries. The excessive use of agrochemical for pest and disease control negatively impacts human health, contaminates soil and water, harms biodiversity, and contributes to pest resistance. It is referred to a specific homeopathic preparation. In the context of homeopathy, the term "preparations" refers to homeopathic remedies that are created through a specific process of dilution and agitation. The use of highly diluted homeopathic preparations, which enhance the plants ability to resist diseases, represents a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative. In homeopathy, "Silicea" is used as a homeopathic remedy derived from silica which is not a silica in its natural form. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Silicea terra and Phosphorus application in high dynamized dilutions, on morphometric and productive variables of common bean plants. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and one experiment in the field, in a randomized block design for both situations. In greenhouse, the preparations were used in dynamizations 7, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60CH (CH= Hahnemannian centesimal dilution order) and distilled water was used as control. In the field, the treatments were Phosphorus 48 and 60CH, Silicea terra 36 and 60CH, and distilled water as a control. In greenhouse, application of Silicea terra 36CH increased (p< 0.05) shoot dry biomass weight (9.78 g) and leaf dry biomass weight (5.36 g), compared to control. In the field, Silicea terra 36CH and Phosphorus 60CH increased bean productivity in relation to the control. The results indicate that homeopathic preparations had a high potential for improving development and consequently increasing yield when applied to common bean plants.
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Pétriacq, Pierre, Ana López, and Estrella Luna. "Fruit Decay to Diseases: Can Induced Resistance and Priming Help?" Plants 7, no. 4 (September 21, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7040077.
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Humanity faces the challenge of having to increase food production to feed an exponentially growing world population, while crop diseases reduce yields to levels that we can no longer afford. Besides, a significant amount of waste is produced after fruit harvest. Fruit decay due to diseases at a post-harvest level can claim up to 50% of the total production worldwide. Currently, the most effective means of disease control is the use of pesticides. However, their use post-harvest is extremely limited due to toxicity. The last few decades have witnessed the development of safer methods of disease control post-harvest. They have all been included in programs with the aim of achieving integrated pest (and disease) management (IPM) to reduce pesticide use to a minimum. Unfortunately, these approaches have failed to provide robust solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative strategies that would result in effective control. Exploiting the immune capacity of plants has been described as a plausible route to prevent diseases post-harvest. Post-harvest-induced resistance (IR) through the use of safer chemicals from biological origin, biocontrol, and physical means has also been reported. In this review, we summarize the successful activity of these different strategies and explore the mechanisms behind. We further explore the concept of priming, and how its long-lasting and broad-spectrum nature could contribute to fruit resistance.
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Iacomino, Giuseppina, Mohamed Idbella, Stefania Laudonia, Francesco Vinale, and Giuliano Bonanomi. "The Suppressive Effects of Biochar on Above- and Belowground Plant Pathogens and Pests: A Review." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223144.
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Soilborne pathogens and pests in agroecosystems are serious problems that limit crop yields. In line with the development of more ecologically sustainable agriculture, the possibility of using biochar to control pests has been increasingly investigated in recent years. This work provides a general overview of disease and pest suppression using biochar. We present an updated view of the literature from 2015 to 2022 based on 61 articles, including 117 experimental case studies. We evaluated how different biochar production feedstocks, pyrolysis temperatures, application rates, and the pathosystems studied affected disease and pest incidence. Fungal pathogens accounted for 55% of the case studies, followed by bacteria (15%), insects and nematodes (8%), oomycetes and viruses (6%), and only 2% parasitic plants. The most commonly studied belowground pathogen species were Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici in fungi, Ralstonia solanacearum in bacteria, and Phytophthora capisci in oomycetes, while the most commonly studied pest species were Meloidogyne incognita in nematodes, Epitrix fuscula in insects, and both Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche crenata in parasitic plants. Biochar showed suppression efficiencies of 86% for fungi, 100% for oomycetes, 100% for viruses, 96% for bacteria, and 50% for nematodes. Biochar was able to potentially control 20 fungal, 8 bacterial, and 2 viral plant pathogens covered by our review. Most studies used an application rate between 1% and 3%, a pyrolysis temperature between 500 °C and 600 °C, and a feedstock based on sawdust and wood waste. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain disease suppression by biochar, including induction of systemic resistance, enhancement of rhizosphere competence of the microbial community, and sorption of phytotoxic compounds of plant and/or microbial origin. Overall, it is important to standardize biochar feedstock and the rate of application to improve the beneficial effects on plants in terms of disease control.
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Sudiarta, I. Putu. "PERANAN PESTISIDA BOTANI DALAM MENDUKUNG PERTANIAN ORGANIK." AGRICA 3, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v3i1.494.
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Until recently the use of synthetic pesticides to control pest and plant diseases proved effective, but on the other hand, the excessive use of synthetic pesticides cause many negative effects, such as the development of pest and disease resistance, second pest explosion, death of natural enemies and pesticide residues in food and environment. One alternative that can be done to solve this problem is the use of botanical pesticides. Botanical pesticides are compounds produced as a plant defence response to disturbances and stimulation. These compounds generally are of secondary metabolites that have many functions, such as growth hormones (Auxin, gibberellins and cytokinins), anti-fungal or anti-bacterial, antibiotics, and toxic to animals and insects. The advantage of botanical pesticides is that they have toxicity similar to synthetic pesticides, but the botanical pesticides can be used to support sustainable organic agriculture. Experiments in the utilization of botanical pesticides to control plant pest have been carried out. One example application is the use of botanical insecticides from “Brotowali” leaf extract (Tinospora crispa) to control the diamond black caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage plants. In addition, the use of ‘basil’ oil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) has a real impact in population control of the fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). In addition to pest control, botanical pesticides are also reported to effectively control plant diseases. Use of ‘galangal’ (Alpinia galanga) and papaya (Carica papaya) has a high ability to inhibit the growth of Ceratocystis sp. On PDA and fruits. The combination of ‘betel’ leaf extract (Piper betle) and ‘galangal’ (A galanga) can suppress the growth of banan wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum and / or the Ralstonia solanacearum. The use of ‘galangal’ (A. Galanga) extract with a concentration of 5%, can also inhibit the growth of stem rot disease (F. oxisporum) on vanilla seedlings. In addition, the use of ‘betel’ ieaf P. Bettle in the field can suppress black rot disease on cocoa pods (cocoa black pd disease)
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Kudryavtseva, Natalia, Michael J. Havey, Lowell Black, Peter Hanson, Pavel Sokolov, Sergey Odintsov, Mikhail Divashuk, and Ludmila Khrustaleva. "Cytological Evaluations of Advanced Generations of Interspecific Hybrids Between Allium cepa and Allium fistulosum Showing Resistance to Stemphylium vesicarium." Genes 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030195.
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Interspecific crossing is a promising approach for introgression of valuable traits to develop cultivars with improved characteristics. Allium fistulosum L. possesses numerous pest resistances that are lacking in the bulb onion (Allium cepa L.), including resistance to Stemphylium leaf blight (SLB). Advanced generations were produced by selfing and backcrossing to bulb onions of interspecific hybrids between A. cepa and A. fistulosum that showed resistance to SLB. Molecular classification of the cytoplasm established that all generations possessed normal (N) male−fertile cytoplasm of bulb onions. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to study the chromosomal composition of the advanced generations and showed that most plants were allotetraploids possessing the complete diploid sets of both parental species. Because artificial doubling of chromosomes of the interspecific hybrids was not used, spontaneous polyploidization likely resulted from restitution gametes or somatic doubling. Recombinant chromosomes between A. cepa and A. fistulosum were identified, revealing that introgression of disease resistances to bulb onion should be possible.
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Hafsah, Siti, Aiyu Ardika, Erita Hayati, and Firdaus Firdaus. "Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Cayenne Peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) from IPB University for Its Resistance Against Begomoviruses in Aceh." Journal of Tropical Horticulture 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33089/jthort.v3i2.55.
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The productivity of pepper plants is strongly influenced by climatic and weather conditions as well as pests and diseases. One of the major losses in chili farming is the pest attack, such as whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn.), a virus vector. Evaluation of the resistance of pepper plant germplasm against Begomovirus infection needs to be carried out, evaluate genetic diversity, estimate heritability values, and obtain a selection character for the resistance of chili plants Begomovirus. This research was conducted at Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, and the Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala from January to May 2020. Three varieties Gada, Anies and Selekta with seven test genotypes i.e F6 Gada, Seloka 4-10-2-2, F5136074-1-4-3, F5074136-2-3-2, F5074035-2-1-2, F5074035-2-4-2, F5074077-1-1-3 were screened for their resistance against Begomovirus. This study was designed using a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) and scoring parameter Begomovirus symptom. Tukey’s HSD, the standard deviation of genetic variance, heritability, and correlation were performed to analyze the data. The lowest disease intensity occurred in genotype F6 Gada with a percentage of 12.08% disease intensity (slightly resistant), and the highest level of disease intensity occurred in F5074035-2-4-2 with a percentage of 30.94% (susceptible). Variables symptom scoring, disease intensity, and incubation period were the most effective variables for selecting pepper resistance against Begomovirus infection based on broad-sense heritability values.
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Das, Panchashree, and Satyabrata Nanda. "Host-delivered-RNAi-mediated resistance in bananas against biotic stresses." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(5).953.959.
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Both the biotic and abiotic stressors restrict the yield potential of many crops, including bananas. Bananas belong to the genus Musa and are the world’s most popular and widely produced fruit for their nutritional and industrial importance. The demand for bananas is growing each day worldwide. However, different pest infestations are hampering the production of bananas, making it a matter of concern for global food security. Several biotechnological tools and applications including RNA interference (RNAi) have been employed to enhance the biotic stress resistance in plants. The capacity to silence targeted genes at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels makes the RNAi technique a popular choice for gene knock-down and functional genomics studies in crops. Silencing of different suppressor molecule coding genes through RNAi helps crops to combat the detrimental effects of plant pathogens. The host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology, also known as the host-delivered RNAi (HD-RNAi), is nowadays gaining popularity due to its ability to target an array of pathogens, comprising bacteria, nematodes, fungi, viruses, and insects. This methodology is employed to manage disease pest outbreaks in a diverse range of crop species, including bananas. Besides HIGS, virus-induced and spray-induced gene silencing (VIGS and SIGS, respectively) are the potential approaches where RNAi technology is exploited to control plant-pathogenic diseases. The current review emphasizes the different kinds of diseases of bananas and the potential of HD-RNAi, a new-age and promising technology to build a barrier against significant crop and economic loss.
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Chintalapati, Padmavathi, Santosha Rathod, Naganna Repalle, Nadimpalli Rama Gopala Varma, Kolandhaivelu Karthikeyan, Sanjay Sharma, Rapolu Mahender Kumar, and Gururaj Katti. "Insect Pest Incidence with the System of Rice Intensification: Results of a Multi-Location Study and a Meta-Analysis." Agronomy 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2023): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041100.
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The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) developed in Madagascar has spread to many parts of the world, including India. This study assessing insect pest prevalence on rice grown with SRI vs. conventional methods at multiple locations in India was prompted by reports that SRI-managed rice plants are healthier and more resistant to pest and disease damage. Field experiments were conducted under the All-India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project over a 5-year period. The split-plot design assessed both cultivation methods and different cultivars, hybrids and improved varieties. Across the eight locations, SRI methods of cultivation showed a lower incidence of stem borer, planthoppers, and gall midge compared to conventional methods. Whorl maggots and thrips, on the other hand, were observed to be higher. Grain yield was significantly higher with SRI management across all locations. Higher ash, cellulose, hemicellulose, as well as silica content in rice plants under SRI management could explain at least in part the SRI plants’ resistance to pest damage. Analysis of guild composition revealed that in SRI plots, there were more natural enemies (insect predators and parasitoids) present and fewer crop pests (phytophages). A meta-analysis that considered other published research on this subject revealed a lower incidence of dead hearts, white ear-heads, and leaf folders, along with higher grain yield, in SRI plots.
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Chan-in, Phukjira, Benjamaporn Wangkaew, Nattawat Anankul, Yuenyad Teerawatsakul, Vinodhini Thiyagaraja, Nisachon Tamakaew, Patchareeya Withee, Sukanya Haituk, Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon, and Tonapha Pusadee. "Effect of Silicon on the Fruit Quality and Disease Response to Gummy Stem Blight in Cucumber." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 50, no. 6 (November 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2023.073.
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Gumm y stem blight (GSB) caused by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum is the most destructive fungal disease affecting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production. In Thailand, cucumber is one of the most popularly marketed vegetables and the cultivation of cucumbers or Cucurbitaceae often face impact epidemics and insect infestation. Furthermore, global climatic or climate change affects crop production too, which increases the frequency and severity of disease and pest outbreaks. Silicon (Si) enhances plant resistance against insect pests and fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases although Si is not the only beneficial element for plants but also it does play an important role in improving plant health and increasing resistance against pests and diseases. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Si-application at two levels i.e., 50 ppm, and 100 ppm on yield, yield components, aroma, Si-concentration and disease response of cucumber under greenhouse condition in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Results, when compared with control, depicted that the highest fruit weight, marketable yield, fruit length, fruit width, and pith length were found under 50 ppm Si. Moreover, higher Si-levels resulted in increased aroma in rind (exocarp) and increased percentage of Si-concentrations in rind (exocarp), leaves, and shoot. Further in this research, the response of Gummy stem blight disease (GSB) in cucumber was also investigated the response of. The taxonomic identification of Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum was confirmed based on the evidence from morpho-molecular analyses and the pathogenicity test was performed to confirm its potential pathogenicity. The results showed that the varying treatments of Si affects the disease development. The 50 ppm Si caused the lowest disease response on cucumber fruits. This study can be used as a guideline for modifying Si-fertilizer application inputs to plants to increase disease resistance and fruit quality.
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Hameed, Asifa, Cristina Rosa, Cheryle A. O’Donnell, and Edwin G. Rajotte. "Ecological Interactions among Thrips, Soybean Plants, and Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus in Pennsylvania, USA." Viruses 15, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15081766.
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Analysis of ecological and evolutionary aspects leading to durability of resistance in soybean cultivars against species Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus (SVNV) (Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae) is important for the establishment of integrated pest management (IPM) across the United States, which is a leading exporter of soybeans in the world. SVNV is a seed- and thrips- (vector)-borne plant virus known from the USA and Canada to Egypt. We monitored the resistance of soybean cultivars against SVNV, surveyed thrips species on various crops including soybeans in Pennsylvania, and studied thrips overwintering hibernation behavior under field conditions. Field and lab experiments determined disease incidence and vector abundance in soybean genotypes. The impact of the virus, vector, and their combination on soybean physiology was also evaluated. Seed protein, fiber, oil, and carbohydrate content were analyzed using near infra-red spectroscopy. We found that the variety Channel3917R2x had higher numbers of thrips; hence, it was categorized as preferred, while results showed that no variety was immune to SVNV. We found that thrips infestation alone or in combination with SVNV infection negatively impacted soybean growth and physiological processes.
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Pereira, Alexandre Igor A., Cide M. da Silva, Carmen RS Curvêlo, Nadson de C. Pontes, Jardel L. Pereira, Wagner de S. Tavares, José C. Zanuncio, and José Magno Q. Luz. "Mixtures between Beauveria bassiana and potassium silicate to manage thrips in tomato plants for industrial processing." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 4 (December 2020): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536202004012.
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ABSTRACT Thysanoptera species can transmit virus to Solanaceae family vegetables, including tomato plants for industrial processing, causing the disease known as Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). Thrips resistance to insecticides indicate the urgent need of techniques adequate for Integrate Pest Management practices. The objective was to evaluate the control efficiency (CE%) against Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), the resistance inducer potassium silicate (KSil) and the chemical insecticide profenophos + cypermethrin (PC) isolated, or in binary mixtures. The treatments were foliar spraying on tomato plants with Bb (T1), KSil (T2) and PC (T3) isolated or in mixtures of Bb+KSil (T4), PC+KSil (T5) and Bb+PC (T6). Thrips were sampled with white plastic trays at 0, 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after application (daa). The CE% of each product (isolated or in mixtures) differed at all time intervals. The Bb+KSil treatment had highest CE% from 24 hours of application, until the end of the experiment, ranging from 95% (1 daa) to 41.5% (21 daa). The CE% decreased in all treatments with a quadratic curve behavior, throughout time. PC insecticide, isolated, showed a decreased CE% through a linear regression. Grouping analyzes indicated the Bb+KSil effect was more dissimilar than the other evaluated treatments. Synergism between Bb and KSil, in mixture, indicate its potential for Integrated Pest Management programs of F. schultzei in tomato plants for industrial processing.
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Hantoko, Denis ardwi hantoko Ardwi, and Suhartiningsih Dwi Nur Cahyani. "Perkembangan Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Lunak Pada Tanaman Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) di Kabupaten Banyuwangi." Berkala Ilmiah Pertanian 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bip.v6i3.35384.
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Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is one of the most important commodities in Indonesia. The dragon fruit production center in Indonesia is located in Banyuwangi Regency with a production of 82,544 per year. Areas in Banyuwangi that produce large quantities of dragon fruit are Bangorejo, Pesanggaran, Silirangung, Purwoharjo, and Tegaldlimo. Dragon fruit is a type of plant that has a strong resistance, but there are many factors that can cause a decrease in production, one of which is OPT. Soft rot disease in dragon fruit is an example of a pest that attacks dragon fruit plants. This disease can cause physical, physiological, and chemical changes in dragon fruit plants that affect production yields. According to several sources of bacteria that cause soft rot disease is Pectobacterium. Pectobacterium will spread quickly if the surrounding conditions are supportive, such as environmental conditions, weather, temperature, and care carried out by farmers.
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Karsou, B., and R. Samara. "Plant Extracts Inducing Enzyme Activity in Grains Against Loose Smut Disease." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2021-0006.
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Abstract This study investigated the role of endogenous Palestinian plant extracts in inducing wheat and barley resistance systems against loose smut disease with the aim to alternate the chemical pest control with natural fungicides. Twenty indigenous herbal plant extracts and essential oils were assessed for their biological and antifungal properties against Ustilago tritici and Ustilago nuda. Their potential role in inducing resistance pathways was studied on four different cultivars of wheat and barley. Two common enzyme indicators – guaiacol peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) – are expressed in plants only after physical or chemical induction. The antifungal activity of the plant extracts was investigated in vitro. Totally 70 % of the plant extracts showed antifungal activity against Ustilago tritici and Ustilago nuda. Coridothyme extracts ranked first (61 %) in the fungal growth inhibition, followed by varthemia, salvia, ambrosia, artemisia, and lemon thyme. Some plant extracts significantly increased the POX and PPO effect compared to control for all the wheat and barley cultivars tested. The study revealed that oregano, clove or lavender and pomegranate, common yarrow or chamomile oil effectively induced the resistance indicator enzymes in wheat and barley.
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Abd, Bashar Falih, and Inad Dhaher. "The Relationship Between Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistance Gene and Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp. Resistance Gene in Tomato Plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 032014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032014.
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Abstract Tomato Mi-1.2 resists root-knot nematodes. Mi, or a similar gene, may also be responsible for resistance to Bemisia tabaci whitefly in Mi-bearing commercial tomato varieties. Mi-1.2 is the only resistance gene that fights root-knot nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies. Mi is useful in integrated pest control strategies because these pests are the most damaging to tomato crops worldwide. Ten tomato varieties were produced to determine which are resistant to TYLCV and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. and whether these genes are linked. TYLCV-free nurseries were used to grow these tomato varieties. To assess these cultivars’ sensitivity and resistance to TYLCV, they were transferred to the plastic house and planted during Bemisia tabaci insect activity. These types were planted in soil contaminated with nematode eggs and juvenal, vaccinated, and reported every 15 days for disease incidence. Class H cultivars were vulnerable to nematodes and the virus, while class Gres were TYLCV-resistant. The rest of the cultivars were TYLCV-resistant, nematode-resistant, or both.
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Fitri, Ihza Rizkia, Farida Hanum, Ali Kusnanto, and Toni Bakhtiar. "Optimal Pest Control Strategies with Cost-effectiveness Analysis." Scientific World Journal 2021 (April 21, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6630193.
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Pest and plant diseases cause damages and economic losses, threatening food security and ecosystem services. Thus, proper pest management is indispensable to mitigate the risk of losses. The risk of environmental hazards induced by toxic chemicals alongside the rapid development of chemical resistance by insects entails more resilient, sustainable, and ecologically sound approaches to chemical methods of control. This study evaluates the application of three dynamical measures of controls, namely, green insecticide, mating disruption, and the removal of infected plants, in controlling pest insects. A model was built to describe the interaction between plants and insects as well as the circulation of the pathogen. Optimal control measures are sought in such a way they maximize the healthy plant density jointly with the pests’ density under the lowest possible control efforts. Our simulation study shows that all strategies succeed in controlling the insects. However, a cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that a strategy with two measures of green insecticide and plant removal is the most cost-effective, followed by one which applies all control measures. The best strategy projects the decrease of potential loss from 65.36% to 6.12%.
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ZHANG, Xiaoyang, Haozhi LONG, Da HUO, Masood I. AWAN, Jinhua SHAO, Athar MAHMOOD, Shuang LIU, et al. "Insights into the functional role of tea microbes on tea growth, quality and resistance against pests and diseases." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312915.
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Tea is an economical and most widely used beverage across the globe owing to its unique fragrance and flavor. Plant microbe interaction has emerged as an important topic which got the attention of scientists to improve plant performance. Tea microbes remained a prominent research topic for scientists over the years as tea microbes helps in nutrient cycling and stress management which in turn improve the tea growth, yield and quality. The roots of tea plants are colonized by various microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacterial communities, and endophytes increase root growth, development and nutrient uptake which in turn improve tea growth, yield and quality. These microbes also increase the concentration of nutrients, amino acids, soluble proteins, flavonoids, catechuic acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose contents caffeine, and polyphenols concentration in tea plants. Besides this, these microbes also protect the tea plants from harmful pest and diseases which in turn leads to an appreciable improvement in plant growth and development. The most important goal of any farming system is to establish a system with production of maximum food while minimizing impacts on the environment. The present review article highlights the role of various microbes in improving the growth, yield and quality of tea plants. In addition, we also discussed the research gaps to improve our understanding about the role of tea microbes in improving tea growth, yield, pest and diseases resistance. We believe that this review will provide a better insight into the existing knowledge of tea microbes in improving tea growth and yield.
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Matsishina, N. V., A. S. Shaybekova, N. G. Boginskaya, O. A. Sobko, D. I. Volkov, and I. V. Kim. "Preliminary study of traditional selection potato varieties resistance for potatoes ladybug Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Motch. (Fabricius, 1775) in the Primorsky territory." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-116-119.
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Relevance. Potato ladybug is a polyphagous pest. Its distributed throughout the Far East, in India, Korea, Japan and the countries of South America. Most affected by it are potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, zucchini, peppers, cucumbers, pumpkin, melon, beans. Leaving the veins intact pest eats the soft tissue of the leaf. Such leaves die quickly. Potato ladybug is a carrier of some diseases of potato and it also causes damage to plants. But insecticides pollute products and sustainable insect populations. The use of varieties with high resistance to pest damage eliminates the need for mass application of insecticides.Methods. The data on a preliminary assessment of potato varieties of domestic and foreign selection for resistance to a twenty-eight-point potato ladybug Henosepilachna vigintiomaculata Motch. (Fabricius, 1775) in the Primorye Territory. This work aim work was a preliminary assessment of the traditional potato breeding resistance factors to pest damage. The experiment out using generally accepted methods for the study and evaluation of potato varieties for pests with minor modifications was carried.Results. As a study result it was found that Belmonda, Labella, Red Lady, Queen Anna, Lilly, Sante varieties were the least suitable for passing the stages of ontogenesis and nutritional nutrition of the pest. The most tolerant to the pest – varieties Smak, Casachok, Yantar. The maximum mortality of potato ladybug larvae was observed in varieties Belmonda, Dachny, Augustin, Yubilyar, Labella, Sante, Koroleva Anna, Laperla in laboratory experiment. Minimum on varieties Smak, Casachok, Yantar, Red Lady. The data indicate the manifestation of an antibiotic barrier in potatoes, which must be confirmed by a field experiment.
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Ibrahim, Eli Surya, Ani Mugiasih, Firmansyah Firmansyah, and Fausiah T. Ladja. "Efektivitas Pengendalian Penyakit Tungro secara Terpadu dengan Pendekatan Pengendalian Biointensif." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v5n2.2021.p91-97.
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<p>Tungro disease is one of the obstacles to increase the national rice production program. In some areas, this important disease is endemic. On the one hand, some farmers in controlling plant pests and diseases still use pesticides, which negatively impact health and the environment. On the other hand, environmentally friendly tungro disease control technology is available. This study aims to determine an environmentally friendly integrated control technique for tungro disease consisting of resistant varieties, biopesticides, and conservation of natural enemies with flowering plants in suppressing green leafhopper populations and the incidence of tungro transmission in infection-sensitive plant stage. The test area is located in Lanrang,Sidrap at the Experimental field of Tungro Disease Research Station, Lanrang Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia from April to September 2017, using a split-plot design. Main plots are: 1) Biointensive control plots, using flowering plants (refugia) and pest control with andrometa which is a mixture of the entomopathogenic fungus Metharizium anisopliae and sambiloto extract; 2) Conventional plots, without flowering plants and pest control using pesticides. As sub-plots are rice varieties: 1) TN1, 2) IR64, and 3) Inpari-9 Elo which differ in resistance to tungro. Observations were made at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (MST). The results showed that the population of green leafhoppers in the TN1, both in the bio-intensive control plot and in the conventional control plot, was higher than the other two varieties. The population of natural enemies in bio-intensive control consists of 10 predator families and the conventional control consists of 9 predator families. The effectiveness of bio-intensive control has an effect on decreasing the population of green leafhoppers and the diversity of natural enemies, and has no significant effect on the incidence of tungro transmission, and has no effect on grain yield. Therefore, biointensive control needs to be developed to create a pesticide-free agricultural environment.</p>
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Faisal, Mohammad, Eslam M. Abdel-Salam, Abdulrahman A. Alatar, Quaiser Saquib, Hend A. Alwathnani, and Tomas Canto. "Genetic Transformation and siRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing for Aphid Resistance in Tomato." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120893.
Full textAbstract:
We explored the ability of RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the Acetylcholinesterase 1 (Ace 1) gene in aphid Myzus persicae and developed transgenic tomato plants resistant to aphid infestation. Three plasmid constructs, T-449: a single Ace 1 fragment (forward orientation), T-452: two Ace 1 fragments (reverse and forward orientations), and T455: a single inverted Ace 1 fragment, were developed and transformed into two tomato cultivars, Jamila and Tomaland. PCR, northern blotting, and small interfering RNAs (siRNA) analysis were performed to validate the success of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The efficiency of transformation was highest for the T-452 construct. In vivo effects of the transformed constructs were confirmed in feeding experiments, and there was significant downregulation of the Ace 1 gene. In addition, an aphid challenge assay was conducted to investigate the siRNA-mediated silencing of the target gene (Ace 1) in the inhibition of fecundity in M. persicae. We found that the plants that were transformed with the T-452 vector had 37.5% and 26.4% lower fecundity at 27 °C in the Jamila and Tomaland, respectively. Our results strongly indicated that the plant-mediated silencing of aphid-RNA might be a robust and effective approach for developing pest and disease resistant in plants.
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Wyenandt, Christian A., Steven L. Rideout, Beth K. Gugino, Margaret T. McGrath, Kathryne L. Everts, and Robert P. Mulrooney. "Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for the Control of Tomato Diseases in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Regions of the United States." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0827-01-mg.
Full textAbstract:
Foliar diseases and fruit rots occur routinely on tomato, an important crop grown throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States where it is produced for both fresh-market and processing. To enable these tomato growers to more effectively manage economically important diseases, a fungicide resistance management table has been developed which promotes the importance of understanding FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) codes and provides an integrated pest management tool for tomato growers which will allow them to develop season-long disease control programs with an emphasis on fungicide resistance management. Accepted for publication 19 July 2010. Published 27 August 2010.
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Neher, Deborah, and Mary Barbercheck. "Soil Microarthropods and Soil Health: Intersection of Decomposition and Pest Suppression in Agroecosystems." Insects 10, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120414.
Full textAbstract:
Two desirable functions of healthy soil are nutrient cycling and pest suppression. We review relevant literature on the contributions of soil microarthropods to soil health through their intersecting roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling and direct and indirect suppression of plant pests. Microarthropods can impact soil and plant health directly by feeding on pest organisms or serving as alternate prey for larger predatory arthropods. Indirectly, microarthropods mediate the ability of crop plants to resist or tolerate insect pests and diseases by triggering induced resistance and/or contributing to optimal nutritional balance of plants. Soil fauna, including microarthropods, are key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. Future research priorities include incorporating multi-channel omnivory into food web modeling and understanding the vulnerability of soil carbon through global climate change models.
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Javed, Khadija, Talha Humayun, Ayesha Humayun, Shahida Shaheen, Yong Wang, and Humayun Javed. "Biocontrol Potential of PeBL2, a Novel Entomopathogenic Bacterium from Brevibacillus laterosporus A60, Induces Systemic Resistance against Rice Leaf Folder Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Butler) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Plants 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 3350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233350.
Full textAbstract:
The dangerous insect pest known as rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis exigua (Butler), which reduces rice output globally, twists and feeds on the young rice plant’s leaves. Protein elicitors are hypothesized to be biological components that promote rice in becoming herbivore resistant. The evolving elicitor protein PeBL2, obtained from Brevibacillus laterosporus A60, was tested for biocontrol against C. exigua. Four distinct PeBL2 doses (74.23, 45.53, 22.26, and 11.13 μg mL−1) were assigned to evaluate the impact of PeBL2 on immature growth, survivability, and lifespan. Adult reproductive efficiency and the interaction between the pest and the disease were assessed against C. exigua. Further, the assessment of active compounds in PeBL2 with multi-acting entomopathogenic effects investigated the direct correlations of PeBL2 with temperature and climatic change in plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.). When compared to controls, PeBL2 treatments reduced the growing population of second- and third-generation C. exigua. Cnaphalocrocis exigua colonized control plants faster than PeBL2-treated O. sativa plants in a host selection test. PeBL2 doses delayed the development of the larval stage of C. exigua. PeBL2-treated seedlings generated less offspring than control seedlings, identical to fecundity. Trichomes and wax formation on PeBL2-treated leaves generated an adverse environment for C. exigua. PeBL2 altered the surface topography of the leaves, preventing colonization and reducing C. exigua reproduction. PeBL2-treated O. sativa seedlings exhibited somewhat increased amounts of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET). Systemic defensive processes also included the activation of pathways (JA, SA, and ET). Following these results versus C. exigua, the use of PeBL2 in an agroecosystem with integrated pest management and biocontrol appears to be reasonable. These findings shed new light on a cutting-edge biocontrol technique based on B. laterosporus A60.