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1
Chen, Tser-Yieth, Tsai-Lien Yeh, and Yi-Ting Lee. "Comparison of Power Plants Efficiency among 73 Countries." Journal of Energy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/916413.
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Effective and efficient production of electricity is promised to be one of the critical factors to utilize energy for sustainable development. We employ data envelopment analysis (DEA), including undesirable CO2emissions outputs, to evaluate power plants resource utilization efficiency within 73 countries in order to incorporate the global warming effect. We find that Asia enjoys the highest technical efficiency and European countries suffer from the lowest technical efficiency among Europe, Asia, and America continents. Besides, we compare models with and without CO2emissions and find that they have significant differences among technical and pure technical efficiencies. We also set up three hypotheses to examine gross national product (GNP), urbanization, and electricity import level factors that potentially influence power plants efficiency by Tobit regression analysis. Results show that GNP and urbanization have significant effects on power plants efficiency except electricity import level.
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Zhang, Ting, Shuaishuai Cao, Lingying Pan, and Chenyu Zhou. "A Policy Effect Analysis of China’s Energy Storage Development Based on a Multi-Agent Evolutionary Game Model." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 6293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236293.
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Energy storage technology plays a significant role in the pursuit of the high-quality development of the electricity market. Many regions in China have issued policies and regulations of different intensities for promoting the popularization of the energy storage industry. Based on a variety of initial conditions of different regions, this paper explores the evolutionary process of electricity market players considering energy storage technology. The trilateral evolutionary game model is adopted to analyze the strategies of the power plant, the power grid, and the government. After assigning the model according to an actual situation, each equilibrium point corresponds to a real electricity market situation. The results indicate the following: (1) In the process of stabilizing, the role of “Advanced Imitators” leading the strategy of building energy storage changes between the power plant and the power grid. (2) In Eastern, Middle, and Southern China, the power plants and power grids on a greater-than-medium scale will choose to build energy storage without governmental regulations, due to the abundant net profit. (3) In the northeast of China, power plants with a medium-or-lower scale will choose not to build energy storage because of the relatively low on-grid price, and small power grids can make enough profits by operating energy storage facilities. (4) In Northern China, the large power plants and the medium power grids will choose to build energy storage due to the high electricity sale price and the resulting high profit. (5) In Western China, the small power plants and power grids cannot afford to build energy storage due to the low electricity price. The results lead to valuable policy suggestions for the local governments of China in promoting energy storage in the future. To meet the goal of energy storage popularization, regional electricity market plans need relevant policies based on its existing conditions, offering suitable external conditions for adding energy storage.
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Chludziński, Daniel, and Michał Duda. "Technological solutions applied in biogas plants - a case study." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900012.
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This paper describes three operating biogas plants with a comparable electrical power of 600 kW. The plants are situated in Germany and were constructed between 2007 and 2013. They belong to one owner who has a farm with an area of ca. 1,200 ha, oriented towards plant production. The article presents technological solutions applied in biogas plants; an attempt was also made to determine their effect on the amount of electricity consumed in the process (operation of stirrers, substrate feeders, pumps, control systems, lighting, etc.). Despite similar electrical power, the biogas plants differ in terms of construction and technological solutions. The differences stem mainly from the number and capacity of digestion chambers, the method of biomass stirring and the method of substrate supply. The preliminary conclusions from observations of these facilities confirm the literature data concerning the consumption of electricity in the process compared to total electricity production. The paper also presents the capacity factor for each facility and the level of heat use from cogeneration.
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Yang, Honglun, Qiliang Wang, Jingyu Cao, Gang Pei, and Jing Li. "Potential of performance improvement of concentrated solar power plants by optimizing the parabolic trough receiver." Frontiers in Energy 14, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 867–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11708-020-0707-y.
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AbstractThis paper proposes a comprehensive thermodynamic and economic model to predict and compare the performance of concentrated solar power plants with traditional and novel receivers with different configurations involving operating temperatures and locations. The simulation results reveal that power plants with novel receivers exhibit a superior thermodynamic and economic performance compared with traditional receivers. The annual electricity productions of power plants with novel receivers in Phoenix, Sevilla, and Tuotuohe are 8.5%, 10.5%, and 14.4% higher than those with traditional receivers at the outlet temperature of 550°C. The levelized cost of electricity of power plants with double-selective-coated receivers can be decreased by 6.9%, 8.5%, and 11.6%. In Phoenix, the optimal operating temperature of the power plants is improved from 500°C to 560°C by employing a novel receiver. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the receiver heat loss, solar absorption, and freeze protection temperature is also conducted to analyze the general rule of influence of the receiver performance on power plants performance. Solar absorption has a positive contribution to annual electricity productions, whereas heat loss and freeze protection temperature have a negative effect on electricity outputs. The results indicate that the novel receiver coupled with low melting temperature molten salt is the best configuration for improving the overall performance of the power plants.
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Fowlie, Meredith. "Emissions Trading, Electricity Restructuring, and Investment in Pollution Abatement." American Economic Review 100, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 837–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.3.837.
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This paper analyzes an emissions trading program that was introduced to reduce smog-causing pollution from large stationary sources. Using variation in state level electricity industry restructuring activity, I identify the effect of economic regulation on pollution permit market outcomes. There are two main findings. First, deregulated plants in restructured electricity markets were less likely to adopt more capital intensive environmental compliance options as compared to regulated or publicly owned plants. Second, as a consequence of heterogeneity in electricity market regulations, a larger share of the permitted pollution is being emitted in states where air quality problems tend to be more severe. (JEL L51, L94, L98, Q53, Q58)
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Matheu, Harry, and R. L. Stevenson. "THE EFFECT OF AN ELECTRICAL FIELD ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS." HortScience 25, no. 11 (November 1990): 1355c—1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1355c.
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A weak electrical field has a stimulatory effect on germination of seeds and the early growth of young plants. Waldo bean seeds were placed in a chamber with moistened filter paper. Oppositely charged aluminum plates were used to stimulate growth. The top plate was,suspended above the filter paper to eliminate the possibility of a direct current flow through the paper. Each set of samples was examined after 5 days. The average root length of the test groups was significantly greater than that of the control groups. Additional experiments suggested that the rate of growth of the plants in soil was enhanced by applying a weak electric field to the soil. Using electricity to stimulate better germination has many practical applications. A current agricultural practice is to germinate seeds in dissolving tubes for planting as individual plants. Results of these experiments suggest that applying an electric current to the germinating seeds would stimulate them to grow more vigorously for more successful growth in the field, The use of electricity may have important applications as art adjunct to organic farming practices. Experiments are under way to apply the use of electricity to hydroponic systems. Foster, K.R. and H.P. Schwann. 1986. In: C. Polk and E. Postrow (eds.). CRC handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. Weaver, J.C. and R.D. Astumian. 1990. The response of living cells to very weak electric fields: The thermal noise limit. Science 247:459-462.
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KONONOV, Yurii D., and Dmitrii Yu KONONOV. "The possible impact of the introduction of the greenhouse gas emissions charge on the electricity cost." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1612–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.9.1612.
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Subject. The article focuses on the strategy of low carbon development of the economy and power engineering in Russia, which implies the introduction of CO2 emission charges. The adoption of CO2 tax can seriously influence the future mix of power plants and spur the cost of electricity. The expected adverse effect is great for the national and energy security. However, to correctly assess the strategic threats, there should be thorough and multidimensional research. Objectives. We quantify the possible effect of the introduction and growth in the CO2 tax on the cost of electricity across regions of the European part of Russia. Methods. We applied the systems analysis and the original optimization model, which accounts for the ambiguity of inputs and the correlation in the development of the regional power supply systems. Results. Based on our experimental computations, we proved that the methodological toolkit is effective for the above task. We outlined how the structure of power plants launched and the cost of electricity can possibly change in some federal districts if the CO2 tax increases from USD 10 to 40 per tonne of CO2. Conclusions and Relevance. In the above circumstances in the European part of Russia, including the Urals, each percent of an increase in the CO2 charge will expectedly lower the greenhouse gas emissions correspondingly, while the cost of electricity rises by 0.4–0.5 percent. Moreover, the mix of power plants and the cost of electricity will be getting less and less different across regions.
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Jahan Khan, Amir. "The Comparative Efficiency of Public and Private Power Plants in Pakistan’s Electricity Industry." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2014.v19.i2.a1.
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This study estimates a cost function for fossil fuel-based electricity generating plants operating in Pakistan during 2006–11. It employs a six-year panel dataset for 31 plants to estimate the cost function parameters. In the absence of any current evidence on comparative cost performance, the study’s attempt to document the economic efficiency of power plants in a large electricity sector is an important contribution to the literature. We find that on average, private nonutility plants (IPPs) are about 17 years younger than utility-owned plants and that the average capacity utilization, as measured by load factor, is higher for private IPPs than for public plants. After controlling for observables, the results show that, for a large part of the system, private plants produce electricity at a lower unit fuel cost than utility-owned public plants. The low efficiency of public plants is likely a result of the lack of operational maintenance and routine repairs. We find that the average fuel price (PRs per MMBTU) is lower for public plants and utility-owned private plants compared to nonutility-owned private plants which is mainly due to the composition of the fuel mix used for power generation. We also find that (i) the partial effect of fuel price changes on the average unit cost is higher for private plants than for public plants and (ii) on average, private plants use relatively expensive fuels compared to public plants. On an average fuel cost comparison, the private sector plants may be better base load plants than public sector plants, though the private sector plants may not be being used as base load plants because of the higher tariffs they change.
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Hirvonen, Janne, Juha Jokisalo, and Risto Kosonen. "The Effect of Deep Energy Retrofit on The Hourly Power Demand of Finnish Detached Houses." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071773.
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This study examines how the energy renovation of old detached houses affects the hourly power consumption of heating and electricity in Finland. As electrification of heating through heat pumps becomes more common, the effects on the grid need to be quantified. Increased fluctuation and peak power demand could increase the need for fossil-based peaking power plants or call for new investments to the distribution infrastructure. The novelty in this study is the focus on hourly power demand instead of just annual energy consumption. Identifying the influence of building energy retrofits on the instantaneous power demand can help guide policy and investments into building retrofits and related technology. The work was done through dynamic building simulation and utilized building configurations obtained through multi-objective optimization. Deep energy retrofits decreased both the total and peak heating power consumption. However, the use of air-source heat pumps increased the peak power demand of electricity in district heated and wood heated buildings by as much as 100%. On the other hand, peak power demand in buildings with direct electric heating was reduced by 30 to 40%. On the building stock level, the demand reduction in buildings with direct electric heating could compensate for the increase in the share of buildings with ground-source heat pumps, so that the national peak electricity demand would not increase. This prevents the increase of demand for high emission peaking power plants as heat pump penetration rises. However, a use is needed for the excess solar electricity generated by the optimally retrofitted buildings, because much of the solar electricity cannot be utilized in the single-family houses during summer.
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Iancu, Ioana Ancuta, Cosmin Pompei Darab, and Stefan Dragos Cirstea. "The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Electricity Consumption in Romania." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113146.
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The COVID-19 pandemic obliged the Romanian government to take drastic measures to contain the virus. More than this, they imposed the heaviest restrictions in the EU. For more than a month, during the lockdown period, everything stopped: schools and universities had only online classes, national and international flights and gatherings were forbidden, and many restrictions for travel were imposed. This paper analyzes the changes that occurred in electricity consumption linked with economic growth, during the pandemic, in Romania. For a better understanding of the correlations between gross domestic product (GDP) and electricity consumption (EC) in different economic contexts, the period 2008–2020 was divided into three series: the 2008–2012 financial crisis and the post-crisis recovery period, the 2013–2019 period of economic growth, and the Q1–Q3 2020 pandemic period. Using correlation coefficients and regression analysis, the authors found that the GDP decoupled from EC in the first period. The increase in GDP led to an increase in the consumption of electricity and the electricity produced from RESs in the second period. In Q3 2020, the real GDP is different from the calculated GDP, due to the pandemic. In Romania, the electricity consumption decreased within the first nine months of the pandemic due to the economic contraction. The electricity that comes from coal and hydropower plants suffered the biggest decrease. If the electricity that comes from NRESs can be adapted to the economic demands, the quantity of electricity that comes from RESs will be influenced by the climate conditions.
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Jung, Woojong. "Impact of Electric Power Pricing Reforms on the Japan’s Industry and Household Sector." Business Administration and Management 2, no. 1 (September 14, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/bam.v2i1.763.
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<p align="justify">After the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, Japan had an opportunity to advance its economic and energy policies to pursue stable energy supply, economic efficiency, environmental security, and safety. The accident not only raised concerns regarding the safety of nuclear power plants but also increased awareness regarding the effect of energy import growth on the economy and related issues such as the effect of imports on Japan’s international competitiveness. This study simulates the impact on electricity prices using three potential scenarios for Japan. According to the results, the consumer price index (CPI) was larger than the corporate goods price index (CGPI) for Japan in all cases. In the simulation results, the CPI was observed to have an increased effect of 0.88%–3.59% against a 0.84%–3.41% increase in the CGPI. The surge in electricity prices significantly impacted the supply of electricity, gas, and heating and also the business services sector. The cost of policies that maintain safety, the increase in costs resulting from the overseas importation of fossil fuels, and the cost of promoting renewable energy in conjunction with the reutilization of nuclear power plants leading to higher electricity prices will also be considered in the future.</p>
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Cicala, Steve. "When Does Regulation Distort Costs? Lessons from Fuel Procurement in US Electricity Generation: Reply." American Economic Review 111, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 1373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201872.
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The average effect of deregulatory policies on fuel prices at coal-fired power plants is strongly influenced by plants that were initially paying the highest prices for fuel. Primary sources document that these plants were locked into long-term, high-cost fuel contracts, and only secured market rates post-deregulation. While these plants' fuel costs were unusual, their response to deregulation was not: both coal- and gas-fired plants reduce fuel prices one-for-one with the amount they were initially paying above their neighbors' costs. Our understanding of deregulation is not improved by excluding those who stand to benefit most. (JEL L51, L71, L94, L98, Q35, Q41, Q48)
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Allcott, Hunt, Allan Collard-Wexler, and Stephen D. O'Connell. "How Do Electricity Shortages Affect Industry? Evidence from India." American Economic Review 106, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 587–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140389.
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We estimate the effects of electricity shortages on Indian manufacturers, instrumenting with supply shifts from hydroelectric power availability. We estimate that India's average reported level of shortages reduces the average plant's revenues and producer surplus by 5 to 10 percent, but average productivity losses are significantly smaller because most inputs can be stored during outages. Shortages distort the plant size distribution, as there are significant economies of scale in generator costs and shortages more severely affect plants without generators. Simulations show that offering interruptible retail electricity contracts could substantially reduce the impacts of shortages. (JEL D24, L60, L94, O13, O14, Q41)
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BALLESTEROS GALLARDO, JUAN ANTONIO, and FERNANDO NUÑEZ. "SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF THE CLOSURE OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS ON THE SPANISH ELECTRICITY MARKET." DYNA ENERGIA Y SOSTENIBILIDAD 10, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): [11 p.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/es10113.
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ABSTRACT: This article analyses the effect of the closure of the Spanish coal-fired power stations on the price and quantity of energy sold in the daily electricity market. The comparative statics analysis is based on the hourly data of energy offer and demand bids published by the OMIE (Operator of the Iberian Energy Market) and made by the participants in the daily electricity market during the year 2018. Our analysis does not require any simulation of the market supply and demand curves, since they are obtained by aggregation using real data from the wholesale market. The main conclusion of our analysis is that, after the closure of the coal-fired stations, the hourly price of energy would increase 12,06% on average while the average amount of energy would decrease 2,57%. Keywords: Price of electricity; coal plants; ecological transition; supply and demand surpluses; renewable energy.
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Savelsberg, Jonas, Moritz Schillinger, Ingmar Schlecht, and Hannes Weigt. "The Impact of Climate Change on Swiss Hydropower." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072541.
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Hydropower represents an important pillar of electricity systems in many countries. It not only plays an important role in mitigating climate change, but is also subject to climate-change impacts. In this paper, we use the Swiss electricity market model Swissmod to study the effects of changes in water availability due to climate change on Swiss hydropower. Swissmod is an electricity dispatch model with a plant-level representation of 96% of Swiss hydropower plants and their interrelations within cascade structures. Using this detailed model in combination with spatially disaggregated climate-change runoff projections for Switzerland, we show that climate change has ambiguous impacts on hydropower and on the overall electricity system. Electricity prices and overall system costs increase under dry conditions and decrease under average or wet conditions. While the change of seasonal patterns, with a shift to higher winter runoff, has positive impacts, the overall yearly inflow varies under hydrological conditions. While average and wet years yield an increase in inflows and revenues, dry years become drier, resulting in the opposite effect. Even though different in magnitude, the direction of impacts persists when applying the same changes in inflows to the 2050 electricity system.
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Caldera, Upeksha, Dmitrii Bogdanov, Svetlana Afanasyeva, and Christian Breyer. "Role of Seawater Desalination in the Management of an Integrated Water and 100% Renewable Energy Based Power Sector in Saudi Arabia." Water 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10010003.
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This work presents a pathway for Saudi Arabia to transition from the 2015 power structure to a 100% renewable energy-based system by 2050 and investigates the benefits of integrating the power sector with the growing desalination sector. Saudi Arabia can achieve 100% renewable energy power system by 2040 while meeting increasing water demand through seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and multiple effect distillation (MED) desalination plants. The dominating renewable energy sources are PV single-axis tracking and wind power plants with 243 GW and 83 GW, respectively. The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of the 2040 system is 49 €/MWh and decreases to 41 €/MWh by 2050. Corresponding levelised cost of water (LCOW) is found to be 0.8 €/m3 and 0.6 €/m3. PV single-axis tracking dominates the power sector. By 2050 solar PV accounts for 79% of total electricity generation. Battery storage accounts for 41% of total electricity demand. In the integrated scenario, due to flexibility provided by SWRO plants, there is a reduced demand for battery storage and power-to-gas (PtG) plants as well as a reduction in curtailment. Thus, the annual levelised costs of the integrated scenario is found to be 1–3% less than the non-integrated scenario.
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Cvetkovic, Slobodan, Tatjana Kaludjerovic-Radoicic, Rastislav Kragic, and Mirjana Kijevcanin. "Electricity production from biogas in Serbia: Assessment of emissions reduction." Thermal Science 20, no. 4 (2016): 1333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150812189c.
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Biogas represents a promising source for the production of clean energy. The objective of this paper was to quantify the potential for the reduction of emissions to the environment during the production of electricity from biogas in comparison with environmental effects of the production of the same amount of electricity from fossil resources (coal from Kolubara basin and natural gas). Basis for comparison of environmental impacts in this work was the annual production of electricity in biogas plants of the total capacity of 80 MW. This study has shown that the annual production of electricity from biogas power plants of 80 MW results in: substitution of up to 840 kt of coal from Kolubara basin and 123.2 million m3 of natural gas; reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases in the range of 491.16 kt - 604.97 kt CO2-eq, depending on the energy efficiency of the process of electricity production from biogas; reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases up to 92.37 kt CO2-eq compared to the use of natural gas for electricity generation.
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Talaiekhozani, Amirreza, Majid Lotfi Ghahroud, and Shahabaldin Rezania. "Estimation of Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Particulate Matters Emission Due to Cryptocurrency Miners’ Activity in Iran." Earth 2, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2030039.
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Nowadays, electricity consumption has increased worldwide due to the activity of cryptocurrency miners. Much of Iran’s electricity is generated by fossil fuel power plants. So, generating more electricity means producing more air pollutants in Iran. There is not sufficient information about the effects of cryptocurrency mining on Iran’s air pollution. This study aims to estimate the amount of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM) emitted by Iran’s power plants when they generate extra electricity for cryptocurrency miners. In this study, we firstly estimated the amount of fuel used for the electricity needed for cryptocurrency miners. Then, the amounts of emitted NOx, CO, VOCs, SOx, and total PM for generation of such electricity were estimated via the guidelines of the European Environment Agency for emission inventory estimation. The results showed that an on average of 3530, 1547, 103, 11, and 35 tons of NOx, CO, VOCs, SOx, and total PM, respectively, have been emitted into the atmosphere in Iran annually.
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Ritter, Meyer, Koch, Haller, Bauknecht, and Heinemann. "Effects of a Delayed Expansion of Interconnector Capacities in a High RES-E European Electricity System." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163098.
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In order to achieve a high renewable share in the electricity system, a significant expansion of cross-border exchange capacities is planned. Historically, the actual expansion of interconnector capacities has significantly lagged behind the planned expansion. This study examines the impact that such continued delays would have when compared to a strong interconnector expansion in an ambitious energy transition scenario. For this purpose, scenarios for the years 2030, 2040, and 2050 are examined using the electricity market model PowerFlex EU. The analysis reveals that both CO2 emissions and variable costs of electricity generation increase if interconnector expansion is delayed. This effect is most significant in the scenario year 2050, where lower connectivity leads roughly to a doubling of both CO2 emissions and variable costs of electricity generation. This increase results from a lower level of European electricity trading, a curtailment of electricity from a renewable energy source (RES-E), and a corresponding higher level of conventional electricity generation. Most notably, in Southern and Central Europe, less interconnection leads to higher use of natural gas power plants since less renewable electricity from Northern Europe can be integrated into the European grid.
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Быстров, Andrey Bystrov, Юсим, Vyacheslav Yusim, Филиппов, and V. Filippov. "Economic Potential of Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Power Plants." Economics of the Firm 4, no. 3 (September 17, 2015): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17591.
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The article deals with questions of using pumped-storage hydroelectric power
plants in electrical power system. Maneuverable reserve of Russian electrical
power system is exhausted; therefore further development is able only with
the presence of storage plants in the system which will allow getting additional
volume of electricity with existent generative power stations. However, low
return of investment slows down construction of storage plants. PSP exert a
powerful economic effect on system which is undervalued. Therefore for
ensuring a return on investment it is necessary to revise system of economic
relations within industry when using system utilities.
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Ayadi, Ahmed, Zied Driss, Abdallah Bouabidi, and Mohamed S. Abid. "Effect of the turbine diameter on the generated power of a solar chimney power plant." Energy & Environment 29, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 822–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18761148.
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The solar chimney power plants produce electricity and thermal heat using the solar radiation. The thermal study of the solar chimney power plants is required since these systems are characterized by their high costs. This paper focuses on the study of a solar chimney power plant coupled with a turbine to increase the generated power. Thus, four turbine diameters are proposed. For each configuration, the distribution of the magnitude velocity, the air temperature, and the pressure was discussed. The results indicate that the generated power increases with the increase of the turbine diameter. This technical solution is identified interesting for designers to increase the generated power.
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Kaewpraek, Chila, Liaqat Ali, Md Arefin Rahman, Mohammad Shakeri, M. S. Chowdhury, M. S. Jamal, Md Shahin Mia, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, Le Khac Dong, and Kuaanan Techato. "The Effect of Plants on the Energy Output of Green Roof Photovoltaic Systems in Tropical Climates." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 4505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084505.
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The rapid rise in the number of fossil fuel uses over the last few decades has increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The purpose of implementing renewable energy solutions, such as solar, hydro, wind, biomass, and other renewable energy sources, is to mitigate global climate change worldwide. Solar energy has received more attention over the last few decades as an alternative source of energy, and it can play an essential role in the future of the energy industry. This is especially true of energy solutions that reduce land use, such as off-grid and on-grid solar rooftop technologies. This study aims to evaluate the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems in tropical environments. It also explores the effect of growing plants beneath PV panels. Two identical grid-connected PV systems—each containing five solar panels—were installed. The overall power production of each PV system was about 1.4 kWp. All the collected data were processed and analysed in the same way and by the same method. The PV systems were installed in two different environments—one with the possibility of growing the plants beneath the PV panels (PViGR module) and one with no possibility of growing the plants beneath the PV panels (PViSR module). The experiments were conducted in the Bo Yang District of Songkhla, Thailand over a 12-month period. Our findings indicate that green roof photovoltaic (GRPV) systems can produce around 2100 kWh of electricity in comparison to the 2000 kWh produced by other solar energy systems. Thereby, growing plants beneath PV panels increases electricity production efficiency by around 2%. This difference comes from the growing of plants underneath GRPV systems. Plants do not only help to trap humidity underneath GRPV systems but also help to cool the PV panels by absorbing the temperature beneath GRPV systems. Thus, in the production of electrical energy; the system was clearly showing significant differences in the mentioned results of both PV solar systems, which are evident for great energy efficiency performances in the future.
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SAFAROV, NEMAT, and COLIN ATKINSON. "NATURAL GAS-FIRED POWER PLANTS VALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION UNDER LÉVY COPULAS AND REGIME SWITCHING." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 20, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024917500042.
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In this work, we analyze a stochastic control problem for the valuation of a natural gas power station while taking into account operating characteristics. Both electricity and gas spot price processes exhibit mean-reverting spikes and Markov regime-switches. The Lévy regime-switching model incorporates the effects of demand-supply fluctuations in energy markets and abrupt economic disruptions or business cycles. We make use of skewed Lévy copulas to model the dependence risk of electricity and gas jumps. The corresponding coupled Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations are solved by an explicit finite difference method. The numerical approach gives us both the value of the plant and its optimal operating strategy depending on the gas and electricity prices, current temperature of the boiler and time. The surfaces of control strategies and contract values are obtained by implementing the numerical method for a particular example.
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Michaelides, Efstathios E. "Energy Storage and Installed Wind Capacity Requirements for the Substitution of Fossil Fuels in the Electricity Generation Sector." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, no. 03 (April 19, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2103040.
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The impending adverse effects of Global Climate Change encourages the substitution of fossil fuels with non-carbon sources for electricity generation. However, while fossil fuel power plants may generate electric power at demand, the most abundant renewable energy sources–wind and solar–are intermittent or periodically variable. This necessitates the development of adequate energy storage at the utility/grid level. Using actual data for the hourly energy demand in the ERCOT electricity grid, this study examines the electricity supply-demand equilibrium and determines the necessary energy storage capacity for the substitution, first, of the coal power plants and, secondly, of all the fossil fuel power plants. The calculations show that, if the natural gas, intermediate-load power plants continue to be available, all coal units may be substituted with wind farms without the need for energy storage. When all the fossil fuel units are to be substituted, significant energy storage capacity is required, approximately 45.3 million m3. The calculations also show that the further development of nuclear energy and additional solar energy units reduce the requirements for energy storage and, also lessen the energy dissipation in the storage-recovery process.
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Grossmann, Wolf, Iris Grossmann, and Karl W. Steininger. "Solar electricity supply isolines of generation capacity and storage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 12 (March 9, 2015): 3663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316781112.
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The recent sharp drop in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation accompanied by globally rapidly increasing investment in PV plants calls for new planning and management tools for large-scale distributed solar networks. Of major importance are methods to overcome intermittency of solar electricity, i.e., to provide dispatchable electricity at minimal costs. We find that pairs of electricity generation capacity G and storage S that give dispatchable electricity and are minimal with respect to S for a given G exhibit a smooth relationship of mutual substitutability between G and S. These isolines between G and S support the solving of several tasks, including the optimal sizing of generation capacity and storage, optimal siting of solar parks, optimal connections of solar parks across time zones for minimizing intermittency, and management of storage in situations of far below average insolation to provide dispatchable electricity. G−S isolines allow determining the cost-optimal pair (G,S) as a function of the cost ratio of G and S. G−S isolines provide a method for evaluating the effect of geographic spread and time zone coverage on costs of solar electricity.
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Han, Jin Soo, Jean-François Houde, Arthur A. van Benthem, and Jose Miguel Abito. "When Does Regulation Distort Costs? Lessons from Fuel Procurement in US Electricity Generation: Comment." American Economic Review 111, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 1356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200679.
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We revisit one of the results in Cicala (2015) and show that the previously estimated large and significant effects of US electricity restructuring on fuel procurement are not robust to the presence of outliers. Using methodologies from the robust statistics literature, we estimate the effect to be less than one-half of the previous estimate and not statistically different from zero. The robust methodology also identifies as outliers the plants owned by a single company whose coal contracts were renegotiated before discussions about restructuring even started. (JEL D83, O13, O33, Q16)
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Álvarez, Xana, Enrique Valero, Natalia de la Torre-Rodríguez, and Carolina Acuña-Alonso. "Influence of Small Hydroelectric Power Stations on River Water Quality." Water 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020312.
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Hydropower electricity generation is considered one of the cheapest technologies regarding electricity generation costs, and it is the most traditional, clean, renewable energy source. However, despite the environmental benefits offered by hydropower, they also can have negative impacts and consequences in the environment affecting water quality and disrupting river ecology. We investigated the environmental effects of four small hydropower plants (SPH) in north-west Spain by looking at the water quality of the four river stretches where the SPH plants are located. The physicochemical and biological characteristics of the water streams were analyzed, as well as the riparian ecological quality. Results showed that the presence of the hydropower plants did not significantly influence the physical and chemical characteristics of the water. There were no alterations of the benthic macroinvertebrate community at any of the plants except for one, and the riparian habitat was in general classified as good quality or close to natural conditions for all plants.
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Li, Ke, Jingyao Qi, Fuguo Zhang, Nicholas Miwornunyuie, Paulette Serwaa Amaniampong, Desmond Ato Koomson, Lei Chen, et al. "The Role of Wetland Plants on Wastewater Treatment and Electricity Generation in Constructed Wetland Coupled with Microbial Fuel Cell." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 7454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167454.
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CWMFC is a novel technology that has been used for almost a decade for concurrent wastewater treatment and electricity generation in varying scopes of domestic, municipal, and industrial applications since its implementation in 2012. Its advantage of low-cost enhanced wastewater treatment and sustainable bioelectricity generation has gained considerable attention. Nevertheless, the overall efficiency of this novel technology is inclined by several operating factors and configuration strands, such as pH, sewage composition, organic loading, electrode material, filter media, electrogens, hydraulic retention time, and macrophytes. Here, we investigate the effect of the wetland plant component on the overall performance of CWMFCs. The macrophyte’s involvement in the oxygen input, nutrient uptake, and direct degradation of pollutants for the required treatment effect and bioelectricity production are discussed in more detail. The review identifies and compares planted and unplanted CWMFC with their efficiency on COD removal and electricity generation based on previous and recent studies.
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Schindler, Bracha Y., Lior Blank, Shay Levy, Gyongyver Kadas, David Pearlmutter, and Leon Blaustein. "Integration of photovoltaic panels and green roofs: review and predictions of effects on electricity production and plant communities." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2016): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1048617.
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The integration of photovoltaic (PV) panels and green roofs has the potential to improve panel efficiency to produce electricity and enhance green roof species diversity and productivity. In this review, we provide an overview of research on the effects of green roofs on PV panel electricity production, and predict the expected effects of the PV panel on green roof plant communities. Previous studies suggest that PV panels are more efficient above a green roof than above several types of conventional roofs due to the cooling effect of green roofs on the temperature-sensitive PV cells. Some ecological studies on shade suggest that shade imposed by panels may enhance the biotic productivity of green roofs. Shade is often shown to be important for seedling survival, particularly in arid environments – so the effect of shade on plants may depend on climate and irrigation. Previous studies also suggest that shade variations over the roof area may enhance plant diversity, as such heterogeneity creates niches of light and moisture levels that are appropriate for a diversity of plants. These positive effects on plant diversity may lead to increased arthropod diversity as well. Additional replicated studies are needed to test the reciprocal effects of green roofs and PV, as past studies lacked replication. Future directions for research that could guide the design of green roof–PV integration include the effects of irrigation, plant diversity, and green area-to-panel ratio on the roof.
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Haneda, H. "Efficiency Improvement Options for Municipal Waste-Fired Power Generation—Recent Development Activities in Japan: A Review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 209, no. 2 (May 1995): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_019_02.
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The development of high-efficiency municipal waste-fired power plants, although not yet developed for practical use because of the technical difficulties involved, has recently come to be considered quite important, reflecting strong public demand for conservation of the global environment and preservation of energy resources. Development of such plants is now being actively promoted in various national projects in Japan. This paper first reviews the current status and technical issues concerning (a) municipal waste disposal plants and (b) municipal waste-fired power plants in Japan. Then each of the three approaches that are currently being proposed and vigorously promoted as national projects in Japan for realizing high-efficiency municipal waste-fired power plants is discussed. Although a high percentage of the municipal waste in Japan is incinerated, only a relatively small amount of electricity is generated at present. The paper shows that increasing the proportion of waste used to provide electricity could lead to savings of up to 30 per cent of the annual cost consumption in Japan, with accompanying substantial saving in CO2 emissions. The more effective utilization of municipal waste as an energy source would thus have a significant effect on global environmental conservation and in saving primary energy sources.
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Uamusse, Miguel Meque, Kamshat Tussupova, and Kenneth M. Persson. "Climate Change Effects on Hydropower in Mozambique." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 4842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144842.
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The impact of climate change on the production of hydropower in Mozambique is reviewed and regression analysis is applied to evaluate future climate scenarios. The results show that climate change will cause increased variability of precipitation and create flooding that can damage infrastructure such as hydropower dams. Climate change can also cause drought that will decrease surface water and reduce hydroelectric generation in Mozambique. Electricity generation is to a major extent performed through large-scale hydropower in Mozambique. To fulfill the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and an increased demand for electricity, several large and many small hydropower projects are planned and were built in the country. The economic lifetime of a hydropower plant is typically 100 years, meaning that the hydrologic regimes for the plants should be evaluated for at least this period. Climate change effects are rarely included in present feasibility studies. Economic implications associated with climate change phenomena are higher in Mozambique than in neighboring countries as its future electricity demand to a large extent is forecasted to be met by hydropower. The large hydropower potential in Mozambique should as well be considered when investing in new power plants in southern Africa.
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Burtraw, Dallas, Josh Linn, Karen Palmer, and Anthony Paul. "The Costs and Consequences of Clean Air Act Regulation of CO2 from Power Plants." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.557.
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US climate policy is unfolding under the Clean Air Act. Mobile source and construction permitting regulations are in place. Most important, EPA and the states will determine the form and stringency of the regulations for power plants. Various approaches would create an implicit price on emitting greenhouse gases and create valuable assets that would be distributed differently among electricity producers, consumers, and the government. We compare a tradable performance standard with several cap-and-trade policies. Distributing asset values to fossil-fueled producers and consumers has small effects on average electricity prices but imposes greater social cost than a revenue-raising policy.
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Bhaskar, Kalyan, and Nikunj Kumar Jain. "Conceptualizing a Resilient Supply Chain for Single-fuel Biomass Power Plant." Journal of Operations and Strategic Planning 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516600x18769121.
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India is taking several steps to decarbonize electricity as part of the climate change mitigation efforts. One of those steps has been to promote electricity generation from biomass. Past research has focused on risks related to technology, cost, financing, policy, and supply chain in case of biomass power, but there have been limited studies on risks arising due to climate change. Climate change can have major implications for the supply chain of biomass power plants by affecting the underground water availability and land productivity and thereby affecting the availability of biomass for power plants. The effect could be more acute for single-fuel biomass power plants rather than for multi-fuel biomass power plants. Using data from an 8 megawatt (MW) biomass power plant and by developing a conceptual model, this article models risks arising due to climate change and assesses their likely impact on single-fuel biomass power plants. Two key insights emerge from the analysis: (a) A supply chain that is not sustainable and resilient to climate change impacts poses a major risk to the profits of a biomass power plant; and (b) Single-fuel biomass power plants may need to change their businesses and sourcing strategies by either turning into multi-fuel biomass power plant or by increasing the catchment area of their sourcing.
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Alonso-Montesinos, Joaquín, Francisco Rodríguez Martínez, Jesús Polo, Nuria Martín-Chivelet, and Francisco Javier Batlles. "Economic Effect of Dust Particles on Photovoltaic Plant Production." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236376.
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The performance of photovoltaic panels decreases depending on the different factors to which they are subjected daily. One of the phenomena that most affects their energy production is dust deposition. This is particularly acute in desert climates, where the level of solar radiation is extreme. In this work, the effect of dust soiling is examined on the electricity generation of an experimental photovoltaic pilot plant, installed at the Solar Energy Research Center (CIESOL) at the University of Almería. An average reduction of 5% of the power of a photovoltaic plant due to dust contamination has been obtained, this data being used to simulate the economic effect in plants of 9 kWp and 1 and 50 MWp. The economic losses have been calculated, and are capable of being higher than 150,000 €/year in industrial plants of 50 MWp. A cleaning strategy has also been presented, which represents a substantial economic outlay over the years of plant operation.
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Lerkkasemsan, Nuttapol, and Luke E. K. Achenie. "Life Cycle Costs and Life Cycle Assessment for the Harvesting, Conversion, and the Use of Switchgrass to Produce Electricity." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/492058.
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This paper considers both LCA and LCC of the pyrolysis of switchgrass to use as an energy source in a conventional power plant. The process consists of cultivation, harvesting, transportation, storage, pyrolysis, transportation, and power generation. Here pyrolysis oil is converted to electric power through cocombustion in conventional fossil fuel power plants. Several scenarios are conducted to determine the effect of selected design variables on the production of pyrolysis oil and type of conventional power plants. The set of design variables consist of land fraction, land shape, the distance needed to transport switchgrass to the pyrolysis plant, the distance needed to transport pyrolysis oil to electric generation plant, and the pyrolysis plant capacity. Using an average agriculture land fraction of the United States at 0.4, the estimated cost of electricity from pyrolysis of 5000 tons of switchgrass is the lowest at $0.12 per kwh. Using natural gas turbine power plant for electricity generation, the price of electricity can go as low as 7.70 cent/kwh. The main advantage in using a pyrolysis plant is the negative GHG emission from the process which can define that the process is environmentally friendly.
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MOLCHANOVA, S. M., and K. V. LOSEV. "EFFICIENCY OF HEAT GENERATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INVESTMENT PROJECT." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 3 (2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.03.02.004.
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The article discusses the characteristic features of the electricity industry, issues of economic efficiency of innovative projects in the electricity sector. It is emphasized that the construction of modern power plants contributes to the development of modern, high-tech production, provides priority use of the combined generation of electric and thermal electricity. The authors experimentally substantiated the need to modernize obsolete equipment through the construction of recycling units with the further generation of heat and electricity for consumers in the city. The analysis of the impact of the implemented project on the profit and efficiency of the use of enterprise resources is carried out, its effectiveness is calculated, the sensitivity analysis is carried out and profitability indicators are presented for the construction of a new CHP unit. The conclusion is formulated on a favorable solution for the construction of a gas-fired CHPP, the construction and modernization of which will provide a significant economic effect in energy systems.
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Hou, Jian Chao, and Juan Guo. "Driving Factors for Carbon Dioxide Emission Changes from Electricity Generation in Eastern China." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1423.
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This paper analyzes the potential factors influencing the changes of CO2 emissions of the power generation for four provinces and one city in Eastern China during the period of 1995-2012 applying the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method. The changes of CO2 emissions in power generation are decomposed into three factors: electricity production effect, electricity generation structural effect and energy generation intensity effect. The empirical results show production effect is the major factor responsible for rise in power generation CO2 emissions during the period 1995-2012. With the exception of Fujian province the energy generation intensity effect is mainly responsible for the decrease in CO2 emissions over the period 1995–2012.The contribution of generation structure effect to CO2 emissions changes is different across the regions in Eastern China and it had little effect on CO2 emissions changes. The empirical results also show that there is a potential of efficiency improvement of fired power plants and optimization of the power generation structure.
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Golonka, Emil, Michał Pająk, and Davor Kolar. "Selected diagnostic methods used in Hydroelectric Power Plants." MATEC Web of Conferences 332 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133201011.
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Generating electricity using Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is taking over more and more shares in the global market of energy production. This results from global energy policy which is closely related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission and environmental pollution as well as to reducing consumption of fossil fuels. The constantly increasing number of producers of electricity from RES, such as Hydroelectric Power Plants and Small Hydroelectric Power Plants, gives an impulse for carrying out work on the development and improvement of their operation. It forces continuous work on development of technical diagnostics methods which allow to detect faults at an early stage and even, using properly designed systems, to prevent them or minimize their effects. The main task of the diagnostics and control systems is to identify any symptoms of inaccurate device operation. Next, to modify the algorithm so that the device is introduced to the area of correct operation. Detecting a defect at its initial phase gives opportunities to plan and prepare for the repair of the device. Using appropriate diagnostic methods helps to minimize the costs of major repairs and overhauls of machines and maintain the work efficiency at the desired level. This article presents selected diagnostic methods used in Hydropower Plants.
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Telsnig, Thomas, Ludger Eltrop, Hartmut Winkler, and Ulrich Fahl. "Efficiency and costs of different concentrated solar power plant configurations for sites in Gauteng and the Northern Cape, South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3123.
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Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants can play a major role in the future South African electricity mix. Today the Independent Power Producer (IPP) Procurement Programme aims to facilitate renewable energy projects to access the South African energy market. In spite of this incentive programme, the future role of CSP plants in South Africa has yet to be defined. Using hourly irradiance data, we present a new method to calculate the expected yield of different parabolic trough plant configurations at a site in each of Gauteng and the Northern Cape, South Africa. We also provide cost estimates of the main plant components and an economic assessment that can be used to demonstrate the feasibility of solar thermal power projects at different sites. We show that the technical configurations, as well as the resulting cost of electricity, are heavily dependent on the location of the plant and how the electricity so generated satisfies demand. Today, levelised electricity costs for a CSP plant without storage were found to be between 101 and 1.52 ZAR2010/kWhel, assuming a flexible electricity demand structure. A CSP configuration with Limited Storage produces electricity at costs between 1.39 and 1.90 ZAR2010/kWhel, whereas that with Extended Storage costs between 1.86 and 2.27 ZAR2010/kWhel. We found that until 2040 a decrease in investment costs results in generating costs between 0.73 ZAR2010/kWhel for a CSP plant without storage in Upington and 1.16 ZAR2010/ kWhel for a configuration with Extended Storage in Pretoria. These costs cannot compete, however, with the actual costs of the traditional South African electricity mix. Nevertheless, a more sustainable energy system will require dispatchable power which can be offered by CSP including storage. Our results show that the choice of plant configuration and the electricity demand structure have a significant effect on costs. These results can help policymakers and utilities to benchmark plant performance as a basis for planning.
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Ali, Ali, Haitham Shaheen, Mesaa Shash, and Bashar Zedan. "Electrochemical treatment of raw water for thermal power plants requirements." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.2.013.
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In this research electrochemical treatment was used to treat Al-Sin water that feed Banias thermal station boilers for generate electricity. The effect of the operating parameters such as type of electrodes, initial pH,inter electrode distance, electrolysis time and current density on the effectiveness of electrochemical processing were studied in reducing the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), NaCl concentration, and electrical conductivity. The experiments were carried out in a batch mode. Results revealed that in the optimum conditions (current density=500A/m2, distance between electrodes =10mm) the total dissolved solids, conductivity, and NaCl concentration were reduced by (97%), (94%) and (92%) respectively after one hour of treatment process by using aluminum electrodes.
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Maktabifard, M., E. Zaborowska, and J. Makinia. "Evaluating the effect of different operational strategies on the carbon footprint of wastewater treatment plants – case studies from northern Poland." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 2211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.224.
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Abstract Nowadays, low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is expected at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, emission quantification and evaluation still faces difficulties related to data availability and uncertainty. The objective of this study was to perform carbon footprint (CF) analysis for two municipal WWTPs located in northern Poland. Slupsk WWTP is a large biological nutrient removal (BNR) facility (250,000 PE) which benefits from on-site electricity production from biogas. The other studied plant is a medium-size BNR facility in Starogard (60,000 PE). In this WWTP, all the required electricity was provided from the grid. Both wastewater systems were composed of activated sludge, with differences in the nutrient removal efficiency and sludge treatment line. The CF calculations were based on empirical models considering various categories of input parameters, afterwards summing up the emissions expressed in CO2 equivalents (CO2e). After sensitivity analysis, significant contributors to GHG emissions were identified. The total specific CF of the Slupsk and the Starogard WWTP was 17.3 and 38.8 CO2e per population equivalent (PE), respectively. In both cases, sludge management, electricity consumption and direct emissions from wastewater treatment were found to significantly influence the CF. A substantial share of the total CF originated from indirect emissions, primarily caused by the energy consumption. This negative impact can be partially overcome by increasing the share of renewable energy sources. Reduction of over 30% in the total CF could be achieved while applying energy recovery from biogas by combined heat and power plants. Farmland and farmland after composting were found to be the most appropriate strategies for sludge management. They could create a CF credit (8% of the total CF) as a result of substituting a synthetic fertilizer. Reliable full-scale measurements of N2O emissions from wastewater treatment are recommended due to high uncertainty in CF estimation based on fixed emission factors (EFs). While applying the lowest and the highest N2O EFs reported in the literature, the total CF would change even by 2–3 times.
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Mudavanhu, Shepherd, James Blignaut, Nonophile Nkambule, Tshepo Morokong, and Thulile Vundla. "A cost-benefit analysis of using Rooikrans as biomass feedstock for electricity generation: A case study of the De Hoop nature reserve, South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 5 (December 12, 2016): 788–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i5.1602.
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Invasive alien plants (IAPs) like Rooikrans (Acacia Cyclops) have several undesirable effects on both the natural environment and the social, economic and cultural wellness of society in the De Hoop nature reserve of the Western Cape Province. A few of these negative effects are: the change in coastal sediment dynamics, the change in seed dispersal dynamics, and the fact that it is overtaking native plants. However, Rooikrans can also potentially be used as biomass feedstock for electricity generation. Following a system dynamics modelling approach, the feasibility of using woody biomass from Rooikrans was investigated. The RE-model used data obtained from the Department of Environmental Affairs’ (DEA) Natural Resource Management (NRM) division, consulted with experts and conducted literature reviews with respect to the subject matter. Three scenarios were tested and the RE-model results showed that all scenarios have a positive cumulative Net Present Values (NPVs), with the exception of the baseline case scenario. This study shows that the production of electricity using Rooikrans woody biomass is a viable and feasible option in comparison with electricity production by diesel generators.
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Igbinovia, Famous, Ghaeth Fandi, Ibrahim Ahmad, Zdenek Muller, and Josef Tlusty. "Modeling and Simulation of the Anticipated Effects of the Synchronous Condenser on an Electric-Power Network with Participating Wind Plants." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 4834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124834.
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Installing a synchronous condenser (SC) onto an electricity grid can assist in the areas of reactive power needs, short-circuit strength, and, consequently, system inertia and guarantees better dynamic voltage recovery. This paper summarizes the practical potential of the synchronous condenser coordinated in an electric-power network with participating wind plants to supply reactive power compensation and injection of active power at their point of common coupling; it provides a systematic assessment method for simulating and analyzing the anticipated effects of the synchronous condenser on a power network with participating wind plants. A 33-kV power line has been used as a case study. The results indicate that the effect of the adopted synchronous condenser solution model in the MATLAB/Simulink environment provides reactive power, enhances voltage stability, and minimizes power losses, while the wind power plants provide active power support with given practical grid rules.
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Marchenko, O. V., and S. V. Solomin. "Competitiveness of Solar and Wind Power Plants in the Countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-4-301-311.
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Techno-economic indicators of renewable (solar and wind) and non-renewable energy sources are systematized, taking into account the interval of their uncertainty for the conditions of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The main attention was paid to Russia and the countries of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), where there are the most favorable conditions for the development of solar and wind energy. A comparison of renewable and non-renewable energy sources by the criterion of the cost of generated electricity has been made. It is shown that the payment for greenhouse gas emissions increases the competitiveness of solar and wind power plants in the energy markets. Under favorable conditions for renewable energy, solar and wind installations in some areas can produce cheap electricity at a cost of 3–5 cents/(kW×h). With such values, they can be competitive without additional measures to stimulate their implementation. Using the mathematical model REM-2 (Renewable Energy Model), energy sources of different types were compared taking into account system effects. The power supply system consists of photovoltaic converters, wind turbines that enable the possibility of short-term accumulation of electricity and power consumption from a backup power source. Modeling of photoelectric converters and wind turbines operating modes was performed by time (hours) for different values of solar radiation arrival and wind speed. The optimal ratios between electricity production by photovoltaic converters and wind turbines, as well as the optimal level of electricity consumption from the network under different climatic and economic conditions, were determined. The economic efficiency of joint use of solar and wind energy in the CIS countries, primarily in Russia (with the exception of the northern regions) and the countries of Central Asia, is shown.
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Zarei, Sima, and Peiman Ghaedi-Kajuei. "Evaluation of Various Maintenance Strategies for Reliability Assessment of Thermal Power Plants." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i3.pp617-624.
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In recent years, the world has had a phenomenal economic growth due to the acquisition of innovative technologies and globalization. In the meantime, electrical power plants are regarded as a fundamental element in industrial and production, and any deficiency in supplying may lead to significant financial detriment. Regard to the deep dependency of modern lifestyle to electricity, providing a high-quality and reliable electricity for consumers has taken on paramount importance. The reliability of a power plant depends on the configuration of elements and the reliability of each utility. The reliability, continuous service, flexibility in operation, simplicity, maintenance, development availability, meeting required standards etc. constitute the decisive factors for selection of a utility. Hence, each component of a power system must maintain the adequate level of reliability. In general, the maintenance approaches are classified into two parts: 1- The maintenance which must be carried out within determined and specified time intervals; 2- The maintenance which must be performed when required or in emergencies. To evaluate the maintenance and its effect on reliability, two types of deterministic and probabilistic approaches are presented. In this paper, a comprehensive description of both models is issued, and a detailed comparison is drawn. The results obviously show that the probabilistic models have considerable priority to deterministic models regard to their abilities for maximization of reliability or minimization of costs.
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Kler, Alexander, Pavel Zharkov, Yulia Potanina, Andrey Marinchenko, and Nikolai Epishkin. "The Effect of the Carbon Tax Value on the Optimal Parameters and Characteristics of Coal Power Plants." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0089.
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AbstractThe paper investigates the effect of the carbon tax on the optimal parameters and indicators of two coal power plants: a steam turbine power unit with coal dust burning in a steam boiler and an internal gasification combined cycle power plant. Sufficiently detailed mathematical models have been developed for the considered plants that are focused on calculating the flow rates of working fluids and coolants and thermodynamic parameters at all points of the flowcharts, as well as the structural characteristics of the plant elements. The problems of optimizing the parameters of these plants related to the problems of nonlinear mathematical programming are formulated. As an efficiency criterion, the price of electricity is used at given value of the internal rate of return on investment. Optimization calculations were carried out with a carbon tax in the range from 0 $/t to 140 $/t in increments of 20 $/t. It is shown that with an increase in the charge for emissions, the optimal efficiency of the plants increases, as well as the specific investment. Specific CO2 emissions are reduced. Throughout the entire range of carbon tax values, IGCC power plant has the best economic and environmental indicators.
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Kittel, Martin, Leonard Goeke, Claudia Kemfert, Pao-Yu Oei, and Christian von Hirschhausen. "Scenarios for Coal-Exit in Germany—A Model-Based Analysis and Implications in the European Context." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082041.
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The political discussion to reduce the carbon footprint of Germany’s electricity sector, focusing on coal, is intensifying. In this paper, we develop scenarios for phasing out lignite and hard coal power plants in Germany prior to the end of their technical lifespan (“coal-exit”). Our analysis bases upon two coal-exit instruments, the retirement of coal generation capacities and the limiting of how much aged coal power plants with high carbon intensity can be used within a year. Results show that phasing out coal in Germany would have a considerable impact on Central European electricity markets, in terms of decarbonization efforts and electricity trade. An ambitious coal-exit could avert foreseeable shortcomings in Germany’s climate performance in the short-run and release additional carbon savings, thus compensating for potential shortfalls in other energy-intensive sectors by 2030. Limited emissions in the range of 27% would be shifted to neighboring countries. However, tremendous positive climate effects on European scale would result, because Germany’s annual emission savings in 2030 would be substantial. Totaling 85 million tons of CO2, the overall net reduction is equivalent to 17.5% of total European emissions in 2030 without retirements of coal-firing power plants prior to the end of their technical lifespan.
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Savchenko, V., O. Pylypchuk, and M. Melnyk. "Influence of voltage difference on energy characteristics of ventilation plants." Energy and Automation, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.04.019.
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Deviation of voltage from the nominal value leads to losses that have an electromagnetic and technological component. Due to the voltage deviation, the angular velocity of the motor changes, which causes a change in the technological characteristics of the fan. However, no studies have been conducted on the effect of voltage deviation on the energy performance of ventilation systems. The purpose of the study is to establish the effect of voltage deviation on energy characteristics of ventilation systems. When the voltage deviates, the constant and variable losses in the asynchronous motor are change. It is proposed to conduct an energy assessment of the ventilation unit for the specific power consumption. Theoretical and experimental researches of influence of voltage deviation on power characteristics of ventilating installations are carried out. The dependences of productivity, power of the ventilation installation and specific consumption of electricity on voltage are obtained. It is established that when the voltage is reduced by 20 %, the productivity of the ventilation system is reduced to 3 %, power - up to 8 %, and the specific power consumption increases by 15%.
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van den Hoven, Adrian, and Karl Froschauer. "Limiting Regional Electricity Sector Integration and Market Reform." Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 9 (November 2004): 1079–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004268845.
Full textAbstract:
Recent decades have witnessed liberal reforms in electricity policy in Western countries and an emerging literature with prominent perspectives on how to analyze such reforms. Some analysts viewWestern countries as replicating the policy models of Britain and the United States, the first nations to adopt liberal reforms; others see European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement countries as subjected to regional electricity sector integration by supranational regional agreements. The authors challenge those views, arguing that national interests have limited domestic electricity market reforms in France and Canada despite their participation in regional electricity market integration projects. By examining surplus-producing acceleration in building nuclear and hydroelectric plants, initiatives to secure export access as part of regional market integration, and the ability to limit the effects of market access reciprocity domestically, this comparative analysis of France and Canada demonstrates that national interests can prevail in the intergovernmental formulation and domestic implementation of electricity policy.
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AMANI, M., A. SMAILI, and A. GHENAIET. "Thermo-economic Assessment of the first Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System of Hassi R’mel." Mechanics 26, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.3.23992.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is the thermo-economic assessments of an integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) system, in terms of thermal efficiency, electricity production and levelized electricity cost (LCOE). During the day light the power plant operates as an ISCC and operates as a conventional combined cycle (CC) during the night or cloudy days. In one hand the obtained results show that at the design point the solar electricity ratio may reach about 17 % and the global thermal efficiency 63 %, leading to lower fuel consumption and carbon emission. On the other hand, the economic assessment depicts that LCOE may reach 0.0222 $/kWh, which is about 28 % higher than that of (CC) power plants. Furthermore, by introducing the environmental effect LCOE becomes equal to 0.0272 $/kWh which is higher. Therefore, the annual solar contribution relatively to this ISCC installation site will allow about 18.45 million $ of fuel saving, avoiding emission of 0.89 million ton of CO2 over 30 years operation.