Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plants, Medicinal - history'

A Review of manuscripts written by European explorers and colonists affords the opportunity to develop a clearer understanding both of types of plants employed and their significance in religion and medicine during the 16th to 19th centuries. This paper is a distillation of accounts by thirteen European explorers, written between 1545 until 1861, about Laos and the Lao people in Siam. All of the references to plants and plant use have been extracted for an analysis of which plants European explorers viewed being used traditionally in Laos during this time period and information on how these plants were used and collected. Many of the plants described in the texts were medicinal in nature and some have been examined for modern pharmaceutical use. These pharmaceutical studies have substantiated the effectiveness of historical medicinal plant use. The texts also describe plants that were used in religious ceremonies and that continue to play an important role in Lao culture. Future comparative analysis of these early records with modern day observations of plant use should prove productive in formulating assessments of Traditional Environmental Knowledge loss and the impact of this loss on daily life. Understanding the plants that are important to native Lao in the past can lead to better methods of conservation in the future.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A expansão marítima proporcionou ao homem europeu o contato com o Novo Mundo, onde se relacionaram com culturas, tradições e costumes diferentes. Levando consigo nas naus o imaginário mágico europeu, as práticas dos povos andinos foram interpretadas como sobrenaturais pelos espanhóis nos dois primeiros séculos da colonização. Nesse sentido,o presente trabalho tem como intenção compreender como os costumes indígenas nos séculos XVI e XVII onde hoje temos localizado o território do Peru foram encarados como feitiçaria pelos espanhóis.Tendo como foco a utilização de plantas, também será analisado de que forma as ervas nesse mesmo momento foram utilizadas como inovação farmacêutica e medicinal. Para isso, investigaremos os documentos de extirpação de idolatrias do Arquivo Arzobispal de Lima, o tratado do médico sevilhano Nicolás Monardes, e as contribuições dos jesuítas Bernabé Cobo e Joseph de Acosta sobre as descrições da natureza americana. Assim, pretende-se contribuir para a compreensão das diferentes abordagens e o que elas representavam naquele contexto, pois enquanto de um lado temos o pensamento do homem europeu marcado pelo imaginário mágico, de outro temos mais de um pensamento racional que buscou lucro, inovação científica e progresso urbano, gerando diversos renascimentos e nos mostrando vários prismas desse período histórico
The maritime expansion has provided the European man the contact with the New World, where they related to cultures, traditions and different habits. Taking with the ships the magical European imaginary, even though the practices of the Andean people were considered supernatural by the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries. The present study intends to comprehend how the native habits from the period, where nowadays is located the Peruvian territory, were viewed as witchcraft, focusing in the usage of plants. In contrast, it will be analyzed how the herbs from that same moment were used as pharmaceutical and medicinal innovations. For that, we will consider the documents of extirpation of idolatry from the Arzobispal de Lima Archive, the Sevillian medic Nicolás Monardes’ treaty, and the contributions from the Jesuits Bernabé Cobo and Joseph de Acosta about the descriptions of the American nature. Therefore, we expect to contribute with the comprehension of the different insights and what they represented in that context, since while in one side we have the European man’s way of thinking marked by the magical imaginary, on the other one we have more than one rational thinking that sought profit, scientific innovation and urban progress generating many revivals, showing us several prisms from that historical period.
CAPES: 194030-1

This paper discusses the role of genetic technology and application in agriculture between 1930 and 1960. Topics covered include the role of genetics and the relationship that theory, education, administration, professionalism, economic and social considerations bore to genetics.

Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier comment, suite à la conquête de l’Amérique, les Européens se sont approprié des plantes médicinales d’origine mexicaine, caribéenne, andine, ou amazonienne. L’usage fréquent que les praticiens européens du XVIIIe siècle font de substances telles que le quinquina, l'ipécacuanha, le bois de gaïac ou encore le chocolat, révèle l’ampleur du phénomène, mais en masque la complexité. L’emploi d’un remède originaire d’Amérique en Europe implique en effet de nombreux processus. Le prélèvement et la mise en culture des végétaux, la transmission des savoirs indigènes et leur traduction par les allogènes, la commercialisation des drogues à travers l'Atlantique, les expériences réalisées sur les remèdes et les expéditions organisées en Amérique entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe siècle sont ainsi au cœur de cette recherche. Plus qu’un « apport » de l’Amérique à l’Europe, ce phénomène d’appropriation doit être appréhendé comme une modalité du fait colonial. Objet naturel, et en même temps savoir naturaliste et médical, la plante médicinale devient à la suite de la conquête de l’Amérique un enjeu politique. Elle suscite, en 1570, l’une des premières expéditions scientifiques de l’histoire, et inspire à la monarchie espagnole divers projets de monopole au milieu du XVIIIe siècle. De l’autre côté de l’Atlantique, elle est au cœur des conflits opposant l’« Indien » à l’Espagnol, lorsque le second interdit au premier d’utiliser des plantes abortives ou hallucinogènes, et lorsque le premier refuse de transmettre ses savoirs pharmacologiques au second
The aim of this dissertation is to study how, in the aftermath of the Conquest of America, Europeans have appropriated medicinal plants from Mexican, Caribbean, Andean, or Amazonian origin. 18th century European practitioners frequently used substances such as Peruvian bark, ipecacuanha, gaiacum wood, or chocolate – which reveals the extent of the phenomena, yet masks its complexity. Using an American remedy in Europe indeed implied many processes. Crucial to this research are: the sampling and growing of plants; the transmission of indigenous knowledge and its translation by allogenous; the drug trade across the Atlantic; experiences carried out on remedies; and expeditions conducted in America between the 16th and the 18th centuries. More than a “contribution” of America to Europe, this phenomenon of appropriation must be understood as a modality of colonialism. As natural object, and at the same time as naturalistic and medical knowledge, medicinal plants took on a political stake after the Conquest of America. For instance, while in 1570 they had been the target of one of the first scientific expeditions in history, in the middle of the 18th century they also led the Spanish crown to undertake various monopolistic projects. On the other side of the Atlantic, it was at the heart of conflicts between the “Indian” and the Spaniard, when the latter forbade the former from using abortive or hallucinogenic plants, and when the former refused to transmit his pharmacological knowledge to the latter

Trabalho Final de Licenciatura em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
O processo de restauro de um jardim passa pelo estudo de todas as suas componentes, físicas, históricas e simbólicas. No caso do Jardim do Cerco, associado ao Convento de Mafra, uma das áreas desenvolvidas foi a vegetação. Neste contexto, estudou-se a história e o estado actual da vegetação do jardim. A análise da informação recolhida apontou para o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de intervenção no antigo Horto dos Frades, parte integrante do Cerco. Tendo como ponto de partida a botica do Convento e a sua ligação ao Jardim do Cerco, procedeu-se ao estudo das plantas medicinais e aromáticas na perspectiva da história dos jardins, o que permitiu a elaboração de um projecto de reabilitação do Horto dos Frades
N/A

La formación de los médicos comprende un extenso, complejo, diverso y especializado itinerario formativo. Esta investigación se centra en el proceso de formación especializada de los Médicos Internos Residentes de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria tutelado por otro médico especialista más experimentado que ejerce como Tutor, la Enfermera de cupo docente, así como por otros tutores y colaboradores docentes. En este contexto se describen, analizan e interpretan los valores emergentes de la relación entre el Tutor, el MIR y la Enfermera: los vectores que orientan la acción educativa; las líneas directrices que determinan la labor docente y la formación durante la etapa inicial del primer y tercer año de formación. En este sentido pretende señalar aquellos elementos que determinan la enseñanza-aprendizaje de los MIR de MFyC desde el punto de vista de los valores en relación a sus experiencias de vida.
The medical training includes an extensive, complex, diverse and specialized itinerary. This research focuses on the process of specialized training of resident physicians in Family Practice mentored by another more experienced doctor who serves as guardian, the quota Nurse teachers and other mentors and collaborators for teachers. In this context, describe, analyze and interpret the emerging values ​​of the relationship between the tutor, the MIR and the Nurse: the vectors that guide education: guidelines that determine the teaching and training during the initial stage of first and third year of training. In this sense seeks to identify those elements that determine the teaching-learning MIR FCM from the point of view of values ​​in relation to their life experiences.

This thesis is about the history of the muthi trade (the African traditional medicine trade) since it was introduced to Durban. "D'Urbanised Tradition" refers to the way the tradition surrounding muthi was urbanised in Durban, and how it has been viewed as a 'de-urbanising' element in the city. The thesis deals with the changes, over the past 100 years, to the tradition of muthi trading that were brought about both by actors 'within' the trade - what I refer to as 'restructuring of tradition' - and by interventions from 'external' forces (the state, the biomedical lobby and the conservationist lobby) - what I have termed 'the development of tradition'. Whereas many studies present (Zulu) tradition as something static, this study of "D'Urbanised tradition" focuses on change and process - why and how these changes to tradition have occurred. It comprises an analysis of how the dialectic between change and continuity within the muthi trade has been negotiated by strategic actors throughout the twentieth century. Emphasis is on the economic and political potentials of tradition and traditional medicine, and focus will be on changes in the muthi trade in Durban, using the Russell Street Muthi Market in the 1990s as a case study. Although 'restructuring' and 'development' are kept separate in this thesis, they denote interrelated processes whereby active agents strategically use tradition to achieve their ends. It is argued that the traditions surrounding muthi have been manipulated both as economic as well as political tools by the various vested interests in the trade. The thesis deals with one of the largest and most important sectors of South Africa's informal economy, and provides a historical analysis and case study of the strategies used by both traders and outside institutions involved in the trade. This is done by using the paradigm of 'tradition'.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

O presente trabalho objetiva o estudo da relevância das plantas medicinais ao longo da história, desde as primeiras civilizações até à atualidade. São referidas várias pessoas ilustres nas diferentes épocas e os manuscritos e obras pulicadas pelas mesmas, assim como é descrito o contributo dos portugueses na referida ação. De igual modo, é mencionado todo o percurso desenvolvido desde a planta até à obtenção do fármaco vegetal. Em estreita relação com esta temática, foi feita igualmente a análise sobre a importância das terapêuticas à base de plantas em doentes oncológicos (estudo de caso), sabendo-se assim quais as plantas medicinais utilizadas por estes pacientes, os perigos a que estão expostos, os problemas existentes na qualidade dos produtos à base de plantas e ainda a situação em Portugal relativamente a este tema. Os métodos de investigação e recolha de dados são a pesquisa qualitativa assente na recolha de fontes de informação científica.
The present work aims to study the relevance of medicinal plants during the course of human history, from the earliest civilizations to the present. Several renowned people are mentioned at different times and the manuscripts and works published by them are described, as well as the contribution of the Portuguese in the mentioned action. Likewise, the entire path developed from the plant to obtaining the plant drug is mentioned. In close connection with this subject, we make an important analysis of the herbal therapies in cancer patients (case study), thus knowing which medicinal plants are used by these patients, the dangers to which they are exposed, the existing problems in the quality of herbal products and the situation in Portugal in relation to this topic. The research methods and data collection are qualitative study based on the collection of sources of scientific information.

O Sistema Imune é o responsável pelo combate a infeções de microrganismos e eliminação de células cancerígenas, sendo fundamental na manutenção da saúde humana. Diariamente as nossas defesas são postas à prova pelo meio que nos rodeia: poluição, químicos tóxicos, bactérias, vírus, fungos e parasitas, colocando o nosso Sistema Imune constantemente em alerta. A sua eficácia é influenciada por diversos factores tais como stress e alimentação. Atualmente, uma das formas estudadas para estimular a eficácia do Sistema Imune é a Fitoterapia, ou seja, a utilização de fitoterápicos como imunomoduladores. Nos últimos tempos, nota-se um elevado crescimento na procura destes produtos para reforço do Sistema Imune e uma maior e crescente confiança da população em geral na eficácia dos mesmos. A maior parte das plantas estudadas com acção imunoestimulante estão diretamente ligadas à estimulação dos macrófagos, células importantes para a resposta imunológica uma vez que estão relacionadas com a fagocitose, uma das primeiras linhas de acção do nosso Sistema Imune contra bactérias e fungos. Tendo em conta estes fatores, o objetivo deste trabalho é abordar os principais fitoterápicos, com vista a melhorar o aconselhamento farmacêutico nesse sentido, acompanhando a tendência da utilização de fitoterápicos, através da pesquisa e do estudo da formulação dos mesmos.
The immune system is responsible for fighting microorganisms’ infections and tumor cells, fundamental for the maintenance of human health. Daily everything that surround us it’s a permanent challenge to our defenses: pollution, toxic chemicals, bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites, so our Immune System is constantly alert. Several factors influence their effectiveness like stress and food. Nowadays Phytotherapy is studied to stimulate the efficiency of the Immune System, meaning to use herbal medicines as immunomodulators. Lately it is denoted a high growth in the strengthening of the Immune System products search and great and growing confidence in general population in their efficiency. The main studied plants with immunostimulant activity are straightly related to the macrophage stimulation, important cells to the immunological response for its relation with phagocitosis which is our Immune System’s first line of defense against bacteria and fungi. Considering, the main aim in this work is to approach the main phytotherapics to allow the pharmaceutical advice following the trend of the use of herbal medicines, studying and researching their formulation.