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1
Marples, R. R. "Toxic Shock Syndrome and Related Conditions in Great Britain." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, Supplement_1 (1989): S326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_1.s326.
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Heinrich, Michael. "Plants and People in North America and Great Britain." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97, no. 1 (2005): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.018.
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Shkvorchenko, N. "SEMIOTIZATION OF POLITICAL TOXICITY IN THE MEDIA SPACES OF THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE: A MULTIMODAL ASPECT." MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 25, no. 1 (2022): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.1.2022.263132.
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The article attempts to build a multimodal model of toxic political communication and determine common and distinctive features of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine. Toxic political communication is interpreted as a type of interaction characterized by a high degree of aggressive (verbal and/or paraverbal) behavior of various participants in the political discourse, which causes moral harm or discriminates against the opponent based on race, nationality or gender resulting in such politician(s) being perceived and then defined as toxic. The constructed model of toxic political communication takes into account multimodal mechanisms of the discursive expression of toxicity (verbal, paraverbal, extralingual), modes of expanding the toxic effect (direct, indirect, and mediated), mechanisms of perception and image formation of politicians (toxic vs. positive) in the media environment of the respective countries.We determined that toxicity is manifested in derogatory statements by politicians, which contain insults, name-calling, ridiculing, emotional and inclusive utterances aimed at polarization and causing psychological and/or image damage to participants in the political debate (opponents). Toxic paraverbal co-speech means are divided into prosodic and gestural-mimic forms, which include aggressive, caustic, derogatory, paternalistic, pompous tone of speech, gestures that violate the personal boundaries of the interlocutor, exaggerated facial expressions. Extralingual forms of toxic communication include poster colors, electoral campaign symbols, clothing, rally sites, music, etc., which intensify the damaging effect of actions/utterances of a politician who is defined as toxic in the media. We found that contrasting forms of the semiotization of political toxicity in the media environment of the United States, Great Britain and Ukraine are determined by the relevant information agendas for each of the countries, for example, racism and intolerance towards migrants (USA), Partygate (Great Britain), zrada (betrayal) vs. peremoha (victory) (Ukraine) and others. Common to the three linguistic cultures is the aggressive type of politician-speaker, whose utterances/behavior are prone to dramatizing and aimed at causing psychological damage to the opponent’s personality through direct or indirect derogatory images accompanied by prosodic, gestural and facial emphases.
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Shkvorchenko, N. "TOXIC POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE (CONTRASTIVE ASPECT)." International Humanitarian University Herald. Philology 1, no. 50 (2021): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2409-1154.2021.50-1.36.
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Tassin de Montaigu, Cannelle, and Dave Goulson. "Identifying agricultural pesticides that may pose a risk for birds." PeerJ 8 (August 4, 2020): e9526. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9526.
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In this study, we analyze changing patterns of pesticide use in agriculture in Great Britain over the 1990–2016 period, with respect to the risk they pose to birds. The weight of pesticides applied decreased by 51% between 1990 and 2016, but the area treated increased by 63% over the same period. Over this period, there has been considerable turnover in the pesticides used. The European Union (including Great Britain until 2020) has restricted or banned many pesticides for agricultural use, including organophosphates and carbamates. However, new generations of active substances have been introduced, such as the neonicotinoids, some of which have since been banned. In this analysis, we estimate the annual ‘toxic load’ of agricultural pesticide use in Great Britain for birds, measured as the total number of LD50 doses for corn buntings, Emberiza calandra. We have previously performed similar analyses for bees, for which the total toxic load increased six-fold during this period. In contrast, for birds the total toxic load fell by 80.5%, although still correspond to 8.3e+11 corn bunting LD50 doses in 2016. The decrease in toxicity is largely due to declining use of highly toxic organophosphates in recent years. We identify the pesticides in current use that may pose the highest risk to birds, which include a mix of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides, acaricides and plant growth regulators. The insecticide ethoprop was ranked highest in 2016, with a toxic load of 71 billion potential corn bunting kills. Some of the other chemicals presenting a high toxic load, such as the herbicide chlormequat, are not highly toxic to birds (in terms of LD50) but are used in very large quantities. However, it is important to stress that, in reality, only a tiny proportion of pesticides applied will be ingested by birds, and this will vary according to timing and method of application, persistence of the active substance and many other factors. We further note that impacts of pesticides on birds might often be indirect, for example via depleting their food supply, and that sublethal impacts may occur at much lower doses than the LD50, neither of which do we investigate here. Nonetheless, we suggest that this is a useful approach to highlight pesticides that might be worth closer study with regard to possible impacts.
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Holmes, Cynthia H. "Poisonous Plants: Perils in Nature." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 13, no. 2 (2000): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719000001300203.
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Poisonous plants are of great concern to any parent or health care practitioner. Household and landscape plants account for 7.1 % of all poisonous exposures in children. Many parents and health care professionals are aware of other potential poisons in the house; however, many times plants are overlooked as a potential poison. Though most plants are associated with only minor symptoms from dermal contact or ingestion, there are some that are associated with significant toxic effects that can be fatal. Poisonous plants are classified as anticholinergic, cardiac glycoside, cyanogenic, central nervous system stimulant/hallucinogens and severe gastrointestinal irritants. Many times these toxic plants produce a multitude of symptoms called a toxidrome. It is important for health care professionals to recognize these toxidromes and be knowledgeable about the proper treatment modalities.
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Shellard, E. "Medicines from Plants with Special Reference to Herbal Products in Great Britain." Planta Medica 53, no. 02 (1987): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962651.
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Keller, Harold W. "Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe Including Great Britain and Ireland." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 18, no. 1 (2024): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v18.i1.1358.
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The introduction takes the reader back to early explorers of river systems and aquatic habits in the 1800s for the geographical areas highlighted in the book. Pages are filled with color photographs illustrating plant morphological examples along with taxonomic key couplets. Each species is profusely illustrated with line drawings and color photographs along with distribution maps. There is an illustrated glossary (pp. 728–733) that aids in interpreting the species descriptions. A literature citation section (pp. 734–738) is organized by topical headings, e.g., Species Identification and Biology. The Index of Latin Names locates the species by page numbers. I found this book easy to use because the authors have focused their attention on organization, function, and usability for the public, as well as aquatic taxonomists. Everything about this book is first class! The size and weight will limit its use in the field and will be more appropriate for in house laboratory or classroom use. The design, layout, printing, binding, and overall quality of the text is of exceptional high quality. I highly recommend this book for botanists interested in European aquatic habitats at a bargain price.
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Kuznetsova, I., and M. Gillies. "Industry Workers of Russia and Great Britain." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 65, no. 4 (2020): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-4-74-86.
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Purpose: The estimation of the radiation risk of leukemia incidence and mortality for occupational exposure.
 Material and methods: The study was conducted in the pooled cohort comprised 45,817 workers from the two enterprises; 23,443 radiation workers first employed in 1947–2002 from the Sellafield plant (Great Britain) and 22,774 workers from the Mayak PA (Russia) first employed at the main plants in 1948–1982. The period of follow-up was terminated at the end of 2008 for Mayak workers who were Ozyorsk city residents, and at the end of 2005 for Sellafield workers and Mayak workers who had migrated from Ozyorsk.
 Results: Comparable radiation risk estimates of leukemia incidence and mortality were found among Mayak PA and Sellafield workers as for the whole dose range and separate dose intervals. Averaged by attained age estimate of excess relative risk per 1 Gy of external gamma-dose was 3.0 (95 % CI: 1.3–6.3) under the assumption of the linear dose–effect model. The quadratic model with attained age modification showed the best quality of fit. Risk estimates were statistically significant in the dose range 0.15–1.5 Gy. There was no evidence of any relationship between leukemia risks and accumulated red bone marrow dose of internal alpha-exposure due to incorporated Pu-239.
 Conclusion: Preliminary analysis of the pooled cohort data has demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of a research project looking at leukemia risks in a joint cohort of Mayak and Sellafield workers. The current study provides further evidence about the already well established link between external-gamma exposure and leukemia risk. However, it fails to provide any firm further evidence about the absence or presence of relationship between plutonium exposure and leukemia risk.
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Kostyuchenko I.V, Nelga I. A. "Chemical Weapons: History of the Study of Organophosphorus Toxic Agents Abroad." Journal of NBC Protection Corps 3, no. 2 (2019): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2019-3-2-175-193.
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Organophosphorus compounds occupy a unique positon among all chemical warfare agents (CWA's). Since the 1930-s their high toxicity, wide range of physical-chemical properties and complex action attracted close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936 a German chemist, Dr. Gerhard Schrader, synthesized O-ethyl-dimethyl amidocyanophosphate, known as tabun, for the first time. By the beginning of World War II, more than two thousand new organophosphorus and phosphorus containing compounds were synthesized by his laboratory's stuff. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: О-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA's. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA's was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of World War II the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Subsequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA's did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. The provocation which the «Novichok» agent, arranged primitively by the British intelligence, is the perfect example of such a transformation. But it does not mean that the research in the sphere of new organophosphorus CWA's in the West is stopped
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Shkvorchenko, Natalia. "TOXIC INFORMATION CONTENT IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN AND UKRAINE." Knowledge, Education, Law, Management 2, no. 3 (2021): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51647/kelm.2021.3.2.19.
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Shkvorchenko, Nataliia. "Political toxicity in the contrastive perspective (Based on American, British and Ukrainian media discourse)." 26, no. 26 (August 31, 2023): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2218-2926-2023-26-09.
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This research focuses on the issue of political toxicity in the media discourse of the United States of America, Great Britain and Ukraine. It defines common and distinctive features of semiotization of political toxicity in the media discourse. In political communication, toxicity is understood as a type of interaction between various participants in political discourse, which is characterized by a high degree of aggressive verbal, para- and/or non-verbal behavior and discriminates against the opponent based on race, ethnicity, gender, etc. resulting in such a politician (politicians) being perceived and then defined as toxic. Its purpose is to identify common and different ways and means of semiotization of political toxicity. It is based on methods of associative and identification experiments, computer multimodal analysis, as well as statistical processing of the information received. The study reveals the modes of the toxic effect deployment and the dictums of the politician’s toxic image formation in the their collective, associative-individual, symbolic, and media discourse-portrait. Complex analysis of a politician’s toxic image in different linguistic cultures takes into account the politicians’ behavior as opinion leaders and the coverage of the target audience, to which the effect of their toxic rhetoric extends: one person, a group of people, or the wider community. At the same time, the types of harm resulting from the visualization of the media toxic effect can be aimed at both the psychological states of the addressee and their gender, age, and professional characteristics. The paper determines means of verbal expression of toxicity both by the aggressive-emotional type of the politician and by the socio-cultural features of political struggle in the United States of America, Great Britain, and Ukraine.
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Lansdown, Richard, and Markus Ruhsam. "YELLOW WATER LILIES (NUPHAR, NYMPHAEACEAE) IN GREAT BRITAIN: A NEW HYBRID, A REAPPRAISAL OF RECORDS, AND A REVISED STATUS OF N. ADVENA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 79 (December 15, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/ejb.2022.1925.
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Surveys to clarify the identification of the alien spatterdock (Nuphar advena) in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) showed that most reported populations included plants that did not have a morphology that agreed with literature accounts of that species. Some populations had been misidentified, whereas others were morphologically atypical variants of the UK native Nuphar lutea. Many populations included individuals that had a combination of traits characteristic of both Nuphar advena and N. lutea. Visual examination and measurement of two stamen characters (filament and anther length) show that these plants are sterile, and molecular analysis confirms that these populations include a previously undescribed sterile hybrid between Nuphar advena and N. lutea. Here, we formally describe the hybrid as Nuphar × porphyranthera and provide taxonomic and distribution information on the parental species for comparison, as well as a key to all known Nuphar taxa in Great Britain. Neither Nuphar advena nor Nuphar × porphyranthera show any sign of spreading from sites at which they were almost certainly planted and therefore should not be considered naturalised in Britain.
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Cleal, Christopher J., and Barry A. Thomas. "Lower Westphalian D fossil plants from the Nolton-Newgale Coalfield, Dyfed (Great Britain)." Geobios 25, no. 3 (1992): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6995(92)80002-u.
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Blanchflower, David G., and Simon M. Burgess. "Job Creation and Job Destruction in Great Britain in the 1980s." ILR Review 50, no. 1 (1996): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399605000102.
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Using data from the Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984, and 1990, the authors investigate processes of job creation and job destruction in Britain. They find that rates of employment growth, job creation, and job destruction were higher at the end of the 1980s than at the beginning. Both job creation and job destruction were extremely concentrated: about 50% of each was accounted for by just 4% of continuing establishments. Employment growth was apparently more variable in manufacturing plants than in private service sector workplaces. Some variables negatively related to employment growth were unionization, establishment size, establishment age, and location in the private manufacturing sector (versus private service sector).
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Goulson, Dave, Jack Thompson, and Amy Croombs. "Rapid rise in toxic load for bees revealed by analysis of pesticide use in Great Britain." PeerJ 6 (July 19, 2018): e5255. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5255.
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A strong argument can be made that the European Union has the most rigorous regulatory system for pesticides in the world, and that modern pesticide use poses fewer environmental threats than older regimes. Nevertheless, the impacts of pesticides on bees and other non-target organisms are much debated in Europe as elsewhere. Here we document changing patterns of pesticide use in arable and horticultural crops in Great Britain from 1990 to 2015. The weight of pesticides used has approximately halved over this period, but in contrast the number of applications per field nearly doubled. The total potential kill of honeybees (the total number of LD50 doses applied to the 4.6 million hectares of arable farmland in Great Britain each year) increased six-fold to approximately 3 × 1016 bees, the result of the increasing use of neonicotinoids from 1994 onwards which more than offset the effect of declining organophosphate use. It is important to stress that this does not mean that this number of bees will be killed, and also to acknowledge that our simple analysis does not take into account many factors such as differences in persistence, and timing and mode of application of pesticides, which will affect actual exposure of non-target organisms. Nonetheless, all else being equal, these data suggest that the risk posed by pesticides to non-target insects such as bees, other pollinators and natural enemies of pests, has increased considerably in the last 26 years.
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Pomilio, Alicia B., Elvira M. Falzoni, and Arturo A. Vitale. "Toxic Chemical Compounds of the Solanaceae." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 4 (2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300420.
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The Solanaceae is comprised of some 2500 species of cosmopolitan plants, especially native to the American continent. They have great value as food, like the well-known potato, tomato and eggplants, and medicines, like species of Atropa, Withania and Physalis, but many plants of this family are toxic, and sometimes lethal to mammals, in particular to man. Some of them also produce hallucinations and perceptual changes. The toxic species of this family are characterized by the occurrence of a variety of chemical compounds, some of which are responsible for the toxicity and lethality observed after ingestion, while others are suspected to be toxic. In this review, the following toxic compounds belonging to different members of the Solanaceae family are described: Tropane alkaloids ( Atropa, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Mandragora); pyrrolidine and pyrrolic alkaloids ( Nierembergia, Physalis, Solanum); protoalkaloids ( Nierembergia); glycoalkaloids ( Lycopersicon, Solanum); nicotine ( Nicotiana); cardenolides ( Cestrum, Nierembergia); capsaicinoids ( Capsicum); kaurene-type tetracyclic diterpenes ( Cestrum); steroidal glycosides ( Cestrum, Solanum); 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 ( Cestrum, Solanum, Nierembergia); and withasteroids, withanolides ( Withania), and physalins ( Physalis). Other bioactive chemical constituents of members of this family are sugar esters and lectins. Phenylpropanoids are not included in this paper.
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Steedman, Hilary, and Karin Wagner. "Productivity, Machinery and Skills: Clothing Manufacture in Britain and Germany." National Institute Economic Review 128 (May 1989): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018912800104.
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This study compares samples of matched plants in Britain and Germany engaged in the manufacture of women's outerwear; it follows earlier matched plant studies, also published in the National Institute Economic Review, which examined matched plants in metalworking and furniture manufacture in these two countries. German clothing manufacturers specialise in high-fashion items produced in great variety of which a high proportion is exported at high unit prices; the typical British manufacturer concentrates on more standardised items produced in long runs and is consequently more vulnerable to competition from lower-cost producers in developing countries. The study examines the contribution of machinery, new technology and skills to differ ences in clothing productivity in the two countries. A final section discusses future trends in the industry in the light of the 1992 proposals for a Single European Market.
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Kumari, Kiran, Saurabh Bhargava, and Rajvinder Singh. "Molecular Depiction of Thirteen Indian Toxic Plants with ITS Markers." Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine 2, no. 2 (2020): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/yguy5295.
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Plant identification is an overwhelming task due to different biological attributes and great diversity in plant species. In the absence of physical markers, molecular techniques have become useful for the identification of species of origin of medicinal plant seeds, pastes, and formulations of suspected plants. The ITS region of nuclear rRNA was amplified from thirteen different toxic plant species by using universal primer ITS 1 & 4. Nucleotide sequences of all selected plants were submitted in NCBI and accession numbers were acquired. The results of this study give accurate identification of thirteen plant species and proved the ITS region of 18s-26s nuclear ribosome to be an important tool for phylogenetic analysis and species identification of plants. The sequence was aligned with top matched reference sequence and presented in Clustal Omega software for making a phylogenetic neighbour tree. The significance of these findings is paramount in forensic toxicology scenarios especially when fragmentary plant material is found in the stomach/intestine and its morphological identification becomes impossible. In these circumstances, the PCR based molecular technique surely plays a significant role in solving complicated forensic cases.
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Gjorgieva Ackova, Darinka. "Heavy metals and their general toxicity for plants." Plant Science Today 5, no. 1 (2018): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2018.5.1.355.
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Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants, and their toxicity is a serious problem of great concern for environmental, ecological, nutritional and toxicological reasons. Metals can affected long list of physiological and biochemical processes in plants and their toxicity varies with plant species, particular metal, metal concentration and it chemical form. Throughout the world, researches have been conducted extensive investigations to determine the effects of toxic heavy metals on plants. The process is still going on and the need of intensification of the research programmes for better understanding of heavy metal toxicity is evident.
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Marr, Katharina, and Christopher Wood. "A comparative analysis of EIA practice for wastewater treatment plants in great Britain and Germany." International Planning Studies 1, no. 2 (1996): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563479608721653.
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Russell, G. "Some Anatomical and Physiological Differences in Chorda Filum from Coastal Waters of Finland and Great Britain." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 65, no. 2 (1985): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400050463.
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A comparative study of Chorda filum populations from the British Isles (S 34‰) and the Baltic coast of Finland (S 6‰) has revealed differences in response by live adult thalli to treatment for 2 h with sea water of different salinities. Water uptake and loss by thalli differed significantly in salinities of х o‚ х 1/6, х ⅓ and х 1 ( = 34‰). British material showed severe cell disruption in freshwater whereas Finnish material did not. Killed thalli also behaved differently, British material showing little response to salinity treatment but Finnish plants continuing to react much as live tissues.Anatomical differences between populations were also observed, cortical cells in Finnish plants being significantly smaller than their British counterparts. Diaphragms traversing lumens of British material were simple, entire structures, but those in Finnish plants were deeply dissected and complex in organization.It is postulated that Baltic Chorda may have undergone a process of evolutionary divergence in response to its changed saline environment.INTRODUCTIONChorda filum (L.) Stackh. is one of several species of north Atlantic Phaeophyceae to be found in the inner Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia; its geographical limit being associated with sea water salinity of approximately 4‰, (Waern, 1952; Hällfors et al. 1981). This species has been studied by Norton & South (1969) and South (1966) who traced the development of gametophytes and early sporophytes in culture media of different salinites. Although their cultures had been established from British material only, they felt able to argue from their results that the Baltic population did not constitute ‘… a different physiological strain specially adapted to the extreme environmental conditions prevailing there’.
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Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina, Oliver L. Pescott, Olaf Booy, and Kevin J. Walker. "Integrating expert knowledge at regional and national scales improves impact assessments of non-native species." NeoBiota 77 (October 18, 2022): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.77.89448.
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Knowledge of the impacts of invasive species is important for their management, prioritisation of control efforts and policy decisions. We investigated how British and Irish botanical experts assessed impacts at smaller scales in areas where they were familiar with the flora. Experts were asked to select the 10 plants that they considered were having the largest impacts in their areas. They also scored the local impacts of 10 plant species that had been previously scored to have the highest impacts at the scale of Great Britain. Impacts were scored using the modified classification scheme of the EICAT framework (Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa). A total of 782 species/score combinations were received, of which 123 were non-native plants in 86 recording areas. Impatiens glandulifera, Reynoutria japonica and Rhododendron ponticum were the three species considered to have the highest impacts across all regions. Four of the species included in the list of the 10 highest impact species in Great Britain were also in the top 10 of species reported in our study. Species in the higher impact categories had, on average, a wider distribution than species with impacts categorised at lower levels. The main habitat types affected were woodlands, followed by linear/boundary features and freshwater habitats. Thirty-nine native plant species were reported to be negatively affected. In comparison to the overall non-native flora of Britain and Ireland, the lifeform spectrum of the species reported was significantly different, with higher percentages of aquatic plants and trees, but a lower proportion of annuals. The study demonstrates the value of local knowledge and expertise in identifying invasive species with negative impacts on the environment. Local knowledge is useful to both confirm national assessments and to identify species and impacts on native species and habitats that may not have gained national attention.
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Shkvorchenko, Nataliia. "Representation of the toxic image of politicians in the media space of the USA, Great Britain and Ukraine." Сучасні дослідження з іноземної філології 20, no. 2 (2021): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2617-3921.2021.20.178-191.
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Ramírez-Zamora, Juan, Patricia Mussali-Galante, Alexis Rodríguez, María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez, Leticia Valencia-Cuevas, and Efraín Tovar-Sánchez. "Assisted Phytostabilization of Mine-Tailings with Prosopis laevigata (Fabaceae) and Biochar." Plants 11, no. 24 (2022): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243441.
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Phytoremediation is a cost-effective technique to remediate heavy metal (HM) polluted sites. However, the toxic effects of HM can limit plant establishment and development, reducing phytoremediation effectiveness. Therefore, the addition of organic amendments to mine wastes, such as biochar, improves the establishment of plants and reduces the bioavailability of toxic HM and its subsequent absorption by plants. Prosopis laevigata can establish naturally in mine tailings and accumulate different HM; however, these individuals show morphological and genetic damage. In this study, the effect of biochar on HM bioaccumulation in roots and aerial tissues, HM translocation, morphological characters and plant growth were evaluated, after three and six months of exposure. Plants grown on mine tailings with biochar presented significantly higher values for most of the evaluated characters, in respect to plants that grew on mine tailing substrate. Biochar addition reduced the bioaccumulation and translocation of Cu, Pb, and Cd, while it favored the translocation of essential metals such as Fe and Mn. The addition of biochar from agro-industrial residues to mine tailings improves the establishment of plants with potential to phytoextract and phytostabilize metals from polluted soils. Using biochar and heavy metal accumulating plants constitutes an assisted phytostabilization strategy with great potential for HM polluted sites such as Cd and Pb.
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BABA, F., K. SERA, S. GOTO, C. TAKAHASHI, and Y. SAITOH. "ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINATED SLUDGE DEPOSITED ON THE LAND ATTACKED BY GREAT TSUNAMI FOLLOWING TOHOKU GREAT EARTHQUAKE DISASTER." International Journal of PIXE 22, no. 01n02 (2012): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012908351240027x.
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A gigantic tsunami following Tohoku-Earthquake Disaster brought a large amount of sludge, which originated from the sediments pilling upon the bottom of the sea to the residential areas. As it is anticipated that the sludge contains a large amount of heavy toxic elements, its influence on the health of the suffered people will become a problem. In the present study, 72 sludge samples were taken from the stricken areas by the tsunami over the wide area; (Aomori, Iwate and Miyagi prefectures). These samples were treated on the basis of a powdered-internal-standard method and analyzed by means of PIXE with a specially-designed absorber. It was found that the sludge contains much amount of heavy elements such as arsenic, lead, zirconium, barium etc. in comparison with those in soils collected in the inland district of Iwate prefecture. Furthermore, 16 plant samples were gathered in the estuary area, on which the sludge deposited, and analyzed in order to evaluate the effect of the sludge on the ecosystem. These results were compared with those for 45 plant samples collected in the inland district of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures. It was found that these plants contain lager amount of heavy elements in comparison with those in the inland plants.
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Wielgat, B., and K. Kleczkowski. "Putrescine metabolism in pea seedligs." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 40, no. 1 (2015): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1971.012.
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The effect of putrescine (Putr.) and N-carbamoylputrescine (N-CPutr.) fed to excised pea seedlings was studied. Contrary to great toxicity of higher than 0.5% Putr., N-CPutr. even at higher concentration was not toxic for the plants. The detoxication of plant cells by carbamoylation of Putr. was postulated. No differences were found in ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3.) activity between plants fed with Putr. or N-CPutr. The most label from <sup>14</sup>C-putrescine was found in γ-aminobutyric acid. No labeled N-CPutr. was detected. The "oscillatory" mechanism of N-CPutr. synthesis in higher plants was postulated.
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Rafiee, Ahmad, Mehdi Karimi, Amir Safari, and Fahimeh Abbasi Talabari. "The Future Impact of Carbon Tax on Electricity Flow between Great Britain and Its Neighbors until 2030." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 10460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110460.
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This paper investigates the future role of cross-border electricity flow between Great Britain (GB) and its neighbors until 2030, considering high deployment of renewable energy sources (e.g., wind, solar, and biomass), enhanced interconnection capacity, and a partly electrified heating sector. It was assumed that two cross-border interconnectors links will connect GB’s power system to its neighbors: (1) a one-way interconnector (IC1) that imports electricity to GB, and (2) a two-way one (IC2) between France and GB. The IC2 was allowed to transfer electricity from a cheaper power system to a more expensive one. The results show that at a fixed CO2 price, a change in power imported via IC1 will affect the power dispatch of the CO2 emitting power plants and biomass-fired power plants, and electricity trade via IC1 and IC2. At IC1 importing of £60/MWh, by raising the CO2 price from 60 to £70/ton, the share of CCGT power plants will reduce by 75%, and the power imported via IC1 link will face 19-times growth. With a constant IC1 import price, raising the CO2 tax will reduce the total quantity of electricity being exported to France via IC2. Moreover, increasing the CO2 tax will increase the emissions cost of gas and coal-fired generators, and the power required to meet the demand will be imported via IC1. With the IC1 electricity price set to £20/MWh and the CO2 tax set to £50/ton, there may be 595 periods out of 17,520 in which GB will be used as an electricity trade corridor. GB’s total CO2 emissions should drop as the CO2 tax increases.
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Janjić, Vaskrsija. "Plants causing dermatosis in humans." Acta herbologica 29, no. 1 (2020): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb2001005j.
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Many plants cause dermatosis in the human population, thus presenting an everyday problem for dermatologists and allergologists around the world. To this day it is still not known how common are plant-induced dermatosis. It is estimated that around 334 million people worldwide, or 3.5% of the world population, is affected by dermatosis each year. The onset of dermatitis is most common in the early childhood. Around 20% of children in Great Britain and 10% in the USA are affected by different types of dermatosis. It is believed that around 10,000 plant species can cause dermatosis in humans. Phytodermatosis are dermatosis caused by plants. They are usually induced by direct contact with a plant, but can also occur without a direct contact or be activated by the sun. Dermatosis which occur without a direct contact with the plant are observed in those cases where certain perfumes, cremes or other cosmetic products are used. Some cosmetic products contain substances such as eugenol, isoeugenol, cinnamaldehyde, colophonium, turpentines and other substances which originate from plants. Similarly, lichens, which are not plants, but organisms resulting from a fungi and algae symbiosis, produce usnic acids, which are most commonly used in sun protection products.
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Spence, Nicola. "Implementation of the GB Plant Health and Biosecurity Strategy 2014–2019 with foresight on a new strategy for 2020." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 1 (2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727020906831.
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Plants have an essential role in addressing the great social and environmental challenges of our time. However, the risk from invasive plant pests and pathogens is also significant and constantly growing as a result of increasing globalisation and environmental change. The UK’s plant health regime aims to manage that risk to protect the enormous value of plants and trees; from the value of crops and forestry products to ecosystem services and societal benefits. The implementation of the Great Britain Plant Health and Biosecurity Strategy 2014–2019 is described, including the risk-based approach to protecting the plants and trees, and the approaches being taken to manage different kinds of risks, including import controls, management of threats once established, preparedness, utilising citizen science and awareness raising. Looking ahead, there is foresight on a new strategy for 2020 including building a world-class biosecurity regime, which delivers a step change in plant health protections, allows our plant-based industries to thrive and acknowledges the value that healthy plants contribute to society and the environment. International Year of Plant Health 2020 provides a unique opportunity to raise the profile of plant health globally.
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Leather, S. R., K. F. A. Walters, and A. F. G. Dixon. "Factors determining the pest status of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalo-siphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Europe: a study and review." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 3 (1989): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018344.
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AbstractThe biology and pest status of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in Europe are critically reviewed. New data are presented and the temporal occurrence of the aphid and its host-plants considered. In Britain, R. padi is a pest mainly because of its ability to transmit virus diseases, in particular barley yellow dwarf virus. In other European countries, especially in Scandinavia, R. padi is a pest in its own right. Predator and parasite complexes in Britain and Finland are compared and contrasted. The occurrence of R. padi as a pest of cereals in Europe is compared with that of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker). It is postulated that the great abundance of the primary host of R. padi, bird cherry (Prunus padus), and the spring planting of cereals in colder climates such as in Finland are major factors contributing to the differences in pest status of this aphid between Britain and in Scandinavia.
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Harris, Richard, and Catherine Robinson. "INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN GREAT BRITAIN AND ITS EFFECT ON TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS, 1990-1998." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 51, no. 4 (2004): 528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0036-9292.2004.00319.x.
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Henrys, P. A., C. J. Stevens, S. M. Smart, et al. "Impacts of nitrogen deposition on vascular plants in Britain: an analysis of two national observation networks." Biogeosciences 8, no. 12 (2011): 3501–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3501-2011.
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Abstract. Large areas of Great Britain currently have nitrogen (N) deposition at rates which exceed the thresholds above which there is risk of damage to sensitive components of the ecosystem (critical loads). Previous studies have focussed primarily on the relationship of species richness to nitrogen, whereas here we look at individual species. We used data from two national observation networks over Great Britain to examine the response of individual vascular plant species to N in acid grasslands, calcareous grasslands and heathlands. Presence absence records of individual species, along with mean Ellenberg N scores, within 10 km hectads were modelled against N deposition whilst at the same time controlling for the effects of climate, land use and sulphur deposition using generalised additive models. Ellenberg N showed a significant increase with increasing N deposition in almost all habitats across both surveys indicating increased fertility. Many individual species showed strong relationships with N deposition and clear negative trends in species prevalence to increasing nitrogen were found in all habitats. A number of these species were either habitat dominants or possessed traits known to be influential in controlling ecosystem function. Many community dominants showing significant negative relationships with N deposition highlight a potentially significant loss of function. Some species that showed negative relationships to N showed signs of decline at low levels, far below the current critical load levels. Some species also showed continuous changes as N deposition levels rose above the current critical load values. This work contributes to the growing evidence base suggesting species level impacts at low N deposition values.
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Gorpenchenko, Tatiana, Valeria Grigorchuk, Dmitry Bulgakov, Galina Tchernoded, and Victor Bulgakov. "Tempo-Spatial Pattern of Stepharine Accumulation in Stephania Glabra Morphogenic Tissues." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (2019): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040808.
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Alkaloids attract great attention due to their valuable therapeutic properties. Stepharine, an aporphine alkaloid of Stephania glabra plants, exhibits anti-aging, anti-hypertensive, and anti-viral effects. The distribution of aporphine alkaloids in cell cultures, as well as whole plants is unknown, which hampers the development of bioengineering strategies toward enhancing their production. The spatial distribution of stepharine in cell culture models, plantlets, and mature micropropagated plants was investigated at the cellular and organ levels. Stepharine biosynthesis was found to be highly spatially and temporally regulated during plant development. We proposed that self-intoxication is the most likely reason for the failure of the induction of alkaloid biosynthesis in cell cultures. During somatic embryo development, the toxic load of alkaloids inside the cells increased. Only specialized cell sites such as vascular tissues with companion cells (VT cells), laticifers, and parenchymal cells with inclusions (PI cells) can tolerate the accumulation of alkaloids, and thus circumvent this restriction. S. glabra plants have adapted to toxic pressure by forming an additional transport secretory (laticifer) system and depository PI cells. Postembryonic growth restricts specialized cell site formation during organ development. Future bioengineering strategies should include cultures enriched in the specific cells identified in this study.
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Almuhtaram, Husein, Yijing Cui, Arash Zamyadi, and Ron Hofmann. "Cyanotoxins and Cyanobacteria Cell Accumulations in Drinking Water Treatment Plants with a Low Risk of Bloom Formation at the Source." Toxins 10, no. 11 (2018): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110430.
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Toxic cyanobacteria have been shown to accumulate in drinking water treatment plants that are susceptible to algal blooms. However, the risk for plants that do not experience algal blooms, but that receive a low influx of cells, is not well known. This study determined the extent of cell accumulation and presence of cyanotoxins across the treatment trains of four plants in the Great Lakes region. Samples were collected for microscopic enumeration and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements for microcystins, anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, cylindrospermopsin, and β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Low cell influxes (under 1000 cells/mL) resulted in significant cell accumulations (over 1 × 105 cells/mL) in clarifier sludge and filter backwash samples. Microcystins peaked at 7.2 µg/L in one clarifier sludge sample, exceeding the raw water concentration by a factor of 12. Anatoxin-a was detected in the finished drinking water of one plant at 0.6 µg/L. BMAA may have been detected in three finished water samples, though inconsistencies among the BMAA ELISAs call these results into question. In summary, the results show that plants receiving a low influx of cells can be at risk of toxic cyanobacterial accumulation, and therefore, the absence of a bloom at the source does not indicate the absence of risk.
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Nuringtyas, Tri Rini, N. R. Mustafa, P. P. J. Mulder, K. A. Leiss, and P. G. L. Klinkhamer. "DIVERSIFICATION OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS AS PLANT DEFENCE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECT ON Spodoptera exigua CELL LINES." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.123.
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are part of the constitutive chemical defence against herbivores. PA composition in plants is strongly determined by the environment, mostly in an unpredictable way. In this study the ability of different Jacobaea tissue cultures types including shoot, root and complete plants to produce and diversify PAs was evaluated. Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and three hybrids of a cross were used representing different genotypes. The cultures were harvested after nine weeks and PA content was measured using LC-MS/MS. We observed that not only roots, as known so far, but also shoots were able to synthesise de-novo PAs. Significant differences in total concentration of PAs were observed with the lowest concentration in the roots, followed by shoots and the highest concentration in complete plants. Evaluation of PA composition showed that senecionine- and otosenine-like PAs were present in both roots and shoots while next to senecionine-like PAs, jacobine- and erucifoline-like PAs occurred in the shoots and complete plants. Among these PAs, jacobine and erucifoline are the most effective against insect herbivores as indicated by correlative studies. In this way, the above-ground plants that suffer from herbivore attack are better defended. To test this, the two PAs and other commercially available senecioninelike PAs including, senecionine, seneciphylline, retrorsine, and senkirkine were tested as free base and N-oxide forms. A range of concentrations from 0 70 ppm was added to Spodoptera exigua cell line. The result showed jacobine and erucifoline appeared to be the most toxic PAs proving their major role in plant defence against generalist herbivores. Senkirkine and seneciphylline showed a lower toxicity than jacobine and erucifoline but higher than retrorsine. Senecionine was not toxic at the tested concentrations. In all toxic PAs the free base form was more toxic than the N-oxide form. The results obtained give us an insight in what plant organs PAs are produced and how there are distributed over different plant organs, that have great relevance to understand their role in plant defense.Keywords: Jacobaea, Spodoptera exigua, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, diversification, toxicity.
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Yena, A. V. "On the finding Hedera helix ‘Cavendishii’ in the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 154 (October 21, 2020): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2712-7788-2020-1-154-78-83.
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An old British ivy cultivar ‘Cavendishii’ is revealed in the Arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens. It has persisted here as relict of cultivation since the XIX century. Stellate brushy trichomes on leaf blades evidence the plant belongs to H. helix. Morphological characters specific to the cultivar’s leaf blades in plants examined fit completely the descriptions, images and live specimen of ‘Cavendishii’ that received from Great Britain. The value of this finding is great: we get the early original version of an old cultivar that lost its certainty considerably because of huge synonymy, imposter clones and identification mistakes. Some historical and ecological factors that provided preservation of ‘Cavendishii’ in the Garden are discussed.
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Zhang, Bojin, Dian Cao, and Shengdong Zhu. "Use of plants to clean polluted air: A potentially effective and low-cost phytoremediation technology." BioResources 15, no. 3 (2020): 4650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.4650-4654.
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Air pollution poses a great threat to human health, and it has become a worldwide problem that needs to be urgently dealt with. Many measures have been taken to reduce air pollution and improve air quality. These methods are generally costly and require special equipment. Some plants have the ability to assimilate, degrade, or modify toxic pollutants in air into less toxic ones. It is proposed here to develop plant-based technology to clean polluted air at low cost. This air phytoremediation technology has many potential advantages in contrast with traditional air pollution treatment methods. It is simple, potentially cheap, and easily implemented. Plants to be used for air phytoremediation have the potential to reduce pollutants in air and improve air quality; they also fix carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and help to decrease greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The selected plants can also be used as raw materials for production of energy and bio-based chemicals. However, little research has been carried out on air phytoremediation technology, especially in the basic research area. This editorial gives a brief discussion about air phytoremediation to stimulate more research on this technology and further improve its effectiveness in practical use.
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Cubillas, Ariel U., and Trixie E. Cubillas. "Awareness of Toxic and Harmful School Plants and their Prevention and Protection for Learners Against Plant-Causing Emergencies." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 2 (2023): 1293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i2.1371.
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The school greening program supports the inculcation among learners with the love of nature since it cultivates among them the significance of plants in making the learning space beautiful and healthy. However, people cannot just bring any beautiful ornamental plants as they please especially to a school campus. Plants ideally possess defense mechanisms to protect themselves from harm. Hence, they develop thorns, spikes, and scents to ward off any potential predators. A piece of knowledge about this plant defense mechanism as well as plants’ toxicity should be instilled among the adults in the learning space, particularly the teachers. Thus, this paper intends to ascertain the level of awareness of public school teachers on toxic and harmful plants commonly found in the classroom or school premises and determine the level of prevention and protection for learners against plant-causing emergencies. Results reveal that the teachers’ awareness particularly on making the learning space safe may have something to do with first aid application in case of emergencies and protecting children. The more the teachers aim to provide a wholesome and safe space for the learners, the more they try to learn and apply first aid as their way of protecting their learners. It is recommended that the school should provide first aid kits with antihistamines and teachers should be provided by the concerned agencies list of plants that may potentially be toxic or harmful to the schoolchildren. Furthermore, school gardening activities must be done with great precautions.
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Yang, Gui-Li, Meng-Meng Zheng, Ai-Juan Tan, Yu-Ting Liu, Dan Feng, and Shi-Ming Lv. "Research on the Mechanisms of Plant Enrichment and Detoxification of Cadmium." Biology 10, no. 6 (2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060544.
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The heavy metal cadmium (Cd), as one of the major environmentally toxic pollutants, has serious impacts on the growth, development, and physiological functions of plants and animals, leading to deterioration of environmental quality and threats to human health. Research on how plants absorb and transport Cd, as well as its enrichment and detoxification mechanisms, is of great significance to the development of phytoremediation technologies for ecological and environmental management. This article summarises the research progress on the enrichment of heavy metal cadmium in plants in recent years, including the uptake, transport, and accumulation of Cd in plants. The role of plant roots, compartmentalisation, chelation, antioxidation, stress, and osmotic adjustment in the process of plant Cd enrichment are discussed. Finally, problems are proposed to provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for the further application of phytoremediation technology in the field of heavy metal pollution.
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Vega-Ceja, Jessica Esmeralda, Rosa María Jiménez-Amezcua, José Anzaldo-Hernández, et al. "Antifungal Activity of Datura stramonium L. Extractives against Xylophagous Fungi." Forests 13, no. 8 (2022): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081222.
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Some plants have great resistance against herbivores, invertebrates, insects, bacteria, and fungi. This resistance is mostly present in plants containing alkaloids, which are the substances responsible for giving them defensive properties. The genus Datura contains tropane alkaloids and all plants from this genus have defensive properties. In this work, we report the toxic effect against fungi of Datura stramonium extracts, obtained by the Petri dish method. The extraction solvents were water, ethanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, propanone, butanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dichloromethane, xylene, and toluene. The test fungi were Trametes versicolor (L. ex. Fr) Pilát and Rhodonia placenta (Fr.) Niemelä, K.H.Larss. & Schigel. It was found that water, butanone, and toluene extracts promoted mycelial growth, xylene extracts neither inhibited nor promoted mycelial growth, while the other extracts slightly inhibited the growth of these fungi.
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Casimiro, S., and M. L. Fidalgo. "Performance of the freshwater shrimp <i>Atyaephyra desmarestii</i> as indicator of stress imposed by textile effluents." Web Ecology 7, no. 1 (2007): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-7-35-2007.
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Abstract. Textile plants consume large volumes of water and produce a great amount of wastewaters, which can be important sources of toxic discharges in receiving environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of textile effluents on the freshwater shrimp A. desmarestii. A whole effluent toxicity test procedure was used to determine the aggregate toxicity of three samples taken before and after wastewater treatment in a textile mill. The following LC50 − 48 h values (%, v/v) were calculated: Untreated effluent −29% effluent (sample 1), 22% effluent (sample 2), and 47% (sample 3); Treated effluent −73% effluent (sample 1), 74% effluent (sample 2), and > 100% (sample 3). Based upon acute toxicity units (TUa = 100/LC50), untreated effluent varied from toxic in samples 1 and 3 (2.00 ≤ TUa ≤ 4.00) to very toxic in sample 2 (TUa > 4.0), whereas treated effluent varied from no toxic in sample 3 to moderately toxic in samples 1 and 2 (1.33 ≤ TUa ≤ 1.99). Despite some limitations and constraints related to innate variability of industrial effluents, our results suggested that A. desmarestii can be a promising and potential test organism for assessing toxicity of complex chemical mixtures.
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Beltrà, A., A. Soto, J. F. Germain, et al. "The Bougainvillea mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus, a rapid invader from South America to Europe." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 19, no. 2 (2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11581.
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Scale insects are frequent invaders of new territories. The Bougainvillea mealybug, Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink, 2007, was recorded in Europe for the first time in 1999 in Spain (Almeria) and later in 2002 in Italy (Sicily). Initially, this unknown species was identified provisionally as Phenacoccus sp. Records of this species became frequent later when it was found in other localities in Spain (including the Balearic Islands), Great Britain, France (including Corsica), Monaco, and Portugal. The host plants of this mealybug were in most cases species of Bougainvillea.
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Maroske, Sara. "Australian and Indian Plants: Making Connexions in Nineteenth-Century Botany." Historical Records of Australian Science 23, no. 2 (2012): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr12013.
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Despite the expectation in nineteenth-century botany that the plants of one country were most similar to those of adjacent countries, by the middle of the century it was accepted that there was a connexion between flora of northern Australia and ?India'. The pattern and reasons for plant distribution around the world were studied in the emerging science of phytogeography, but this paper suggests that the strength of the Indo-Australian connexion was influenced by species limits in the established science of phytography or descriptive botany. This paper also shows that while the botany of Australia and ?India' was predominantly studied in European nations, Ferdinand Mueller used resources obtained from Joseph Hooker in Great Britain, and Friedrich Miquel in the Netherlands to add new details to the distribution pattern of ?Indian' plants in northern Australia. Although Mueller was unwilling to reflect on these findings himself, they seemed to challenge attempts to introduce evolutionary and geological explanations into phytogeography.
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Henrys, P. A., C. J. Stevens, S. M. Smart, et al. "Nitrogen impacts on vascular plants in Britain: an analysis of two national observation networks." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (2011): 7441–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-7441-2011.
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Abstract. Large areas of the United Kingdom currently have nitrogen (N) deposition at rates which exceed the thresholds above which there is risk of damage to sensitive components of the ecosystem (critical loads), and are predicted to continue to do so. Previous studies have shown that this excess N can be very damaging to semi-natural ecosystems. However, such studies have focussed primarily on the relationship of species richness to nitrogen, possibly missing the risk that increased deposition can have on individual plant species. To address this gap in knowledge, we used data from two national observation networks over Great Britain: the vascular plant database and the Botanical Society of the British Isles local change network to examine the response of individual vascular plant species to nitrogen in acid grasslands, calcareous grasslands and heathlands. Presence absence records of individual species, along with mean Ellenberg scores, within 10 km hectads were modelled against N deposition whilst at the same time controlling for the effects of climate, land use and sulphur deposition using generalised additive models. Ellenberg N showed a significant increase with increasing N deposition in almost all habitats across both surveys. Many individual species showed strong relationships with N deposition and clear negative trends in species prevalence to increasing nitrogen were found in all habitats. Species that showed negative relationships to N showed signs of decline at low levels, far below the current critical load levels.
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Moore, P. G. "The supply of marine biological specimens (principally animals) for teaching and research in Great Britain from the nineteenth century until today." Archives of Natural History 39, no. 2 (2012): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0095.
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The nineteenth-century growth of biology, particularly as developed in Germany, was focused initially on morphology and anatomy. In Britain, the growth of biology followed T. H. Huxley's principle of teaching the characters of certain plants and animals selected as types of vegetable and animal organization, which brought demands for marine specimens for dissection. The history of the provision of such material in Britain is investigated, particularly apropos of the Marine Station at Millport. Supplementary information is presented on the equally long-standing specimen trade at Plymouth and on two small commercial concerns that supplied marine specimens (from the Isle of Luing and Shoreham-by-Sea). The demise of the specimen-supply trade in Britain in recent decades has resulted from curriculum changes in schools and universities no longer requiring students to do dissections (relating also to Health and Safety concerns about formalin-preserved material); and biology departments that can often no longer, as a result of financial stringency, afford the “luxury” of supplying students with the range of practical experiences that previous generations once valued so highly. The concern among some students about the ethics, or religious strictures, surrounding dissection is acknowledged. The need for biological conservation is stressed, as too, the need for awareness of the risks posed by alien species introduced into foreign ecosystems via international trade in live marine organisms.
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Ayres, P. G. "Isaac Bayley Balfour, Sphagnum moss, and the Great War (1914–1918)." Archives of Natural History 42, no. 1 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2015.0274.
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Isaac Bayley Balfour was a systematist specializing in Sino-Himalayan plants. He enjoyed a long and exceptionally distinguished academic career yet he was knighted, in 1920, “for services in connection with the war”. Together with an Edinburgh surgeon, Charles Cathcart, he had discovered in 1914 something well known to German doctors; dried Sphagnum (bog moss) makes highly absorptive, antiseptic wound dressings. Balfour directed the expertise and resources of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (of which he was Keeper), towards the identification of the most useful Sphagnum species in Britain and the production of leaflets telling collectors where to find the moss in Scotland. By 1918 over one million such dressings were used by British hospitals each month. Cathcart's Edinburgh organisation, which received moss before making it into dressings, proved a working model soon adopted in Ireland, and later in both Canada and the United States.
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Savun-Hekimoğlu, Başak. "A Review on Sonochemistry and Its Environmental Applications." Acoustics 2, no. 4 (2020): 766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics2040042.
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Sonochemistry is a significant contributor to green science as it includes: (i) the use of less toxic compounds and environmentally safe solvents, (ii) improvement of reaction conditions and selectivity, (iii) no toxic sludge generation, (iv) reduction in the energy use for chemical transformations, (v) reusability of materials. In water and wastewater treatment, ultrasound is used as an advanced oxidation process to eliminate refractory pollutants. Ultrasound is also used as a very effective sludge pretreatment technology in wastewater treatment plants to facilitate biogas production. Moreover, sonochemical synthesis of nanoparticles has recently attracted great attention as a greener protocol. This paper presents the main applications of ultrasound in environmental remediation and protection. The study also introduces mechanism for the degradation of pollutants from water via sonication in aqueous media and the principle factors affecting the cavitational effect.
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Nikolic, Magdalena, Vladimir Tomasevic, and Dragan Ugrinov. "Energy plants as biofuel source and as accumulators of heavy metals." Chemical Industry 76, no. 4 (2022): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind220402017n.
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Fossil fuel depletion and soil and water pollution gave impetus to the development of a novel perspective of sustainable development. In addition to the use of plant biomass for ethanol production, plants can be used to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in soil and water. Due to tolerance to high levels of metals, many plant species, crops, non-crops, medicinal, and pharmaceutical energy plants are well-known metal hyperaccumulators. This paper focuses on studies investigating the potential of Miscanthus sp., Beta vulgaris L., Saccharum sp., Ricinus communis L. Prosopis sp. and Arundo donax L. in heavy metal removal and biofuel production. Phytoremediation employing these plants showed great potential for bioaccumulation of Co, Cr, Cu, Al, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cd, Zn, Hg, Se, etc. This review presents the potential of lignocellulose plants to remove pollutants being a valuable substrate for biofuel production. Also, pretreat-ments, dealing with toxic biomass, and biofuel production are discussed.
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Chebaibi, M., D. Bousta, I. Iken, et al. "Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Treatment of Kidney Diseases in Fez–Meknes Region, Morocco." Phytothérapie 18, no. 2 (2019): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2019-0189.
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The purpose of this study was to inventory and collect information on plants and mixtures commonly used by herbalists to treat kidney disease in the Fez–Meknes region. We also aimed to compare the results obtained with the results of the other studies and exploit the correlations between different factors. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted from 289 local herbalists in eight different areas of Fez–Meknes region. Ethnomedicinal uses and ethnobotanical indices were analyzed using quantitative tools, i.e., the total number of citation (TNC), use value (UV), family use value (FUV), fidelity level (FL), and rank order priority (ROP). Statistical analyses such as Pearson correlation and chi-squared test were performed to delineate any correlation. Two hundred and eighty-nine herbalists were questioned. Sixty-nine plant species belonging to 38 families were cited by herbalists for traditional treatment of kidney disease. The highest value of UV was obtained for Herniaria glabra L. (UV = 0.79), and Caryophyllaceae was the family frequently cited (FUV = 0.795). Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. had the highest value of FL with a value of 100%, and the highest value of ROP was recorded for Herniaria glabra L. (ROP = 91%). Sociodemographic characteristics had a significant impact on the knowledge of toxic plants. Our study has revealed a cultural heritage linked to herbalism and a great wealth of medicinal plants, whose valorization and protection are necessary. Several studies are needed to sensitize herbalists and population on the danger of toxic plants, to extract chemical compounds from the main plants used, and to evaluate their toxicity.