Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plasma de quarks e glúons'
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Jahnke, Viktor. "A correspondência AdS/CFT e o plasma de quarks e glúons." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-30102016-225555/.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to strongly coupled plasmas similar to the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. The project is articulated in two parts. Initially, we will study how some observables, such as photon and dilepton production rates, are affected by spatial anisotropies present in the plasma. This is important, since the QGP produced in real world experiments generically starts in highly anisotropic configurations, which later evolve towards isotropy. To model anisotropy at strong coupling we will make use of an anisotropic black hole solution of type IIB supergravity which has been recently obtained in arXiv:1105.3472/ hep-th. As a second direction of research and again focusing on applications of the AdS/CFT correspondence to the QGP, we will investigate Lovelock theories of gravity, which are natural generalizations of Einsteins general relativity. These theories contain higher derivative terms, while maintaining the equations of motion of second order, and constitute an ideal arena where to start understanding how higher derivative corrections affect various physical observables of the plasma.
Jacobsen, Rafael Bán. "Plasma de quarks e glúons no interior de estrelas de nêutrons." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15328.
Full textThe purpose of this work is the study of nuclear matter at high densities considering the hadronic and quark phases at zero temperature, with the perspective of applying the developed formalism to the analysis of global static properties of neutron stars. in this work, after presenting important aspects of stellar evolution and neutron star theory, we study the properties and models of nuclear matter. In the nuclear matter studies for the hadronic phase, we have considered the relativistic nuclear quantum eld theory developed by J. D. Walecka, J. Zimanyi and S. A. Moszkowski, and by J. Boguta and A. R. Bodmer, also known, respectively, as Sigma-omega, ZM and Non-linear models. In these models the nuclear matter is described by a relativistic and strong interaction lagrangian many-body formulation with baryon e ective elds coupled to scalar, vector and iso-vector mesons. In this study we consider initially the description of global static properties of manybody nuclear systems at zero temperature as, for instance, the nucleon e ective mass for symmetric nuclear and neutron matter. Knowledge of the neutron matter equation of state makes it possible the description of global static properties of a neutron star, such as its mass and radius, through the Tolman, Oppenheimer and Volko equations. The results we have obtained in this work are in agreement with the corresponding ones presented by other authors. We have further included into the formalism the chemical equilibrium equations, lepton degrees of freedom for electrons and muons, the fundamental octet of baryons and the charge neutrality condition. Our choice for the hyperonic coupling constants is based on the SU(6) symmetry and on the counting rules for quarks. The consideration of generalized beta equilibrium among the particles in our formalism generates a strongly coupled system of eleven equations to be numerically solved to nd the di erent fermionic populations. At last we study a phenomenological lagrangian model of nuclear matter with adjustable derivative coupling, which exhibits a parametrization, through mathematical expressions with adjustable coe cients, of the intensity of the meson-nucleon coupling. We study the in uence of these couplings in the determination of the main nuclear properties and global static properties of neutron stars. This model is the one we use to develop our study of the hadronic matter to quark matter phase transition in the last part of our work, using the Gibbs criteria. In the quark matter study, we have considered the bag model developed ih the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by A. Chodos, R. L. Ja e, K. Johnson, C. B. Thorn and V. F. Weisskopf. As a main result, we have determined a general equation of state for hadronic and quark matter, and we have analyzed the equilibrium conditions for hybrid stars. We have then focused the in uence of the adjustable model couplings in the determination of the phase transition baryon density. We have also analyzed how the existence of the quarkgluon plasma core in the star repercutes in its global static properties (such as radius and maximum mass) and in the thermodynamical property known as the adiabatic index. The predictions of our work, even though based on new results, are in complete agreement with the corresponding ones obtained by other authors.
Junior, Samuel Mendes Sanches. "Equações de estado do plasma de quarks e glúons e suas aplicações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-07122018-135435/.
Full textThe quark gluon plama is a subject that has been actively studied in recent years, due to the advent of modern particle colliders and advances in research related to compact stars. Thus, in this thesis we had as main goal the study of this plasma. For this, we improved an equation of state developed by our group, where an interaction with a constant magnetic field was added. With this new equation of state, which is formulated from the mean field approximation technique, we made several applications. As in the study of propagation of linear and non-linear waves, with the goal of verifying whether the causality and stability are respected. We solved the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation to obtain the mass-radius diagram for a compact quark star. We study how the temporal evolution of the primordial Universe by solving Friedmanns equations and the temporal evolution of bubbles of quark gluon plasma in a hadrons gas (and also of bubbles of hadrons gas in a quark gluon plasma) using the relativistic Rayleigh-Plesset equation.
Socolowski, Jr O. (Otávio). "RPA relativística para ressonâncias gigantes isovetoriais /." São Paulo, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132707.
Full textBanca: Diógenes Galetti
Banca: Brett V. Carlson
Resumo: Utilizamos o modelo hidrodinâmico de emissão contínua de partículas para estudar vários dados experimentais do SPS/CERN. Dados sobre razões de partículas estranhas das colaborações WA85 e WA97 são usados para determinar um conjunto de condições iniciais para o fluxo hidrodinâmico. Testamos a autoconsistência do modelo estudando outros dados experimentais com as mesmas condições iniciais que reproduziram as razões de partículas estranhas. Mostramos que os espectros em massa transversal de NA35, WA85, NA49 e WA97 podem ser bem reproduzidas. A grande vantagem dessa abordagem (além de ser corroborada pelos modelos microscópicos) é que ela pode resolver, de um modo natural, alguns dos problemas enfrentados pelo modelo usual de freeze-out: possíveis altas densidades de partículas, pequena abundância de píons e temperatura incorreta do 'ômega'
Abstract: We use the hydrodynamical model of continuous particle emission to study several ex- perimental data from SPS/CERN. Data on strange particle ratios from WA85 and WA97 Collaborations are used to determine a set of initial conditions for the hydrodynamical flow. We test the self-consistency of the model by studying several other experimental data by using the same initial conditions that reproduce strange particle ratios. We show that the transverse mass spectra from WA35, WA85, NA49 and WA97 can be well repro- duced. We also reproduce particle abundances, including the tt one. The big advantage of this approach (in addition to being corroborated by microscopical models) is that it may solve, in a natural way, some of the problems met by the standard hydrodynamical approach with sudden freeze-out: possible too high densities, too small pion abundance and wrong 'ômega' temperature
Mestre
Denke, Robson Zacarelli. "Transições de fase na matéria de quarks magnetizada com repulsão vetorial." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/157418.
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Neste trabalho investigamos as transições de fase na matéria de quarks magnetizada usando o modelo de NJL com dois sabores na presença de acoplamento vetorial repulsivo (GV). Verificamos que a contribuição vetorial produz o encolhimento da linha de transição de primeira ordem e pode favorecer o mecanismo de back-bending no regime de acoplamento forte. Este fato permite conciliar alguns resultados da rede com as previsões teóricas sobre a existência de um ponto crítico no diagrama de fases da QCD. Analisamos como a ação de um campo magnético (B) intenso na matéria de quarks tende a fortalecer a região de primeira ordem e que também determina um padrão oscilatório na densidade. Concluímos que os efeitos opostos do acoplamento vetorial e do campo magnético na restauração da simetria quiral levam a um desdobramento de múltiplas fases magnetizadas. A ação combinada de B e GV pode originar linhas de coexistência no diagrama de fases que apresentam um comportamento exótico similar ao observado para a transição sólido-líquido da água. Mostramos como a influência da repulsão vetorial deve estabilizar fases magnéticas de densidade intermediária e que certas combinações dos parâmetros B e GV determinam pontos triplos no diagrama de fases. Exploramos as propriedades magnéticas anisotrópicas sobre os quarks e como a contribuição vetorial deve afetar a magnetização induzida determinando um comportamento diamagnético para o sistema.
Abstract : In this work we investigate the phase diagram of dense magnetizedquark matter in the framework of the two-flavor Nambu-Jona-Lasiniomodel when a repulsive vector coupling (GV ) is present. We verifythat the vector contribution could shrink the first order transition lineand can support the back-bending mechanism under a strong couplingregime. This result allows one to conciliate some lattice results withtheoretical predictions about the existence of a critical point in theQCD phase diagram. Our analysis shows how an intense magnetic field(B) acts in the quark matter, strengthening the coexistence region inthe phase diagram and setting an oscillatory pattern in density values.The opposite effect of the vector coupling and magnetic field in thechiral symmetry restoration leads to a splitting of multiple magneticphases. The combined action of B and GV gives rise to coexistencelines which can render an exotic behavior resembling the solid-liquidtransition observed in the water phase diagram. We show how thevector repulsion stabilizes the intermediary magnetic phases and thatcertain B and GV parametric combinations can cause a triple point toappear in the phase diagram. We also study the anisotropic propertiesof magnetized quark matter and how the vector-like contribution affectsthe induced magnetization leading to a diamagnetic behavior.
Algarín, F. E. S. (Fernando Enrique Serna). "Symmetry-preserving contact interaction model for hadron structure and quark matter /." São Paulo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152474.
Full textCoorientador: Bruno El-Bennich
Banca: Lauro Tomio
Banca: Juan Pablo Carlomagno
Banca: Sidney dos Santos Avancini
Banca: Kazuo Tsushima
Resumo: Nesta tese empregamos um modelo de interação de contato que preserva simetrias para estudar estrututura hadrônica e matéria de quarks. A interação de contato é uma representação de kernels não perturbativos usados em equações de Dyson-Schwinger e Bethe-Salpeter da Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD). A ideia básica do modelo está baseada num esquema de subtração que evita passos tradicionais no cálculo de de integrais divergentes que invariavelmente levam a violações de simetrias. Em temperatura zero, as equações de Dyson-Schwinger equation para os propagadores dos quarks u; d; s and c são resolvidas e amplitudes de estado ligado de Bethe-Salpeter, que respeitam a invariância sob translações espaço-temporais e as identidades de Ward-Takahashi associadas com simetrias globais da QCD, são obtidas para calcular as massas e as constantes de decaimento eletrofracas dos mésons pseudoscalares π; K, D e Ds e dos mésons vetorias ρ, K*, D* e Ds*. As predições do modelo estão em bom acordo com dados experimentais e da QCD na rede. Em adição, estendemos o modelo para temperaturas diferentes de zero; neste caso, o problema de violação de simetrias está restrito apenas às partes puramente divergentes porque os termos que dependem das distribuições térmicas são finitas e não requerem regularização. Finalmente, investigamos a dependência com a temperatura das contribuições das flutuações quânticas quark-π e quark-σ aos coeficientes de transporte de viscosidade de cisalhamento η e volumétrica ζ e as... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In thesis, a symmetry-preserving contact interaction model is used to study hadron structure and quark matter. The contact interaction is a representation of nonperturbative kernels used in Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The basic idea of the model is based on a subtraction scheme that avoids standard steps in the evaluation of divergent integrals that invariably lead to symmetry violation. At zero temperature, the Dyson-Schwinger equation is solved for the u; d; s and c quark propagators and the boundstate Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes respecting spacetime-translation invariance and the Ward-Green-Takahashi identities associated with global symmetries of QCD are obtained to calculate masses and electroweak decay constants of the pseudoscalar π; K, D and Ds and vector ρ, K*, D*, and Ds* mesons. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with available experimental and lattice QCD data. In addition, we extend the model to nonzero temperature; here, the problem of symmetry violation is associated only with the purely divergent parts because the effects due to the termal distributions are finite and do not need regularization. We compute the temperature dependence of the masses and decay constants of the pseudoscalar mesons considered here. Finally, we have investigated the temperature dependence of the contributions of quark-π and quark-σ quantum fluctuations to the transport coefficients of shear η and bulk ζ viscosities and t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Silva, Cesar Luiz da. "Estudos de mésons vetoriais pesados no detector Phenix." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-17042009-150222/.
Full textThis work reports measurements done by the PHENIX detector at RHIC about J/Psi in p+p and Au+Au collisions at s^(1/2) = 200 GeV in the mid-rapidity range and Psi\' in p+p collisions in the same conditions. The measurements include the transverse momentum dependence of charmonium production and J/Psi nuclear modification factor in different centrality regimes.
Gardim, Fernando Gonçalves. "Termodinâmica de quase-partículas /." São Paulo, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132792.
Full textBanca: Sandra dos Santos Padula
Banca: Jun Takahashi
Banca: Eduardo Souza Fraga
Banca: Manuel Máximo Bastos Malheiro de Oliveira
Resumo: O problema da inconsistência termodinâmica do modelo de quase-partículas foi parcialmente resolvido por Gorenstein e Yang há quase duas décadas. Entretanto sua solução mostra-se como uma solução particular para o problema da inconsistência termodinâmica. Este trabalho apresenta a solução geral para o modelo de quase-partículas a partir da generalização da solução de Gorenstein-Yang, estudando-se assim o modelo de quase-partículas em dois cenários diferentes: para o caso onde este é formado apenas por bósons, e quando é formado por bósons mais férmions e anti-férmions. Para o caso bosônico assume-se os bósons não-massivos, em um sistema à temperatura finita e potencial químico nulo, obtendo então sua solução termodinâmica geral. A partir desta utiliza-se uma solução particular para descrever a matéria desconfinada, o Plasma de Glúons, e compara-se esta solução com os dados provenientes de QCD na rede para pressão, entropia e energia interna. Estuda-se também a solução geral para um sistema à temperatura e potencial químico finitos formado por férmions, anti-férmions e bósons. O limite assintótico destas soluções também é analisado. Uma solução particular, análoga à utilizada no caso apenas de bósons, é utilizada para descrever os resultados de QCD na rede, para um Plasma de Quarks e Glúons. Este formalismo permite descrever o Plasma de Quarks e Glúons em toda região de desconfinamento. Seja no caso bosônico, ou no caso de bósons e férmions, encontra-se uma solução mais simples que a de Gorenstein-Yang para descrever o QGP
Abstract: The thermodynamics quasi-particle problem was partially solved by Gorenstein and Yang. Nevertheless, its solution is a particular solution of the thermodynamic inconsistency problem. In this work the thermodynamics of the quasi-particle model is studied from a generalization of the Gorenstein-Yang solution. This work is split in two parts: For the case of finite temperature and vanishing chemical potential for non-massive bosons, and for finite temperature and Chemical potential of anti-fermions, fermions plus bosons. For the boson case is computed the thermodynamical general solution and from it, a particular solution it is used to describe the deconfined matter, Gluon Plasma. This solution is compared to QCD lattice data, thus the pressure, entropy and internal energy can be fitted. Also is developed the solution for a system composed by fermions, antifermions and gluons. An analogue solution to boson case it is used to describe the real case, the Quark Gluon Plasma. It is shown that solution is able to describe the lattice data. This general formalism allows study the QGP in all deconfined region. Whether in the bosonic case, or in bosonic plus fermionic case, it is found a simpler solution than the Gorenstein-Yang
Doutor
Castilho, Wagner Maciel. "Análise da correlação azimutal entre hádrons produzidos em colisões relativísticas de íons pesados em uma abordagem hidrodinâmica utilizando o código NeXSPheRIO. /." Guaratinguetá, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152227.
Full textBanca: Marcelo Batista Hott
Banca: Julio Marny Hoff da Silva
Banca: Sandra dos Santos Padula
Banca: Otávio Socolowski Junior
Resumo: Os fenômenos físicos envolvidos em colisões relativísticas de íons pesados foram estudados utilizando o código hidrodinâmico NeXSPheRIO, com condições iniciais flutuantes evento a evento, caracterizado por tubos de fluxo longitudinais de altas energias. Foram realizadas análises para o espectro de hádrons em função dos momentos transversais pelos cálculos das distribuições de partículas em sete janelas de centralidade de colisão, de acordo com dados publicados pela Colaboração STAR. A coletividade da matéria nuclear formada durante as colisões foi investigada em termos de correlações azimutais entre hádrons. Verificou-se que as estruturas da correlação dependem do momento transversal e da centralidade. Tais estruturas são atribuídas à interação entre um fundo dependente da centralidade e as flutuações de evento a evento na multiplicidade. Como resultado, as correlações observadas são apresentadas por um duplo pico na região do away-side que mudam continuamente para um pico único sob certas circunstâncias. Em termos do modelo do tubo periférico, o fundo é dominado pelo fluxo elíptico que aumenta com a descentralização. Pelos cálculos numéricos, a anisotropia do sistema é estudada quanto aos coeficientes de fluxo harmônico até a quarta ordem, de acordo com os dados da colaboração PHENIX. A anisotropia do fundo contribui para as correlações entre hádrons e pôde ser avaliada pelo método ZYAM. Após sua subtração na produção do sinal de correlação próprio, a estrutura de correlação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The physical phenomena involved in relativistic heavy-ion collisions were studied using a hydrodynamic code, NeXSPheRIO, with event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions featured by high-energy longitudinal flux tubes. Analyses were carried out for hadron spectrum as a function of the transverse momentum by the calculations of particle distributions in seven collision centrality windows, according to the data published by the STAR Collaboration. Also, the collectivity of the nuclear matter formed during the collisions was investigated in terms of dihadron azimuthal correlations. The correlation structures were found to be dependent on the transverse momentum and centrality. They are attributed to the interplay between the centrality dependent background and the eventby-event multiplicity fluctuations. As a result, the observed correlations are featured by a double-peak in the away-side region that continuously change to a single peak under certain circumstances. In terms of the peripheral tube model, the background is dominated by the elliptic flow which increases with decreasing centrality. By numerical calculations, the anisotropy of the system is studied regarding the harmonic flow coefficients up to fourth order, in accordance with the existing RHIC data. The background anisotropy contributes to the dihadron correlations, and can be evaluated by the ZYAM method. After it is subtracted from the proper correlation yields, the resultant correlation structure is a function ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Dudek, Danuce Marcele [UNESP]. "Efeitos da equação de estado em hidrodinâmica relativística através de alguns observáveis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123975.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Apresentamos resultados de um estudo sistemático do papel das equações de estado no modelo hidrodinâmico. Simulamos colisões Au+Au para duas energias do Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 130 e 200 GeV por nucleon, para compararmos os nossos resultados aos dados experimentais desse acelerador. Utilizando as mesmas condições iniciais e mecanismo de desacoplamento, analisamos os efeitos de diferentes equações de estado sobre alguns observáveis físicos através dos resultados de suas respectivas evoluções hidrodinâmicas. Os observáveis de interesse nesse trabalho são o espectro de partículas, o fluxo elíptico, usado para estudar o impacto das equações de estado nas anisotropias do estado final, e os parâmetros de raio estimados através do efeito Hambury-Brown-Twiss (HBT). São estudadas três diferentes equações de estado, cada uma enfocando diferentes características do sistema formado, tais como a natureza da transição de fase, densidades de estranheza e bariônica. Essas diferentes equações de estado implicam em diferentes respostas hidrodinâmicas sobre os observáveis. Embora as três equações de estado utilizadas no cálculo descrevam razoavelmente bem os dados experimentais, as diferenças observadas são pequenas, demonstrando pouca sensibilidade dos resultados finais a cada escolha particular de equação de estado
We present results of a systematic study of the role of the equation of state in the hydrodynamic model. We simulate Au+Au collisions for two energies of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 130 and 200 GeV per nucleon, in order to compare our results to the collider data. By using the same initial conditions and freeze-out scenario, we analysed the effects of different equations of state on some physical observables trough the results of their respective hydrodynamical evolution. The observables of interest investigate here are particle spectra, elliptic flow, used to study the impact of the equations of state on final state anisotropies, and radii parameters estimated by the Hambury-Brown-Twiss effect (HBT). Three different types of equation of state are studied, each focusing on different features of the system, such as the nature of the phase transition, strangeness and baryon densities. These different equations of state imply different hydrodynamic responses on the observables. Although the three equations of state used in the calculations describe the data reasonably well, some small differences are observed, showing weak sensitivity of the results on the particular choice of equation of state
CAPES: 33015015001P7
Dudek, Danuce Marcele. "Efeitos da equação de estado em hidrodinâmica relativística através de alguns observáveis /." São Paulo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123975.
Full textBanca:Eduardo de Moraes Gregores
Banca: Fernando Silveira Navarra
Banca: Lauro Tomio
Banca: Marcelo Gameiro Munhoz
Resumo: Apresentamos resultados de um estudo sistemático do papel das equações de estado no modelo hidrodinâmico. Simulamos colisões Au+Au para duas energias do Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 130 e 200 GeV por nucleon, para compararmos os nossos resultados aos dados experimentais desse acelerador. Utilizando as mesmas condições iniciais e mecanismo de desacoplamento, analisamos os efeitos de diferentes equações de estado sobre alguns observáveis físicos através dos resultados de suas respectivas evoluções hidrodinâmicas. Os observáveis de interesse nesse trabalho são o espectro de partículas, o fluxo elíptico, usado para estudar o impacto das equações de estado nas anisotropias do estado final, e os parâmetros de raio estimados através do efeito Hambury-Brown-Twiss (HBT). São estudadas três diferentes equações de estado, cada uma enfocando diferentes características do sistema formado, tais como a natureza da transição de fase, densidades de estranheza e bariônica. Essas diferentes equações de estado implicam em diferentes respostas hidrodinâmicas sobre os observáveis. Embora as três equações de estado utilizadas no cálculo descrevam razoavelmente bem os dados experimentais, as diferenças observadas são pequenas, demonstrando pouca sensibilidade dos resultados finais a cada escolha particular de equação de estado
Abstract: We present results of a systematic study of the role of the equation of state in the hydrodynamic model. We simulate Au+Au collisions for two energies of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 130 and 200 GeV per nucleon, in order to compare our results to the collider data. By using the same initial conditions and freeze-out scenario, we analysed the effects of different equations of state on some physical observables trough the results of their respective hydrodynamical evolution. The observables of interest investigate here are particle spectra, elliptic flow, used to study the impact of the equations of state on final state anisotropies, and radii parameters estimated by the Hambury-Brown-Twiss effect (HBT). Three different types of equation of state are studied, each focusing on different features of the system, such as the nature of the phase transition, strangeness and baryon densities. These different equations of state imply different hydrodynamic responses on the observables. Although the three equations of state used in the calculations describe the data reasonably well, some small differences are observed, showing weak sensitivity of the results on the particular choice of equation of state
Doutor
Castilho, Wagner Maciel [UNESP]. "Análise da correlação azimutal entre hádrons produzidos em colisões relativísticas de íons pesados em uma abordagem hidrodinâmica utilizando o código NeXSPheRIO." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152227.
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Os fenômenos físicos envolvidos em colisões relativísticas de íons pesados foram estudados utilizando o código hidrodinâmico NeXSPheRIO, com condições iniciais flutuantes evento a evento, caracterizado por tubos de fluxo longitudinais de altas energias. Foram realizadas análises para o espectro de hádrons em função dos momentos transversais pelos cálculos das distribuições de partículas em sete janelas de centralidade de colisão, de acordo com dados publicados pela Colaboração STAR. A coletividade da matéria nuclear formada durante as colisões foi investigada em termos de correlações azimutais entre hádrons. Verificou-se que as estruturas da correlação dependem do momento transversal e da centralidade. Tais estruturas são atribuídas à interação entre um fundo dependente da centralidade e as flutuações de evento a evento na multiplicidade. Como resultado, as correlações observadas são apresentadas por um duplo pico na região do away-side que mudam continuamente para um pico único sob certas circunstâncias. Em termos do modelo do tubo periférico, o fundo é dominado pelo fluxo elíptico que aumenta com a descentralização. Pelos cálculos numéricos, a anisotropia do sistema é estudada quanto aos coeficientes de fluxo harmônico até a quarta ordem, de acordo com os dados da colaboração PHENIX. A anisotropia do fundo contribui para as correlações entre hádrons e pôde ser avaliada pelo método ZYAM. Após sua subtração na produção do sinal de correlação próprio, a estrutura de correlação resultante é uma função da centralidade, plano de evento e do momento transverso de acordo com os dados das colaborações PHENIX e STAR. Mostrou-se que a estrutura do duplo pico no away-side muda continuamente para um pico único com a redução na centralidade. Além disso, em relação à dependência do plano de eventos, a estrutura de duplo pico no away-side evolui para um pico único à medida que o ângulo azimutal das partículas gatilho se move do plano para o da direção fora do plano de eventos. Também foi mostrado que a estrutura resultante do away-side pode ser sensível ao esquema detalhado pelo método ZYAM, particularmente, a subtração do terceiro coeficiente harmônico. Por último, mas não menos importante, a magnitude da correlação diminuiu com o aumento do momento transversal das partículas associadas. Nossas análises apresentaram um acordo razoável com os dados experimentais publicados pela colaboração PHENIX e STAR do RHIC
The physical phenomena involved in relativistic heavy-ion collisions were studied using a hydrodynamic code, NeXSPheRIO, with event-by-event fluctuating initial conditions featured by high-energy longitudinal flux tubes. Analyses were carried out for hadron spectrum as a function of the transverse momentum by the calculations of particle distributions in seven collision centrality windows, according to the data published by the STAR Collaboration. Also, the collectivity of the nuclear matter formed during the collisions was investigated in terms of dihadron azimuthal correlations. The correlation structures were found to be dependent on the transverse momentum and centrality. They are attributed to the interplay between the centrality dependent background and the eventby-event multiplicity fluctuations. As a result, the observed correlations are featured by a double-peak in the away-side region that continuously change to a single peak under certain circumstances. In terms of the peripheral tube model, the background is dominated by the elliptic flow which increases with decreasing centrality. By numerical calculations, the anisotropy of the system is studied regarding the harmonic flow coefficients up to fourth order, in accordance with the existing RHIC data. The background anisotropy contributes to the dihadron correlations, and can be evaluated by the ZYAM method. After it is subtracted from the proper correlation yields, the resultant correlation structure is a function of centrality, event plane and transverse moment, in accordance with the data from the PHENIX and STAR Collaborations. It was shown that the double-peak structure in the away-side continually changes to a single peak as centrality decreases. In addition, concerning the event plane dependence, the double-peak structure in the away-side evolves into a single peak as the azimuthal angle of the trigger particles moves from the in-plane to the out-of-plane direction. It was also shown that the resultant away-side structure can be sensitive to the detailed schemes of the ZYAM method, particularly, to the subtraction of the third harmonic coefficient. Last but not least, the magnitude of the correlation was found to decrease with increasing transverse moment of the associated particles. Our analyses manifestly presented a reasonable agreement with the experimental data published by the PHENIX and STAR Collaborations
Roy, Christelle. "L'Etrangeté du Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011076.
Full textAprès quasiment 20 ans de recherche auprès des différents accélérateurs de particules américains et européens, le CERN annonce le 10 février 2000 au cours d'une conférence de presse, la mise en évidence expérimentale d'un état particulier de la matière nucléaire, compatible avec la formation d'un QGP, sans pouvoir toutefois le caractériser pleinement. Les expériences du RHIC ont alors pris le relais. Aujourd'hui, au travers une pléthore de résultats nouveaux et parfois bien surprenants, il apparaît de façon de plus en plus certaine, qu'effectivement un état atypique de matière nucléaire a été créé à RHIC et notre vision du QGP comme un gaz parfait de partons n'interagissant que très faiblement, a depuis changé. Un nouvel acronyme a été défini : sQGP pour Strongly Interacting QGP.
Pour parvenir à cette observation, il a fallu passer par la caractérisation même de l'évolution des collisions d'ions lourds, du point de vue chimique et dynamique, en comparant les phénomènes des collisions d'ions lourds pour lesquelles les conditions devraient être réunies pour former un QGP à des collisions d'énergies moindres ou de systèmes plus légers qui ne peuvent permettre cette formation. Le QGP est en effet produit de manière beaucoup trop furtive pour pouvoir le sonder directement. Mon mémoire d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches présente les résultats des analyses que j'ai menées et qui ont contribué à la mise en évidence de la formation d'un état nouveau au RHIC et à cette nouvelle vision du plasma. Les stigmates du QGP ont été recherchés avec les particules contenant des quarks étranges : les résonances de particules simplement étranges et les baryons doublement étranges.
La production des résonances étranges Lambda(1520) apporte en effet des informations sur la phase d'hadronisation du plasma (lorsque les partons se recomposent en hadrons) : selon leur observation ou non, il pourrait être possible de caractériser le freeze-out chimique (instant où les interactions inélastiques cessent et la composition chimique du système est figée), le freeze-out cinétique (instant où les interactions élastiques cessent et les particules n'interagissent plus), si ces deux freeze-out coïncident ou si, au contraire ils sont séparés dans le temps et de combien. L'idée est la suivante : les Lambdas(1520) se désintègrent quasiment instantanément en un proton et un kaon. Par conséquent, si le temps entre les freeze-out chimique et cinétique est long, les produits de désintégration de ces particules peuvent être absorbés dans le milieu dense qui a été créé. En revanche, si les deux freeze-out coïncident ou sont très proches, les produits de désintégration ne sont pas affectés et la particule mère, c'est-à-dire la résonance, peut être identifiée. Ainsi, en mesurant les taux de production de ces particules dans les collisions proton–proton pour lesquelles les deux freeze-out coïncident, et en comparant les taux obtenus dans les collisions Au–Au, à l'énergie nominale du RHIC, il est apparu qu'effectivement, au moins 4 fm/c séparent les deux freeze-out dans les collisions Au–Au. Cette conclusion constitue une étape importante dans la compréhension des collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes et du comportement de la matière dans des conditions extrêmes. Cette analyse est apparue comme originale au sein de la collaboration STAR, étant la première étude sur les résonances étranges. Des algorithmes spécifiques ont dû être mis au point et sont largement utilisés au sein de la collaboration qui depuis étudie de nombreuses autres résonances ou recherche des objets plus exotiques.
La production des baryons étranges a été largement investiguée les années passées car une augmentation « anormale » des taux de production est attendue si un QGP est formé. Les expériences du CERN ont observé effectivement une surproduction de l'étrangeté dans les collisions Pb–Pb mais n'ont pu conclure de manière décisive quant à une formation éventuelle d'un plasma car ces résultats pouvaient être également reproduits par des modèles de gaz de hadrons. Nous avons mené une analyse similaire avec les données de STAR en comparant les taux de production des Xi, baryons doublement étranges, dans les collisions proton–proton et Au–Au à sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV. Là aussi, les résultats sont demeurés ambigus. Ainsi, ces résultats ont conduit un certain nombre de physiciens à ne plus considérer les taux de production de particules étranges comme une signature robuste de la formation d'un QGP. En revanche, l'étrangeté est revenue sur le devant de la scène, de façon plus indirecte donnant des informations très diverses et sur les différentes étapes de la collision.
Les Xi ont révélé tout d'abord que le système créé à l'énergie nominale du RHIC serait en équilibre thermique et chimique et que les températures de freeze-out chimique sont proches de la température de déconfinement prédite par QCD. Nous avons également étudié les phénomènes dynamiques collectifs, appelés flot, qui naissent des interactions entre constituants et se traduisent par une émission de matière dans des directions privilégiées de l'espace de phase. En accord avec leurs faibles sections efficaces d'interaction, les Xi semblent émis bien plus tôt que les particules plus légères. Toutefois, le fait que ces baryons subissent un flot important, laisse supposer qu'elles auraient développé un flot, donc qu'elles auraient été soumises à des interactions, avant la phase d'hadronisation, autrement dit, dans une phase partonique. Les partons subiraient donc des interactions résiduelles, contrairement à ce que préconisaient les théoriciens du milieu des années soixante-dix.
Par ailleurs, en 2003, les quatre expériences du RHIC ont révélé conjointement la mise en évidence du phénomène de jet-quenching dans les collisions d'ions lourds : il traduit une diminution de la production de particules chargées de très haute impulsion transverse s'expliquant par la perte d'énergie des partons dans un milieu très dense. Nous avons réalisé cette analyse en considérant les X et montré que non seulement ces baryons subissent un jet-quenching mais aussi qu'ils ont un comportement différent de celui des mésons. Une dépendance des phénomènes dynamiques au type de particules a ainsi été mise en évidence en accord avec les modèles de coalescence préconisant que les hadrons se forment à partir de la recombinaison des quarks. Là aussi, émergence des partons comme degrés de liberté pertinents.
A partir de ces résultats entre autres, certains théoriciens affirment la découverte du QGP à RHIC mais les expérimentateurs sont plus prudents et désirent auparavant confirmer et enrichir leurs résultats par l'étude d'autres observables qui viendraient corroborer ces observations. Ces années ont été particulièrement stimulantes par l'évolution de nos connaissances grâce aux formidables résultats produits par les quatre expériences du RHIC. Les « vielles » signatures ont fait peau neuve se transformant en sondes nouvelles et riches en informations originales. La conception du QGP a évolué : il ne s'agit plus d'un gaz parfait constitué de partons évoluant librement mais d'un sQGP.
Wong, Stephen Man Hoe. "Finite temperature field theory - hard thermal loops and the quark-gluon plasma." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309328.
Full textPaulo, Júnior Ademar. "Interações efetivas entre quarks a baixas energias a partir da Cromodinâmica Quântica considerando o condensado de quark-antiquark." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3064.
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The Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the current theory that aim to describe the strong interactions in the Standard Model. It is a non-abelian gauge theory where quarks and gluons are the fundamental particles. However, QCD exhibits difficulties when low energy regimes are considered and perturbative methods cannot be employed. Thus, effective models are extremely important and useful when low energy limits are considered. Starting with QCD we develop an effetive model taking into account the second order gluon condensate, ⟨Aa A a ⟩, and quark-antiquark, ⟨ qq⟩. The coupled GAP equations are derived for Ns = 3 and numerical solutions are found for that. Furthermore, a functional expansion from effective potencial to the sixth order is calculated and contributions from that terms inserted into the effective lagrangian.
A Cromodin^amica Qu^antica (QCD) e a atual teoria que busca descrever as intera c~oes fortes dentro do modelo padr~ao. Trata-se de uma teoria de calibre n~ao-abeliana em que os quarks e gl uons constituem as part culas fundamentais. Entretanto, a QCD apresenta di - culdades quando consideram-se regimes de baixas energias em que t ecnicas n~ao perturbativas devem ser utilizadas. Assim, o uso de modelos efetivos e de extrema import^ancia e utilidade para os regimes de baixas energias que s~ao os de interesse deste trabalho. Partindo da QCD desenvolveremos um modelo efetivo para intera c~oes entre quarks levando em conta a presen ca dos condensados de gl uons de ordem dois, ⟨Aa A a ⟩, e de quark-antiquark, ⟨ qq⟩. As equa c~oes do GAP acopladas s~ao obtidas para Ns = 3 e suas solu c~oes num ericas s~ao encontradas. Al em disso, a expans~ao funcional do potencial efetivo at e sexta ordem no campo dos quarks e calculada e as contribui c~oes destes termos consideradas na lagrangeana efetiva.
Caron, Huot Simon 1984. "Heavy quark energy losses in the quark-gluon plasma : beyond leading order." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112385.
Full textJackson, Greg. "The Runny Gauge Plasma: shear viscosity to entropy for quarks and gluons." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23061.
Full textMarty, Rudy. "Simulation de l'expansion et la transition de phase d'un plasma de quarks et d'antiquarks." Nantes, 2012. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=1e717997-f289-455a-ad6b-f9721bd98a45.
Full textThe study of the phase diagram of nuclear matter is often not trivial. This thesis attempts to describe the phase transition created in accelerators of particles, at hightemperature and low baryonic density. If accelerators of particles can be seen as the microscopes of the matter, nevertheless we can not directly observe the phase transition. So we will use a theoretical model to reproduce this phenomenon. The processes involved in the transition are of low energy, where the standard theory Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)- can not be applied in a perturbative way. I will therefore present and use a more simplified model of this theory : the model of Nambu and Jona-Lasinio (NLJ). This model can describe the fundamental particles of matter and their subsequent hadronization via cross sections and the construction of the mass of hadrons. Finally we use the masses and cross sections of this model in a new simulation code based on relativistic molecular dynamics. The presentation of this model begins with the justification of its relativistic aspect, then the explanation of its algorithms. The results of these simulations are finally analyzed and compared with data from RHIC. The phenomenology of non-observable results is also discussed
Espagnon, Bruno. "Aperçu sur l'étude du Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons à l'aide du spectromètre dimuons d'ALICE." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260365.
Full textHamieh, Salah. "Hydrodynamique du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans les collisions d'ions lourds : évolution de l'étrangeté." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112225.
Full textGuerin, F. "Sonde muonique et instrumentation associée pour l'étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans l'expérience ALICE." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00132781.
Full textGuérin, Fabien. "Sonde muonique et instrumentation associée pour l'étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans l'expérience ALICE." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://195.221.120.247/simclient/consultation/binaries/stream.asp?INSTANCE=UCFRSIM&eidmpa=DOCUMENTS_THESES_215.
Full textPillot, Philippe. "Les résonances de quarks lourds comme sonde du plasma de quarks et de gluons : optimisation du spectromètre à muons de l'expérience ALICE et étude de la production du J/$\psi$ dans l'expérience NA60." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010685.
Full textGuiot, Benjamin. "Production de charms et de photons prompts avec le générateur d'évènements EPOS." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMNA0192/document.
Full textAt the LHC, strong interaction is studied by doing collisions of high energy particles. In the case of nucleus-nucleus collision (lead at the LHC), a new state of matter, called Quarks Gluons Plasma (QGP), is created. The study of this QGP is currently a lively research field. Hard probes, like heavy quarks and prompt photons, are produced during early times of collisions done at the LHC. This is why they are ideal probes for the study of the QGP. They will go through and interact with the medium produced by the collision. A comparison with a case without QGP (proton-proton- collision) will allow us to see how hard probes properties are modified by themedium. Then, medium properties like temperature and density can be extracted. This study requires a good understanding of hard probes production in proton-proton collisions. The aim of my thesis is the implementation of heavy quarks and prompt photons in the event generator EPOS (computer code for colliders), for p-p collisions. Our final aim is the study of the QGP in Pb-Pb collisions
Jahnke, Cristiane. "Measurement of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in p-Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV using TPC and EMCal detectors with ALICE at LHC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-17062016-153829/.
Full textColisões de íons pesados relativísticos é uma ferramenta poderosa para se estudar o plasma de quarks e glúons (QGP). Quarks pesados ({\\it charm} e {\\it beauty}) são produzidos nos estágios iniciais da colisão e participam da evolução completa do sistema. Medidas de elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados é uma das possíveis formas de se estudar a interação destas partículas com o QGP. Utilizando o detetor ALICE do LHC, elétrons podem ser identificados com alta eficiência e boa pureza. Uma forte supressão de elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados foi observada em alto $p_$ em colisões de Pb-Pb a 2.76 TeV. Medidas do mesmo observável em colisões p-Pb são cruciais para se entender os efeitos da matéria nuclear fria na produção de tais partículas. O espectro de elétrons provenientes de hádrons que contêm {\\it charm} ou {\\it beauty} foi medido em colisões p-Pb a $\\sqrt = 5.02$ TeV. Os elétrons foram identificados utilizando o {\\it Time Projection Chamber} (TPC) e o {\\it Electromagnetic Calorimeter} (EMCal) do detetor ALICE, no intervalo de momento transversal de $2 < p_ < 20$ GeV/c. As medidas foram realizadas utilizando dois diferentes conjunto de dados: colisões de mínima tendenciosidade ({\\it minimum bias (MB)}) e colisões tomadas utilizando o trigger do EMCal. Os elétrons de fundo foram removidos utilizando um método de massa invariante. Os resultados são compatíveis com a unidade ($R_ \\approx$ 1) e os efeitos da matéria nuclear fria são pequenos para elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados.
Guernane, Rachid. "Optimisation du spectromètre à muons du détecteur ALICE pour l'étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons au LHC." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001419.
Full textZarake, Haitham. "Production de photons et de dileptons dans un plasma de quarks et de gluons : structure infrarouge et effets cohérents." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10078.
Full textFilho, Elienos Pereira de Oliveira. "Study of the angular correlation between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged unidentified particles in pp and p-Pb collisions with ALICE." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-18012015-125411/.
Full textO próposito de colisões entre íons pesados relativísticos é investigar as propriedades do plasma de quarks e gluons (QGP, do inglês Quark-Gluon Plasma). A transição de fase, de um estado hadrônico para o QGP, ocorre em regimes onde a temperatura e/ou densidade atingem um valor suficientemente alto. Neste contexto, colisões entre íons pesados e leves (por exemplo, p-Pb) permitem acessar efeitos devido à matéria nuclear fria (CNM, do inglês Cold Nuclear Matter) e colisões elementares (por exemplo, próton-próton) são usadas como referência para estudos com íons pesados, além de proporcionarem testes para cálculos de QCD perturbativa. Quarks pesados, isto é charm e bottom, são ferramentes muito convenientes no estudo e caracterização do QGP. Essas partículas são produzidas através de espalhamento duro nos instantes iniciais da colisão e, portanto, elas atuam como uma sonda externa para o sistema criado na reação. Esse trabalho consiste no estudo da correlação angular entre elétrons oriundos de quarks pesados e partículas carregadas, em colisões pp (2.76 e 7 TeV) e p-Pb (5.02 TeV), no acelerador LHC (do inglês Large Hadron Collider) do CERN, usando o detector ALICE (do inglês A Large Ion Collider Experiment). A distribuição angular mencionada foi medida em função da multiplicidade do evento, no caso de colisões p-Pb. Em colisões pp, a contribuição relativa de quarks charm e bottom para o total de elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados foi estimada usando a função de correlação obtida.
Vauthier, Astrid. "Mesure des corrélations photon-hadron auprès de l'expérience ALICE au LHC pour l'étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY062/document.
Full textThe quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory used at present to describe the strong interaction, predicts the existence of a phase transition, at very high temperature and/or density, towards a state of nuclear matter where quarks and gluons are deconfined : the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). Such a medium can be produced in laboratory, and the measurement of its properties allows to give a new perspective on the mechanisms of interactions between the constituents as well as to test the QCD in unexplored domains.Ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions delivered by the accelerator LHC at CERN allow to obtain the thermodynamical conditions necessary for the QGP to be formed. By means of a diversified instrumentation, the ALICE experiment allows to reach a large number of observables allowing to characterize the QGP. Among these, the measurement of the fragmentation of the partons (quarks and gluons) allows to study in detail the mechanisms of energy loss in the medium and its redistribution in the final state, and can also be compared with theoretical calculations, based on QCD, that model the interaction of an energetic parton with the QGP which is passing through.The work presented in this manuscript is articulated around the study of the fragmentation function via the measurement of the photon-hadron correlations in proton-proton and proton-Lead collisions. At first, a work on energy calibration of the ALICE experiment’s electromagnetic calorimeter was realized, along with the characterization of the uncertainties of this calibration. Secondly, the photon-hadron correlations, whose main difficulty is the identification of the direct photons, were studied. The results obtained in both systems of collisions demonstrate the feasibility of the analysis which can be easily widened to the peripheral Lead-Lead collisions. Finally, this work shows that the dominant uncertainties of the measurement will be reducible with the new data delivered by the LHC
Pereira, Carlisson Miller Cantanhede [UNESP]. "Simetrias chiral e de sabor em QCD holográfica: estados excitados do píon, acoplamentos fortes de mésons charmosos e catálise magnética inversa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151614.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Existem poucas dúvidas de que a QCD seja a teoria correta das interações fortes. As dificuldades em resolver a teoria em baixas energias no regime fortemente acoplado e não perturbativo tem deixado sem respostas muitas questões importantes, tais como a natureza do confinamento e o mecanismo de hadronização. Diversos métodos têm sido usados para estudar suas propriedades e consequências a baixas energias. Esses métodos incluem a QCD na rede, as equações de Dyson- Schwinger, a teoria de perturbação chiral e os modelos de quarks. Recentemente, a dualidade gauge/gravidade tem fornecido uma nova maneira de acessar o regime fortemente acoplado de uma teoria de calibre via uma teoria de gravidade dual, em especial da QCD através de modelos holográficos. Tais modelos são usualmente denominados modelos holográficos para a QCD, ou apenas modelos AdS/QCD. Nesta tese investigamos importantes problemas de interesse atual em física hadrônica envolvendo as quebras das simetrias chiral e de sabor usando modelos holográficos para a QCD. Estes problemas são: (1) o desaparecimento das constantes de decaimento leptônicas dos estados excitados do pion no limite quiral; (2) os efeitos da quebra de simetria de sabor no acoplamentos do méson rho aos mésons charmosos D and D^{*} e seus fatores de forma eletromagnéticos; (3) os efeitos de um campo magnético e da temperatura sobre o condensado quiral, sinalizando uma catálise magnética inversa.
There is little doubt that QCD is the correct theory for the strong interactions. The difficulties in solving the theory at low energies in the strongly interacting, non-perturbative regime have left unanswered many important questions, such as the nature of confinement and the mechanism of hadronization. Several approaches have been used to study its properties and consequences at low energies. These include lattice QCD, Dyson-Schwinger equations, chiral perturbation theory and quark models. More recently, the gauge/gravity duality has provided a new way to access the strongly coupled regime of a gauge theory via a dual gravity theory, in special of QCD through holographic models. Such models are usually named as holographic QCD models, or just AdS/QCD models. In this thesis, we investigate three problems of contemporary interest in hadronic physics involving the chiral and flavor symmetries holographic QCD models. These problems are: (1) the vanishing of the leptonic decay constants of the excited states of the pion in the chiral limit; (2) the effects of the flavor symmetry breaking on the strong couplings of the rho meson to the charmed D and D^{*} mesons and the their electromagnetic form factors; (3) the effects of a magnetic field and temperature on the chiral condensate, signalizing inverse magnetic catalysis.
Martinez, Gines. "Introduction à l'étude expérimentale de la matière hadronique dans les collisions entre ions lourds. Le Plasma de Quarks et de Gluons." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370481.
Full textGelis, François. "Fonctions de corrélation en théorie des champs à température finie : Aspects formels et applications au plasma de quarks et de gluons." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CHAMS028.
Full textSpeltz, Jeff Coffin Jean-Pierre. "Caractérisation d'un état dense de quarks et de gluons grâce aux fonctions d'excitation des hypérons multi-étranges mesurées avec l'expérience STAR au RHIC." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/714/01/Speltz2006.pdf.
Full textNendaz, Fabien. "Préparation à l'étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans ALICE : le détecteur V0 et les résonances de masses dans le spectromètre à muons." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452580.
Full textGuimarães, Karin Silvia Franzoni Fornazier. "Estudo da produção de estranheza em colisões entre íons pesados relativísticos a &." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-17122007-105539/.
Full textThe main goal of this work was to measure the production of the singly strange particles, such as K0, and in Au+Au collisions at ?sNN = 62.4 GeV, inserting these results in a systematic energy scan study. The data were obtained from the STAR detector, one of the RHIC experiments. In addition, we have used the particle production in these collision to study two specific stages of the fireball evolution: the chemical and kinetic freeze-outs. These two stages were studied comparing the ratio between different particles (strange or not) and also the transverse momentum distribution with thermal models fits in order to check possible effects of equilibrated Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) in the hadron production. The chemical freeze-out was studied comparing the ratios between particles produced in the collision with two different thermal models: one which assumes a equilibrated hadron gas (THERMUS) and another one which assumes a possible non-equilibrated system (SHM). The experimental data were well described by the THERMUS model fit in a great range of energy collisions, mainly at 62.4 GeV. The thermodynamic parameters had been studied as function of the energy in order to verify if it has a smooth or abrupt behavior. The result indicated that this behavior is very smooth with energy. We also compared these results with SHM\'s predictions and, in this comparison, the ratio presented an interesting behavior, suggesting that at low energies the fireball consists of a non-equilibrated system, such as described by SHM model, whereas the model that considers the fireball as a equilibrated hadron gas. The kinetic freeze-out was studied with the transverse momentum spectra using a hydrodynamics inspired model. The results indicate that for the most central events there is a higher expanding velocity and a lower freeze-out temperature. It was also observed that for the particle, the freeze-out temperature is higher than the one for other particles (?, K, p) indicating an earlier decoupling of these particles from the fireball. Finally, we have studied the inclusion for the SVT in the V0 reconstruction analysis, trying to optimize this detector usage in the analysis. The results show that the inclusion of this detector in the analysis can improve the efficiency and purity of the V0 reconstruction in the STAR experiment.
Wu, Tao. "Production de phi et oméga dans les collisions Pb-Pb à 158 Gev par nucléon." Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004516.
Full textIn the most central collisions of Pb-Pb nuclei at SPS CERN, sufficiently high values of energy density could be reached so that a transient new state of matter, the plasma of quarks and gluons (QGP) could be formed. The identification of the production of this state relies on consequences it could induceon final products of the collision, like J/psi suppression due to screening effect on the quark pair potential, or increase of the strangeness production in the plasma. Measuring muon pairs in coincidence with observables characterising the PbPb impact parameter, like the transverse energy E-T produced, the NASO experiment bas observed the anomalous suppression of the J/psi and the enhancement of the phi(grec) production. This thesis deals mainly with the phi production study in the data collected by NA50 in year 2000, with an improved experimental setup, in particular concerning the trigger used for measurement of the transverse energy distribution of the Pb-Pb collisions, and rejection of collisions not occurring in the target. These improvements have given a better access to peripheral and central collisions. The transverse energy spectrum obtained is nicely reproduced by a Glauber geometrical model of the collision, from a low E-T threshold. A cross check between various muon pairs multiplicities do not exhibit systematical bias for the most central collisions. Similarly a cross comparison between J/psi and minimum bias events as a function of E-T bas been used to determine the effect on the efficiency of signal determination, of rejections performed on the events. The behaviour of J/psi multiplicity with E-T which is obtained in this study does not confirm the additional drop that could have been suggested by previous results. Inversely the observed decrease of the J/psi multiplicity divided by the number of n-n collisions determined in the Glauber calculation does not seem to saturate for the most central collisions, as predicted by several models which does not suppose the formation of a QGP. The multiplicities and cross sections that we obtain with 2000 datas for phi and w(omega) are in agreement with the ones obtained with previous data sets. The change in the phi branching ratio into dimuons partly reconciles NA50 phi multiplicities with the one measured by NA49 experiment, but the slopes of the MT spectra remains very different. In summary this study confirms the results previously obtained, and brings additional information about most central collision, for J/psi and phi multiplicities. The interest of the phi/w(omega) ratio as a direct estimate of the square of the strangeness saturation factor γs is underlined
Pereira, Carlisson Miller Cantanhede. "Simetrias chiral e de sabor em QCD holográfica : estados excitados do píon, acoplamentos fortes de mésons charmosos e catálise magnética inversa /." São Paulo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151614.
Full textResumo: Existem poucas dúvidas de que a QCD seja a teoria correta das interações fortes. As dificuldades em resolver a teoria em baixas energias no regime fortemente acoplado e não perturbativo tem deixado sem respostas muitas questões importantes, tais como a natureza do confinamento e o mecanismo de hadronização. Diversos métodos têm sido usados para estudar suas propriedades e consequências a baixas energias. Esses métodos incluem a QCD na rede, as equações de Dyson- Schwinger, a teoria de perturbação chiral e os modelos de quarks. Recentemente, a dualidade gauge/gravidade tem fornecido uma nova maneira de acessar o regime fortemente acoplado de uma teoria de calibre via uma teoria de gravidade dual, em especial da QCD através de modelos holográficos. Tais modelos são usualmente denominados modelos holográficos para a QCD, ou apenas modelos AdS/QCD. Nesta tese investigamos importantes problemas de interesse atual em física hadrônica envolvendo as quebras das simetrias chiral e de sabor usando modelos holográficos para a QCD. Estes problemas são: (1) o desaparecimento das constantes de decaimento leptônicas dos estados excitados do pion no limite quiral; (2) os efeitos da quebra de simetria de sabor no acoplamentos do méson rho aos mésons charmosos D and D^{*} e seus fatores de forma eletromagnéticos; (3) os efeitos de um campo magnético e da temperatura sobre o condensado quiral, sinalizando uma catálise magnética inversa.
Abstract: There is little doubt that QCD is the correct theory for the strong interactions. The difficulties in solving the theory at low energies in the strongly interacting, non-perturbative regime have left unanswered many important questions, such as the nature of confinement and the mechanism of hadronization. Several approaches have been used to study its properties and consequences at low energies. These include lattice QCD, Dyson-Schwinger equations, chiral perturbation theory and quark models. More recently, the gauge/gravity duality has provided a new way to access the strongly coupled regime of a gauge theory via a dual gravity theory, in special of QCD through holographic models. Such models are usually named as holographic QCD models, or just AdS/QCD models. In this thesis, we investigate three problems of contemporary interest in hadronic physics involving the chiral and flavor symmetries holographic QCD models. These problems are: (1) the vanishing of the leptonic decay constants of the excited states of the pion in the chiral limit; (2) the effects of the flavor symmetry breaking on the strong couplings of the rho meson to the charmed D and D^{*} mesons and the their electromagnetic form factors; (3) the effects of a magnetic field and temperature on the chiral condensate, signalizing inverse magnetic catalysis.
Doutor
Fleuret, Frédéric. "Recherche du plasma de quarks et de gluons par l'étude des mésons Jpsi et Jpsi’ dans les collisions d'ions Pb et de protons ultrarelativistes sur divers noyaux." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EPXX0015.
Full textBlanquier, Éric. "Le modèle de Polyakov, Nambu et Jona-Lasinio et ses applications pour décrire les particules sub-nucléaires." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2119/.
Full textTo study the high energy nuclear physics and the associated phenomenon, as the QGP/hadronic matter phase transition, the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model (NJL) appears as an interesting alternative of the Quantum Chromodynamics, not solvable at the considered energies. Indeed, the NJL model allows describing the quarks physics, at finite temperatures and densities. Furthermore, in order to try to correct a limitation of the NJL model, i. E. The absence of confinement, it was proposed a coupling of the quarks/antiquarks to a Polyakov loop, forming the PNJL model. The objective of this thesis is to see the possibilities offered by the NJL and PNJL models, to describe relevant sub-nuclear particles (quarks, mesons, diquarks and baryons), to study their interactions, and to proceed to a dynamical study involving these particles. After a recall of the useful tools, we modeled the u, d, s effective quarks and the mesons. Then, we described the baryons as quarks-diquarks bound states. A part of the work concerned the calculations of the cross-sections associated to the possible reactions implying these particles. Then, we incorporated these works in a computer code, in order to study the cooling of a quarks/antiquarks plasma and its hadronization. In this study, each particle evolves in a system in which the temperature and the densities are local parameters. We have two types of interactions: one due to the collisions, and a remote interaction, notably between quarks. Finally, we studied the properties of our approach: qualities, limitations, and possible evolutions
Feuillard, Victor. "Measurement of the ψ(2S) production in presence of a Quark-Gluon Plasma." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC079/document.
Full textThe nuclear matter, which constitues the atomic nuclei, is composed of quarks and gluons and interactions between them are described by quantum chromo-dynamics (QCD). Under ordinary conditions, quarks and gluons cannot be observed isolated and are confined inside hadrons such as protons and neutrons. The Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a state of nuclear matter predicted by QCD where quarks and gluons are deconfined. Experimentally, a QGP can be created in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions such as the lead-lead collisions delivered at the LHC, corresponding to speeds close to the speed of light. It is possible to obtain information on the characteris- tics of the QGP by measuring a large number of observables. In particular, the production of charmonium states such as the J/ψ and the ψ(2S), heavy particles composed of a charm and anti-charm pair (), is studied to investigate the plasma. Indeed, the presence of QGP is expected to modify the charmonium production yields, due to a balance between the mechanism of color screening of the charm quark potential and a mechanism called recombination. This balance depends on the collision energy, the temperature of the plasma and nature on the considered particle, in particular one expects the ψ(2S) to be more suppressed than the J/ψ. In this thesis the inclusive production of ψ(2S) in Pb − Pb collisions at an energy per nucleon-nucleon collision in the center of mass frame of TeV is measured in the dimuon-decay channel, using the ALICE Muon Spectrometer. The analysis is based on the data collected in ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the LHC in 2015 with an integrated luminosity of 225 μb−1. The nuclear modification factor RAA is studied as a function of centrality. The ratio of the ψ(2S) and J/ψ RAA is also evaluated and shows that the ψ(2S) is more suppressed than the J/ψ for mid-central and central events. Compared with theoretical predictions, the measurements are, within uncertainty, in agreement with theoretical model. The upgrade of the Muon Trigger, the MID (Muon Identifier), is also studied, in particular the expected data flow at a collisions rate of 100 kHz. Based on the Pb − Pb data at a collision energy of TeV, the estimations predict that the technology that will be implemented in the MID provides a sufficient bandwidth to sustain the data flow
Altherr, Tanguy. "Etude perturbative en theorie quantique des champs a temperature finie : application a l'emission de paires de leptons par un plasma de quarks et de gluons." Chambéry, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989CHAMSA06.
Full textBerrehrah, Hamza. "Propagation et collectivité des quarkonia dans le plasma de quarks et de gluons : vers la suppression de la suppression du J/ψ à hautes températures." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2115.
Full textThe suppression of quarkonia has been studied as a probe of the quark gluon plasma (QGP) properties for 25 years. However, the comparison between experimental data and theoretical scenarios including suppression mechanisms is not very conclusive. An alternative track is to study not only the suppression but also the physical properties of quarkonia survivors in the QGP. In fact, recent SPS results showed a non-zero quarkonia elliptic flow. On the other hand, recent RHIC results suggest a strong thermalization of charm quarks in the medium. Therefore, it follows a small diffusion coefficient and a moderate final separation between the two constituents of the bound state. This would limit the J/ψ suppression (suppression of the J/ψ suppression) and motivate the interest to study the quarkonia dynamics in the QGP. This thesis focuses on the study of the physical aspects underlying the quarkonia propagation and collectivity in the QGP. The study is performed using a hydrodynamic transport model describing the stochastic evolution of a bound state in a hot fluid. The ingredients for this approach are, among others, the evaluation of the elastic and inelastic quarkonium-gluon/quark/hadron scattering processes, and a relevant estimation of the collisional energy losses and stochastic forces of the thermal bath. To conduct this study, we developed a theoretical framework by combining analytical calculations based on pQCD, phenomenological considerations and results from lQCD. The role of elastic scattering process during the quarkonia propagation in the QGP has been demonstrated in our study. In addition, elements that characterize the quarkonia collectivity in the medium were obtained
Rohrmoser, Martin. "Study of correlations of heavy quarks in heavy ion collisions and their role in understanding the mechanisms of energy loss in the quark gluon plasma." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0015/document.
Full textContext: Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong interactions, predicts a new state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), where its fundamental degrees of freedom, the quarks and gluons, behave quasi-freely. The required high temperatures and/orparticle densities can be expected for the early stages of the universe and in neutron stars, but have lately become accessible by highly energetic collisions of heavy ion cores. Commonly, these experiments study the QGP by the detection of hard probes, i.e. highly energetic particles, most notably heavy quarks, that pass the medium. The mechanisms of their energy-loss in the QGP are not yet completely understood. In particular, they are attributed to processes of either additional, medium induced radiation or 2 to 2 particle scattering, or combinations thereof.Methods: In a theoretical, phenomenological approach to search for new observables that allow discriminating between these collisional and radiative energy-loss mechanisms a Monte-Carlo algorithm that simulates the formation of particle cascades from an initial particle was implemented. For the medium, different types of QGP-jet interactions, corresponding to collisional and/orradiative energy loss, were introduced. Correlations between pairs of final cascade particles, where one represents a heavy trigger quark, were investigated as a means to differentiate between these models.Findings: The dependence of angular opening for two particle correlations as a function of particle energy may provide a means to disentangle collisional and radiative mechanisms of in-medium energy loss
Speltz, Jeff. "Caractérisation d'un état dense de quarks et de gluons grâce aux fonctions d'excitation des hypérons multi-étranges mesurées avec l'expérience STAR au RHIC." Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00391681.
Full textPeigne, Stéphane. "Calcul perturbatif d'observables du plasma de quarks et de gluons : comportement infrarouge des theories de jauge a haute temperature. effets coherents dans un milieu non abelien." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112156.
Full textCaucal, Paul. "Jet evolution in a dense QCD medium." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP002.
Full textTo probe the properties of the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions, a very useful class of observables refers to the propagation of energetic jets. A jet is a collimated spray of particles generated via successive parton branchings, starting with a virtual quark or gluon produced by the collision. When such a jet is produced in the dense environment of a nucleus-nucleus collision, its interactions with the surrounding medium lead to a modification of its properties, phenomenon known as jet quenching. In this thesis, we develop a new theory to describe jet quenching. We compute for the first time the effects of the medium on multiple vacuum-like emissions, that is emissions triggered by the virtuality of the initial parton. We present a new physical picture for jet evolution, with notably a factorisation in time between vacuum-like emissions and medium-induced emissions. This picture is Markovian, hence well suited for a Monte Carlo implementation that we develop in the parton shower JetMed. We then investigate the phenomenological consequences of our new picture on jet observables and especially the jet nuclear modification factor RAA, the Soft Drop zg distribution and the jet fragmentation function. Our Monte Carlo results prove to be in good agreement with the LHC measurements
Rakotozafindrabe, Andry. "Etude de l'effet d'écrantage de couleur dans un plasma de quarks et de gluons sur les taux de production des quarkonia dans les collisions d'ions lourds auprès de l'expérience PHENIX." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003165.
Full textVillatte, Laurence. "Etude de la production de mésons PHI, RHO et OMEGA dans les collisions d'ions lourds ultra-relativistes au SPS du CERN (dans l'expérience NA50)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001423.
Full textYokoyama, Hiroki. "Mesure de la production inclusive de jets chargés dans les collisions Pb-Pb à 5.02TeV avec l'expérience ALICE auprès du LHC." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY010/document.
Full textHigh-energy nuclear physics aims at revealing the properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP),a new state of matter consisting of asymptotically free strong-interacting quarks and gluons. According to lattice QCD calculation, a transition from normal nuclear matter to a QGP is expected for energy densities exceeding the critical threshold of Ec ~ 1 GeV/fm3 (Tc ~ 150 - 200 MeV). Such extreme conditions of temperature and energy density are met in laboratory by smashing heavy nuclei at ultrarelativistic energies. The QGP thus created is however so short lived that it can only be resolved by self-generated hard probes, namely produced together with the medium but on a much shorter time scale. By subsequently interacting with the expanding QGP, these well calibrated probes carry valuable information about its transport properties.The purpose of this thesis is the measurement of jets as hard probes of the QGP along two complementary directions: by developping a new ALICE jet calorimeter trigger algorithm for LHC Run 2 to efficiently select events containing high energy electromagnetic showers and measuring charged jet production cross sections in Pb-Pb collisions at highest-ever centre of mass energy of 5.02TeV provided by the LHC. One of the basic challenges facing jet measurement in heavy-ion collisions consists in separating jets from the soft underlying event. The magnitude of the underlying event is quantified on an event-by-event basis and subtracted from the reconstructed jets. The remaining background fluctuations and detector effects are corrected at the event-ensemble level by an unfolding method. Furthermore, in order to minimise the fake jet contamination, a leading track jet transverse momentum cut-off of 5 GeV/c is applied.A strong suppression of jet production in the most central heavy-ion collisions is observed and quantified by the measurement of the nuclear modification factor, RAA. Such a suppression is interpreted as the result of parton energy loss in the QGP, the so-called jet quenching phenomenon. In this thesis, a phenomenological study with an original experimental observable of jet quenching (the energy shift) is presented. The key findings from this study are that the energy loss is constant in the measured jet transverse momentum range (up to ~ 100 GeV/c), of larger amplitude than at lower collision energy, and with a quadradic path-length dependence supporting the assumption that gluon radiation is the dominant mechanism at work
Arbor, Nicolas. "Etude de la fragmentation des partons par mesure de corrélations photon-hadrons auprès de l'expérience ALICE au LHC." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944789.
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