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Journal articles on the topic 'Plasma de quarks e glúons'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bassalo, José Maria Filardo, and M. Cattani. "Sobre a radiação cósmica de fundo de micro-onda." Caderno Brasileiro de Ensino de Física 34, no. 3 (December 8, 2017): 823–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7941.2017v34n3p823.

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Neste artigo, procuraremos dar uma pálida ideia para o leitor do que poderia ser a Radiação Cósmica de Fundo de Micro-onda (RCFM) que, segundo o tradicional modelo do “Big Bang”, foi gerada por uma explosão primordial. Com esse objetivo, achamos muito importante apresentarmos um breve resumo histórico de como o Microcosmo, baseado no Modelo Padrão da Física das Partículas Elementares (MPPE), e o Macrocosmo, baseado no Modelo Padrão do Big Bang (MPBB), evoluíram no tempo. Além disso, na parte final do artigo analisaremos os dois processos físicos apresentados na literatura que procuram explicar a RCFM: Bariogênese e Plasma Quark-Glúon.

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2

de Cassagnac, Raphaël Granier. "Le plasma de quarks et de gluons." Reflets de la physique, no. 19 (May 2010): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/refdp/2010011.

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3

Bhattacharyya, Trambak, Surasree Mazumder, and Raktim Abir. "Soft Gluon Radiation off Heavy Quarks beyond Eikonal Approximation." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1298986.

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We calculate the soft gluon radiation spectrum off heavy quarks (HQs) interacting with light quarks (LQs) beyond small angle scattering (eikonality) approximation and thus generalize the dead-cone formula of heavy quarks extensively used in the literatures of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) phenomenology to the large scattering angle regime which may be important in the energy loss of energetic heavy quarks in the deconfined Quark-Gluon Plasma medium. In the proper limits, we reproduce all the relevant existing formulae for the gluon radiation distribution off energetic quarks, heavy or light, used in the QGP phenomenology.

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4

Pan, Ying-Hua, and Wei-Ning Zhang. "Chemical Evolution of Strongly Interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/952607.

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At very initial stage of relativistic heavy ion collisions a wave of quark-gluon matter is produced from the break-up of the strong color electric field and then thermalizes at a short time scale (~1 fm/c). However, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) system is far out of chemical equilibrium, especially for the heavy quarks which are supposed to reach chemical equilibrium much late. In this paper a continuing quark production picture for strongly interacting QGP system is derived, using the quark number susceptibilities and the equation of state; both of them are from the results calculated by the Wuppertal-Budapest lattice QCD collaboration. We find that the densities of light quarks increase by 75% from the temperatureT=400 MeV toT=150 MeV, while the density of strange quark annihilates by 18% in the temperature region. We also offer a discussion on how this late production of quarks affects the final charge-charge correlations.

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5

HEINZ, U., K. S. LEE, and M. J. RHOADES-BROWN. "$s-\bar{s}$ SEPARATION DURING HADRONIZATION OF A QUARK-GLUON PLASMA." Modern Physics Letters A 02, no. 03 (March 1987): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732387000197.

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We present the equilibrium phase diagram for hadronic and quark matter containing strange particles and show quantitatively that at finite baryon density hadronization of quark-gluon plasma proceeds through a mixed phase in which [Formula: see text]-quarks hadronize first (as K+ and K0 mesons) and s-quarks get enriched in the plasma subphase.

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6

Gossiaux, P. B., and J. Aichelin. "Tomography of the quark–gluon plasma by heavy quarks." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 36, no. 6 (May 13, 2009): 064028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/36/6/064028.

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7

Aichelin, J., V. Ozvenchuck, T. Gousset, and P. B. Gossiaux. "Analysis of the Quark-Gluon Plasma by Heavy Quarks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 623 (June 11, 2015): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/623/1/012002.

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8

Svetitsky, Benjamin. "Diffusion of charmed quarks in the quark-gluon plasma." Physical Review D 37, no. 9 (May 1, 1988): 2484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.37.2484.

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9

Mustafa, Munshi Golam, Dipali Pal, and Dinesh Kumar Srivastava. "Propagation of charm quarks in equilibrating quark-gluon plasma." Physical Review C 57, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.57.889.

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10

YAN, LI, PENGFEI ZHUANG, and NU XU. "CHARM QUARK THERMALIZATION IN QUARK-GLUON PLASMA." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007441.

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The charm quark thermalization in quark-gluon plasma is described by a transport model in relaxation time approximation. Combining the transport equation for charm quarks with the hydrodynamic description for the medium, we calculated the charm quark transverse momentum distribution and discussed its dependence on the relaxation time.

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11

Chernodub, Maxim N. "Conformal Anomaly in Yang-Mills Theory and Thermodynamics of Open Confining Strings." Universe 6, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6110202.

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We discuss thermodynamic properties of open confining strings introduced via static sources in the vacuum of Yang-Mills theory. We derive new sum rules for the chromoelectric and chromomagnetic condensates and use them to show that the presence of the confining string lowers the gluonic pressure in the bulk of the system. The pressure deficit of the gluon plasma is related to the potential energy in the system of heavy quarks and anti-quarks in the plasma.

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12

Beraudo, A., J. P. Blaizot, P. Faccioli, and G. Garberoglio. "A path integral for heavy quarks in a hot plasma." Nuclear Physics A 846, no. 1-4 (November 2010): 104–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.06.007.

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13

Krenz, Nadja, Hendrik van Hees, and Carsten Greiner. "Quarkonia Production and Dissociation in a Langevin Approach." Proceedings 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019010030.

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We aim to describe the process of dissociation and recombination of quarkonia in the quark-gluon plasma. Therefore we developed a model which allows to observe the time evolution of a system with various numbers of charm-anticharm-quark pairs at different temperatures. The motion of the heavy quarks is realized within a Langevin approach. We use a simplified version of a formalism developed by Blaizot et al. in which an Abelian plasma is considered where the heavy quarks interact over a Coulomb like potential. We have demonstrated, that the system reaches the expected thermal distribution in the equilibrium limit.

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14

Tuan Anh, Nguyen. "Thermodynamic Hadron-Quark Phase Transition of Chiral Nuclear Matter to Quark-Gluon Plasma." Communications in Physics 27, no. 1 (March 9, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/27/1/9221.

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After receiving very interesting results from investigations of chiral nuclear matter based on the extended Nambu-Jona--Lasinio model (ENJL) included the scalar-vector eight-point interaction, a fundamental question of nuclear physics is what happens to chiral nuclear matter as it is compressed or heated. At very high density and temperature, quarks and gluons come into play and a transition is expected to happen from a phase of nuclear matter consisting of confined hadrons and mesons to a state of `liberated' quarks and gluons. In this paper, we investigate the hadron-quark (HQ) phase transition occurs beyond the chiral phase transition in the nuclear matter. The results show that there exits a quarkyonic-like phase, appeared just before deconfinement, when the chiral symmetry is restored but the elementary excitation modes are still nucleonic.

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15

Plumari, Salvatore, Santosh K. Das, Francesco Scardina, Vincenzo Minissale, and Vincenzo Greco. "Heavy Quark Dynamics toward thermalization: RAA, υ1, υ2, υ3." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 18014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817118014.

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We describe the propagation of Heavy quarks (HQs) in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) within a relativistic Boltzmann transport (RBT) approach. The interaction between heavy quarks and light quarks is described within quasi-particle approach which is able to catch the main features of non-perturbative interaction as the increasing of the interaction in the region of low temperature near TC. In our calculations the hadronization of charm quarks in D mesons is described by mean of an hybrid model of coalescence plus fragmentation. We show that the coalescence play a key role to get a good description of the experimental data for the nuclear suppression factor RAA and the elliptic flow υ2(pT) at both RHIC and LHC energies. Moreover, we show some recent results on the direct flow υ1 and triangular flow υ3 of D meson.

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16

PAULUCCI, L., and J. E. HORVATH. "CFL STRANGE QUARK MATTER AT FINITE TEMPERATURE." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 09 (October 2007): 2851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307008562.

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The strange quark matter (SQM) hypothesis states that it is possible that the ground state of cold baryonic matter is a plasma composed roughly of equal numbers of up, down and strange quarks. This stability scenario is even more favorable if quarks are in a color flavor locked (CFL) state, in which quarks form pairs resembling the superconductivity Cooper pairs. We present calculations on the basis of the MIT Bag Model for the stability windows for SQM in the CFL state and for the energy of strangelets at non-zero temperatures, comparing with the unpaired SQM. We also discuss some astrophysical implications of such results.

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17

Mustafa, Munshi Golam, Dipali Pal, Dinesh Kumar Srivastava, and Markus Thoma. "Radiative energy-loss of heavy quarks in a quark-gluon plasma." Physics Letters B 428, no. 3-4 (June 1998): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(98)00429-8.

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18

Vujanovic, Gojko. "Multi-stage evolution of heavy quarks in the quark-gluon plasma." Nuclear Physics A 1005 (January 2021): 121965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2020.121965.

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19

Terranova, S., D. M. Zhou, and A. Bonasera. "Large momenta fluctuations of charm quarks in the Quark-Gluon Plasma⋆." European Physical Journal A 26, no. 3 (December 2005): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2005-10183-2.

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20

Xiaobing, Zhou, Hu Shike, Zhang Lin, and Zhao Changlin. "Mass-effect of Quarks in Freeze-out from Quark-gluon Plasma." Chinese Physics Letters 8, no. 6 (June 1991): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/8/6/003.

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21

LAYEK, BISWANATH, AJIT M. SRIVASTAVA, and SOMA SANYAL. "EXCITED HADRONS AS A SIGNAL FOR QUARK–GLUON PLASMA FORMATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 16 (June 30, 2006): 3421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06033088.

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At the quark–hadron transition, when quarks get confined to hadrons, certain orbitally excited states, namely those which have excitation energies above the respective L = 0 states of the same order as the transition temperature Tc, may form easily because of thermal velocities of quarks at the transition temperature. We propose that the ratio of multiplicities of such excited states to the respective L = 0 states can serve as an almost model independent signal for the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. For example, the ratio R* of multiplicities of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] when plotted with respect to the center-of-mass energy of the collision [Formula: see text] (or vs. centrality/number of participants), should show a jump at the value of [Formula: see text] beyond which the QGP formation occurs. This should happen irrespective of the shape of the overall plot of R* vs. [Formula: see text]. Recent data from RHIC on Λ*/Λ vs. N part for large values of N part may be indicative of such a behavior, though there are large error bars. We give a list of several other such candidate hadronic states.

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22

Escobedo, Miguel Ángel, and Jean-Paul Blaizot. "Quantum and Classical Dynamics of Heavy Quarks in a Quark-Gluon Plasma." Nuclear Physics A 982 (February 2019): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2018.10.025.

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23

Marquet, C., G. Beuf, and B. W. Xiao. "Energy loss and thermalization of heavy quarks in a strongly-coupled plasma." Nuclear Physics A 830, no. 1-4 (November 2009): 307c—310c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2009.09.030.

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24

Roy, Pradip Kumar, Dinesh Kumar Srivastava, and Bikash Sinha. "Features of photons radiated off quarks escaping from a quark-gluon plasma." Physical Review D 51, no. 9 (May 1, 1995): 4884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.51.4884.

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25

Vértesi, Róbert. "Heavy-Flavor Measurements with the ALICE Experiment at the LHC." Universe 5, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5050130.

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Heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are produced early in the nucleus–nucleus collisions, and heavy flavor survives throughout the later stages. Measurements of heavy-flavor quarks thus provide us with means to understand the properties of the Quark–Gluon Plasma, a hot and dense state of matter created in heavy-ion collisions. Production of heavy-flavor in small collision systems, on the other hand, can be used to test Quantum-chromodynamics models. After a successful completion of the Run-I data taking period, the increased luminosity from the LHC and an upgraded ALICE detector system in the Run-II data taking period allows for unprecedented precision in the study of heavy quarks. In this article we give an overview of selected recent results on heavy-flavor measurements with ALICE experiments at the LHC.

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26

YASUI, S., S. H. LEE, K. OHNISHI, I. K. YOO, and C. M. KO. "STUDYING DIQUARK STRUCTURE OF HEAVY BARYONS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 27n30 (September 30, 2008): 2254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308029149.

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We propose the enhancement of Λc yield in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC as a novel signal for the existence of diquarks in the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma produced in these collisions as well as in the Λc. Assuming that stable bound diquarks can exist in the quark-gluon plasma, we argue that the yield of Λc would be increased by two-body collisions between [ud] diquarks and c quarks, in addition to normal three-body collisions among u, d and c quarks. A quantitative study of this effect based on the coalescence model shows that including the contribution of diquarks to Λc production indeed leads to a substantial enhancement of the Λc/D ratio in heavy ion collisions.

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27

Ghenam, L., A. Ait El Djoudi, and K. Mezouar. "Deconfining phase transition in a finite volume with massive particles: finite size and finite mass effects." Canadian Journal of Physics 94, no. 2 (February 2016): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0484.

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We study the deconfining phase transition from a hadronic gas phase consisting of massive pions to a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) phase containing gluons, massless up and down quarks, and massive strange quarks. The two phases are supposed to coexist in a finite volume, and the finite size effects are studied, in the two cases of thermally driven and density driven deconfining phase transitions. Finite-mass effects are also examined, then the color-singletness condition for the QGP is taken into account and finite size effects are investigated in this case also.

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28

BEGUN, V. V., M. I. GORENSTEIN, and O. A. MOGILEVSKY. "MODIFIED BAG MODELS FOR THE QUARK–GLUON PLASMA EQUATION OF STATE." International Journal of Modern Physics E 20, no. 08 (August 2011): 1805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301311019623.

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The modified versions of the bag model equation of state (EoS) are considered. They are constructed to satisfy the main qualitative features observed for the quark–gluon plasma EoS in the lattice QCD calculations. A quantitative comparison with the lattice results at high temperatures T are done in the SU(3) gluodynamics and in the full QCD with dynamical quarks. Our analysis advocates a negative value of the bag constant B.

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29

ZHANG, BIN. "J/ψ PRODUCTION FROM CHARM COALESCENCE IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007465.

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J/ψ production is closely related to the production of the strongly interacting Quark-Gluon Plasma (sQGP) in relativistic heavy ion collisions. To study the effects of charm quark dynamics on J/ψ production, the phase space distributions of charm and anti-charm quarks are generated using A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) model. These charm quarks then coalesce into J/ψ particles. The production and flow of J/ψ show strong sensitivity to final state charm interactions. The results are compared to charm quark and D meson results from the AMPT model and recent predictions from other models.

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30

Andreev, Oleg. "Drag force on heavy quarks and spatial string tension." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 06 (February 28, 2018): 1850041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318500414.

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Heavy quark transport coefficients in a strongly coupled Quark–Gluon Plasma can be evaluated using a gauge/string duality and lattice QCD. Via this duality, one can argue that for low momenta the drag coefficient for heavy quarks is proportional to the spatial string tension. Such a tension is well-studied on the lattice that allows one to straightforwardly make non-perturbative estimates of the heavy quark diffusion coefficients near the critical point. The obtained results are consistent with those in the literature.

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31

KHADKIKAR, S. B., J. C. PARIKH, and P. C. VINODKUMAR. "EQUATION OF STATE FOR QUARK GLUON PLASMA IN A RELATIVISTIC HARMONIC CONFINEMENT MODEL." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 08 (March 14, 1993): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393000763.

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A relativistic harmonic confinement model for quarks and a similar current confinement model for gluons have been used to obtain an equation of state for quark-gluon plasma. Such models may be deduced from QCD under certain approximations, by considering small quantum fluctuations about a background field. At high temperatures a T7 dependence of pressure and energy density is obtained with relativistic harmonic mode of confinement.

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32

Ruggieri, M., S. Plumari, F. Scardina, and V. Greco. "Quarks production in the quark–gluon plasma created in relativistic heavy ion collisions." Nuclear Physics A 941 (September 2015): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.004.

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33

Rehberg, P., and J. Hüfner. "A numerical study of an expanding plasma of quarks in a chiral model." Nuclear Physics A 635, no. 4 (June 1998): 511–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(98)00184-5.

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34

Wong, Cheuk-Yin. "Effects of boundary on momentum distribution of quarks in a quark-gluon plasma." Physical Review C 48, no. 2 (August 1, 1993): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.48.902.

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35

Thomas, Markus H., and Miklos Gyulassy. "Energy loss of high energy quarks and gluons in the quark-gluon plasma." Nuclear Physics A 544, no. 1-2 (July 1992): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(92)90621-p.

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36

Berrehrah, H., E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing, P. B. Gossiaux, and J. Aichelin. "Towards the dynamical study of heavy-flavor quarks in the Quark-Gluon-Plasma." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 509 (May 7, 2014): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/509/1/012076.

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37

Gagnon, R., M. A. Simard, and P. Valin. "Fireball production in a quark-gluon plasma and the equilibrium of strange quarks." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 39, no. 4 (December 1988): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01555974.

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38

TANNENBAUM, M. J. "HEAVY ION PHYSICS AT RHIC." International Journal of Modern Physics E 17, no. 05 (May 2008): 771–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301308010167.

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The status of the physics of heavy ion collisions is reviewed based on measurements over the past 6 years from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The dense nuclear matter produced in Au + Au collisions with nucleon-nucleon c.m. energy [Formula: see text] at RHIC corresponds roughly to the density and temperature of the universe a few microseconds after the ‘big-bang’ and has been described as “a perfect liquid” of quarks and gluons, rather than the gas of free quarks and gluons, “the quark-gluon plasma” as originally envisaged. The measurements and arguments leading to this description will be presented.

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39

DILLIG, MANFRED, MATHIAS SCHOTT, EDUARDO F. LÜTZ, ALEXANDRE MESQUITA, and CÉSAR A. Z. VASCONCELLOS. "EFFECTIVE MESONIC AND BARYONIC DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN NEUTRON STARS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 07 (August 2004): 1365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804005559.

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We present a sketchy survey on the role of effective mesonic and baryonic degrees of freedom in dense hadronic matter and briefly mention still very crude attempts to include constituent quarks degrees of freedom for a transition to a quark gluon plasma.

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40

Dey, Jayanta, Sarthak Satapathy, Ankita Mishra, Souvik Paul, and Sabyasachi Ghosh. "From noninteracting to interacting picture of quark–gluon plasma in the presence of a magnetic field and its fluid property." International Journal of Modern Physics E 30, no. 06 (June 2021): 2150044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301321500440.

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We have attempted to build a parametric-based simplified and analytical model to map the interaction of quarks and gluons in the presence of magnetic field, which has been constrained by quark condensate and thermodynamical quantities like pressure, energy density, etc., obtained from the calculation of lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCDs). To fulfill that mapping, we have assumed a parametric temperature and magnetic field-dependent degeneracy factor, average energy, momentum and velocity of quarks and gluons. Implementing this QCD interaction in calculation of transport coefficient at finite magnetic field, we have noticed that magnetic field and interaction both are two dominating sources, for which the values of transport coefficients can be reduced. Though the methodology is not so robust, but with the help of its simple parametric expressions, one can get a quick rough estimation of any phenomenological quantity, influenced by temperature and magnetic field-dependent QCD interaction.

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41

Adhya, Souvik Priyam. "Astrophysical Aspects of Neutrino Dynamics in Ultradegenerate Quark Gluon Plasma." Advances in High Energy Physics 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1273931.

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The cardinal focus of the present review is to explore the role of neutrinos originating from the ultradense core of neutron stars composed of quark gluon plasma in the astrophysical scenario. The collective excitations of the quarks involving the neutrinos through the different kinematical processes have been studied. The cooling of the neutron stars as well as pulsar kicks due to asymmetric neutrino emission has been discussed in detail. Results involving calculation of relevant physical quantities like neutrino mean free path and emissivity have been presented in the framework of non-Fermi liquid behavior as applicable to ultradegenerate plasma.

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42

GEIST, W. M. "ULTRARELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR PHYSICS: FROM BECOMING TO BEING." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 15 (September 1989): 3717–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001497.

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Basic theoretical ideas on a phase transition in heavy ion collisions to a thermalized plasma of free quarks and gluons are outlined. Major experiments are then described which made use of oxygen and sulphur beams with moderate (BNL) or high (CERN) momenta. Representative results pertaining to both average event features and quark-gluon plasma properties are discussed in some detail. This review addresses also interested non-specialists.

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43

Terazawa, Hidezumi. "Possible Effects of Non-Vanishing Particle Sizes in the Early Universe." Modern Physics Letters A 12, no. 38 (December 14, 1997): 2927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397003046.

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Possible effects of the non-vanishing sizes of particles (atoms, nuclei, nucleons, quarks, and leptons) in the early universe (the temperature T) are discussed in an extended Friedmann model of the universe (the scale a). In particular we point out the following possibilities: (a) if rq>(2NB/π)-1/3a, most of the proposed scenarios for T>103 TeV including the inflationary universe are unrealistic, (b) rq<(2NB/π)-1/3a due to the smallness of rq(≲ 10-27 cm ), (c) rq<(2NB/π)-1/3a due to the smallness of NB in which the baryon number (or quark number) must be generated at T≲03 TeV if rq≳ 10-17 cm (where rq and NB are the effective radius of quarks and the baryon number in the universe, respectively), and (d) for T≳ 103 TeV , the universe was filled not with quark–gluon plasma but with "subquark plasma".

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44

Aarts, Gert, Chris Allton, Davide de Boni, Simon Hands, Benjamin Jäger, Chrisanthi Praki, and Jon-Ivar Skullerud. "Baryons in the plasma: In-medium effects and parity doubling." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 14005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817114005.

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We investigate the fate of baryons made out of u, d and s quarks in the hadronic gas and the quark-gluon plasma, using nonperturbative lattice simulations, employing the FASTSUManisotropic Nf = 2+1 ensembles. In the confined phase a strong temperature dependence is seen in the masses of the negative-parity groundstates, while the positiveparity groundstate masses are approximately temperature independent, within the error. At high temperature parity doubling emerges. A noticeable effect of the heavier s quark is seen. We give a simple description of the medium-dependent masses for the negativeparity states and speculate on the relevance for heavy-ion phenomenology via the hadron resonance gas.

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45

Uphoff, Jan, Oliver Fochler, Zhe Xu, and Carsten Greiner. "Production, elliptic flow and energy loss of heavy quarks in the quark-gluon plasma." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 270 (January 1, 2011): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/270/1/012028.

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46

Gossiaux, Pol Bernard, Vincent Guiho, and Jörg Aichelin. "Charmonia enhancement in quark–gluon plasma with improved description of c-quarks phase distribution." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 31, no. 6 (May 23, 2005): S1079—S1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/31/6/062.

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47

Hoyos, Carlos. "Drag and jet quenching of heavy quarks in a strongly coupled 𝒩 = 2* plasma." Journal of High Energy Physics 2009, no. 09 (September 14, 2009): 068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2009/09/068.

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48

Burger, Florian, Ernst-Michael Ilgenfritz, Maria Paola Lombardo, Michael Müller-Preussker, and Anton Trunin. "Towards the quark-gluon plasma Equation of State with dynamical strange and charm quarks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 668 (January 18, 2016): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/668/1/012092.

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49

Chernicoff, Mariano, and Alberto Güijosa. "Energy loss of gluons, baryons andk-quarks in an Script N = 4 SYM plasma." Journal of High Energy Physics 2007, no. 02 (February 26, 2007): 084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/02/084.

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50

Alam, Jan-E., Pradip Roy, Sourav Sarkar, Sibaji Raha, and Bikash Sinha. "Thermal Masses and Equilibrium Rates in the Quark Gluon Phase." International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, no. 28 (November 10, 1997): 5151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97002759.

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We apply the momentum integrated Boltzmann transport equation to study the time evolution of various quark flavors in the central region of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The effects of thermal masses for quarks and gluons are incorporated to take into account the in-medium properties of these ingredients of the putative quark gluon plasma. We find that even under very optimistic conditions, complete chemical equilibration in the quark gluon plasma appears unlikely.

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