Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plasma (Gaz ionisés) – Propriétés optiques'
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Marceau, Claude. "Anisotropie optique ultrarapide induite par la filamentation d'impulsions femtosecondes dans les gaz." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26889/26889.pdf.
Full textUrsu, Cristian. "Caractérisation par méthodes optiques et électriques du plasma produit par ablation laser." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10005/document.
Full textThe transient plasmas generated by high-fluence laser ablation are complex phenomena involving multiple processes, as optical radiation absorption by the matter, temperature increase and phase transitions generated by the energy transfer, expanding gas hydrodynamics, electrical interactions between the charged particles, or the interaction of the laser radiation with the generated plasma. A most complete understanding of this phenomenon is therefore necessary from the fundamental point of view, but also for characterizing the behavior of high technological potential materials under intense irradiation. We have developed a multi-diagnostic approach, based on optical and electrical techniques: fast ICCD camera imaging, space- and time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy, diode laser absorption spectroscopy, Langmuir probe. These techniques have been used to characterize plasmas generated by nanosecond laser ablation of various samples, from simple Al and Cu metals, to more complicated ceramics, chalcogenide glasses or ferromagnetics. The main results have been the observation of the plasma splitting in two structures and the kinetic and energetic characterization of their constituents. These results present fundamental (development of a fractal hydrodynamic model) and applied (erosion of dielectric walls in space plasma thrusters, pulsed laser deposition of thin films) interest
Le, Marec Andréa. "Vers les lasers XUV femtosecondes : étude des propriétés spectrales et temporelles de l'amplification de rayonnement XUV dans un plasma." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS337/document.
Full textThe work of this thesis was made in the context of the efforts made to reduce the pulse duration of plasma-based XUV lasers down to the femtosecond domain. The very narrow spectral width of the amplifier medium (~ 1E10 - 1E11 Hz) limits the minimum achievable pulse duration (Fourier limit). The amplifier medium of XUV lasers pumped by collisional excitation are dense and hot plasmas that can be created both by rapid electrical discharge and by different types of power lasers. There are thus 4 distinct types of XUV laser sources with different plasma parameters (density, temperature) in the gain region. Yet, the spectral and temporal properties of the emitted radiation are strongly linked to these parameters. All 4types of XUV lasers operate in amplification of spontaneous emission (ASE) mode, and 2 of them, for a few years, can operate in "seeded" mode. This technique consists in injecting a femtosecond high order harmonic pulse (the seed), resonant with the lasing transition, at one extremity of the plasma amplifier. Because of the major mismatch between the spectral width of the plasma and that of the seed the femtosecond duration of the latter is not preserved during amplification. Simulations (COLAX Maxwell-Bloch code) show that the amplification is highly non-linear in such systems, including the appearance of Rabi oscillations. Generating Rabi oscillations in seeded XUV lasers is currently considered a promising way to produce femtosecond XUV lasers. However Rabi oscillations have yet never been experimentally demonstrated. Thus, a meticulous experimental characterization of the spectral properties of the 4 types of XUV lasers in connection with the plasma conditions, combined with a better understanding of amplification mechanisms under different theoretical plasma conditions based on studies and simulations are needed to reach our goal. A wide experimental campaign aiming to spectrally characterize all different types of XUV lasers was conducted by our group over the past decade. The required spectral resolution is not available with the best current spectrometers, so the method we used consists on the measurement of the temporal coherence of the XUV laser through an electric field autocorrelation, using a wave front-division interferometer that was specifically designed for these measures, from which the spectral width can be deduced. The latter type of the four XUV laser types (PALS, Prague) was characterized during this thesis, closing this experimental campaign. The measured coherence time was 0.68 ps, which is significantly lower than the coherence times measured on the other XUV laser types. Analysis of the overall results revealed two different behavior whether the XUV laser has a long pulse duration compared to its coherence time or if the two durations are close. In the first case the inferred spectral widths are in good agreement with theoretical predictions, while in the second case the agreement was not as good and the shape of the electric field autocorrelation traces was not understood. This observation has prompted a detailed study of the influence of temporal properties of ASE XUV lasers on the interferometric methodology used to determine the spectral width of XUV lasers. The study, based on a model developed for X-free electron lasers, revealed an effect of partial temporal coherence in electric field autocorrelation measures of these sources. This study offers perspectives on a simultaneous measure of the spectral width and the duration of theses sources with our method. Finally, a study based on Maxwell-Bloch equations was carried out in order to understand better the conditions of apparition of Rabi oscillations. This study highlighted two amplification regimes, adiabatic and dynamic, around a population inversion threshold
Sanchez, Sandrine. "Croissance par M. O. V. P. E. Et caractérisation d'hétérostructures ZnCdSe à gradient d'indice et à confinement séparé." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20085.
Full textAlastuey, Angel. "Quelques propriétés d'équilibre du plasma à une composante." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112025.
Full textWe study some equilibrium properties of the classical one component plasma (OCP), in three and two dimensions (1/r and- lnr potentials respectively). This simple model does have the essential properties (screening effects) of multicomponent Coulomb systems in the plasma phase. Furthermore the OCP describes with a good accuracy some real systems, in Astrophysics or on the Earth. Because of its basic and practical interest, there has been numerous works on the OCP: rigorous approaches, numerical simulations, approximated theories. Our work presents some of the aspects mentioned before (numerical simulations excluded). We consider both the homogeneous system (fluid phase) and the inhomogeneous system (interfaces). Our rigorous approaches contain a non-perturbative proof of the fast decay of the correlations in the monotonic regime, a general study of the potential and field fluctuations dimensions in two dimensions, an analytic computations in asymptotic regimes (dielectric wall in the weak-coupling limit)or in particular cases (two-dimensional model at a special value of the temperature). With respect to approximated theories, we propose a scheme of successive approximations for computing the micro field distribution on the basis of a new systematic expansion. Furthermore we study density functional theories applied to the computation of interface density profiles; in particular we derive a new density functional expansion well appropriate for hard walls. For both problems (microfield and interfaces), we make unambiguous tests of the approximated theories by taking advantage of the exact results (analytic and Monte Carlo). The common axis of this work is a formulation starting from the first principles for the problems considered. This allows a better under standing of some fundamental mechanisms as well as a clear interpretation of the successes or failures of the approximated theories (with the possibility of including corrections)
Salin, Gwenaël. "Etude des propriétés dynamiques d'un modèle simple de plasma : théorie et simulations numériques." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2042.
Full textBillou, Eric. "Caracterisation énergetique et physico-chimie d'un plasma a superposition de puissance." Perpignan, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PERP0077.
Full textETEMADI, ROXANA. "Depot d'oxydes et de nitrures de silicium par double plasma microonde et radiofrequence : etude du plasma et des proprietes optiques et structurelles des couches deposees." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112075.
Full textMétral, Jérôme. "Modélisation et simulation numérique de l'écoulement d'un plasma atmosphérique pour l'étude de l'activité électrique des plasmas sur avion." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ECAP0868.
Full textA ionized gas (or plasma) has the ability of absorbing or reflecting electromagnetic (radar) waves if its ionization rate is high enough. This is particularly interesting for aeronautics. This study aims at predicting the electric and energetic characteristics of a weakly ionized air plasma in an atmospheric pressure flow. The plasma is described by a two-temperature model, coming from the non-equilibrium description of plasmas. Plasma flow is then described by a two-temperature hydrodynamic system coupled with a collisional model (energy exchanges rates) and a kinetic model (chemical reactions). An algorithm was built to simulate plasma flow in axisymetric geometry. The algorithm is a 2D Lagrange + Projection scheme. The projection step was adapted to multi-components advection, using a second order, non oscillating, and bidimensionnal scheme. This algorithm allows the simulation of experiments concerning atmospheric pressure plasma and then the validation of the model parameters. In a second part, we study the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) which is a boundary condition to simulate wave propagation in open domains. This method is particularly efficient for electromagnetic problems, and we want to enlarge this approach to aeroacoutics problems (linearized Euler equations). We propose two solutions: a practical approach to avoid numerical oscillations of the solution and a more general approach which consists in a new absorbing layer formulation which leads to well-posed problems
Prazeres, Lino Da Silva Mário António. "Simulation des propriétés radiatives du plasma entourant un véhicule traversant une atmosphère planétaire à vitesse hypersonique : application à la Planète Mars." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2071.
Full textMazelle, Christian. "Etude de l'interaction du vent solaire et de la comète de Halley : analyse des propriétés du plasma dans la région d'empilement magnétique." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30170.
Full textDumay, Bastien. "Dépôts de carbone amorphe hydrogènés et deutérés par polymérisation plasma pour la fusion par confinement inertiel." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS073.
Full textDepenyou, François Junior. "Etude du plasma d’arc électrique glissant à pression atmosphérique dans l’air humide : Application à l’amélioration des propriétés anticorrosives d’un acier doux." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES008.
Full textThe oxidizing properties of a gliding arc in humid air plasma are tested on AISI 1018 carbon steel surface. Anticorrosive properties in 0. 5mol. L-1 NaCl solution pH 6. 4 are measured by Tafel method. 30 minutes of plasma treatment increase the corrosion potential of about 160mV and decreases the current of the anodic branch by a factor of 10². The rotation of the target during the treatment improves the contact and the interaction between plasma and surface. An adequate surface cleaning and the use of a closed reactor improve the plasma reactivity toward the metallic surface. The characterization of the passive layer by mean of potentiometry, X-ray diffractometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy suggest the presence of a very thin film containing oxides such as FeO, FeOOH, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. A reaction mechanism was proposed. Contact angle measurements showed a surface activation effect
Tenn, Nadine. "Amélioration des propriétés barrière à l’eau et au dioxygène des films EVOH et PLA par traitements de surface par plasma froid et incorporation de nanocharges." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES027.
Full textThe aim of the present work was to study the water and oxygen transport properties of EVOH and PLA films destinated for packaging application. Unfortunately, their structural characteristics limit their practical application. In order to overcome this drawback two different types of modification were proposed: surface modification by plasma treatment and bulk modification by incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles. The surface modification of the polymer film was performed by hydrophobic plasma treatment using CF4, CF4/H2 and CF4/C2H2 gases and tetramethyl silane. It was shown that such treatments improved the water barrier properties by decreasing the water solubility in the treated polymer films. The influence of different plasma treatments on the film properties was found to be a function of the polymer nature. Also, the elaboration of nanocomposites based on PLA matrix and Cloisite® 30B nanoparticles were elaborated. The incorporation of impermeable nanoparticles into PLA matrix increased the diffusion pathway due to the tortuous effect. An improvement of the water and oxygen barrier properties was observed due to the decreasing of the permeant molecule diffusion through the nanocomposites. In the case of both modifications, the presence of the plasticization effect was noticed. Finally, the correlation between the transport mechanism and the physical and structural properties of the polymer films was determined
Svarnas, Panayiotis. "Etude expérimentale de l'influence du plasma froid (N2, O2, Ar, Air) créé dans une décharge luminescente de géométrie pointe-plan sur les propriétés de surface de matériaux polymères : application au traitement des couches minces de PS." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3014.
Full textThe principal objects of the present thesis are : the optimized production of atactic polystyrene thin films of increased wettability, the study of macroscopic characteristics of the plasma in absence/presence of these samples and the definition of specific mechanisms which govern the plasma-polymer interaction. The techniques used are NMR, XPS, SEM, AFM analyses, contact angle measurements, electrical and optical measurements. Contact angles varying between 5ʿ and 20ʿ are obtained with drops of deionized water. The applied treatment does not practically alter the surface mophology of the thin films. The excited neutral species play the principal role to the surface treatment and the emphasis is givent to the role of metastable particles. The polymer provokes changes in the cathodic sheath of the discharge
Desportes, Antoine. "Développement de techniques de mesures optiques pour qualifier les installations de type plasmatron : Application à des mesures de catalycité." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES049.
Full textThis study deals with gas surface interaction between air plasma and heat shield. This phenomena take place during atmospheric re-entry of a space shuttle. This particular situation is reproduced in IPWT, the inductive plasma wind tunnel at CORIA. The aerodynamics characteristics and radiative properties of the air plasma flow have been measured. So, the cartographies of velocities and temperatures have been deduced. The final aim is to have a better understanding of the energy transfer to the wall (phenomenon called catalycity). Then, we have studied by Raman spectroscopy the boundary layer above a copper wall (fully catalytic)in a stagnation point configuration. Density and temperatures profiles of N2 have been carried out. The infrared emission of a SiC sample has been analysed. Its optical behaviour is the same than the silica oxide (its protection layer). The effective recombination coefficient of the OREX materials have been deduced thanks to the IPM method
Kamgang, Youbi Georges. "Propriétés réactives en post-décharge temporelle des décharges électriques glissantes dans l’air humide : application à la dégradation de colorant azoïque et à la décontamination microbienne." Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES038.
Full textThe gliding electrical discharge "Glidarc" in the humid air is a source of non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure efficient for pollution abatement. We present in this thesis the benefit use of reactive properties in temporal post-discharge (i. E. After switch off the discharge) of glidarc. In the first step, we considered the degradation of acidic methyl orange, an azoic dye. After target exposure for short periods to the discharge plasma, a strong temporal post-discharge degradation of the dye giving N,N-dimethyl-4-Nitroaniline, as the major yellow intermediate product with a relevant overall first-order kinetics, was observed. On the other hand, post-discharge has also been used to inactivate micro-organisms. Four micro-organisms in planktonic and adherent forms were considered: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Leuconostoc mesenteroïdes as Gram-positive bacteria, Hafnia alvei as a gram-negative bacterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a yeast model. The post-discharge was used in two ways: the microbial cells were previously exposed to discharge for short periods or they were inactivated by a solution of "plasma activated water”. In all cases, significant reductions of the microbial populations were achieved with 1st order kinetic. Such results combined with the identification of the destruction by HNO2 and H2O2 suggest that nitrous and peroxonitrous acids are the main oxidizing species involved in the temporal post-discharge phenomenon. As the operation takes place under acidic medium, the role of nitrosonium NO+ was also highlighted
Kabbaj, Narjisse. "Etude du transfert radiatif d'un plasma thermique d'air : influence des propriétés radiatives dans la modélisation d'un arc libre." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30024.
Full textIn the simulation of electrical arc, the representation of radiative contribution is essential to provide a satisfactory description of the thermal behavior of the plasma. The accurate prediction of the radiative emission is essential to determine the evolution of the arc temperature. For a precise description of radiative effect, a resolution of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) , is necessary necessary with knowledge of the absorption coefficient. Unfortunatly, the complexity of this coefficient - dependent on temperature and wavelenghth- makes this equation impossible to solve in term of computational cost. This is why many approximative methods are developed to simplify the calculation of the radiative properties. In this work, we have carried out a detailed description of the spectrum of an air plasma with about 7.106 points on frequency. From this description, we have calculated the divergence of the radiative flux either from the net emission coefficient (NEC) based on a geometric simplification of the plasma, or from the mean absorption coefficients (MAC) calculated after a division of the spectrum into 6 intervals in which we have used different mean functions (Classic, Planck, Planck Modified and Rosseland), or from an exact calculation corresponding to a direct solution of the RTE. This is why many approximative methods were developed to reduce numerical demands . The calculations have been done for 9 simplified configurations in 1D assuming a cylindrical plasma for which the temperature profile varies only with the radius. The different steps of the work are presented and highlight the influence of several parameters such as the temperature profile, the pressure, the copper vapors.... A great part of this work deals with the comparison between the results obtained from the exact resolution with the results deduced from the other approaches in order to validate the use and the accuracy of the different methods. This comparison allowed us to develop an optimization methodology providing improvements to the calculation of the approximate methods (NEC and MAC) allowing a better description of the radiative properties. Finally, this work presents the development of an axisymmetric 2D free-burning arc model solving the Navier-Stockes and Maxwell equations by the finite volume method. This model allows a comparison between the NEC method and the P1 method which takes into account the absorption of radiation in the cold areas
Diaz, Romain. "Métrologie de l'endommagement laser des composants optiques en silice en régime nanoseconde." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4390/document.
Full textIn this thesis, laser-induced damage phenomenon in fused silica components is investigated in the nanosecond regime. This material is one of the most widely used in optics, particularly on high-energy laser facilities such as the Laser MégaJoule. In order to ensure the nominal operation of this kind of laser facility, laser-induced damage on optical components has to be understood and controlled. This phenomenon consists in an irreversible modification of the material. In the nanosecond regime, laser-induced damage is tightly correlated to the presence of precursor defects which are a consequence of the synthesis and the polishing of the components. The interaction between these precursor defects and the laser pulses strongly depends on the laser characteristics. The first study focuses on the metrology of the laser beam used in laboratory to study laser-induced damage. The second one consists in a parametric study of the initiation mechanism on the rear surface of fused silica components. The last part deals with the influence of nonlinear propagation on laser induced damage on the surface and in the volume of thick fused silica samples
Hingana, Hugues. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés des plasmas à deux températures - application à l'argon et à l'air." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567193.
Full textDaigle, Jean-François. "FILAMENTATION IN AIR. Evolution, Control and Applications." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28766/28766.pdf.
Full textGustas, Dominykas. "High-repetition-rate relativistic electron acceleration in plasma wakefields driven by few-cycle laser pulses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX118/document.
Full textContinuing progress in laser technology has enabled dramatic advances in laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), a technique that permits driving particles by electric fields three orders of magnitude higher than in conventional radio-frequency accelerators. Due to significantly reduced space charge and velocity dispersion effects, the resultant relativistic electron bunches have also been identified as a candidate tool to achieve unprecedented sub-10 fs temporal resolution in ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments. High repetition rate operation is desirable to improve data collection statistics and thus washout shot-to-shot charge fluctuations inherent to plasma accelerators. It is well known that high-quality electron beams can be achieved in the blowout, or "bubble" regime, which is at present regularly accessed with ≈ 30 fs Joule-class lasers that can perform up to few shots per second. Our group on the contraryutilized a cutting edge laser system producing few-mJ pulses compressed nearly to a single optical cycle (3.4 fs) to demonstrate for the first time an MeV-grade particle accelerator with properties characteristic to the blowout regime operating at 1 kHz repetition rate. We further investigate the plasma density profile and exact laser pulse waveform effects on the source output, and show that using special gas microjets a charge of tens of pC/shot can be achieved. We expect this technique to lead to a generation of highly accessible and robust instruments for the scientific community to conduct UED experiments or to be used for other applications. This work also serves to expand our knowledge on the scalability of laser-plasma acceleration
Chambonneau, Maxime. "Etudes multi-longueurs d’onde de l’endommagement laser à la surface de composants optiques en silice en régime nanoseconde." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4350/document.
Full textIn this thesis, laser-induced damage phenomenon on the surface of fused silica components is investigated in the nanosecond regime. This phenomenon consists in an irreversible modification of the material. In the nanosecond regime, laser damage is tightly correlated to the presence of non-detectable precursor defects which are a consequence of the synthesis and the polishing of the components. In this thesis, we investigate laser damage in a multiple wavelengths configuration. In order to better understand this phenomenon in these conditions of irradiation, three studies are conducted. The first one focuses on damage initiation. The results obtained in the single wavelength configurations highlight a coupling in the multiple wavelengths one. A comparison between the experiments and a model developed during this thesis enables us to improve the knowledge of the fundamental processes involved during this damage phase. Then, we show that post mortem characterizations of damage morphology coupled to an accurate metrology allow us to understand both the nature and also the chronology of the physical mechanisms involved during damage formation. The proposed theoretical scenario is confirmed through various experiments. Finally, we study damage growth in both the single and the multiple wavelengths cases. Once again, this last configuration highlights a coupling between the wavelengths. We show the necessity to account for the spatial characteristics of the laser beams during a growth session