Dissertations / Theses: 'Plasma glycan'

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Pathak, Shantanu Chaturvedi. "Characterization of plasma-polymerized polyethylene glycol-like films." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31789.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Dr. Dennis W. Hess; Committee Member: Dr. Clifford L. Henderson; Committee Member: Dr. J. Carson Meredith; Committee Member: Dr. L. Andrew Lyon; Committee Member: Dr. Mark R. Prausnitz. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Nisol, Bernard. "Atmospheric pressure plasma synthesis of biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol)-like coatings." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209928.

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The role of a protein-repelling coating is to limit the interaction between a device and its physiological environment. Plasma-polymerized-PEG (pp-PEG) surfaces are of great interest since they are known to avoid protein adsorption. and cell attachment. However, in all the studies previously published in the literature, the PEG coatings have been prepared using low pressure processes.

In this thesis, we synthesize biocompatible pp-PEG coatings using atmospheric pressure plasma. Two original methods are developed to obtain these pp-PEG films. 1. Atmospheric pressure plasma liquid deposition (APPLD) consists in the injection of the precursor, tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethylether (tetraglyme), by means of a liquid spray, directly in the post-discharge of an atmospheric argon plasma torch. 2. In atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (APPECVD), tetraglyme vapors are brought in the post-discharge trough a heating sprinkler. The chemical composition, as well as the non-fouling properties of the APPLD and APPECVD films, are compared to those of PEG coatings synthesized by conventional low pressure plasma processes.

In the first part of the study, the effect of the power on the chemical composition of the films has been investigated by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ions mass spectroscopy (SIMS).

The surface analysis reveals that for the APPECVD samples, the fragmentation of the precursor increases as the power of the treatment is increased. In other terms, the lower the plasma power is, the higher the “PEG character” of the resulting films is. Indeed, the C-O component (286.5 eV) of the XPS C 1s peak is decreasing while the hydrocarbon component (285 eV) is increasing as the power of the plasma is increased. The same conclusion can be drawn from the signature ToF-SIMS peaks (m/z = 45 (CH3&61485;O&61485;CH2+ and +CH2CH2&61485;OH), 59 (CH3&61485;O&61485;CH2&61485;CH2+), 103 (CH3&61485;(O&61485;CH2&61485;CH2)2+)) that are decreasing in the case of high power treatments. Accordingly, IRRAS measurements show that the C-O stretching band is decreasing for high power plasma deposition. This is in agreement with the observations made from the analysis of the LP PECVD coatings and from the literature.

The films deposited by the APPLD process do not show the same behavior. Indeed, whatever the power injected into the discharge is, we are able to achieve films with a relatively high PEG character (&61566;83 %).

The second part of this study is dedicated to the evaluation of the non-fouling properties of the coatings by exposing them to proteins (bovine serum albumin and human fibrinogen) and cells (mouse fibroblasts (L929 and MEF)) and controlling the adsorption with XPS (proteins) and SEM (cells).

For the APPECVD samples, a low plasma power (30 W) leads to an important reduction of protein adsorption and cell adhesion (over 85%). However, higher-powered treatments tend to reduce the non-fouling ability of the surfaces (around 50% of reduction for a 80 W deposition).

The same order of magnitude (over 90% reduction of the adsorption) is obtained for the APPLD surfaces, whatever is the power of the treatment.

Those results show an important difference between the two processes in terms of power of the plasma treatment, and a strong relationship between the surface chemistry and the adsorption behavior: the more the PEG character is preserved, the more protein-repellent and cell-repellent is the surface. / Le rôle d’une couche empêchant l’adsorption de protéines est de limiter les interactions entre un implant et le milieu physiologique auquel il est exposé. Les films de poly(éthylène glycol) polymérisés par plasma (pp-PEG) sont d’intérêt majeur car ils sont connus pour empêcher l’adsorption de protéines ainsi que l’attachement cellulaire. Cependant, dans toutes les études publiées précédemment, les couches de type PEG ont été réalisées sous vide.

Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous synthétisons des couches de type pp-PEG biocompatibles par plasmas à pression atmosphérique. A cette fin, deux méthodes originales ont été développées. 1. La première méthode consiste en l’injection du précurseur, le tetra(éthylène glycol) diméthyl éther (tetraglyme), en phase liquide, en nébulisant ce dernier au moyen d’un spray, directement dans la post-décharge d’une torche à plasma atmosphérique fonctionnant à l’argon. En anglais, nous appelons ce procédé « Atmospheric pressure plasma liquid deposition (APPLD) ». 2. Dans la deuxième méthode, appelée en anglais « Atmospheric pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (APPECVD)», le tetraglyme est amené en phase vapeur dans la post-décharge, au moyen d’un diffuseur chauffant. La composition chimique des dépôts de type APPLD et APPECVD, ainsi que leurs propriétés d’anti-adsorption sont évaluées, et comparées aux dépôts pp-PEG obtenus par les méthodes à basse pression conventionnelles.

Dans la première partie de cette étude, nous nous focalisons sur la composition chimique des films déposés, et plus particulièrement sur l’influence de la puissance injectée dans le plasma sur cette composition chimique. A cette fin, nous avons fait appel à des techniques d’analyse telles que la spectroscopie de réflexion-absorption infrarouge (IRRAS), la spectroscopie des photoélectrons X (XPS) et la spectrométrie de masse des ions secondaires (SIMS).

Il en ressort que les films de type APPECVD perdent progressivement leur « caractère PEG » à mesure que la puissance de la décharge plasma est élevée. Cela serait dû à une plus grande fragmentation du précurseur dans la post-décharge d’un plasma plus énergétique. Cette tendance est cohérente avec ce que nous avons observé pour les dépôts à basse pression ainsi que dans la littérature.

Dans le cas des films de type APPLD, un tel comportement n’a pas été mis en évidence :quelle que soit la puissance dissipée dans le plasma, les films présentent un « caractère PEG » relativement élevé.

La deuxième partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l’évaluation des propriétés d’anti-adsorption des films synthétisés, en les exposant à des protéines (albumine de sérum bovin et fibrinogène humain) et des cellules (fibroblastes de souris, L929 et MEF). L’adsorption de protéines est contrôlée par XPS tandis que l’attachement cellulaire est contrôlé par imagerie SEM.

Pour les échantillons de type APPECVD, un dépôt à faible puissance (30 W) mène à une importante réduction de l’adsorption de protéines et de cellules (> 85%) tandis qu’à de plus hautes puissances (80 W), l’anti-adsorption est sensiblement diminuée (50% de réduction). Dans le cas des dépôts de type APPLD, quelle que soit la puissance du plasma, une forte diminution de l’adsorption de protéines et de cellules est observée (> 90 %).

Ces résultats montrent une différence majeure entre les deux procédés quant à l’influence de la puissance du plasma ainsi qu’une forte relation entre la composition chimique de la surface synthétisée et son pouvoir d’anti-adsorption :plus le « caractère PEG » du dépôt est conservé, plus la surface empêchera l’interaction avec les protéines et les cellules.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Devlin, John Patrick. "Spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down : biomanufacture in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris of the potentially therapeutic recombinant glycoprotein factor H." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33084.

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Glycoengineering is a technology that could improve protein therapeutics. While protein glycosylation in general enhances solubility and stability, and reduces aggregation, immunogenicity and proteolysis, specific kinds of glycosylation may also be critical. For example, capping of glycans with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) maximises circulatory half-life in humans. Moreover, some glycans directly participate in molecular recognition and other aspects of glycoprotein function. Glycoproteins produced by non-human mammalian cells carry glycans capped by N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid rather than Neu5Ac. Yet production in human cell lines is costly and slow, requires specialist facilities, produces low yields and is subject to additional regulations. Hence there is a case for glycoengineering alternative expression systems capable of rapid, low-cost, high-yield glycoprotein production. This report focuses on the glycoengineering of Pichia pastoris, a yeast, to produce recombinant human glycoprotein factor H (FH) bearing human-like glycans. FH is a potent down-regulator of the complement system. Mutations and SNPs in FH result in autoimmune diseases such as atypical haemolytic ureamic syndrome and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recombinant FH is an enticing therapeutic candidate for treating AMD, but high doses are required since FH is abundant (200-300 mg l-1) in normal human serum. Human FH (155 kDa), with eight sites of N-linked glycosylation and 40 disulphides, is a challenging target for recombinant production. Yet FH was previously expressed to 10s of milligrams in P. pastoris. In this study, methods were established to confirm that human plasma-derived (h)FH carries predominantly N-linked diantennary disialylated complex-type glycans, with monosialylated diantennary structures and triantennary structures in fucosylated and non-fucosylated forms, contributing to glycan heterogeneity. Functional comparison of native hFH, enzymatically desialylated (DeSia-) hFH and deglycosylated recombinant P. pastoris-produced (DeGly-r)FH showed that DeSia-hFH had the lowest affinity for complement protein C3b, its key target. Moreover, DeSia-hFH binds C3d, an opsonic C3b-breakdown product, whereas native hFH does not. DeSia-hFH had an improved ability to accelerate decay of the C3 convertase (an enzyme that cleaves C3 to C3b) compared to native hFH, but neither was as good as DeGly-rFH in this respect. In contrast, DeGly-rFH had reduced cofactor activity (for factor I-mediated degradation of C3b) compared to native hFH whereas DeSiahFH did not have reduced cofactor activity. These data suggest that sialylation of FH glycans may play a role in stabilising a conformation of circulating FH that is not fully effective, consistent with specificity for self-surfaces and resistance to bacterial hijack. Aiming eventually to produce human-like glycosylated FH in glycoengineered P. pastoris, the SuperMan 5 strain served as a starting point. While conventional strains of P. pastoris put hypermannosylated N-linked glycans on proteins, glycans on SuperMan 5-produced FH were shown to contain just five mannose (Man) residues. In further glycoengineering, and following unsuccessful efforts to use inABLE technology for this purpose, commercially available (GlycoSwitch) vectors were used to introduce genes encoding the glycosyltransferase enzymes N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase I (GnTI) and galactose (Gal) transferase. These catalysed the formation of a hybrid-type glycan containing an N-acetyllactosamine (Gal-β(1,4)-GlcNAc (LacNAc)) antennae on a five-mannose glycan. Then two more GlycoSwitch plasmids, containing genes encoding α-Mannosidase II (ManII) and GnTII, were introduced into P. pastoris to catalyse the formation of a second LacNAc antennae. MALDI-TOF analysis found the glycosylation of this strain to be heterogeneous, containing the humanised diantennary digalactosyl glycan as well as other endogenous yeast glycans. This strain was designated SuperGal. Large-scale expression of rFH with terminally galactosylated complex-type glycans (Gal-rFH) in SuperGal yielded 100s of milligrams of purified Gal-rFH. Yeast-type glycans were enzymatically removed from rFH and the remaining complex-type humanised glycans were sialylated with a recombinant bacterial α(2,6)-sialyltransferase from Photobacterium sp. expressed in E.coli. Purified sialylated (Sia-) and non-sialylated (Gal-) rFH expressed in SuperGal were functionally characterised in vitro using SPR-based assays. In C3b-binding assays Sia-rFH had lower affinity compared to Gal-rFH. Both bound with lower affinity than DeGly-rFH. A similar pattern of binding affinity was seen for C3d. In C3 convertase decay-acceleration assays, all rFH glycoforms performed equally well and had greater activity than hFH. Conversely, Sia-and Gal-rFH were shown to perform equally as well as hFH in CA assays, while all three versions outperformed DeGly-rFH. However, in vivo complement activity assay carried out in a FH-knockout mouse model showed that humanisation of the glycosylation of rFH did not significantly improve activity compared to DeGly-rFH. In addition, analysis of the circulatory half-life of rFH showed that humanisation did not improve half-life. Further engineering steps will be required to increase the complex-type glycan site occupancy on rFH with a view to improving circulatory half-life and efficacy. However, this study represents a significant step forward in developing a therapeutically useful source of rFH.

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Bacharouche, Jalal. "De nouvelles surfaces à reconnaissance moléculaire activée par élongation." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MULH4471.

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Le procédé par lequel des forces sont transformées en signaux chimiques joue un rôle fondamental dans de nombreux processus biologiques. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre au point de nouvelles surfaces fonctionnelles synthétiques permettant de mimer ce comportement. Il s’agit plus précisément de contrôler l’adsorption d’objets biologiques tels que des protéines ou des cellules sur un support élastique modifié par plasma et présentant des récepteurs spécifiques. Ces récepteurs sont masqués par de longues chaînes de poly(éthylèneglycol) (PEG) qui sont également greffées sur la surface. L'étirement de celles-ci permet d'exhiber les sites d’adsorption ou les sites d'adhésion et de rendre ainsi la surface adhérente. Notre méthode est basée sur la polymérisation plasma de l’anhydride maléique. Cette fonctionnalisation permet de greffer à la surface de films silicones des fonctions carboxylique qui servent de points d’ancrage aux chaînes de PEG. Sur le même principe, la biotine ou les peptides d’adhésion (RGD) sont greffés dans un deuxième temps sur ce substrat. Nous montrons, qu’à l’état non étiré, ces ligands ne sont pas accessibles pour leurs récepteurs. Par contre, à l’état étiré, la surface devient spécifiquement adsorbante pour la streptavidine, l’anti-biotine et adhérente pour les cellules. Ces phénomènes sont parfaitement réversibles
The process by which forces are converted into chemical signals play a fundamental role in many biological processes. This thesis has to develop new functional synthetic surfaces to mimic this behavior. It is more precisely to control the adsorption of biological objects such as proteins or cells on an elastic support modified by plasma and presenting specific receptors. These receptors are masked by long chains of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) which are also grafted onto the surface. Stretching allows them to exhibit adsorption sites or adhesion sites and thus make the surface adhesive. Our method is based on the plasma polymerization of maleic anhydride. This functionalization can be grafted to the surface of silicone films carboxylic functions which serve as anchors points for the PEG chains. On the same principle, biotin or adhesion peptides (RGD) have been grafted in a second time on this substrate. We show that the non-stretched state, these ligands are not accessible to their receptors. On the other side, in the stretched state, the surface becomes specifically adsorbent to streptavidin, anti-biotin and also adherent for cells. These phenomena are perfectly reversible

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PINNAMANENI, POORNIMA. "BORONIC ACID MACROLIGANDS FOR GLYCOMICS APPLICATIONS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1347558235.

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Letchford, Kevin John. "Development of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(caprolactone) amphiphilic diblock copolymer nanoparticulate formulations for the delivery of paclitaxel." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2487.

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The goal of this project was to develop a non-toxic amphiphilic diblock copolymer nanoparticulate drug delivery system that will solubilize paclitaxel (PTX) and retain the drug in plasma. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MePEG-b-PCL) diblock copolymers loaded with PTX were characterized and their physicochemical properties were correlated with their performance as nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. A series of MePEG-b-PCL was synthesized with PCL blocks ranging from 2-104 repeat units and MePEG blocks of 17, 44 or 114 repeat units. All copolymers were water soluble and formed micelles except MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₀₄, which was water insoluble and formed nanospheres. Investigation of the effects of block length on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles was used to select appropriate copolymers for development as PTX nanoparticles. The critical micelle concentration, pyrene partition coefficient and diameter of nanoparticles were found to be dependent on the PCL block length. Copolymers based on a MePEG molecular weight of 750 g/mol were found to have temperature dependent phase behavior. Relationships between the concentration of micellized drug and the compatibility between the drug and core-forming block, as determined by the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, and PCL block length were developed. Increases in the compatibility between PCL and the drug, as well as longer PCL block lengths resulted in increased drug solubilization. The physicochemical properties and drug delivery performance characteristics of MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₉ micelles and MePEG₁₁₄-b-PCL₁₀₄ nanospheres were compared. Nanospheres were larger, had a more viscous core, solubilized more PTX and released it slower, compared to micelles. No difference was seen in the hemocompatibility of the nanoparticles as assessed by plasma coagulation time and erythrocyte hemolysis. Micellar PTX had an in vitro plasma distribution similar to free drug. The majority of micellar PTX associated with the lipoprotein deficient plasma fraction (LPDP). In contrast, nanospheres were capable of retaining more of the encapsulated drug with significantly less PTX partitioning into the LPDP fraction. In conclusion, although both micelles and nanospheres were capable of solubilizing PTX and were hemocompatible, PTX nanospheres may offer the advantage of prolonged blood circulation, based on the in vitro plasma distribution data, which showed that nanospheres retained PTX more effectively.

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Cavalini, Eliseu Antonio [UNESP]. "Filmes nanométricos obtidos a plasma da mistura ácido cítrico-etilenoglicol-metal complexador." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/147126.

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Plasmas de gases e / ou vapores orgânicos produzem filmes finos ou pós apresentando características poliméricas, especialmente quando os plasmas são derivados de monômeros das famílias dos hidrocarbonetos alcoóis, siloxanos, silazanos, e outro. Neste trabalho, os filmes finos foram obtidos a partir da mistura de ácido cítrico-etilenoglicol-metal complexador depositado a plasma, com 13,56 MHz de radiofrequência na potência de 10 a 50 W e pressão fixada a 10 Pa. Os resultados da análise de espectroscopia de infravermelho FTIR mostrou que os grupos vibracionais dos filmes estavam preservados, mas com modificações em suas estruturas moleculares. Foram observados nos resultados obtidos por espectroscopia fotoelétrica de raios-X modificações na composição química da ligação oxigênio-carbono e oxigênio-hidrogênio com variação da potência de 10 a 50 W. A taxa de deposição dos filmes finos diminuiu de 0,10 a 0,08 nm/minuto com o aumento da potência de 10 a 50 W. As propriedades óticas das amostras como o índice de refração, coeficiente de absorção, gap ótico foram investigados por espectroscopia UV- visível. Destas análises foram possíveis obter valores n de 1,54 a 1,50 e energia do gap entre 4,75 e 4,85 eV. A técnica de ângulos de contato e foi utilizada para investigar a molhabilidade das amostras, que apresentaram caráter hidrofílico em todas as condições de deposição dos filmes. A técnica de EDS foi usada para investigar as composições químicas das amostras. Além disso, os filmes obtidos apresentaram valores de condutividade elétrica superior a 10-8 (Ωcm)-1 e constantes dielétricas entre 2,4 e 2,7.
Plasmas from gases and / or organic vapors produce thin films or powders presenting polymeric characteristics, especially when the plasmas are derived from monomers of the families of hydrocarbons, alcohols, siloxanes, silazanes, and others. In this work, thin films were obtained by citric acid / ethylene glycol / complex metal deposited by 13.56 MHz RF plasma at 10 and 50 W fixed pressure 10 Pa. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the main vibrational groups of the films were preserved, but with modifications in their molecular structures. It was observed by X –ray photoelectron spectroscopy chemical composition modifications in oxygen – carbon and oxygen – hydrogen bond while the deposition power changed from 10 to 50 W. The deposition rate of the samples decreased from 0.10 to 0.08 nm / minute while the RF power increases from 10 to 50 W. The samples optical properties as refractive index n, absorption coefficient, optical gap Eg were investigated by UV – Visible spectroscopy. From these analysis were possible to obtain values of n from 1.54 to 1.50 and Eg between 4.75 and 4.85 eV. Contact angle and surface energy measurements were used to investigate the wettability of composite Polymer films, for all depositions conditions the films presented hydrophilic character. EDS was used investigate components of the samples. Moreover, the film showed electrical conductivity values greater than 10-8(Ωcm)-1 and dielectric constant between 2.2 and 2.7.

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Sobral, Julia Kuklinsky. "A comunidade bacteriana endofítica e epifítica de soja (Glycine max) e estudo da interação endófitos-planta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-24052004-154815/.

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Bactérias endofíticas e epifíticas podem conferir ao seu hospedeiro características como maior resistência a condições de estresse, alterações nas condições fisiológicas, fixação de nitrogênio atmosférico, suprimento de nutrientes, produção de reguladores de crescimento vegetal, entre outros. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a composição da comunidade bacteriana associada à soja e avaliar diferentes mecanismos de interação bactéria-planta hospedeira. Para isso, bactérias endofíticas e epifíticas de folhas, caules e raízes de duas cultivares de soja, crescidas em solo com e sem aplicação pré-plantio do herbicida glifosato, foram amostradas em três estádios de desenvolvimento do hospedeiro, durante as safras de 2000/01 e 2001/02. Foram observadas diferenças significativas na diversidade e densidade bacterianas em relação às fases de crescimento da soja e tecidos da planta. Os principais grupos foram identificados como pertencentes aos gêneros Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Ralstonia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium e Methylobacterium. Além da avaliação de populações cultiváveis, análise por DGGE revelou que a comunidade bacteriana endofítica de raiz de soja pode ser influenciada pelo tratamento do solo com o herbicida glifosato. O potencial destas bactérias para a promoção de crescimento vegetal por bactérias associadas à soja foi avaliado, sendo possível observar que populações endofíticas e epifíticas de soja apresentam características relacionadas à promoção de crescimento vegetal e que fatores como cultivar e estádio fenológico do hospedeiro podem influenciar as freqüências destas populações. A análise da variabilidade genética destas populações bacterianas revelou que diferentes fatores ambientais também podem influenciar a diversidade de grupos bacterianos. Além disso, populações endofíticas com capacidade de crescer na presença do herbicida glifosato foram caracterizadas e identificadas como pertencentes às espécies Burkholderia gladioli e Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, enquanto que Methylobacterium spp. colonizam ativamente a superfície e os tecidos internos de soja após inoculação via semente. Os resultados obtidos podem oferecer uma contribuição para a melhor compreensão da interação microrganismossoja e, conseqüentemente, de sua aplicação na cultura deste vegetal.
Endophytic and epiphytic bacteria may increase the fitness of the plant host by increasing resistance to stress conditions, alterations in the physiologic conditions, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, nutrient supplying and plant growth regulators production. The aims of the present work were to study the composition of soybean-associated bacterial community and to evaluate different mechanisms for bacteria-host plant interaction. For that, endophytic and epiphytic bacteria from leaves, stems and roots of two soybean cultivars, planted in soil with and without pre-planting application of the glyphosate herbicide, they were colleted in three development stages of the host, during two crops. Significant differences were observed in the bacterial diversity and population density in relation to the soybean growth stages and plant tissues. The principal groups were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Ralstonia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Agrobacterium and Methylobacterium. Besides the evaluation of cultivable populations, analyses by DGGE revealed that the endophytic bacterial community from soybean roots may be influenced by the treatment of the soil with the glyphosate herbicide. Other analyzed aspect was the potential for plant growth promotion by soybean-associated bacteria; revealing that soybean's endophytic and epiphytic populations presented characteristics related to the plant growth promotion; factors such as cultivar and developmental stage of the host may influence the frequency of these populations. Environmental factors may affect the genetic variability of these bacterial populations. Besides, endophytic populations able to growth in medium containing glyphosate were characterized and identified as belonging to Burkholderia gladioli and Pseudomonas oryzihabitans species. Methylobacterium spp. were reintroduced in soybean seeds and superficial and endophytic colonization were evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy. The obtained results could offer a contribution for a better understanding of the interaction microorganism-soybean and, consequently, their possible use to improve soybean productivity.

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Balasubramanian, Shankar Ganesh Sokkalinga Simonian Aleksandr L. "Development of smart functional surfaces for biosensor applications." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Materials_Engineering/Dissertation/Balasubramania_S%20G_2.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2008.
Abstract. Vita. The following patent resulted from the dissertation research: Davis, V., Simonian, A.L., Nepal, D., Balasubramanian, S, "Preparation of Precisely Controlled Thin Film Nanocomposites of Carbon Nanotubes and Biomaterials", U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/000,938, filed on 30 October 2007. The following peer-reviewed publications resulted from the dissertation research: Dhriti Nepal, Shankar Balasubramanian, Aleksandr Simonian, and Virginia Davis, "Mechanically Strong Antibacterial Thin Film Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Armored with Biopolymers", Nano Letters ASAP article, May 2008 (# equal contribution) -- Shankar Balasubramanian, Iryna B. Sorokulova, Vitaly J. Vodyanoy, and Aleksandr L. Simonian, "Lytic Phage as a Specific and Selective Probe For Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus: A Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopic Study", Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2007, 22, 948-955 -- Shankar Balasubramanian, Alexander Revzin, Aleksandr Simonian, "Electrochemical Desorption of Proteins from Gold Electrode Surface", Electroanalysis, 2006, 18, 1885-1892 (Invited article) -- Vishwaprakash Nanduri, Shankar Balasubramanian, Srinivas Sista, Vitaly J. Vodyanoy, and Aleksandr L. Simonian, "Highly Sensitive Phage-based Biosensor for the Detection of ß-galactosidase", Analytica Chimica Acta, 2007, 589, 166- 172 -- H. Luckarift, Shankar Balasubramanian, S. Paliwal, G. Johnson and A. Simonian, "Enzyme-Encapsulated Silica Monolayers For Rapid Functionalization of a Gold Surface", Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2007, 58, 28-33 (Invited article) -- Dong Wei, Omar Oyarzabal, Tung-Shi Huang, Shankar Balasubramanian, Srinivas Sista, Aleksandr Simonian, "Development of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor For The Identification of Campylobacter jejuni", Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2007, 69, 78-85. The following conferences presentations resulted from the dissertation research: Covalent Immobilization of Organophosphorus Hydrolase on Carbon Nanotubes for Biosensor Applications, accepted for oral presentation at 12th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors, Jul. 13-16, 2008, Columbus, OH -- Electrochemical characteristics of SWNT-biopolymer nanocomposites, accepted for 213th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, May 18-23, 2008, Phoenix, AR -- Mechanically Robust Antibacterial Thin Films Composed of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Biopolymers, 2008 AIChE Spring National Meeting, Apr. 6-10, New Orleans, LA -- Production and characterization of protein and DNA based single wall carbon nanocomposites by layer-by-layer assembly, MRS Fall Meeting, Nov. 26-30, 2007, Boston, MA -- Gold surface modified with enzyme-encapsulated silica monolayers for biosensor application, The 58th Southeast Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Nov. 1-4, 2006, Augusta, GA -- Electrochemical modulation of biological interfaces, 209th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, May 7-12, 2006, Denver, CO -- SPR based biosensor using lytic phage as a specific and selective probe for staphylococcus aureus detection, 57th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Mar. 12-17, 2006, Orlando, FL -- Specific & selective detection of staphylococcus aureus by lytic phage using SPR biosensor, 57th Southeast / 61st Southwest Joint Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Nov. 1-4, 2005, Memphis, TN -- Prevention of non-specific binding as a way to increase sensitivity of SPR-based sensors, 206th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, October 3-8, 2004, Honolulu, HI. Includes bibliographical references.

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Rechenmacher, Ciliana. "O papel das ureases de soja (Glycine max (L.)Merr.) no desenvolvimento da planta e na proteção contra nematoide causador de galha." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163694.

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Ureases são tradicionalmente conhecidas por catalisar a hidrólise da ureia em amônia e dióxido de carbono. Em soja, três isoformas de urease foram descritas: 1) urease ubíqua, codificada pelo gene Eu4; 2) urease embrião específica, codificada pelo gene Eu1; 3) urease SBU-III, codificada por Eu5. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais limitante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta. Portanto, mecanismos eficientes para capturar o N nas suas diversas formas, e realocá-lo, são necessários para otimizar o uso do nutriente pela planta. O produto N da atividade da urease - a amônia é incorporada em compostos orgânicos, principalmente, pela atividade da glutamina sintetase. Assim, a urease está envolvida na remobilização do N, bem como na assimilação do N primário. Um estudo anterior foi realizado por nossa equipe com o objetivo de superexpressar o gene Eu4 em plantas de soja. Inesperadamente, as plantas transgênicas exibiram cosupressão do transgene Eu4 e de todos os genes endógenos que codificam as isoformas de urease. Foi verificada também, uma diminuição da atividade ureolítica. Visando determinar o papel das ureases no desenvolvimento da soja, foram comparadas plantas transgênicas co-suprimidas, plantas mutantes e seus respectivos controles. O desenvolvimento das plantas foi avaliado 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias após a semeadura. As plantas co-suprimidas apresentaram um atraso no desenvolvimento durante o primeiro mês após a germinação. Um desenvolvimento mais lento foi observado para o duplo mutante eu1- a/eu4- e o mutante simples eu3-a (este gene codifica uma proteína acessória inativa). A absorção de N nas plantas transgênicas foi significativamente menor do que a das plantas não transgênicas. Entre os mutantes, eu3-a apresentou o menor e eu1-a o maior conteúdo de N. Um número significativamente menor de sementes foi obtido para as plantas transgênicas. Em conjunto estes resultados indicam que o aconteúdo da urease ou da atividade ureolítica desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento da planta. A soja (Glycine max) é afetada por vários estresses bióticos e abióticos, que limitam a distribuição geográfica das culturas e levam a reduções significativas de crescimento e produtividade. No Brasil, as doenças causadas por nematoides são um dos estresses bióticos mais prejudiciais para a soja. As principais espécies encontradas no Brasil são Meloidogyne spp. (formadores de galhas), Heterodera glycines (cisto), Pratylenchus brachyurus (lesões radiculares) e Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniforme). Nematoides formadores de galhas e de cisto (nematóides sedentários), os patógenos mais prejudiciais à soja, são muito difíceis de controlar. Neste estudo, foi identificado um peptídeo derivado da urease de soja (nomeado Soyuretox), que exerce efeito tóxico contra fitonematoides formadores de galhas (M. javanica). Soyuretox foi expresso em raízes de plantas compostas plantas transgênicas estáveis de soja. Raízes de plantas compostas e plantas transgênicas estáveis superexpressando Soyuretox exibiram uma redução significativa (50% e 37.5%, respectivamente) no número médio de nematoides e ovos, quando comparado com raízes não transformadas, 45 dias após a inoculação. Este é o primeiro relato de resistência a nematóides causada por um peptideo derivado de uma urease. Soyuretox pode representar uma ferramenta útil bem como uma nova e eficiente alternativa para o controle de pragas e doenças em culturas economicamente importantes.
Ureases are traditionally known for catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In soybean, three urease isoforms have been described: 1) ubiquitous urease, encoded by the Eu4 gene; 2) embryo-specific urease, encoded by Eu1gene; 3) SBU-III urease, encoded by Eu5. Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for plant growth and development. Therefore efficient mechanisms both to take up N in its various forms, and to reallocate it, are necessary for optimal N use efficiency. The N product of urease activity- ammonia- is incorporated into organic compounds mainly by glutamine synthase activity. Thus, urease is involved in N remobilization, as well as in primary N assimilation. A previous study was performed by our team aiming to overexpress Eu4 gene in soybean plants. Unexpectedly, the transgenic plants exhibited endogenous (for all three genes) and introduced Eu4 transgene co-suppression and decreased ureolytic activity. Here, we sought to determine urease roles in soybean development by silencing all urease isoforms. Analyses were performed using transgenic co-suppressed and mutant plants. Plant development was evaluated 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after sowing. The cosuppressed plants presented a developmental delay during the first month after germination when compared with control. A slower development was observed for the double eu1-a/eu4-a mutant and the eu3-a (this gene codify an inactive accessory protein) single mutant. The N uptake in transgenic plants was significantly lower than that captured by non-transgenic plants. Among mutants, eu3-a presented the lowest and eu1- a the highest N content. A significantly lower number of seeds was obtained for transgenic plants. Altogether, these results indicate that the urease content and/or ureolytic activity play an important role in plant development. Soybeans (Glycine max) are affected by several abiotic and biotic stresses that limit the geographical distribution of cultures and lead to significant reductions in growth and productivity. In Brazil, the diseases caused by nematodes are one of the most damaging biotic stresses for soybeans.. The main species found in Brazil are Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot), Heterodera glycines (cyst), Pratylenchus brachyurus (root lesion) and Rotylenchulus reniformis (reniform). Root-knot and cyst nematodes (sedentary nematodes), the most damaging soybean pathogens, are very difficult to control. In this study, we identified a soybean urease-derived peptide (named Soyuretox) that exerts toxic effects against the root-knot phytonematode (M. javanica). Soyuretox was expressed in soybean roots of composite plants and complete stable transgenic plants. Roots of composite plants and stable transgenic plants overexpressing Soyuretox exhibited a significant reduction (50% and 37.5%, respectively) in the average number of nematodes and eggs when compared with non-transformed roots, 45 days after inoculation. This is the first report of nematode resistance caused by a urease-derived peptide. Soyuretox may represent a useful tool as a new and efficient alternative to control pests and diseases in economically important crops.

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Georges, Mathias. "Approche du frittage SPS de céramiques fines de carbure de bore : rôle des poudres initiales et de la mise en forme." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0132/document.

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Le frittage par le procédé Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) de céramiques denses de carbure de bore sans ajout d’additifs de frittage a été investi. L’effet de la mise en forme de la poudre de carbure de bore a été étudié. Dans ce cadre, une étude sur la mise en suspension de la poudre commerciale a été menée, quatre solvants permettant l’obtention de suspensions stables ont ainsi été identifiés (eau dés-ionisée, mélange eau dés-ionisée/tétraméthylamonium, acide oléique et éthylène glycol). Des valeurs de densité relative à cru plus élevées ont été obtenues par voie liquide et coulage naturel par rapport à celles des crus obtenus par pressage uniaxiale. De plus, le cycle de frittage SPS a été optimisé notamment sur la base de certains paramètres (température, temps du palier isotherme, contrainte uniaxiale appliquée). Les cinétiques de densification associées ont conduit à l’établissement d’une carte de frittage SPS du carbure de bore. Cette dernière a mis en évidence un large domaine de valeurs de densité relative (comprises entre 84 et 97%), pour lequel le phénomène de croissance granulaire est peu présent. La confrontation des données expérimentales avec le modèle viscoplastique d’Olevsky a conduit à identifier les mécanismes de densification sur la base notamment des valeurs d’exposant de contrainte (de l’ordre de 3-4) et d’énergie d’activation apparente (112 kJ.mol-1). Ainsi, il a été démontré que la consolidation du carbure de bore était assistée par un mécanisme de déformation plastique gouverné par des mouvements de dislocations. Les observations microstructurales suggèrent également l’existence d’un phénomène de maclage à haute température. En parallèle, une instrumentation spécifique a été mise en place permettant d’identifier les caractéristiques de fonctionnement du générateur de courant pulsé. Sur la base de ces données électriques, un modèle numérique robuste par éléments finis du procédé SPS a été établi. Le développement de ce modèle numérique a permis d’optimiser le passage au frittage de céramique de carbure de bore de plus grande dimension. Ce changement d’échelle a nécessité l’optimisation de paramètres tels que la température de frittage ou encore les caractéristiques géométriques de la matrice
Sintering of dense boron carbide ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) without sintering additives was investigated. The shaping effect of the commercial boron carbide powder was analysed. In this context, a study on the suspension of the powder was carried out, and four solvents allowing to obtain stable suspensions were thus identified (deionized water, mixture of deionized water/tetramethylammonium, oleic acid and ethylene glycol). Higher green relative densities were obtained by the liquid route and slip casting compared to those obtained by uniaxial pressing. In addition, the SPS sintering cycle has been optimized based on these parameters: temperature, isothermal dwell-time, applied uniaxial stress. The associated densification kinetics led to the establishment of a sintering map for SPS treatment of the considered boron carbide powders. This map showed a wide range of values of relative density (between 84 and 97%), for which densification process occurs without grain growth. The comparison of the experimental data with the viscoplastic model of Olevsky led to the identification of the densification mechanisms, based in particular on the determined values of stress exponent (about 3-4) and of apparent activation energy (112 kJ.mol-1). Thus, it has been demonstrated that consolidation of boron carbide was assisted by a plastic deformation mechanism governed by dislocation motion. The microstructural observations also suggest the existence of a twinning phenomenon at high temperature. In parallel, a specific instrumentation was set up to identify the operating features of the pulsed current generator. Based on these electrical data, a robust numerical model by finite element of the SPS process has been established. The development of this numerical model allowed to optimize the sintering conditions of larger boron carbide ceramics. This scaling up has required the optimization of parameters such as the sintering temperature or the geometrical characteristics of the die

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Heiffig, Lilia Sichmann. "Plasticidade da cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) em diferentes arranjos espaciais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-20022003-151548/.

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O presente experimento teve por objetivos, avaliar a maneira como a planta de soja se adapta a diferentes arranjos espaciais (plasticidade) e identificar o arranjo espacial que melhor represente ou possibilite associar o manejo do cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista) com alta produtividade agrícola. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ/USP), no município de Piracicaba - SP, durante o ano agrícola de 2001/2002. Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes arranjos espaciais, variando-se e combinando-se 6 níveis do fator espaçamento entre linhas (0,20; 0,30; 0,40; 0,50; 0,60 e 0,70 m) e 5 níveis do fator densidade de plantas na linha visando as populações de 70.000; 140.000; 210.000; 280.000 e 350.000 plantas/ha, totalizando 30 tratamentos, delineados em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e com três repetições. As características avaliadas foram: tempo de fechamento de entrelinhas; índice de área foliar; altura final de planta; altura de inserção da primeira vagem; número de ramificações; número de vagens por planta; número de grãos por planta; grau de acamamento; massa de 1000 sementes e produtividade agrícola. As principais conclusões são: a) o cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista), cultivado em linhas espaçadas entre si de 0,20 a 0,60 m, apresenta índice de área foliar máximo no estádio fenológico correspondente ao início da granação das vagens (R5); b) o número de vagens é o mais importante componente da produção por planta, por ser diretamente influenciado pelo arranjo populacional das plantas na área de produção; c) o cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista) apresenta ampla plasticidade, ajustando os seus componentes de produção aos diferentes arranjos espaciais, sem que ocorram significativas diferenças de produtividade; d) para cada combinação entre o espaçamento entre linhas e a densidade de plantas na linha existe uma população de plantas mais bem ajustada, que possibilita maior produtividade de grãos.
This research had as purposes to evaluate the soybean plant adaptations (plasticity) to different space arrangements and identify the best space arrangements for higher yields of cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista). The experiment was carried out at the experimental fields of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (USP/ESALQ), São Paulo State University, in Piracicaba-SP, during the 2001/2002 growing season. The 30 treatments consisted of different space arrangements, combining 6 row spacing (0,20; 0,30; 0,40; 0,50; 0,60; 0,70 m) with 5 different population (70.000; 140.000; 210.000; 280.000; 350.000 plants/ha), in a complete randomized blocks design with subdivided plots and three replications. The evaluated characteristics were: time to achieve closed canopy; leaf area index; final plant height; height of the first pod; number of branches per plant; number of pods per plant; number of grains per plant; lodging; mass of 1,000 grains and yield. The main conclusions are: a) the cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista) cultivated under 0,20 to 0,60 m row spacing shows a leaf area index maximum at the begging of seed-filling stage (R5); b) the number of pods is the best related component to yield per plant, being directly influenced by plant population; c) the cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista) presents wide plasticity, adjusting its yield components to the different space arrangements, without significant yield changes; d) for each row spacing there is a better plant population to achieve higher yield.

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Lindgren, Rebecca. "Verifiering av metod för analys av etylenglykol i plasma på Roche Cobas® c502." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104403.

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Etylenglykol (etan-1,2-diol) är en dihydroxyalkohol som är en komponent i kylarvätska och andra frost- och kylskyddsmedel. Förtäring av etylenglykol leder till allvarliga skador och i värsta fall död utan behandling. I Sverige år 2020 fanns det endast ett tiotal laboratorier som erbjöd analys av etylenglykol dygnet runt. Detta leder till att prover ofta behöver skickas till större laboratorier med taxi vilket i sin tur leder till en försenad diagnosticering av patienten. Syftet med examensarbetet var att verifiera en enzymatisk kolorimetrisk metod för analys av etylenglykol i plasma på instrumentet Roche Cobas® 8000 modul c502. Reagenset som verifierades var DiscretPak™ Ethylene Glycol Reagents från företaget Catachem. Verifieringen gjordes med avseende på total precision (repeterbarhet), inomserieprecision och linjäritet. Resultaten jämfördes med analys på gaskromatograf. Provmaterialet bestod av patientprover av litiumheparinplasma, patientprover av serum och kontrollprover från Equalis. Resultatet som erhölls vid verifieringen visade på linjär korrelation mellan den enzymatiska metoden och GC-analys. En negativ bias observerades dock i jämförelse med analys på gaskromatograf. Utvärdering av repeterbarhet gav CV 4,6% vid 9,0 mmol/L och 3,66% vid 40,0 mmol/L. Inomserieprecisionstudie gav CV 14,7% vid 1 mmol/L, 5,2% vid 4 mmol/L och 1,4% vid 17 mmol/L. Precisionen är viktigast vid de lägre koncentrationerna. Insättning av behandling med antidot är aktuellt vid 4 mmol/L. Utvärdering av linjäritet visade på ett starkt linjärt samband hos analysen vid koncentrationer <50 mmol/L. Vid koncentrationer >50 mmol/L fanns ett linjärt samband men en minskad överensstämmelse mellan den beräknade och den uppmätta koncentrationen observerades. Metodverifieringen ansågs vara godkänd för kliniskt bruk och analysen kommer att införas i analyssortimentet hos Klinisk Kemi i Växjö.
Ethylene glycol is an alcohol that is a common component in antifreeze. Ingestion of ethylene glycol will, without treatment, lead to severe organ damage and in worst-case death. In 2020 there was only a few laboratories in Sweden that offered analysis of ethylene glycol all hours of the day and week. This means that samples often need to be transported to laboratories at larger hospitals which leads delayed diagnosis of the patient. The purpose of this study was to verify an enzymatic method for analysis of ethylene glycol in plasma on the instrument Roche Cobas® 8000 module c502. The reagent that was used was DiscretPak™ Ethylene Glycol Reagents from Catachem. The study included evaluation of total precision, within-run precision, linearity, and a comparison with analysis with gas chromatography (GC). The sample material consisted of patient samples of plasma, patient samples of serum and quality controls from Equalis. The result of the study showed linear correlation between the enzymatic method and analysis with GC. A negative bias was observed in comparison to analysis with GC. The coefficient of variation (CV) for total precision was 4,7% at 9,0 mmol/L and 3,7% at 40,0 mmol/L. The CV for within-run was 14,7% at 1 mmol/L, 5,2% at 4 mmol/L and 1,4% at 17 mmol/L. The precision of the method is most important at lower concentrations. The evaluation of linearity showed linear correlation at concentrations <50 mmol/L with. A linear correlation was observed at concentrations >50 mmol/L, although the agreement with the calculated concentrations decreased. The method verification was successful as the results were deemed acceptable for clinical use.

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López, Hernández Federico. "Identification of the role of [methyl]glucuronic acid on arabinogalactan polysaccharides in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/276328.

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Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans heavily substituted by arabinogalactan polysaccharides. These are composed of arabinose and galactose, and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid (GlcA), fucose and xylose. The arabinogalactan polysaccharides do not decorate classical AGPs exclusively, but they can also be found decorating a wide range of proteins. Arabinogalactan proteins have been implicated in many processes of plant development. Recently, AGPs were proposed to bind and store calcium at the plasma membrane. They are extracellular, and are localised mainly at the plasma membrane via a GPI-anchor. They can also be soluble in the apoplast. Their low abundance, chemical similarity and high functional redundancy have hindered their study. My strategy to overcome these difficulties was to study knock-out Arabidopsis thaliana plants of glycosyltransferases that transfer sugars specifically onto AG-polysaccharides. Glucuronic acid makes up about 10% of the arabinogalactan polysaccharide structure in Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture AGPs. Previously, the glucuronic acid transferase A TGLCA T14A, a member of the CAZy Glycosyl Transferase 14 family, was shown to transfer GlcA specifically onto AGPs, and knock-out Arabidopsis plants showed a 30% reduction in [Me]GlcA substitution in AGP-enriched preparations. However, no clear growth phenotype was observed. The characterisation of knock-out plants of other GT14 family members and combinations thereof is described here. Based on previous studies (Lamport and Várnai, 2013), I assayed in vitro the calcium binding capacity of AGP extracts from WT and knock-out plants. The results showed that AGP extracts from knock-out plants can hold less calcium than WT plants in vitro. A wide range of plant growth phenotypes were identified. Growth phenotypes can be explained by changes in the cytoskeleton and deficiencies in calcium signaling. Our evidence suggests links between structural deficiencies of extracellular proteoglycans to extracellular calcium and cytoskeleton. This research has the potential to create a new model system for the study of molecular mechanisms dependent on calcium that drive cell expansion, division and differentiation in plants.

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Piccinini, Fernando. "Competitividade e danos de cordas-de-viola em soja." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5131.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The weeds adversely interfere with the development, yield and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The inappropriate use of herbicides for weed control can lead to resistant biotypes appearance or tolerant, causing a change in the flora of weeds in fields. An example of this is the increased occurrence of morning-glory (Ipomoea spp.) In the fields of southern Brazil. The aim of this study were (i) to investigate the competitive ability of soybean and I. triloba, I. purpurea and I. indivisa undivided through the experimental method of substitutive series. (ii) quantify the losses arising from the competition of two species of morning-glory in coexistence with soybean. We conducted two experiments at greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replications, using pots with a 8 dm3 capacity, with ratios of soybean and morning-glory 100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 to 100: 0, the population was defined in the preliminary experiment 250 plants m-2. The second study was conducted in the field in the season 2013/2014. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, with treatments being distributed in a factorial sequence, which evaluated the effect of competition on two soybean cultivars (TEC6029 and TEC7849), of a morning-glory (I . triloba and I. purpurea) infestation in different densities (0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 plants m-2). In the first experiment, the observed deviations in relative yield and straight overall relative yield in relation to the expected lines, resulted in convex lines for soybeans and concave to Ipomoea spp, so there was competition for resources and a more competitive species than the other. Soybean showed competitiveness more than morning-glory when species were in the same proportion. In the second experiment the soybean field coexistence with different population of morning-glory affects yield components and grain yield.
As plantas daninhas interferem negativamente no desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. O uso inadequado de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas pode levar ao aparecimento de biótipos resistentes e ou tolerantes, provocando mudança na flora de plantas daninhas em lavouras de soja. Exemplo disso, é o aumento na ocorrência de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea spp.) nas lavouras da região Sul do Brasil. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho: (i) investigar a habilidade competitiva de plantas de soja e de I. triloba, I. purpurea e I. indivisa. (ii) quantificar os prejuízos decorrentes da competição de duas espécies de cordas-de-viola em convivência com a soja. O primeiro trabalho foi realizado por meio do método experimental de séries onde se realizou dois experimentos em casa-de-vegetação no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, utilizando vasos com capacidade de 8 dm3, com proporções entre soja e corda-de-viola de 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 100:0, com população definida no experimento preliminar de 250 plantas m-2. O segundo trabalho foi realizado a campo na safra agrícola 2013/2014, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial, onde se avaliou o efeito da competição sobre duas cultivares de soja (TEC6029 e TEC7849), das espécies de corda-de-viola (I. triloba e I. purpurea) em diferentes populações (0, 4, 8, 16 e 32 plantas m-2). No primeiro experimento, os desvios observados nas retas de produtividade relativa e produtividade relativa total, em relação às retas esperadas, resultaram em linhas convexas para a soja e côncavas para Ipomoea spp, havendo competição pelos recursos sendo uma espécie mais competitiva do que a outra. A soja apresentou competitividade superior à corda-de-viola quando as espécies estavam na mesma proporção sendo que para a soja prevaleceu a competição intraespecífica enquanto que para as cordas-de-viola a competição interespecífica. No segundo experimento realizado a campo a convivência da soja com diferentes populações de cordas-de-viola afetam os componentes produtividade.

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Liedgens, Markus Michael. "Modelos numericos para a descrição do crescimento da planta de soja (Glycine max L. Merril, cultivar IAC-15) em condições saxonais diferenciadas." [s.n.], 1993. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315133.

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Orientador : Hilton Silveira Pinto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar o levantamento das espécies de Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) que ocorrem de forma espontânea e subespontânea, e as cultivadas no estado de São Paulo. Verificou-se que ocorrem na área de estudo, dezesseis espécies, das quais treze são espontâneas, duas cultivadas e apenas uma subespontânea, originária do sul do Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai. As diagnoses específicas foram elaboradas através de coletas de dados de coleções herborizadas provenientes de diversos Herbários nacionais e estrangeiros. Informações a respeito da anatomia foliar de cinco espécies, bem como a descrição morfológica de estruturas vegetativas de propagação e reserva, e a observação de aspectos fenológicos foram obtidas através de materiais observados e/ou coletados diretamente no campo. Os critérios utilizados na elaboração da chave analítica dicotômica para a identificação das espécies, foram baseados em caracteres morfológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos. Procurou-se fazer um estudo comparativo da morfologia do perigônio juntamente com a presença ou ausência de pseudoestípulas, de forma a sugerir uma provável relação evolutiva das espécies envolvidas, bem como a sua relação com outros gêneros afins da faIll11ia, porém, este estudo não procura estabelecer a filogenia de Aristolochia, pois para isto o número de espécies envolvidas deveria ser muito maior, de forma a ser representativo, uma vez que este gênero é muito amplo. Observou-se que as espécies de Aristolochia incluídas neste levantamento, ocorrem em todos os tipos de vegetação natural de São Paulo, ou sejam; restingas, mata atlântica, matas de altitude, matas ripárias e cerrados. Em outros estados brasileiros, elas ocorrem, também, em campos rupestres e caatingas. A maior parte das espécies ocorre em clareiras, margens de cursos d' água, áreas de transição vegetacional, e podem, eventualmente, desenvolver-se em áreas de cultivo. Concluiu-se que este gênero necessita de uma revisão pois determinados grupos, como o das espécies bilabiadas, não apresentam caracteres taxonômicos consistentes para a separação a nível de espécies
Abstract: The present work has the objective to show the survey of the Aristolochia species (family Aristolochiaceae), that occurs from spontaneous, subspontaneous and cultured forms within São Paulo State. The specific diagnoses was elaborated through data in herborized collections from several national and foreign Herbarium. Information about leaf anatomy of five species, the organographic description of the vegetative structure of propagation and reserve, and the observations phenological aspect were obtained through observed materiaIs and
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas

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Dias, Carla da Silva. "Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging of soybean leaves Infected with Colletotrichum truncatum." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7555.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
A Anthracnose, causada pelo fungo Colletotrichum truncatum, é uma das doenças de soja mais importantes no mundo, mas não há estudos avaliando as alterações fisiológicas neste patossistema. Portanto, uma abordagem para avaliar os eventos que ocorrem no local da infecção e perto da área infectada na folha, ao longo do tempo, contribuirá para uma melhor compreensão da interação planta-hospedeiro e atividade fotossintética. Assim, o presente estudo buscou investigar parâmetros de fluorescência da clorofila a (Chl a) na área da lesão e uma área adjacente, associando os ás trocas gasosas e avaliação de pigmentos fotossintéticos em plantas de soja inoculadas ou não inoculadas com C. truncatum. O parâmetros de trocas gasosas não foram alterados em plantas inoculadas. No entanto, ocorreu redução da concentração de Chl a, Ch b e da Chl total (a + b) nas plantas inoculadas as 72 e 144 horas após a inoculação (hai), com redução máxima à 144 hai de 24% para Chl a, que demonstrou ser mais sensível que a Chl b, ocasionando, portanto, a redução da razão Chl a/ Chl b. Também foi encontrado queda em valores de fluorescência da clorofila a como, Fluorescência inicial (Fo), Fluorescência máxima (Fm), Eficiencia quântica máxima do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm), Rendimento quântico de dissipação de energia regulada Y(NPQ) e coeficiente não- fotoquímico (qN), e um acréscimo no Rendimento quântico efetivo do PSII Y(II), Rendimento quântico de dissipação de energia não regulada (NO) e coeficiente fotoquímico (qP) nas área sintomática de plantas inoculadas. Entretanto esses parâmetros sofreram pequenas alterações nas áreas adjacentes das plantas inoculadas, diferindo apenas em alguns tempos. Demonstrando, dessa forma, um menor efeito do patógeno nas áreas adjacentes.
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, is one of the most important soybean diseases worldwide. However, there are no studies evaluating the physiological changes affecting this pathossystem. Therefore, one approach to evaluating events that occur at the site of infection and near the infected area on the leaf, over time, will contribute to a better understanding of the host-plant interaction and photosynthetic activity. The present study aimed to investigate chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters at injured and adjacent areas and the related changes in gas exchange and evaluation of photosynthetic pigments in soybean plants inoculated or non-inoculated with C. truncatum. There were no significant differences regarding gas exchange parameters for inoculated plants. However, there was a reduction in the concentration of Chl a, Chl b e Chl total (a + b) of inoculated plants in the 72 and 144 hours after inoculation (hai). Reduction in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters to as initial fluorescence (Fo), maximal fluorescence (Fm), maximal photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/ Fm), quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation Y (NPQ) and coefficient non-photochemical (qN), and an increase in the Effective PSII quantum yield Y (II), quantum yield of non- regulated energy dissipation (NO) and photochemical coefficient (qP) in the symptomatic area plants inoculated. However, these parameters have undergone minor adjacent areas of inoculated plants, differing only in a few days. Demonstrating a smaller effect of the pathogen in adjacent.

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Togni, Diogo Aparecido de Jesus. "Contribuição do tratamento de sementes de soja (Glycine max L. Merril) com fungicidas no manejo da ferrugem asiática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-17072008-161034/.

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O tratamento de sementes tem como objetivo tradicional erradicar ou reduzir os fungos associados às sementes, além de protegê-las de patógenos presentes no solo. Algumas doenças que ocorrem na parte área das plantas podem ser manejadas através do tratamento das sementes com produtos sistêmicos. Essa forma de controle tem sido utilizada há muitos anos, visando o controle de fungos biotróficos em arroz e trigo. A ferrugem asiática da soja é a principal doença que ataca a cultura, a qual necessita de ferramentas eficientes para seu manejo. O objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar a contribuição do tratamento de sementes de soja com produtos fitossanitários no manejo da ferrugem asiática. Desta forma, produtos fitossanitários foram aplicados às sementes de soja em diferentes doses, a fim de se verificar os efeitos fitotóxicos sobre sementes e plântulas que eventualmente fossem causados pelos mesmos. As maiores doses não fitotóxicas de cada tratamento foram selecionadas, novamente aplicadas às sementes e distribuídas em campo experimental, onde se verificou o efeito do tratamento das sementes isoladamente ou com a aplicação foliar de fungicidas foliares, no manejo da ferrugem asiática da soja. Ciproconazol + azoxistrobina (10,0 + 25,0g i.a./100kg de sementes), difenoconazol (50,0), epoxiconazol (2,5), fluquinconazol (50,0), flutriafol (10,0), flutriafol TS (5,0), flutriafol + tiofanato metílico (10,0 + 50,0), tebuconazol (10,0), tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina (10,0 + 5,0), tetraconazol (10,0), triticonazol (25,0), acibenzolar-S-methyl (50,0) e pó de rocha (2,0) não apresentaram fitotoxicidade e foram comparados em campo. Ciproconazol + azoxistrobina (25,0 + 10,0g i.a./100kg de sementes) e epoxiconazol (2,5) diminuíram a emergência das plântulas de soja em campo. No ensaio somente com tratamento de sementes, sem aplicação de fungicida foliar, tebuconazol e tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina diminuíram a ferrugem asiática em plantas de soja. Quando se integrou a pulverização foliar de fungicidas, fluquinconazol, tebuconazol e tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina, diminuíram a severidade da ferrugem asiática da soja. Apesar de não aumentar o rendimento da cultura, o tratamento de sementes pode contribuir no manejo da ferrugem asiática da soja, mantendo a segurança e o rendimento do produtor.
Seed treatment has as traditional objective to eradicate or to reduce fungi associated with seeds and to protect them from soilborne pathogens. Some diseases that occur in the aerial part of plants may be managed through seed treatment with systemic products. This kind of control has been used for many years, aiming the control of biotrophic fungi in rice and wheat. Soybean\'s asian rust is the main disease that attacks the culture, which needs efficient tools for its management. The objective of this study was to verify the contribution of soybean seed treatment with phytosanitary products in the management of asian rust. In this case, phytosanitary products were applied to soybean seeds in different doses, aiming to verify the phytotoxicity effects onto seeds and seedlings that eventually would be caused by these products. The highest non phytotoxic doses of each treatment were selected, applied again to seeds and these were distributed on experimental field, where it was verified the effect of each seed treatment with and without foliar application of fungicides, in the management of soybean\'s asian rust. Ciproconazol + azoxystrobin (10,0 + 25,0g a.i./100kg of seeds), difenoconazol (50,0), epoxiconazol (2,5), fluquinconazole (50,0), flutriafol (10,0), flutriafol TS (5,0), flutriafol + thiophanate-methyl (10,0 + 50,0), tebuconazole (10,0), tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin (10,0 + 5,0), tetraconazole (10,0), triticonazole (25,0), acibenzolar-S-methyl (50,0) and rock powder (2,0) did not present phytotoxicity and were compared in field. Ciproconazol + azoxystrobin (25,0 + 10,0g a.i./100kg of seeds) and epoxiconazol (2,5) decreased the seedling\'s emergency in field. In the experiment with only seed treatment, with no foliar fungicide application, tebuconazole and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin decreased asian rust in soybean plants. When the application of foliar fungicide was integrated, fluquinconazole, tebuconazole and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin the asian rust severity decreased. Despite there was no increase in the culture yield, seed treatment can contribute in asian rust´s management, increasing the safety an the revenue of the producer.

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Sartori, Gerson Meneghetti Sarzi. "Sistemas de implantação de soja em áreas de arroz irrigado e efeitos em atributos físicos do solo e em características agronômicas e fisiológicas da planta." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3271.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The lowland areas are predominantly cultivated with irrigated rice. However, the monoculture of rice can to complicate the use of these areas for rice crop. An alternative to this is the use of crop rotation. The crop that may be used in rotation with rice is the soybean. But, some lowland areas present poor drainage, low hydraulic conductivity and compacted layer present in the soil sub-surface, soybean yield is usually limited especially in drought years. Thus, the objective this study was to evaluate the effect of tillage systems and soybean sowing and border irrigation on soil physical and hydraulic properties, oxidative stress in the leaf tissue of plants, root growth and development, nutrients content in leaf tissue of plants and soybeans yield. The experiments were performed in the Experimental Area of the Federal University of Santa Maria, during 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing season in Santa Maria-RS, Brazil and during 2013/14 growing season in Formigueiro, RS. Levels of factor A were: tillage and seeding systems: chisel plough with sowing using a offset double disc; no-till with sowing using a furrow opener upon a raised bed; sowing using a knife runner opener; sowing using a (fluted coulter disc) wavy disc with 12 waves and sowing using a offset double disc. The D factor levels were: irrigated and non-irrigated. The results showed that systems with sowing using knife, sowing on raised bed and chisel plough reduce soil bulk density in the layer from 0.00 to 0.20 m in the sowing row. These systems improve in the soil physical and hydraulic properties such as soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity and infiltration capacity and water storage in the soil. Tillage systems with sowing using offset double disc and (fluted coulter disc) wavy disc has less effect of soil bulk density reduction in the soybean sowing row and improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties. The presence of a compacted layer in the soil sub-surface (layer from 0.07 to 0.15 m) causes oxidative stress in plants in drought seasons. The system using chisel plough and sowing using knife minimize those stresses and provide greater soybean roots growth and development, nodulation and higher grain yield. The border irrigation on soil moisture conditions below 60% of field capacity results in reduced oxidative stress, increased of roots growth and development, providing increase in nodulation and soybeans yield in areas with presence compacted layer in the soil sub-surface.
As áreas de várzeas são predominantemente cultivadas com a cultura do arroz irrigado. No entanto, o monocultivo do arroz irrigado pode inviabilizar o uso dessas áreas para o cultivo do arroz. Uma alternativa para isso é o uso de rotação de culturas. A soja é uma cultura que pode ser utilizada em rotação com o arroz irrigado. Porém, em função de características dessas áreas como: drenagem deficiente, baixa condutividade hidráulica e presença de camada compactada próximo à superfície do solo, a produtividade da soja é usualmente limitada principalmente em anos de estresse hídrico. Diante disso, o objetivo de estudo da tese foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de implantação e de semeadura da soja e da irrigação por faixas em propriedades físicas do solo, no crescimento e desenvolvimento radicular, no estresse oxidativo das plantas, na concentração de nutrientes no tecido das plantas e no rendimento de grãos de soja. Os experimentos foram realizados na área Experimental de Várzea da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, nas safras de 2013/14 e de 2014/15, e em Formigueiro, RS, na safra de 2013/14. Os níveis do fator A foram: sistemas de implantação e de semeadura: escarificação do solo com semeadura utilizando disco duplo na semeadora; sem escarificação do solo e semeadura em microcamalhão com haste sulcadora; semeadura com haste sulcadora; semeadura com disco ondulado e semeadura com disco duplo. Os níveis do fator D foram: com e sem irrigação por faixas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, observa-se que os sistemas com haste sulcadora, microcamalhão e com escarificação do solo reduzem a densidade do solo na camada de 0,00 0,20 m na linha de semeadura. Esses sistemas melhoram na linha de semeadura as propriedades físico-hídricas do solo como a densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e capacidade de infiltração e armazenamento de água no solo. Os sistemas de implantação com semeadura utilizando disco duplo e disco ondulado apresentaram menor efeito de redução de densidade do solo na linha de semeadura e melhoria das propriedades físico-hídricas. A presença de uma camada compactada próximo a superfície do solo (camada de 0,07 0,15 m) causa estresse oxidativo nas plantas em épocas de déficit hídrico. O sistema com escarificação do solo e com semeadura utilizando haste sulcadora minimizam esses estresses e proporcionam maior crescimento e desenvolvimento de raízes de soja, nodulação, bem como maior rendimento de grãos. O uso da irrigação por faixas em condições de umidade do solo abaixo de 60% da capacidade de campo resulta em redução do estresse oxidativo, aumento do crescimento e desenvolvimento de raízes, proporcionando acréscimo na nodulação e no rendimento de grãos de soja em áreas com presença de camada compactada próximo a superfície do solo.

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Toledo, Márcia Ribeiro. "Características agronômicas da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) em função da remoção do meristema apical e da densidade de plantas." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10266.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Em ensaios de campo conduzidos na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa-MG, avaliaram-se os efeitos da remoção do meristema apical e da densidade de plantas sobre as características agronômicas da soja ‘UFV-18’ (Patos de Minas). O presente trabalho, teve como objetivo verificar qual a produção de sementes em um maior número de plantas por hectare e a redução da altura da planta e do acamamento, buscando estratégias de cultivo de soja para fins de melhoramento genético. Os experimentos foram em esquemas de parcelas subdivididas segundo um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. As parcelas constaram de seis densidades (160.000, 320.000, 480.000, 640.000, 800.000 e 960.000 plantas/ha) e as subparcelas, pela ausência e de três alturas de remoção do meristema apical (20, 40 e 60 cm). Para obtenção das referidas densidades foram utilizados os espaçamentos entre as linhas de 50 cm, nos casos das três primeiras densidades, e de 25 cm, nas três maiores. Os dados das características agronômicas foram submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão. As características avaliadas foram: altura de planta, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, ramificação, número de nós, número de vagens, número de sementes, peso de 100 sementes, produção e acamamento. Os resultados indicaram que o incremento da densidade causou aumento da altura de plantas e redução do número de ramificações e de vagens por planta. A remoção do meristema apical a 40 ou 60 cm reduziu a altura das plantas em relação à testemunha, e, ademais, reduziu um pouco o acamamento. Deste modo, o aumento da densidade de plantas de 160.000 a 960.000 plantas/ha possibilitou a produção de sementes em um maior número de plantas, independente da remoção do meristema apical, dentro de uma mesma área, para condução das primeiras gerações no Método Descendente de Uma Única Semente (SSD) em soja.
The experiment was conducted in an experimental area at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. The effects of apical meristem removal and plant density were evaluated on agronomic characters of soybean ‘UFV-18’ (Patos de Minas). The objective of this work was to verify what was the seeds production in a larger number of plants per hectare, the plant height reduction and the lodging reduction, looking for strategies of soybean cultivation for genetic improvement. The treatments were performed in schemes of subdivided parcels according to a delineation using randomized blocks with three repetitions. The parcels consisted on six densities (160.000, 320.000, 480.000, 640.000, 800.000 and 960.000 plants/ha) and the sub- parcels by absence and three heights of apical meristem removal (20, 40, 60 cm). The intervals used among lines were of 50 cm on the three first densities, and lines of 25 cm on the larger densities in order to obtain the referred densities. The data of agronomic characters were submitted to the variance and regression analysis. The characters evaluated were plant height, height of the first string bean insertion, ramification, number of nodes, number of string beans, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, production, and lodging. The results indicated that the increment of density induced the increase of the plant height and reduction of the number of ramifications and string beans per plant. The apical meristem removal to 40 or 60 cm reduced the plant height in relation to testimony, and furthermore, not much reduced the lodging. In this way, the increase of density of plants from 160.000 to 960.000 plants/ha allowed the seeds production in a larger number of plants, independent of the apical meristem removal, inside of the same area for conduction of the firsts generations on the Proceeding Method of a single seed (SSD) in soybean.

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Oliveira, Arnold Barbosa de [UNESP]. "Fenologia, desenvolvimento e produtividade de cultivares de soja em função de épocas de semeadura e densidades de plantas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96926.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar fenologia, crescimento, desenvolvimento, acamamento e produtividade de soja, conforme cultivar, época de semeadura e densidade de plantas, em Londrina - PR. Dez cultivares de soja foram semeadas em 18/10 e 28/11/2008, e conduzidas nas densidades de 250 e 400 mil plantas por hectare. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, e parcelas de quatro linhas de 8 m de comprimento. Quantificaram-se: (i) os dias, crescimento da haste e nós formados da emergência ao início do florescimento (VE-R1) e até a colheita (VE-R8); (ii) os dias até o início de enchimento de grãos (VE-R5); além de (iii) vagens e grãos por planta, massa de 100 sementes, ramificação, acamamento e produtividade na colheita (R8). A menor densidade de plantas promoveu maior formação de nós e ramos na haste principal. A primeira época condicionou maior crescimento das plantas no período reprodutivo e maior número de ramos. A segunda condicionou maior crescimento no período vegetativo. Períodos juvenis, na primeira, e fotoperíodos críticos, na segunda, influenciaram florescimentos, interagindo com os fotoperíodos, para a maioria das cultivares. O fator genético exerceu maior influência sobre as variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento, produtividade e componentes da produção
The objective of this research work was to evaluate phenology, plant growth, development, lodging and grain yield of soybean, according to cultivar, sowing date and plant density in Londrina, PR. Ten soybean cultivars were sown on Oct/18 and Nov/28/2008, and cropped under 250 and 400 thousand plants per hectare. A randomized block design with four replicates was applied with plots consisting of four rows of 8 m long. The following evaluations were determined: (i) number of days, stem growth and nodes formed from seedling emergence to beginning flowering (VE-R1) and also up to harvesting (VE-R8); (ii) number of days to beginning of seed filling (VE-R5); and (iii) number of pods and grains per plant, mass of 100 seeds, branching, lodging and grain yield at harvest (R8). The lowest plant population resulted in the largest number of branches and nodes on the main stem. The first sowing date promoted the largest plant growth on the reproductive stage and largest number of branches. The second resulted in the largest plant growth in the vegetative period. Juvenile period in the first planting date and critical photoperiods in the second influenced flowering, which interacted with photoperiods for the majority of the cultivars. Genetic factors had the greatest influence on the variables related to plant development, grain productivity and yield components

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Fajardo, Neuza Maria Campos. "Emissão de metano por cordeiros em pastagens tropicais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180613.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a emissão de metano por cordeiros alimentados em diferentes pastagens tropicais: Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5 (capim aruana) e Cajanus cajan cv. anão (feijão guandu), e suas relações com a composição química destas pastagens. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, nos anos de 2015 e 2016. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. O capítulo II relata os resultados da emissão de metano por cordeiros pastejando nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) ARU – somente capim aruana; 2) FG - somente feijão Guandu; 3) AFG – meio piquete com capim aruana, e a outra metade com feijão Guandu. Para avaliação de metano foi utilizado a técnica com marcador SF6 . No experimento do capítulo II, utilizou-se parcela subdividida, sendo a subparcela dois animais testes que receberam polietileno glicol (PEG) para quelar o tanino presente no feijão guandu, e dois que receberam água como controle. As emissões de metano por consumo de matéria seca (EMICONMSDIA) não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos, mesmo considerando as dosificações com polietileno glicol (PEG) ou água (P=0,9235). O tratamento FG (P=0,036) apresentou mais altos níveis de taninos condensados do que os demais tratamentos Apesar de diferenças nas suas características químicas, a emissão de metano de cordeiros é semelhante entre pastagens tropicais de capim aruana (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5), feijão Guandu (Cajanus cajan cv. Anão. Os taninos condensados presentes na forrageira feijão guandu, nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, não demonstraram potencial para contribuir na redução da emissão de metano por cordeiros. No capítulo III, os tratamentos, manejo dos animais e delineamento experimental foram semelhantes ao capítulo II. Os resultados demonstraram que não há uma relação direta entre as características bioquímicas do alimento e a emissão de metano. Essa desassociação entre a emissão de metano e a composição química da pastagem foi constatada tanto quando relacionou-se a emissão por animal (EMI), quanto quando relacionou-se com a emissão por quilograma de matéria seca ingerida (EMICONMSDIA). Conclui-se, então, que não é possível relacionar a emissão de metano de cordeiros com as características químicas das plantas forrageiras tropicais perenes, capim aruana e feijão Guandu.
The researches carried out in the present work had the objective of evaluating the emission of methane by lambs fed on different tropical pastures: Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5 (Aruana grass) and Cajanus cajan cv. dwarf (pigeon pea), and their relationships with the chemical composition of these pastures. The works were conducted at the Experimental Agronomic Station of UFRGS, between January and April 2016, Chapter II; and from February to April 2015, Chapter III. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with three replicates. The blocking was carried out with the objective of eliminating variations of slope of the terrain (flat area, sloping at the top and sloping slope). Chapter II reports the results of methane emission by grazing lambs in the following treatments: 1) ARU - only aruana grass; 2) FG - only Guandu beans; 3) AFG - half picket with aruana grass, and the other half with Guandu beans. For methane evaluation, the SF6 marker technique was used. In the experiment of chapter II, a subdivided plot was used, the subplot being two test animals that received polyethylene glycol (PEG) to chelate the tannin present in the pigeon pea, and two that received water as control. Emissions of methane by dry matter intake (EMICONMSDIA) did not show any difference between treatments, even considering the dosages with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or water (P = 0.9235) FG treatment (P = 0.036) presented higher levels of condensed tannins than the other treatments. Despite differences in their chemical characteristics, the methane emission of lambs is similar between tropical pastures of Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5), Guandu beans (Cajanus cajan cv. Dwarf), and when these forages are offered at will , in two lanes in the picket. The condensed tannins present in the forage pigeon pea, under the experimental conditions of this work, did not demonstrate the potential to contribute in the reduction of the methane emission by lambs. In Chapter III, treatments, animal management and experimental design were similar to Chapter II. The relationships between the chemical composition of pastures of nutritional influence showed to be quite variable in the methane emission response. The results showed that there is no direct relationship between the biochemical characteristics of the food and the emission of methane. This dissociation between the methane emission and the chemical composition of the pasture was verified both when the emission per animal (EMI) was related and when it was related to the emission per kilogram of ingested dry matter (EMICONMSDIA). It is concluded that it is not possible to relate the emission of methane with the chemical characteristics of perennial tropical forage plants Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5, and Cajanus cajan cv. Dwarf.

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Perozini, Alexandre Caetano [UNESP]. "Glifosato e manganês na cultura da soja transgênica: fisiologia e nutrição de planta, características agronômicas e análise econômica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/135896.

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O glifosato sal de isopropilamina de N - (fosfonometil) glicina é um dos herbicidas mais utilizados em sistemas de cultivo de produtos agrícolas geneticamente modificados, especialmente para a cultura da soja. Visando estudar os efeitos da aplicação de glifosato e manganês (Mn) em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento sobre a fisiologia e nutrição das plantas de soja, características agronômicas e viabilidade econômica, desenvolveu-se dois experimentos na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da UNESP-Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. Os experimentos foram instalados em 07/11/2012, utilizando-se a variedade de soja BRS Valiosa RR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial. O produto utilizado para fornecer Mn contém como matéria prima sulfato de Mn quelatizado com EDTA. A fonte do N - (fosfonometil) glicina foi o Roundup Original com concentração de sal de Isopropilamina de glifosato 480 g L-1 (360 g L-1 equivalente ácido). Os tratamentos: primeiro experimento com aplicação de glifosato nas doses de 0 ou 1440 g i.a. ha-1 (equivalente ácido), parceladamente nos estádios V3 e V7 ou em dose única no estádio V7, na ausência ou presença de 350 g ha-1 Mn, aplicado em dose única no estádio V5 ou parceladamente, com aplicações em V5 e V9. E no segundo experimento, a aplicação de glifosato, nas doses equivalente ácido de 720 g i.a. ha-1 aplicado em V3, 1440 g i.a. ha-1 aplicados em V3 + V7, na ausência ou presença de 350 g ha-1 Mn, aplicado no estádio V5. As pulverizações foliares dos tratamentos foram realizadas com pulverizador de barra de 5 m de comprimento, provida com bicos leque 110-02, espaçados de 50 cm, acoplado ao trator, e calibrado para volume de aplicação de 200 L ha-1 de calda. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: há alteração na forma de ureídeo e em ETR (taxa de elétrons refletidos); não houve alterações significativas no teor nutricional, apenas para número de grãos por vagens e produção média (kg ha-1), apresentaram diferenças significativas no segundo experimento, o que levou a um melhor resultado econômico com aplicação de 1440 g i.a. ha-1 de glifosato em estádios V3.
Glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine) is one of the most used herbicides in the systems of genetically modified agricultural product cultivation, especially for soybean. Studying the effects of glyphosate and manganese (Mn) application in different development stages on the physiology and nutrition of soybean plants, agronomic features and economic viability, it was developed two experiments at the Teaching and Research Farm, UNESP-Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria-MS. The experiments were conducted on 11/07/2012, using soybean BRS Valiosa RR. The used experimental design was randomized block design with 4 replications, factorial arrangement. The product used to provide Mn as raw material contains Mn sulfate chelated with EDTA. The source of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine was Roundup Original with concentration of isopropylamine salt of glyphosate 480 g L -1 (360 g L-1 acid equivalent). The treatments: first experiment with glyphosate application at doses of 0 or 1440 g i.a. ha-1 (acid equivalent) in installments V3 and V7 stages or in single dose V7 stage in the absence or presence of 350 g i.a. ha-1 Mn applied in a single dose at V5 or in installments, with applications in V5 and V9. And in the second experiment, the glyphosate application in doses equivalent acid to 720 g i.a. ha-1 applied at V3, 1440 g i.a. ha-1 applied at V3 + V7, in the absence or presence of 350 g i.a. ha-1 Mn, applied at V5. The treatment foliar spray was always performed, with a 12 m long bar provided with 5 cone nozzles 110-02, with spacing of 50 cm coupled to the tractor, calibrated for volume 200 L ha-1 . Based on these results it can be concluded that: there is a change in the ureide form and REE (rate reflected electrons); there were no significant alterations in nutritional coutents, only for number of grains per pod and average production (kg ha-1 ) showed statistic significant differences in the second experiment, which led to a better economic results in treating 1440 g i.a. ha-1 of glyphosate at V3 stage.

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Carneiro, Luciana Celeste. "Caracterização epidemiológica da resistência parcial e análise da tolerância de genótipos de soja à ferrugem asiática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-14092007-163502/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência parcial e a tolerância à ferrugem asiática, em sete cultivares comerciais e três linhagens de soja. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no município de Jataí, GO, no ano agrícola de 2005/2006. Ensaios distintos foram realizados para avaliação da resistência parcial e para avaliação da tolerância, todos repetidos em três épocas de plantio, a fim de se obter intensidade variável da doença em diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura. Nos ensaios para avaliação da resistência parcial, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos cazualizados com cinco repetições e cada parcela experimental foi composta por cinco linhas de seis metros de comprimento. A severidade da doença foi estimada em intervalos semanais, a partir do surgimento dos primeiros sintomas até a desfolha completa. Os dados foram analisados por meio de regressão não linear e o modelo logístico foi o que apresentou melhor ajuste. As curvas de progresso da doença para os cultivares EMGOPA-315, Luziânia, Pintado, Conquista, COODETEC-219 e para as linhagens 1, 2, e, 3 não apresentaram estabilização assintótica da severidade em função da desfolha precoce, ficando evidente apenas a fase exponencial de crescimento da doença. As epidemias apresentaram comportamento explosivo e foram muito semelhantes, demonstrando que esses genótipos foram igualmente susceptíveis ao patógeno. Os cultivares Tianá e EMGOPA-313 foram os únicos que apresentaram estabilização assintótica da severidade, em níveis muito abaixo de 1, o que evidenciou a presença de resistência parcial nesses cultivares. Nos ensaios para avaliação da tolerância, o delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, com delineamento dos tratamentos em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas (5 linhas de 12 m de comprimento) foram compostas pelos genótipos, e as subparcelas (5 linhas de 6 m de comprimento), pelo tratamento ou não com fungicida tebuconazole (0,5 L.ha-1) para controle da ferrugem. A severidade da doença foi estimada uma única vez e a tolerância foi avaliada pela análise estatística da diferença de produtividade, peso de mil grãos e de número de vagens e grãos por planta, entre subparcelas tratadas e não tratadas com fungicida, em cada época de plantio. Nenhum genótipo avaliado mostrou-se tolerante à ferrugem asiática da soja.
This work aimed the evaluation of partial resistance and tolerance to soybean asian rust on seven soybean genotypes and 3 lines. The research was conducted at Jataí, GO, during the growing season of 2005/2006. Experiments for partial resistance evaluation were carried out separately from experiments to evaluate tolerance, and in order to have different levels of disease severity, on different soybean growth stages, three trials for each experiment were carried out, each one with a different planting date during the season. Experiments for partial resistance evaluation were arranged on a randomized block design and each experimental unit was made by five soybean lines, 6 m long. The disease severity was estimate on week intervals from the first pustules appearance to the total defoliation. Analyses were done by non linear regression and the logistic model presented the best fitness to the observed data. The early defoliation on cultivars EMGOPA-315, Luziânia, Pintado, Conquista, COODETEC-219 and on lines 1, 2, e, 3 did not allowed the disease progress curves to reach asymptotical stabilization and for such genotypes, just the exponential part of the disease growth could be seen. Epidemics presented an explosive growth and the disease progress curves for such genotypes were similar, suggesting that they were similarly susceptible to the pathogen. The cultivars Tianá e E-313 were the only ones that presented asymptotical stabilization of disease and that happened on severity levels much smaller than 1, what was considered an evidence of partial resistance on those cultivars. Experiments conducted for tolerance evaluation were arranged in a split plot design with five replicates. The main plots (5 soybean rows, 12 m long) were composed by the soybean genotypes and the subplots (5 soybean rows, 6 m long) were those with or without fungicide (tebuconazole 500 mL.ha-1) application for rust control. Disease severity was estimate only once and tolerance was evaluated by the statistical analyses of difference of yield, thousand grain weight and pod and grain numbers, between treated and untreated subplots. None soybean genotypes analyzed presented tolerance to soybean asian rust.

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Calaça, Helen Alves. "Ferrugem asiática da soja: relações entre o atraso do controle químico, rendimento, severidade e área foliar sadia de soja (Glycine max L. Merril)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-13032008-165947/.

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O controle da ferrugem asiática é altamente dependente do tratamento com fungicidas. A decisão do momento correto da aplicação é fundamental para a eficiência do tratamento, visto que atrasos na efetuação do controle podem torná-lo tão ineficaz quanto à ausência de aplicações. O dano provocado pela ferrugem asiática é decorrente da redução da área foliar, devido à destruição do tecido vegetal e desfolha precoce. Tendo em vista a influência que o atraso no controle tem sobre a ferrugem asiática, e esta sobre a folhagem das plantas de soja, o dano pode ser melhor compreendido com o uso de variáveis que captem modificações na área foliar do hospedeiro. Com os objetivos de avaliar o efeito do atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática sobre o rendimento e os componentes do rendimento, a duração (HAD), a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA) de plantas de soja e sobre a severidade da doença e examinar as relações entre o rendimento de soja com a duração, absorção da área foliar sadia e severidade da ferrugem asiática, foram conduzidos cinco experimentos no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Agrícola da Arysta LifeScience, em Pereiras-SP. Os experimentos envolveram um tratamento preventivo e tratamentos que corresponderam a atrasos crescentes na efetuação do controle químico. As relações entre os parâmetros citados acima foram avaliadas por meio de testes de comparação de médias (LSD) e regressões lineares e não lineares (p<=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que nas situações em que o início da ferrugem asiática da soja ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, o rendimento cai à taxa de -31 kg ha-1 a -15 kg ha-1 por cada dia de atraso no controle, sendo o dano maior nos estádios mais jovens e menor nos estádios mais avançados. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAA, 10 MJ m-2 deixam de ser absorvidos por cada dia de atraso no controle. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAD, a duração da área foliar sadia diminui 2,4 a 1,4 dias por cada dia em que o controle é atrasado. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAA, são ganhos 2 kg ha-1 para cada MJ m-2 absorvido pela área foliar sadia. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAD, são ganhos de 13 a 9 kg ha-1 para cada dia de duração da área foliar sadia. A relação entre atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e severidade da doença é de 0,25% ponto percentual para cada dia de atraso no controle. A relação entre o rendimento de soja e severidade da ferrugem asiática é de -36 kg ha-1 por cada ponto percentual de severidade. A variável que melhor se relaciona com o rendimento de soja é a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA). Tanto HAA quanto HAD são variáveis melhores do que a severidade para serem usadas na quantificação de danos provocados pela ferrugem asiática na soja. Nas situações em que o início da doença ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, atrasos no controle da ferrugem asiática superiores a 28 dias apresentam o mesmo resultado que a ausência de controle. Não há redução no rendimento de soja se o início da ferrugem asiática ocorrer a partir do estádio R5.
The control of the asian soybean rust is highly dependent of fungicides treatment. The decision of the correct moment of application is critical for the efficiency of the treatment, since delays in the control can become it so inefficacious as the absence of applications. The damage caused by asian soybean rust is decurrent of the reduction of the leaf area, due to vegetal tissue destruction and early defoliation. In view, the influence that the control delay has on the asian rust, and this on the foliage of the soybean plants, the yield loss can be better understood with the use of variable that catch modifications in the leaf area of the host plant. With the objectives to evaluate the effect of the delay in the asian soybean control on the yield and the yield components, the duration (HAD) and absorption of the healthy leaf area (HAA) of soybean plants and on the disease severity, and to examine the relationship between the soybean yield with the healthy leaf area duration, healthy leaf area absorption and asian soybean rust severity, were conducted five field experiments in Agricultural Research and Development Center of the Arysta LifeScience, in Pereiras-SP. The experiments had involved a preventive treatment and treatments that had corresponded the increasing delays in the chemical control. The relationship between the cited parameters above had been evaluated by averages comparison test (LSD) and linear and non linear regressions (p<=0,05). The results had shown that in the situations where the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs next to the reproductive phase, the yield fall -31 kg ha-1 to -15 kg ha-1 per each day of control delay, being the loss bigger in youngest stadiums and lesser in oldier stadiums. In the relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAA, 10MJ m-2 does not absorbed per each day of control delay. In the relationship of the control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAD, the duration of the healthy leaf area reduced 2,4 to 1,4 days per each day where the control is delayed. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAA, were obtained 2 kg ha-1 for each MJ m-2 absorbed by the healthy leaf area. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAD, were obtained 9 to 13 kg ha-1 for each day of healthy leaf area duration. The relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and disease severity was of 0,25% percentile point for each day of delay in the control. The relationship between soybean yield and severity of the asian soybean rust were of -36 kg ha-1 for each percentile point of severity. The variable that better becomes related with the yield soybean was the healthy leaf area absorption (HAA). Even HAA as HAD are better variables than severity to be used in the yield losses quantification of the asian soybean rust. In the situations that the beginning of the disease occurs next to reproductive phase, control delay of asian soybean rust higher than 28 days show the same result that the control absence. It does not have reduction in the soybean yield if the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs after the R5 stadium.

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Silva, Cibele Aparecida Teixeira da. "Qualidade de sementes e caracterização de genótipos de soja visando à resistência ao complexo de percevejos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-28042016-142722/.

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Na cultura da soja ocorre um grupo de percevejos sugadores de sementes, Euschistus heros (E.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.) e Nezara viridula (L.), que causam diversos distúrbios fisiológicos durante o cultivo, como o atraso da maturidade fisiológica, a retenção foliar, as perdas na produtividade e a redução do potencial fisiológico das sementes. A reação dos genótipos de soja ao estresse por percevejos é uma abordagem importante durante a etapa de melhoramento, produção de sementes e desenvolvimento de novas linhagens de soja resistente. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os parâmetros de produção e qualidade das sementes, e a resposta de defesa da planta dos diferentes genótipos de soja em condições de ataque de percevejos. Os ensaios foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental de Anhumas (Departamento da Genética, USP, ESALQ), com as populações de plantas de soja submetidas à condição de infestação natural dos percevejos nos anos agrícolas 2012/13 e 2013/2014, com plantas cultivadas sem o controle químico de percevejos e com o controle, em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições em cada sistema de controle. Análises dos dados foram feitas com ANOVA e MANOVA. No primeiro ano, vinte quatro genótipos de soja foram avaliados para os parâmetros agronômicos e de resistência da planta (período de formação de sementes (PFS), ciclo das plantas (Ciclo), altura da planta (AP), índice de acamamento (IA), valor agronômico (VA), número de vagem (NV), peso de mil sementes (PMS), produtividade (PROD), retenção foliar (RF) e peso de sementes boas (PSB)). No segundo ano com oito genótipos de soja, as plantas foram avaliadas pelos mesmos parâmetros agronômicos e de resistência do primeiro ano, exceto o NV e com o acréscimo da avaliação do índice percentual de danos nas vagens (IPDV) e as sementes quanto a qualidade fisiológica (germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência, condutividade elétrica e tetrazólio). Além disso, as sementes e vagens de dois genótipos LQ1050 e CD215, coletadas entre os estágios R5 e R6, foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de isoflavonas em condições de estresse por percevejo no campo. Com o monitoramento da população de percevejos foi possível verificar um aumento de percevejos no PFS, sendo que a densidade populacional no ano agrícola 2012/13 foi mais alta. Para a seleção efetuada no primeiro ano agrícola 2012/13, considerou-se como principal critério o PSB mínimo e máximo para genótipos resistentes e suscetível ao percevejo para a avaliação da qualidade das sementes no segundo ano de cultivo 2013/14. Genótipos de soja com alta produtividade não garantem que os mesmos tenham resistência ao complexo de percevejos e produzam sementes com alta qualidade fisiológica. Foi verificada, nos oitos genótipos de soja do segundo ano de cultivo, variabilidade genética entre cultivares e linhagens de soja para características de qualidade fisiológica avaliada por meio dos testes de germinação e de vigor. Parâmetros utilizados para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica podem ser correlacionados com a resistência da planta ao complexo de percevejos. Coumestrol e gliocelina, compostos fitoalexinas, foram determinados nas vagens de genótipos contrastantes, mas não nas sementes.
A group of stink bugs composed by Euschistus heros (E.), Piezodorus guildinii (West.), and Nezara viridula (L.) causes several physiological disturbs in soybean during the field production, such as: delayed physiological maturity, leaf retention, yield loss, and decreased seed quality and germination potential. The reaction of soybean genotypes to stink bugs complex is an important approach for the crop breeding, seed production, and development of new resistant lines. This work aimed to compare the production and seed quality parameters, besides the plant defense under conditions of stink bugs attack. Assays were carried out at the Experimental Station of Anhumas (Department of Genetics, USP, ESALQ) with the soybean plants submitted to natural infestation by stink bugs, at 2012/13 and 2013/14 crop seasons, with absence and presence of chemical control of the insects, in a randomized block design with five replicates. The data were submitted to both ANOVA and MANOVA analysis. At the first season, 24 genotypes were evaluated as for the agronomic and plant resistance traits: seed formation period, plant life cycle, plant height, lodging index, agronomic value, number of pods per plant, mass of 1000 seeds, yield, foliar retention, and mass of healthy seeds. At the second season, eight genotypes were evaluated by the same agronomic and plant resistance traits of the first season, except the number of pods per plant. The pods damage index and seed physiological quality (germination, accelerated aging, emergence, electrical conductivity, and tetrazolium test) traits were evaluated only in the second season. The pods and seeds of LQ1050 and CD215 genotypes were collected between the R5 and R6 stages and had the isoflavones levels evaluated in conditions of stress by stink bugs attack. Through the monitoring of stink bugs population, it was possible to notice the increase of the insects in the seed formation period, with higher population density in the 2012/13 season. In the first season, the minimum and maximum masses of healthy seeds were taken as the main criterion to select susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively, to the stink bugs attack, for the seed quality evaluation in the second season 2013/14. High yield genotypes do not ensure resistance to the stink bugs complex and, therefore, seeds with high physiological quality. We have noticed the genetic variability among the genotypes as for the physiological quality evaluated through the germination and vigor tests, at the second season. Traits used for the physiological quality can be correlated with the plant resistance to the stink bugs complex. Coumestrol and glyceollin, phytoalexin compounds, were identified in pods of the contrasting genotypes, but not in the seeds.

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Vieira, Paulo Fernando de Melo Jorge. "Dialelo entre genitores de soja tolerantes à ferrugem asiática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-17032010-111423/.

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O trabalho iniciou um ciclo de seleção recombinando linhagens tolerantes à ferrugem asiática, com o intuito de estimar parâmetros genéticos úteis aos programas de melhoramento, incrementar a tolerância e predizer os cruzamentos mais promissores para extração de linhagens superiores. Foi realizado um dialelo completo, sem recíprocos, entre dez linhagens tolerantes à ferrugem, desenvolvidas pelo Setor de Genética Aplicada às Espécies Autógamas da ESALQ-USP. A geração F2 foi avaliada em covas, sendo estimados parâmetros relacionados aos caracteres agronômicos importantes, sem avaliação de reação à ferrugem. Na geração seguinte, progênies F2:3 foram avaliadas em três ambientes, Anhembi, Areão e ESALQ. A reação à ferrugem foi medida por dois caracteres: notas de reação à ferrugem e diferença de produtividade de grãos (PG) em experimentos com fungicidas distintos. Os resultados evidenciaram que os genitores possuíam alelos de resistência à ferrugem que podem garantir o sucesso da seleção recorrente. A metodologia do contraste de fungicidas discriminou eficientemente os genótipos com tolerância dos genótipos com suscetibilidade. O número de dias para a maturidade influenciou nas notas de reação à ferrugem; então, o grupo de maturação dos genótipos foi estimado para melhor avaliar o comportamento das progênies. Com base nos parâmetros da capacidade geral de combinação para PG e da reação à ferrugem, o genitor USP 191-104-11 (10) apresentou maior potencial de gerar progênies promissoras. Os cruzamentos USP 02-16.045 (2) x USP 16.015 (4), USP 16.015 (4) x USP 97-10.046 (6), USP 11-38 (5) x USP 97-10.046 (6) e USP 02- 16.045 (2) x USP 191-104-11 (10), destacaram-se pelo maior número de progênies com alta PG e tolerantes ou moderadamente tolerantes à ferrugem asiática.
This work started a cycle of selection throughout crosses among soybean lines with tolerance against soybean rust. The objectives were to increment the plant tolerance, to estimate useful genetic parameters for soybean breeding programs and to predict the most promising crosses to extract high yielding lines. A complete diallel, without reciprocal, among 10 rust tolerant lines was performed. Those lines were developed by the Sector of Genetics Applied to Autogamous Species from ESALQ-USP. The F2 generation was evaluated in hill plots and genetic parameters related to important agronomic traits were estimated, without evaluating the rust reaction. In the next generation, F2:3 progenies were evaluated in three environments, Anhembi, Areão and ESALQ. Rust reaction was evaluated throughout two main ways: according to the visual scores of rust reaction and contrasts in seed yield (PG) with fungicide experiments. The results showed that the parents have rust resistance alleles that can guarantee the success of the recurrent selection. The methodology of the fungicide contrasts efficiently discriminated the tolerant from the susceptible genotypes. The number of days to maturity influenced the rust reaction scores; so, the maturity groups of the genotypes were estimated for better evaluation of the performance of the progenies. According to the general combining ability (GCA) for yield and rust reaction, the parent USP 191-104- 11 (10) has the highest potential to generate high yielding lines. The crosses USP 02- 16.045 (2) x USP 16.015 (4), USP 16.015 (4) x USP 97-10.046 (6), USP 11-38 (5) x USP 97-10.046 (6) and USP 02-16.045 (2) x USP 191-104-11 (10) exceeded due the higher number of progenies with high yield and with tolerance or moderate tolerance to asian soybean rust.

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28

Roggia, Rejane Cristina Roppa Kuss. "Distribuição espacial e temporal de percevejos da soja e comportamento de piezodorus guildinii (westwood, 1837) (hemiptera: pentatomidae) na soja (glycine max (l.) merrill) ao longo do dia." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3183.

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From december 2006 to april 2008 was conducted a experiment at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, with objective to verify spatial and temporal distribution of soybean stink bug, with georeferenced surveying. The samplings was accomplished in area of 6,64 hectares of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), it was divided in a sample grid of the 105 points, spaced in 25 x 25 m. Colonization of the field occurred on soybean s vegetative period, from its adjacent borders to the fields of early soybean and sunflower, by the adults entry from these crops to the experimental area, because later sowing. From the beginning seed until the pod filling of the soybean, the tendency of stink bug population increase by the borders was kept. In the crop 2007/08, due to the sowing have been carried through at that recommended period, the spatial distribution of stink bugs started simultaneously in several points in the field and it did not present clear influence of the adults entry from other areas. In both the crops the populations increase occurred from beginning pod and beginning seed and to species abundance and its population s peaks varied of a crop for another. During overwintering it verified presence of stink bug in the area, feeding itself in the straw on the soil and living on grains fallen into the harvest, or in alternative host plants as Raphanus sp. With objective to study nymphs and adults of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) behavior on day time on soybean, was conducted a experiment at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, from april to may 2007. The experimental design employed was a factorial of order fourth, in randomized complete block design (24x3x3x3) (day time x distribution x location x behavior), with five blocks. The stink bugs were observed hourly, during 24 times. The stink bugs plant distribution (top, middle and botton), their location in plant organs (pod, leaf ou HRPR stem, branch, stick or raceme) and their behavior (resting, locomotion, feeding ativity) was registered. During the first and second instars, the nymphs had presented gregarious habit, and a small percentage in movement around of the posture. The nymphs started the feeding activity on second instar, and the locomotion was just around of the posture and the same organ where they were. From the third instar nymphs became more active, with bigger ditribution on plant and feeding more frequently. Locomotion times were near and precedents to feeding times and precedent the dusk, indicating the search for preferential locations for feeding or shelter. Nimphs and adults P. guildinii located preferentially in pod, them whats are associated to repose and feeding activity behaviors. In the nocturnal period, with air temperature lower than in the diurnal period, P. guildinii s nymphs had remained in stems circled by pods, because of the search by sheltered locations. Percentage P. guildinii in feeding activity increased of 7,37% of second-fourth instar for 16,92% in the fifth instar, and 34,77% adult phase. P. guildinii remained, preferentially, in middle plants stracta along the day time, not presenting a clear behavior of distribution in superior plants stracta in defined chedules. Thus, should not be indicated groups ideal schedule's for insecticides application for your control.
De dezembro de 2006 a abril de 2008 foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, com o objetivo de verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal de percevejos da soja, através de levantamento georreferenciado. As amostragens foram realizadas em uma área de 6,64 hectares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) dividida em uma grade amostral com 105 pontos, espaçados em 25 x 25 m. A colonização da lavoura ocorreu no período vegetativo da soja, a partir das bordas adjacentes a lavouras de soja precoce e girassol, pela entrada de percevejos adultos destes cultivos do entorno para a área georreferenciada, em função da semeadura tardia. Desde o início do enchimento de grãos até o enchimento pleno de grãos, a tendência de aumento populacional de percevejos pelas bordas foi mantida. Na safra 2007/08, devido a semeadura ter sido realizada na época recomendada, a distribuição espacial dos percevejos começou simultaneamente em vários pontos na lavoura e não apresentou clara influência da entrada de adultos de outras áreas. Em ambas as safras o aumento das populações ocorreu a partir da formação de legumes e do início do enchimento de grãos e a abundância de espécies e seus picos populacionais variaram de uma safra para outra. Durante todo o período de entressafra, verificou-se a presença de percevejos na área, abrigados na palhada sobre o solo e alimentando-se de grãos caídos na colheita, ou em plantas hospedeiras alternativas como Raphanus sp. Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento de ninfas e adultos de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood, 1837) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ao longo do dia em soja, foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, de abril a maio de 2007. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial de quarta ordem em blocos ao acaso (24x3x3x3) (horários x distribuição x localização x comportamentos), com cinco repetições. Os percevejos foram observados de hora em hora, por 24 horas. Registrou-se a sua distribuição nas plantas (terço superior, médio e inferior), a sua localização nos órgãos (legumes, folhas e HRPR haste, ramo, pecíolo ou racemo) e o seu comportamento (repouso, movimento e atividade alimentar). Durante o primeiro e segundo ínstares, as ninfas apresentaram hábito gregário, e uma pequena percentagem de ninfas em movimento em torno da postura. As ninfas começaram a alimentar-se no segundo ínstar, e tornaram-se mais ativas a partir do terceiro ínstar, movimentando-se não só a pequenas distâncias entre órgãos próximos, mas distribuindo-se pelos terços da planta, e alimentando-se mais regularmente. Os horários de movimento foram próximos e antecedentes aos horários de atividade alimentar, e do anoitecer, indicando a procura por locais para alimentação ou abrigo. Ninfas e adultos de P. guildinii localizaram-se preferencialmente em legumes, os quais estão associados aos comportamentos de repouso e atividade alimentar. No período noturno, com a temperatura do ar mais baixa que no período diurno, ninfas de P. guildinii se localizaram em hastes circundadas por legumes, em função da busca por locais abrigados. A percentagem de P. guildinii em atividade alimentar aumentou de 7,37% do segundo ao quarto ínstar para 16,92% no quinto ínstar, e 34,77% na fase adulta. P. guildinii permaneceu, preferencialmente, no terço médio das plantas ao longo do dia, não apresentando um comportamento claro de distribuição no terço superior das plantas em intervalos de horários definidos. Desta forma, não devem ser indicadas faixas de horário ideais para a aplicação de inseticidas para seu controle.

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29

Yen, Chi. "Synthesis and Surface Modification of Nanoporous Poly(ε-caprolactone) Membrane for Biomedical Applications." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268074499.

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30

Batista, Carlos Eduardo de Araujo. "Mapeamento de genes associados à resistência da soja a ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-12082008-122217/.

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O custo ferrugem que engloba gastos com fungicidas, os custos operacionais das aplicações, perdas de produção, e redução na arrecadação de impostos representa um elevado valor para sojicultura mundial. Assim, a ferrugem asiática da soja apresenta-se como um dos grandes desafios para a pesquisa agrícola nos próximos anos, pois o controle químico da doença é alternativa obrigatória enquanto não se dispõe de cultivares resistentes. Porém a prática representa aumento considerável no custo de produção. No Brasil estima-se que este custo, para duas aplicações gire, em torno de US$ 40,00.ha-1, sem contar os gastos operacionais com máquinas e combustível, ou seja, gasto apenas o fungicida. Considerando o exposto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar duas fontes de resistência à ferrugem asiática da soja (PI 200487 e PI 459025A), e verificar se os genes responsáveis pela reação ao patógeno já foram descritos na literatura, ou seja, identificar seus respectivos grupos de ligação. A estratégia de segregantes agrupados (Bulked segregant analysis) foi utilizada para mapear os genes de interesse. Os resultados obtidos permitiram chegar as seguintes conclusões: a) a técnica BSA foi eficiente para detectar locos relacionados com a resistência à ferrugem asiática da soja; b) a PI 459025 (Bing Nam) apresenta o gene de resistência Rpp4 localizado no grupo de ligação G e c) A PI 200487 (Kinoshita) apresenta um gene diferente daqueles descritos na literatura, sendo este localizado no grupo de ligação N. Este gene pode ser denominado de Rpp5.
The costs due to Asian soybean rust, which consists of fungicides, operational application costs and reduction in paid taxes, represent severe losses for worldwide soybean production. Thus, Asian soybean rust represents one of the most challenging problems for agricultural research in the future, since chemical control of the disease is the obligated alternative while resistant cultivars are unavailable. However, fungicide application significantly increases production costs. In Brazil, it is estimated that the costs of two applications are of approximately US$ 40,00.ha-1, aside the operational costs incurred due to machinery and fuel, that is, the figure represents solely fungicide costs. Taking into account the previous considerations, the present work aims to evaluate two sources of resistance to Asian soybean rust (PI 200487 and PI 459025A), and to verify if the genes involved in pathogen-responses have already been described in previous work, by identifying their respective linkage groups. Bulked segregant analysis was used to map the genes of interest. The results allowed the following conclusions: a) BSA was effective to detect loci associated to Asian soybean rust resistance; b) PI 459025A (Bing Nam) carries the resistance gene Rpp4 mapped to the linkage group G and c) PI 200487 (Kinoshita) has a novel resistance gene mapped to the linkage group N. The identified gene is denominated Rpp5.

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31

Pinto, Taís Leite Ferreira. "Fungicida foliar à base de estrobilurina, produtividade e potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-14122010-080903/.

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Condições climáticas desfavoráveis, durante o período final de maturação da soja, têm ocasionado problemas na qualidade das sementes, devido a maturação forçada ou morte prematura da planta, que pode resultar no aparecimento de sementes esverdeadas. Os fungicidas do grupo das estrobilurinas apresentam efeitos fisiológicos sobre o desempenho das plantas, com reflexos na produtividade, principalmente, por retardar a senescência das plantas. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de fungicidas, principalmente, do grupo da estrobilurina e da doença ferrugem asiática na produtividade e na qualidade de sementes de soja, com destaque para a ocorrência de sementes esverdeadas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela testemunha e aplicações dos fungicidas flutriafol + tiofanato metílico, pyraclostrobim + epoxiconazol e metconazol, sendo os produtos aplicados nos estádios fenológicos R2 e R5.1, individualmente e, também, em aplicações combinadas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em campo, em três locais (Alto Garças-MT, Londrina-PR e Piracicaba-SP) durante os anos agrícolas de 2007/08 e 2008/09. Três diferentes cultivares foram utilizadas para cada um dos locais. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada por meio dos testes de germinação, tetrazólio, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, sanidade, comprimentos de plântula e de hipocótilo e, também, por meio da fluorescência de clorofila nas sementes do segundo ano agrícola. As análises foram realizadas imediatamente após a colheita e sete meses após o armazenamento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com 7 tratamentos e 3 cultivares, para cada local e ano experimental. As médias foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey, à 5% de probabilidade. O fungicida a base de estrobilurina não interfere na produtividade e não apresenta efeitos diretos na qualidade das sementes e ocorrência de sementes esverdeadas. Em condições climáticas favoráveis à maturação das sementes, a alta severidade da doença ferrugem asiática interfere na produtividade, mas não influencia no seu potencial fisiológico. A ferrugem asiática, associada às condições climáticas desfavoráveis na fase final de maturação, proporciona a ocorrência de sementes esverdeadas, que compromete o vigor das sementes após o armazenamento.
Unfavorable weather conditions, during the late soybean maturation, have caused problems in seed quality due to \"forced maturation\" or premature plant death, which can result in the appearance of green seeds. Strobilurin group fungicides have physiological effects on plant performance, reflected in production, mainly by delaying the plant senescence. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fungicides, especially the strobilurin group and rust disease on yield and quality of soybean seeds, with focus in the occurrence of green seeds. The treatments were control and applications of flutriafole + thiophanate, methyl, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and metconazole fungicides, and the products were applied in R2 and R5.1 growth stages, individually and also in combined applications. The experiments were carried out under field conditions in three locations (Alto Garças-MT, Londrina-PR and Piracicaba-SP) during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 crops. Three different cultivars were used for each location. Seed quality was evaluated by means of the germination, tetrazolium, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, sanitary, radicle and hypocotyl length tests, and also by means of chlorophyll fluorescence in the seeds of the second crop year. Analyses were performed immediately after harvest and after seven months of storage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and three cultivars, location and year for each trial. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The strobilurin fungicide does not affect the production and has no direct effects on seed quality and in the occurrence of green seed. Under favorable weather conditions for seed maturation, the severity of soybean asiatic rust disease interferes with the production, but does not influence on its physiological potential. The soybean asiatic rust disease associated with unfavorable weather conditions during the final stage of maturation provides the occurrence of green soybean seeds, that compromises the vigor after storage.

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Bernardi, Walter Fernando. "Estratégias de seleção de genótipos de soja para resistência à podridão vermelha das raízes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-26092008-151505/.

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Nas últimas décadas, a podridão vermelha das raízes da soja (PVR), causada pelo Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines (FSG), tornou-se uma doença séria nas regiões brasileiras onde já foi constatada, sendo a utilização de cultivares resistentes um componente fundamental de um sistema integrado de controle. Este trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar estratégias de seleção de genótipos resistentes a PVR. Várias metodologias foram implementadas: avanço de progênies até a geração F7:2 e seleção em campo infestado, de progênies selecionadas em F2. Avaliou-se o cruzamento IAC 4 x Conquista em casa de vegetação (geração F3:2) e em campo infestado (gerações F3:2, F4:2 e F5:2), através de estudo de estabilidade e adaptabilidade das progênies. As metodologias de infecção em vasos de barro e bandejas de isopor em casa de vegetação foram comparadas para melhorar a eficiência de seleção; também foi feita análise de repetibilidade dos sintomas foliares da PVR, para otimização do número de avaliações necessárias para classificar o genótipo de soja quanto à reação ao FSG. Cultivares brasileiras de soja foram avaliadas em campo infestado. Em campo, as plantas foram avaliadas no estádio R5-6, com notas variando de 1 (ausência de sintomas) a 5 (100% da raiz principal com sintomas). Em casa de vegetação, as plantas foram avaliadas aos 35 dias pós-semeadura para sintomas radiculares e da parte aérea. Houve eficiência da seleção para resistência a PVR tanto em F2 (sintomas foliares em casa de vegetação) quanto em F7:2 (sintomas radiculares em campo naturalmente infestado). A seleção praticada nas gerações intermediárias também foi eficiente para aumentar a produtividade de grãos das progênies. Para o cruzamento IAC 4 x Conquista nas gerações F3:2, F4:2 e F5:2 em campo naturalmente infestado e na F3:2 em casa de vegetação, a metodologia de Annicchiarico possibilitou a seleção de genótipos com maior estabilidade e adaptabilidade para os diferentes ambientes; com o estudo genético destas gerações, demonstrou que há efeitos gênicos aditivos e dominantes no controle genético da PVR. Além disso, constatou-se que os genes responsáveis pela resistência estão dispersos nos genitores, provavelmente agrupados em blocos gênicos. A presença de dominância indica que a seleção deve ser postergada para gerações com maior homozigose (linhagem pura); esta idéia foi reforçada pela baixa herdabilidade ao nível de plantas. O uso de bandejas de isopor foi significativamente mais eficiente do que vasos de barro para inoculação de FSG em casa de vegetação. Pela análise de repetibilidade, detectou-se que quatro avaliações foram suficientes para discriminar se o genótipo era realmente suscetível ao FSG. A correlação da geração F3:2 (IAC 4 x Conquista) entre campo infestado e casa de vegetação foi praticamente nula; no entanto, 54% das progênies selecionadas em campo também foram selecionadas em casa de vegetação. A seleção de genótipos superiores para resistência ao FSG não é tarefa fácil, mas pode ser aprimorada pelo uso conjugado de metodologias suplementares que aumentem a eficiência de seleção.
During the last decades, soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines (FSG), has become a serious disease in the regions where it was encountered. The use of resistant soybean cultivars has been an important component of an integrated management system. The aim of this work was to research selection strategies of SDS-resistant genotypes. A number of methodologies were used: self pollination up to generation F7:2 and progeny selection in infested field of selected F2. The crossing IAC 4 x Conquista was studied in greenhouse (generation F3:2) and in a naturally infested field (generations F3:2, F4:2 and F5:2), where the progeny stability and adaptability study was carried out. The methodologies of infection in clay pots and polystyrene trays in greenhouse were compared to improve selection efficiency. An analysis of the repeatability of foliar SDS symptoms was also performed in order to optimize the number of evaluations needed to classify a soybean genotypes reaction to FSG. Brazilian soybean cultivars were evaluated in a naturally infested field, where plants were evaluated at stage R5-6 with scores varying from 1 (absence of symptoms) to 5 (main root 100% symptoms). In the greenhouse, the plants were evaluated 35 days after sowing for root symptoms, while the leaf symptoms was only evaluated after the appearance of symptoms. The selection done in F2 (leaf symptoms in greenhouse) as well as F7:2 (root symptoms in infested field) for FSG were efficient. The selections performed in intermediary generations were efficient in increasing the grain yield of the progeny. Studies of the F3:2, F4:2 and F5:2 generations of the IAC 4 x Conquista cross in an infested field and F3:2 in greenhouse, enabled through Annicchiaricos methodology, the selection of genotypes with greater stability and adaptability to different environments. The genetic study of these generations demonstrated there are additive and dominant genetic effects on the genetic control of SDS. Moreover, it was noted that the genes responsible for resistance are dispersed on the genitors, probably grouped into genic blocks. The presence of dominance indicates that the selection should be passed onto generations with greater homozygosity. There is also a clear indication that breeders should work with progeny lines in order to assist selection due to the low inheritability at the individual plant level. For the experiments with different FSG inoculation methodologies (clay pots and polystyrene trays) in greenhouse the use of trays was significantly more efficient; by studying the repeatability analysis, it was found that four evaluations is enough to discriminate if the genotype is really susceptible to FSG. The correlation of the F3:2 generation (IAC 4 x Conquista) between infested field and greenhouse was practically null; however, 54% of the progeny selected in the field were selected in greenhouse. As observed, the selection of superior genotypes for FSG resistance is not an easy task, but may be improved by means of new methodologies and the conjugated use of methodologies which improve selection efficiency.

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33

Abtahi, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein. "Synthesis and characterization of metallic nanoparticles with photoactivated surface chemistries." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78081.

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During recent decades metallic nanoparticles have been found very interesting due to their unique characteristics which make them suitable for different applications. In this research, for the very first time, we tried to perform selective surface photo activation chemistry on the targeted facets of nanoparticles while they are in suspension. This technique enabled us to form desired assemblies of nanoparticles. We focused on elongated shaped gold nanorod due to its unique surface plasmon resonance and probable biomedical applications. In this research we formed a dumbbell shape assembly of nanoparticles in suspension. A probable application for these assemblies can be in vivo imaging. Initially, we reproduced gold nanorods using existing techniques in prior papers and optimized them according to our research needs. A low rpm centrifugal separation technique was developed to efficiently separate synthesized gold nanorods from other shapes. Several characterization techniques were utilized to characterize nanoparticles at each step including UV-absorbance, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Different generations of oligomers were synthesized to be used as gold nanorods coating, and each coating was tested and characterized using appropriate techniques. Our two-step coating replacement method using one of these photocleavable oligomers enabled us to achieve, for the very first time, selective UV photo activation of gold nanorod tips. The photo activated tips were then exposed to oppositely charged gold nanospheres to form dumbbell shape assemblies of gold nanorods and nanospheres. Furthermore, dumbbell shape assembly of nanoparticles was investigated and characterized.
Master of Science

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34

Moreira, Virnei Silva. "Balanço de água no ciclo da cultura de soja: representação no modelo de vegetação dinâmica Agro-IBIS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3908.

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Exchanges of water in the soil-plant-atmosphere are controlled by physical-hydric soils, which in turn are highly variable in space and very sensitive to the use and soil management, especially in an agroecosystem. Precipitation, runoff, soil water storage and exchange of water vapor between the surface-atmosphere obtained from the eddy covariance and hydro-physical properties of soil were analyzed during the growing season (2009/2010) for no-till systems (NT) and conventional tillage (PC) in the cycle of soybean, in Cruz Alta, northwest of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Most models that describe the interaction biosphere - atmosphere in agroecosystems has not efficiently represent physical differences for different soil management. In this sense, the study also will examine the response of the dynamic exchanges of water in the Agro-IBIS model when the soil physical properties in a system of management of PD (without revolution planting soil) and PC (with planting soil Revolution) are implemented. For this purpose, are used to soil properties of a long-term experiment in southern Brazil 2009/2010. Moreover, mathematical adjustments in leaf area index (LAI) is suggested to better represent the stage of leaf senescence. The results of the dynamics of soil water and evapotranspiration in the Agro-IBIS model for soybeans, when the implementation of soil properties and setting the IAF are compared with experimental data and with a simulation in which the soil property are described through the global database. The model represents satisfactorily the dynamics of soil water and evapotranspiration for both management systems, especially for wet periods. The results presented for the conventional management system are best correlated with the simulations, when the physical properties of this system are implemented and leaf senescence is corrected. Of the major changes that have been added, such as setting physical properties of soil, definition of the retention curve coefficients, and phenology of the crop, the main one was the consideration of a new factor of decline in leaf area index during senescence which greatly reduced the error in water balance components of the surface of soybean.
As trocas de água no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera são controladas pelas características físico-hídricas dos solos, que por sua vez são altamente variáveis no espaço e muito sensíveis ao uso e manejo do solo, principalmente em um agroecossistema. Precipitação, escoamento, armazenamento de água do solo e trocas de vapor de água entre superfície-atmosfera obtido a partir da covariância turbulenta e propriedades físico-hídricas do solo foram analisados durante a estação de cultivo (2009/2010) para os sistemas de plantio direto (PD) e plantio convencional (PC) no ciclo da cultura da soja, no município de Cruz Alta, região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A maioria dos modelos que descrevem a interação biosfera - atmosfera em agroecossistemas ainda não representam de forma eficiente às diferenças físicas para diferentes manejos do solo. Neste sentido, o estudo, também analisará a resposta da dinâmica das trocas de água no modelo Agro-IBIS quando as propriedades físicas do solo em um sistema de manejo de PD (plantio sem revolução do solo) e PC (plantio com revolução do solo) são implementadas. Para tanto, são usados às propriedades do solo de um experimento de longo prazo no sul do Brasil 2009/2010. Além disso, ajustes matemáticos no índice de área foliar (IAF) são sugeridos para melhor representar o estágio de senescência foliar. Os resultados da dinâmica da água no solo e evapotranspiração no modelo Agro-IBIS para a soja, quando da implementação das propriedades do solo e do ajuste no IAF são comparados com os dados experimentais e com uma simulação em que as propriedade do solo são descritas através do banco de dados globais. O modelo representa satisfatoriamente a dinâmica da água no solo e evapotranspiração para ambos os sistemas de manejo, especialmente para períodos úmidos. Os resultados apresentados para o sistema de manejo convencional estão melhores correlacionados com as simulações, quando as propriedades físicas deste sistema são implementadas e a senescência foliar é corrigida. Das principais mudanças que foram adicionadas, tais como o ajuste de propriedades físicas do solo, definição de coeficientes da curva de retenção, e fenologia da cultura, a principal foi à consideração de um novo fator de declínio do índice de área foliar na fase de senescência que reduziu sobremaneira o erro nas componentes do balanço de água da superfície de soja.

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Nilebäck, Erik. "A novel biotinylated surface designed for QCM-D applications." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19250.

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Control of protein immobilization at sensor surfaces is of great interest within various scientific fields, since it enables studies of specific biomolecular interactions. To achieve this, one must be able to immobilize proteins with retained native structure, while minimizing non-specific protein binding. The high affinity interaction between streptavidin (SA) and biotin is extensively used as a linker between a surface, where SA is immobilized, and the (biotinylated) molecule of interest. Self- assembled monolayers (SAMs) of poly- and oligo ethylene glycol (PEG and OEG) derivatives have been proven in literature to minimize non-specific protein binding, and biotin-exposing SAMs have been shown efficient for immobilization of SA.

The aim of this master's thesis project was to develop biotinylated gold surfaces for quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) applications through the self-assembly of mixed monolayers of thiolated OEG (or PEG) derivatives with or without a terminal biotin head group. For this, different thiol compounds were to be compared and evaluated. For the systems under study, the required biotin density for maximum specific SA immobilization was to be established, while keeping the non-specific serum adsorption at a minimum. Model experiments with biotinylated proteins immobilized to the SA-functionalized surfaces were to be performed to evaluate the possibilities for commercialization.

A protocol for the preparation of a novel biotinylated surface was developed based on the immersion of gold substrates in an ethanolic incubation solution of dithiols with OEG chains (SS-OEG and SS-OEG-biotin, 99:1) and found to give reproducible results with respect to low non-specific protein binding and immobilization of a monolayer of SA. The modified surfaces allowed for subsequent immobilization of biotinylated bovine serum albumin (bBSA) and biotinylated plasminogen (bPLG). PLG was the subject of a challenging case study, using a combination of QCM-D and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), where the immobilized protein was subjected to low molecular weight ligands that were believed to induce conformational changes. The high control of the surface chemistry allowed for the interpretation of the increased dissipation shift upon ligand binding in terms of conformational changes.

An obstacle before commercialization of the described biotinylated surfaces is that they do not seem stable for storage > 7 days. The reasons for this have to be investigated further.

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"Diagnostic and Prognostic Capacity of Serum Glycan Nodes in Different Types of Cancer." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.49169.

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abstract: Glycans are monosaccharide-based heteropolymers that are found covalently attached to many different proteins and lipids and are ubiquitously displayed on the exterior surfaces of cells. Serum glycan composition and structure are well known to be altered in many different types of cancer. In fact, glycans represent a promising but only marginally accessed source of cancer markers. The approach used in this dissertation, which is referred to as “glycan node analysis”, is a molecularly bottom-up approach to plasma/serum (P/S) glycomics based on glycan linkage analysis that captures features such as α2-6 sialylation, β1-6 branching, and core fucosylation as single analytical signals. The diagnostic utility of this approach as applied to lung cancer patients across all stages as well as prostate, serous ovarian, and pancreatic cancer patients compared to certifiably healthy individuals, nominally healthy individuals and/or risk-matched controls is reported. Markers for terminal fucosylation, α2-6 sialylation, β1-4 branching, β1-6 branching and outer-arm fucosylation were most able to differentiate cases from controls. These markers behaved in a stage-dependent manner in lung cancer as well as other types of cancer. Using a Cox proportional hazards regression model, the ability of these markers to predict progression and survival in lung cancer patients was assessed. In addition, the potential mechanistic role of aberrant P/S glycans in cancer progression is discussed. Plasma samples from former bladder cancer patients with currently no evidence of disease (NED), non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) along with certifiably healthy controls were analyzed. Markers for α2-6 sialylation, β1-4 branching, β1-6 branching, and outer-arm fucosylation were able to separate current and former (NED) cases from controls; but NED, NMIBC, and MIBC were not distinguished from one another. Markers for α2-6 sialylation and β1-6 branching were able to predict recurrence from the NED state using a Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, gender, and time from cancer. These two glycan features were found to be correlated to the concentration of C-reactive protein, a known prognostic marker for bladder cancer, further strengthening the link between inflammation and abnormal plasma protein glycosylation.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2018

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"Blood Plasma-Based Glycan Nodes as Lung Cancer Markers and the Problem of Biospecimen Integrity in a Multi-Site Clinical Study." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53744.

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abstract: Cancer is a major public health challenge and the second leading cause of death in the United States. Large amount of effort has been made to achieve sensitive and specific detection of cancer, and to predict the course of cancer. Glycans are promising avenues toward the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, because aberrant glycosylation is a prevalent hallmark of diverse types of cancer. A bottom-up “glycan node analysis” approach was employed as a useful tool, which captures most essential glycan features from blood plasma or serum (P/S) specimens and quantifies them as single analytical signals, to a lung cancer set from the Women Epidemiology Lung Cancer (WELCA) study. In addition, developments were performed to simplify a relatively cumbersome step involved in sample preparation of glycan node analysis. Furthermore, as a biomarker discovery research, one crucial concern of the glycan node analysis is to ensure that the specimen integrity has not been compromised for the employed P/S samples. A simple P/S integrity quality assurance assay was applied to the same sample set from WELCA study, which also afford the opportunity to evaluate the effects of different collection sites on sample integrity in a multisite clinical trial. Here, 208 samples from lung cancer patients and 207 age-matched controls enrolled in the WELCA study were analyzed by glycan node analysis. Glycan features, quantified as single analytical signals, including 2-linked mannose, α2‐6 sialylation, β1‐4 branching, β1‐6 branching, 4-linked GlcNAc, and outer-arm fucosylation, exhibited abilities to distinguish lung cancer cases from controls and predict survival in patients. To circumvent the laborious preparation steps for permethylation of glycan node analysis, a spin column-free (SCF) glycan permethylation procedure was developed, applicable to both intact glycan analysis or glycan node analysis, with improved or comparable permethylation efficiency relative to some widely-used spin column-based procedures. Biospecimen integrity of the same set of plasma samples from WELCA study was evaluated by a simple intact protein assay (ΔS-Cysteinylated-Albumin), which quantifies cumulative exposure of P/S to thawed conditions (-30 °C). Notable differences were observed between different groups of samples with various initial handling/storage conditions, as well as among the different collection sites.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2019

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Dong, Baiyan. "Generation of antifouling layers from polyethylene glycol by cold plasma techniques on stainless steel and polymer surfaces." 2007. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.

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Chang, Chia-Jan, and 張家仁. "Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Grafting of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate onPoly(TetraFluoroEthylene) Membranes for Anti-biofouling Applications." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43960778911479554161.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
97
Abstract To improve the anti-biofouling property, Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membranes were grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) by direct treatment under atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). The chemical composition and microstructure of the surface-modified PTFE membranes were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), contact angle and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The protein adsorption on the prepared membranes was evaluated using the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was found that the grafted amount of the co-polymerized PEGMA and hydrophilicity on the surface of PTFE membranes can be controlled via different plasma treatment time and initial monomer concentration. Anti-fouling property is affected not only by PEGMA grafted amount but also by the PEG chain length in the resulting film. For membrane incubated under monomer concentration of 30wt%, the grafted PEGMA film can be protected form plasma ion bombardment by the homo-polymer in the uppermost layer, thus the grafted film preserves most of the PEGMA’s long PEG side-chain, as evidenced by the large C-O/C=O ratio in C1s peak of XPS spectra. This PTFE-g-PEGMA surface showed relatively small number of Fibrinogen adhesion. At last, a comparative study was made by grafting PEGMA onto ePTFE under low pressure plasma. The cross sectional view of SEM micrographs show that, while the PEGMA layer is grafted primarily on the PTFE surface when treated under APPJ, the PEGMA monomer is mostly grafted inside the pores of the membrane when treated under low-pressure plasmas, resulting in the relatively higher protein adsorption on the PTFE-g-PEGMA surface. Protein adsorption results revealed that the PTFE-g-PEGMA surface prepared under atmospheric-pressure plasma jet exhibited better anti-biofouling property.

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Tsai, Yi-Ni, and 蔡怡妮. "Plasma Induced Grafting of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate onto hydrophobic PVDF Membrane by Atmospheric-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16946399102791944979.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
99
Poly(Ethylene Glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) has been used for reducing protein adhesion and enhancing biofouling resistance in biomedical material application. In this study we report a method to graft Poly(Ethylene Glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) onto poly(vinylidene fluroride) (PVDF) membrane by atmospheric dielectric barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma. Being different from traditional grafting which consists of plasma surface activation and subsequent thermal-induced graft-polymerization, this approach dip-coats monomer solution onto substrate and places it under helium DBD plasma for direct exposure. The surface composition and texture of the PVDF-g-PEGMA surfaces from plasma induction were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and water flux test after protein adsorption. In addition, the protein adsorption on the prepared membranes was evaluated using the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The distinction between atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and DBD plasma is the treated membrane size. The PVDF membrane used in this study is 47 mm in diameter, which is larger than in APPJ. After plasma treatment, the contact angle decreases monotonically and the grafting density increases with increasing treatment time. The membrane’s biofouling resistance can be controlled via various plasma power and initial monomer concentration. According to XPS results, ion bombardment would not damage the grafting surface, instead, PEGMA monomer can be effectively grafted even under treatment time of 120 seconds. Furthermore, the ELISA and bacteria test results show that PVDF-g-PEGMA could reduce significantly the amount of Fibrinogen adhension and the attachment of bacteria.

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SHIH, YU-JU, and 施侑汝. "Biofouling-resistance polymeric membrane grafted with surface-immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate for human plasma protein and blood platelet repulsions." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00792970090322362761.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
96
The effective control of a material surface that affect biological response is of fundamental importance for the development of biomaterials, especially when living systems encounter synthetic surfaces. In this work, we demonstrate biofouling-resistance polymeric membrane grafted with surface-immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate for human plasma protein and blood platelet repulsions. In the first part of this disseration, the work describes the surface modification and characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration (MF) membranes grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) via surface-activated ozone treatment and thermally induced graft copolymerization. The chemical composition and microstructure of the surface-modified PVDF membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), contact angle, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Blood compatibility of the modified membranes was evaluated by the biofouling property of the platelet adhesion observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the plasma protein adsorption determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In general, the grafting density of the copolymerized PEGMA and the hydrophilicity on the surface of PVDF MF membranes increase with increasing macromonomer concentration of PEGMA in the reaction solution. The grafting distribution of PEGMA on the resulting membranes was found to form a uniform polymer hydrogel-like layer controlled by sufficient high content of PEGMA in the reaction solution, while their surface roughness was kept lower than that of the virgin membrane. For the platelet adhesion test, a remarkable suppression of the platelets adhered to the PVDF MF membranes grafted with PEGMA polymer was observed. In the water flux experiments, the PEGMA-grafted hydrophilic PVDF MF membranes exhibited good anti-fouling properties to substantially reduce the irreversible membrane fouling caused by platelet adhering and plasma protein adsorption as compared with the virgin hydrophobic PVDF MF membranes. In the second part of this disseration, we prepare the polymeric materials with high blood compatibility, which can provide the ability to prevent the thrombin activation of catheters in the future. This work describes the surface modification and characterization of segmented polyurethane (SPU) films grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) respectively via surface-activated ozone treatment and thermally induced graft copolymerization. The chemical composition and microstructure of the surface-modified SPU films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), contact angle, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Blood compatibility of the modified membranes was evaluated by the biofouling property of the platelet adhesion observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the plasma protein adsorption determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study not only determines the grafting quality with PEGMA, but also provides a fundamental understanding of various grafting density governing the effects on hydrophilicity, surface morphology and plasma proteins adoption of film surfaces.

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Wang, Yingying. "Cold-plasma synthesis of poly (ethelene glycol)-like thin films of stainless steel to inhibit bacterial attachment and biofilm formation." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/56882429.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2004.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-125).

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Wang, Szu-yi, and 王思懿. "Surface modifications of polyethylene membranes with amine and ethylene glycol containing monomers by plasma polymerization for the applications in filtration." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u6dw9t.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
100
This study used crossed-flow filtration system to separate proteins from the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO cell) solution. While cultivated cell, usually add some medium like serum protein causing cell generated metabolite and protein, therefore we had to separate protein by filtration. In this work, the size of CHO cell was about 20 μm and so that we chosen PE membrane which has pore size of about 7~12 μm for filtration experiment. Due to the surface hydrophobicity of PE membrane, the protein adhesion usually resulted in blockage of filtration membrane and reduced filtration flux. This work modified the surfaces of PE membranes by continuous plasma polymerization of hydrophilic monomers including propylamine, allylamine, ethylene oxide vinyl ether (EO1V), and diethylene oxide vinyl ether (EO2V). The deposition of plasma polymers were confirmed by surface characterizations by water contact angle measurements, FTIR, ESCA, SEM analyses and filtration tests. The results showed that the surface hydrophilicity and roughness increased when the PE surfaces were deposited with plasma polymer thin films. For the results of filtration tests, the filtration flux increased 25 %, 37 %, 43 % and 45 % on the modified PE membranes coated with propylamine, allylamine, EO1V and EO2V respectively. Moreover, the flux was recovered to 80 % and 90 % after washing with DI water and NaOH solution, indicating good reusability for the modified membranes.

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Sun, Chia-chi, and 孫嘉琪. "Study of surface modification of PDMS-polyurethane-HEMA by Plasma-induced grafting of Poly(ethylene glycol) Methacrylate for ophthalmic materials." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45806820924922094400.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
高分子系
98
In this thesis, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), an anti-protein hydrophilic monomer, was immobilized on the surface of film (Si-PU) via plasma-indution. In order to analyze the differences between each sample, both non-treated and treated films were examined for their physical properties and biocompatibility. According to the results, the physical properties had no obvious discrepancy between non-treated film and treated film. All of them exhibited high oxygen permeability (Dk), (above 100 barrers), and high optical transmittance (over 95 %). Moreover, when the grafting density of PEGMA on the surface of films increased, the adsorption of protein and platelet reduced, especially for lysozyme, the amount of adsorption was reduced by over 70 %. Furthermore, according to ISO10993-5, these films were considered non-cytotoxic in vitro using L929 fibroblasts assay. These results demonstrated that the films would be applicable for such as intraocular lens (IOL).

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Kasper, Fred Kurtis. "Investigation of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogels for controlled release of plasmid DNA." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18923.

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Hydrogels of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF) were investigated toward the controlled release of therapeutic plasmid DNA for tissue engineering applications. The release of DNA from OPF hydrogels and the swelling characteristics of the hydrogels were characterized in vitro. The results demonstrated that the nominal molecular weight of the poly(ethylene glycol) from which the OPF was synthesized affects the hydrogel swelling and the DNA release kinetics. Further, these studies indicated that the degradation of the OPF dominates the control of DNA release. The retention of DNA bioactivity over the course of release was demonstrated through bacterial transformations. Subsequent studies characterized the release of plasmid DNA from composites of OPF and cationized gelatin microspheres (CGMS) in vivo, as well as the degradation kinetics of CGMS in these composites. Comparisons between the composite groups and material control groups indicated that the bioavailability of DNA can be extended through release from CGMS encapsulated within OPF, relative to CGMS or DNA solution injection alone, although no difference was observed between the composites and OPF. A related study characterized the release of DNA from the composites of OPF and CGMS in vitro. The results demonstrated that plasmid DNA can be released in a sustained fashion over the course of 49 to 149 days, with the release kinetics depending upon the material composition and the method of DNA loading. Released DNA retained viable structure over the course of release. A final study investigated the release of plasmid DNA encoding an osteogenic protein from composites of OPF and CGMS toward enhancing bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model. No enhancement in new bone formation was observed with release of DNA, relative to material controls. However, the reason for the absence of enhancement could not be elucidated in the study. Thus, hydrogels of OPF and composites of OPF and CGMS demonstrate potential as tissue engineering scaffolds for the controlled release of plasmid DNA, yet further investigation is warranted to assess transfection efficiency and gene expression with these systems.

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Vargas, Laura Inés. "Inducción de resistencia como estrategia defensiva ante la invasión patógena en soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/1981.

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Tesis (Magister en Ciencias Agropecuarias)--UNC- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2015.
El genoma de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) incluye sistemas de defensa latentes contra el ataque patogénico que pueden ser activados por moléculas inductoras. Las respuestas defensivas se inician con la exposición de la planta a microorganismos virulentos, avirulentos o de forma artificial, frente a ciertos compuestos químicos. En este trabajo se evaluó el potencial inductor de quitosano y oligoglucosamina (OGA). La solubilidad en agua del biopolímero disminuye significativamente por encima de pH 6, por lo cual se sintetizó OGA, mezcla de pentámeros y hexámeros, libremente soluble. El efecto inductor fue evaluado a través del contenido total de fitoalexinas y nivel de actividad de fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) como parámetros indicadores. Las semillas de soja fueron embebidas en la solución de inductores, luego sembradas en sustrato estéril y mantenidas bajo condiciones controladas. Se determinó la concentración total de fitoalexinas en extractos de infiltrados de hojas, mediante espectrofotometría UV de segunda derivada. La actividad lipolítica PLA2 en semillas se determinó aplicando un método espectro-fotométrico continuo para el seguimiento de la hidrólisis de fosfolípidos catalizada por la enzima. El tratamiento con quitosano incrementó el contenido de fitoalexina en hojas en un 39 %, mientras que la aplicación de OGA produjo un aumento 41 veces superior. Se obtuvieron aumentos de actividad PLA2 de 45 % en semillas y 70 % en semillas pregerminadas inoculadas con el biopolímero. En cuanto a actividad enzimática PLA2, se registró aumento del 23 % en semillas y del 200 % en semillas pregerminadas tratadas con solución OGA. Los aumentos alcanzados en niveles de fitoalexinas y de activación de PLA2 indican que el biopolímero quitosano y especialmente, derivados OGA grado de polimerización 5-6 son efectivos en la inducción de resistencia en soja.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genome includes latent defense systems against pathogen attack which could be activated by inductor molecules. The defensive responses start when plants are exposed to virulent or non virulent microorganisms or artificially, against certain chemical compounds. In this work, it was evaluated the inductor potential of chitosan polymer and oligo-glucosamine (OGA). The aqueous solubility of the polymer decrease significantly above pH 6, therefore OGA, a mixture of freely soluble pentamers and hexamers was synthesized. The inductor effect was evaluated through the phytoalexin content and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity level as inductor parameters. Soybean seeds were imbibed with inductor solutions, sowed in sterile substrate and maintained under controlled conditions. The total phytoalexin content was determined in extracts of leave infiltrates applying second derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The lipolytic PLA2 activity in seeds was determined by a continuous spectrophotometric method. Chitosan treatment increased 39 per cent the phytoalexin content in leaves, while the application of oligoglucosamine lead to an increase of 41 folds. It was registered PLA2 activity increases of 45 per cent in seeds and 70 per cent in pregerminated seeds inoculated with the biopolymer. The PLA2 activity was enhanced 23 per cent in seeds and 200 per cent in pregerminated seeds treated with OGA. The increase in phytoalexin content and PLA2 activity level shows that chitosan biopolymer, and specially oligo-glucosamine derivatives of 5-6 polimerization degree, are effective as soybean resistance inductors.

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"A comunidade bacteriana endofítica e epifítica de soja (Glycine max) e estudo da interação endófitos-planta." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-24052004-154815/.

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Halstenberg, Sven. "Biologically Engineered Protein-graft-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels: A Cell-Adhesive and Plasmin-Degradable Biosynthetic Material for Tissue Repair." Thesis, 2002. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/6366/1/Halstenberg_s_2002.pdf.

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The goal of the research presented in this dissertation was to create a biomimetic artificial material that exhibits functions of extracellular matrix relevant for improved nerve regeneration. To identify minimal factors necessary for neurite extension in a suitable model system, neural adhesion peptides were photoimmobilized on highly crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol)-based substrates that were otherwise non-adhesive. Neurons adhered in two-dimensional patterns for eleven hours, but no neurites extended. In contrast, human fibroblasts adhered and spread on regions with photoimmobilized RGDS oligopeptide, but not on RDGS peptide, suggesting that specific integrin-ligand binding accounted for fibroblast adhesion and spreading. To enable neurite extension and nerve regeneration in three dimensions, and to address the need for specifically cell adhesive and cell degradable materials for clinical applications in tissue repair in general, an artificial protein was recombinantly expressed and purified that consisted of a repeating amino acid sequence based on fibrinogen and antithrombin III. The artificial protein contained integrin-binding RGD sites, plasmin degradation sites, and heparin-binding sequences. Furthermore, the protein contained six cysteine residues as grafting sites for poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate via Michael-type conjugate addition. The resulting protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)acrylates were crosslinked by photopolymerization to form hydrogels. Human fibroblasts attached to, invaded, and apparently proliferated in the artificial hydrogel matrices three-dimensionally. Fibroblast penetration was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by both soluble cyclo(RGDFV) peptide and aprotinin, a serine-protease inhibitor. Inhibition of fibroblast outgrowth by cyclic RGD peptide suggests that cellular integrins engaged in specific binding to RGD sites present in the artificial protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels' protein core. Inhibition by aprotinin suggests that serine protease-mediated cleavage of the hydrogel matrix was the mode of cellular ingrowth. Although three-dimensional ingrowth of fibroblasts into protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels occurred, only surface neurite outgrowth was observed from chick dorsal root ganglia. Neurite outgrowth depended on the concentration of matrix-bound heparin, suggesting that heparin was necessary to immobilize neuroactive adhesion- and/or growth factors in the hydrogels. Toward three-dimensional neurite outgrowth in protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, additional heparin-binding factors can be identified or designed for intentional immobilization in future experiments. Together, the above results show that specific biological functions can be harnessed by protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels to serve as matrices for tissue repair and regeneration. In particular, the two design objectives, specific cell adhesion and degradability by cell-associated proteases, were fulfilled by the material. In the future, this and similar artificial protein-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) materials with varying protein elements for improved wound healing might serve as biosynthetic implant materials or wound dressings that degrade in synchrony with the formation of a variety of target tissues.

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"Modelos numericos para a descrição do crescimento da planta de soja (Glycine max L. Merril, cultivar IAC-15) em condições saxonais diferenciadas." Tese, Biblioteca Digital da Unicamp, 2021. http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000065423.

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50

Del, Vecchio Estefanía Tamara. "Efecto de grupos de madurez de Glycine Max (L.) Merr., cultivo de soja, sobre las variables de crecimiento y desarrollo en la región centro de Córdoba." Bachelor's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/1940.

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Abstract:

Trabajo final integrador. (Area de Consolidación Métodos Cuantitativos para la Investigación Agropecuaria)--UNC- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2014.
El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el comportamiento fenológico durante el ciclo del cultivo y de las características de crecimiento sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, en cultivares de los grupos de madurez II al VI, en fecha de siembra recomendada para la zona centro de la Provincia de Córdoba.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plasma glycan'

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