Academic literature on the topic 'Plasma pattern'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plasma pattern"
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Markussen, Marianne S., Marit B. Veierød, Amrit K. Sakhi, et al. "Evaluation of dietary patterns among Norwegian postmenopausal women using plasma carotenoids as biomarkers." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 4 (2015): 672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514004103.
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A number of studies have examined dietary patterns in various populations. However, to study to what extent such patterns capture meaningful differences in consumption of foods is of interest. In the present study, we identified important dietary patterns in Norwegian postmenopausal women (age 50–69 years,n361), and evaluated these patterns by examining their associations with plasma carotenoids. Diet was assessed by a 253-item FFQ. These 253 food items were categorised into forty-six food groups, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. We used the partial correlation coefficient (radj) and multiple linear regression analysis to examine the associations between the dietary patterns and the plasma carotenoids α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene and zeaxanthin. Overall, four dietary patterns were identified: the ‘Western’; ‘Vegetarian’; ‘Continental’; ‘High-protein’. The ‘Western’ dietary pattern scores were significantly inversely correlated with plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and total carotenoids ( − 0·25 ≤ radj≤ − 0·13). The ‘Vegetarian’ dietary pattern scores were significantly positively correlated with all the plasma carotenoids (0·15 ≤ radj≤ 0·24). The ‘Continental’ dietary pattern scores were significantly inversely correlated with plasma lutein and α-carotene (radj= − 0·13). No significant association between the ‘High-protein’ dietary pattern scores and the plasma carotenoids was found. In conclusion, the healthy dietary pattern, the ‘Vegetarian’ pattern, is associated with a more favourable profile of the plasma carotenoids than our unhealthy dietary patterns, the ‘Western’ and ‘Continental’ patterns.
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Choi, Sang Wook, Jae Hee Shin, Min Hwan Jeon, et al. "Surface Modification of Block Copolymer Through Sulfur Containing Plasma Treatment." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (2015): 8093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11286.
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Some of the important issues of block copolymer (BCP) as an application to the potential low cost next generation lithography are thermal stability and deformation during pattern transfer process in addition to defect density, line edge/width roughness, etc. In this study, sulfur containing plasma treatment was used to modify the BCP and the effects of the plasma on the properties of plasma treated BCP were investigated. The polystyrene hole pattern obtained from polystyrene polystyreneblock-poly(methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) was initially degraded when the polystyrene hole was annealed at 190°C for 15 min. However, when the hole pattern was treated using sulfur containing plasmas using H2S or SF6 up to 2 min, possibly due to the sulfurization of the polystyrene hole surface, no change in the hole pattern was observed after the annealing even though there is a slight change in hole shapes during the plasma treatment. The optimized plasma treated polystyrene pattern showed the superior characteristics as the mask layer by showing better thermal stability, higher chemical inertness, and higher etch selectivity during plasma etching.
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Rhee, Tongnyeol, Dae Ho Kim, and Chang-Mo Ryu. "Radiation Pattern of Plasma Emission in Beam–Plasma Interaction." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, no. 4 (2008): 1230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.925694.
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Cha, Min Ho, A. Daniel Jones, Mi Mi Ko, Chen Zhang, and Myeong Soo Lee. "Metabolic Profiles Distinguish Non-Dampness-Phlegm and Dampness-Phlegm Patterns among Korean Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/517018.
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Traditional Korean Medicine classifies stroke into four subtype patterns according to symptomatic pattern identification: Qi deficiency (QD), Yin deficiency (YD), Dampness-phlegm (DP), and Fire and Heat (FH). This study investigated the difference in metabolic profiles of plasma comparing subjects displaying non-DP and DP patterns. A total of 141 patients with cerebral infarction enrolled in this study were distributed as non-DP (N=68) and DP (N=73). Anthropometric parameters and symptom/sign index were measured. Metabolic profiling was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Ratio of subjects with slippery pulse was higher in DP pattern, but fine pulse was lower than that in non-DP pattern. As a result of metabolomics analysis, twenty-one metabolites displayed different levels between non-DP and DP patterns. Two were identified as lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), LPC(18:2), and LPC(20:3) having an unsaturated acyl chain and showed lower levels in DP pattern than in non-DP pattern (P=0.015, 0.034, resp.). However, the saturated LPCs, LPC(18:0) and LPC(16:0), exhibited slight but statistically insignificant elevation in DP pattern. Our results demonstrated that plasma LPCs with polyunsaturated fatty acid groups were associated with DP pattern and suggest that variation of plasma lipid profiles may serve as potential biomarker for diagnosis of DP pattern.
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Huang, Zhi, Ping Guo, Ying Wang, et al. "Docosahexaenoic Acid as the Bidirectional Biomarker of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Patterns in Chinese Children: A Comparison with Plasma and Erythrocyte." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (2022): 3095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153095.
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Objective: The present study aims to measure docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in both the plasma and erythrocyte of a child population and compares them with respect to their associations with dietary and metabolic risk patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and a total of 435 children ages 5–7 years old were recruited. Diet information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The physical indicators, blood pressure, and glycolipid metabolic indicators were determined. The plasma and erythrocyte DHA were analyzed using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary and metabolic risk patterns. Multivariate regression analyses were used to investigate the associations of DHA status with dietary and metabolic risk patterns. Results: A significant correlation between plasma and the erythrocyte DHA concentration was found (r = 0.232, p < 0.001). A diversified dietary pattern characterized that a high intake of diversified foods had a positive association with the plasma DHA level (β = 0.145, 95% CI: 0.045~0.244, p = 0.004). Children of obesity risk patterns with a high weight, pelvis breadth, BMI, upper arm circumference, and chest circumference had lower plasma DHA concentrations (OR = 0.873, 95% CI: 0.786~0.969, p = 0.011). Children with higher plasma and erythrocyte DHA concentrations were adhered to blood lipid risk patterns with high CHOL and LDL-C levels. The plasma DHA (OR = 1.271, 95% CI: 1.142~1.415, p < 0.001) had a stronger association with a blood lipid risk pattern than erythrocyte (OR = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.002~1.086, p = 0.040). Conclusions: The diversified dietary pattern had a higher plasma DHA concentration. Lower levels of plasma DHA were positively associated with obesity in children. DHA in plasma appears to be more strongly associated with blood lipid metabolism than erythrocyte. Plasma DHA may be a more sensitive bidirectional biomarker to evaluate the recently comprehensive diet intake and metabolic risk of children.
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Jayasinghe, Shakeela N., Bernhard H. Breier, Sarah A. McNaughton, et al. "Dietary Patterns in New Zealand Women: Evaluating Differences in Body Composition and Metabolic Biomarkers." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (2019): 1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071643.
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The combinations of food consumed together (dietary patterns) may have a greater influence on health than nutrients or food groups consumed independently. This study investigated the relationship between dietary patterns, body composition and metabolic biomarkers of premenopausal New Zealand women from three ethnic groups. In total, 408 New Zealand European, Māori and Pacific women aged 16–45 years participated in the Women’s EXPLORE (EXamining Predictors Linking Obesity Related Elements) study. Participants completed a 220-item food frequency questionnaire. Several body composition parameters and metabolic biomarkers were measured. Dietary patterns were extracted by principal component analysis and dietary pattern scores were categorised into tertiles to assess links with other measured parameters. Women with higher scores for the ‘refined and processed’ pattern were younger, had higher body mass index, total body fat, plasma leptin and plasma insulin (p < 0.001), and lower plasma ghrelin levels (p < 0.05) than women with lower scores. In addition, more Māori (51%) and Pacific (68%) women followed the ‘refined and processed’ pattern, while more New Zealand European women (40%) followed the ‘sweet and savoury snacking’ pattern. These data show that dietary pattern analysis is a useful tool to assess links between diet and metabolic health. It further reveals interesting ethnic group-specific differences in dietary pattern use.
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Gebbia, C., C. Pagliari, M. Arosio, S. Porretti, P. Epaminonda, and M. Peracchi. "Plasma somatostatin pattern in acromegalic patients." Digestive and Liver Disease 32 (November 2000): A104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(00)80594-0.
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Abrokwah, Kwaku O., P. R. Chidambaram, and Duane S. Boning. "Pattern Based Prediction for Plasma Etch." IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 20, no. 2 (2007): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsm.2007.896638.
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Beckett, G. J., E. J. Glass, M. O. Callaghan, R. A. Elton, and R. Hume. "Measuring bile-salt concentrations lacks clinical value for detecting hepatic dysfunction in infants receiving parenteral nutrition." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 7 (1985): 1168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.7.1168.
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Abstract Concentrations of conjugated cholate, chenodeoxycholate, direct bilirubin, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2) were measured in plasma of 122 low-birthweight infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Eighteen (15%) of them developed hepatic dysfunction. We observed two distinct biochemical patterns in these infants. In the Type A pattern (12 infants), concentrations of direct-reading bilirubin and bile salts increased with no change in ALT activity. In the Type B pattern (six infants), increases in the concentrations of bile salt and direct bilirubin were followed by increases in ALT activity. Hepatic dysfunction persisted significantly longer in infants who developed the Type B pattern. The two patterns did not differ significantly in the times at which values for bile salts or direct bilirubin in plasma became abnormal or became normal at resolution, nor did maximal concentrations of bile salts in plasma differ significantly. Maximal concentrations of direct bilirubin were higher in the Type B infants. We conclude that, in such infants, measurement of bile-salt concentrations in plasma offers no advantages for detecting hepatic dysfunction over the more conventional measurement of direct bilirubin in plasma.
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Pampori, Nisar A., Arun K. Agrawal, and Bernard H. Shapiro. "Renaturalizing the sexually dimorphic profiles of circulating growth hormone in hypophysectomized rats." Acta Endocrinologica 124, no. 3 (1991): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1240283.
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Abstract. Hypophysectomy resulted in a total elimination of measurable circulating growth hormone with an associated loss of body weight gain. The typical sexually dimorphic plasma growth hormone patterns: pulsatile profiles in male rats and tonic-like secretion in female rats, were lost. The male- and female-dependent profiles of plasma growth hormone, monitored from serial blood collections, were restored by administering the hormone through a single electrically controlled external pump attached to an indwelling catheter, and by implanting osmotic pumps intraperitoneally, respectively. Restoring the natural patterns of plasma growth hormone in animals devoid of pituitaries, re-initiated body growth. However, the body weight gains in both sexes of hypophysectomized rats were much greater when rat growth hormone was introduced to the animals in a masculine (pulsatile) pattern that appeared to be independent of pulse frequency, rather than in a continuous feminine profile. Subcutaneous injections, the most commonly reported method of administration, produced low-amplitude, long-lasting plasma peaks that were not as effective as pulse infusion in restoring growth. The procedure allows manipulation of the hormone profile (i.e. number of pulses/day, pulse amplitude, and through duration in the pulsatile pattern, and plasma concentration in the tonic pattern) in order to identify, and thus study the presumed salient components of the pattern regulating growth hormone responses.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plasma pattern"
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Dalton, Timothy Joseph. "Pattern dependencies in the plasma etching of polysilicon." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11655.
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Brown, Caroline E. "Effects of feeding pattern on plasma ghrelin concentrations in pigs." Go to full text online (pdf), 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06022005-171635/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Zhu, Guo-Qiang. "Modeling of plasma dynamics and pattern formation during high pressure microwave breakdown in air." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00668934.
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Dans cette thèse, un modèle de la dynamique du plasma après un claquage microonde dans l'air à pression atmosphérique a été développé. Ce modèle a permis d'expliquer pour la première fois la formation et la dynamique de structures filamentaires auto-organisées lors du claquage microonde. Le claquage microonde dans l'air à pression atmosphérique a été récemment observé au MIT dans des expériences mettant en oeuvre une source microonde de puissance et des caméras rapides. Les mesures montrent que, lors du claquage, un ensemble structuré de filaments de plasma se forme et se dirige vers la source à une vitesse de plusieurs km/s. Les mécanismes de formation et de propagation de ces structures auto-organisées de plasma ne sont pas bien compris et l'objectif de cette thèse a été de mettre en évidence et de modéliser les phénomènes physiques de base qui en sont responsables. Dans le but de décrire la dynamique du plasma après claquage, les équations de Maxwell ont été couplées à un modèle simple de plasma et résolues numériquement. Le modèle de plasma suppose la quasineutralité et décrit l'évolution de la densité de plasma sous l'effet de la diffusion, de l'ionisation, de l'attachement et de la recombinaison électron-ion. L'ionisation et l'attachement sont supposés dépendre du champ électrique effectif local. La vitesse moyenne électronique est déduite d'une équation de transport de quantité de mouvement simplifiée. La diffusion des particules chargées est ambipolaire au sein du plasma mais devient libre dans le front où la densité chute à zéro. Une expression heuristique de la transition entre diffusion ambipolaire dans le corps du plasma et diffusion libre sur les bords a été établie et validée à l'aide d'un modèle mono-dimensionnel de type dérive-diffusion-Poisson que nous avons développé et dans lequel on ne suppose pas la quasineutralité du plasma. Le modèle plasma-Maxwell quasineutre a ensuite été utilisé pour étudier la dynamique du plasma après claquage dans les conditions des expériences du MIT. Les résultats numériques montrent la formation de structures filamentaires auto-organisées de plasma en excellent accord qualitatif avec les observations expérimentales. Ces structures auto-organisées sont liées aux structures du champ électrique diffracté par le plasma. De nouveaux filaments se forment de façon continue dans le front du plasma par des phénomènes de diffusion-ionisation. Le modèle montre que la formation d'un réseau de filaments de plasma auto-organisé est dû à l'apparition des maxima de champ électrique de l'onde stationnaire formée dans le front du plasma. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, la formation d'un filament de plasma isolé (ou streamer microonde) au maximum de champ formé à l'intersection de deux faisceaux microondes est analysée à l'aide du modèle. Le streamer microonde s'allonge parallèlement à la direction du champ en raison du renforcement du champ à ses pôles (phénomène de polarisation). L'intensité du champ aux extrémités du filament est modulée dans le temps en raison de phénomènes de résonance pour des longueurs de filaments voisines de multiples de la demi longueur d'onde.
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Zhu, Guo-Qiang. "Modeling of plasma dynamics and pattern formation during high pressure microwave breakdown in air." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1563/.
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Dans cette thèse, un modèle de la dynamique du plasma après un claquage microonde dans l'air à pression atmosphérique a été développé. Ce modèle a permis d'expliquer pour la première fois la formation et la dynamique de structures filamentaires auto-organisées lors du claquage microonde. Le claquage microonde dans l'air à pression atmosphérique a été récemment observé au MIT dans des expériences mettant en œuvre une source microonde de puissance et des caméras rapides. Les mesures montrent que, lors du claquage, un ensemble structuré de filaments de plasma se forme et se dirige vers la source à une vitesse de plusieurs km/s. Les mécanismes de formation et de propagation de ces structures auto-organisées de plasma ne sont pas bien compris et l'objectif de cette thèse a été de mettre en évidence et de modéliser les phénomènes physiques de base qui en sont responsables. Dans le but de décrire la dynamique du plasma après claquage, les équations de Maxwell ont été couplées à un modèle simple de plasma et résolues numériquement. Le modèle de plasma suppose la quasineutralité et décrit l'évolution de la densité de plasma sous l'effet de la diffusion, de l'ionisation, de l'attachement et de la recombinaison électron-ion. L'ionisation et l'attachement sont supposés dépendre du champ électrique effectif local. La vitesse moyenne électronique est déduite d'une équation de transport de quantité de mouvement simplifiée. La diffusion des particules chargées est ambipolaire au sein du plasma mais devient libre dans le front où la densité chute à zéro. Une expression heuristique de la transition entre diffusion ambipolaire dans le corps du plasma et diffusion libre sur les bords a été établie et validée à l'aide d'un modèle mono-dimensionnel de type dérive-diffusion-Poisson que nous avons développé et dans lequel on ne suppose pas la quasineutralité du plasma. Le modèle plasma-Maxwell quasineutre a ensuite été utilisé pour étudier la dynamique du plasma après claquage dans les conditions des expériences du MIT. Les résultats numériques montrent la formation de structures filamentaires auto-organisées de plasma en excellent accord qualitatif avec les observations expérimentales. Ces structures auto-organisées sont liées aux structures du champ électrique diffracté par le plasma. De nouveaux filaments se forment de façon continue dans le front du plasma par des phénomènes de diffusion-ionisation. Le modèle montre que la formation d'un réseau de filaments de plasma auto-organisé est dû à l'apparition des maxima de champ électrique de l'onde stationnaire formée dans le front du plasma. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, la formation d'un filament de plasma isolé (ou streamer microonde) au maximum de champ formé à l'intersection de deux faisceaux microondes est analysée à l'aide du modèle. Le streamer microonde s'allonge parallèlement à la direction du champ en raison du renforcement du champ à ses pôles (phénomène de polarisation). L'intensité du champ aux extrémités du filament est modulée dans le temps en raison de phénomènes de résonance pour des longueurs de filaments voisines de multiples de la demi longueur d'onde<br>In this thesis, a model for the plasma dynamics after microwave breakdown at atmospheric pressure in air has been developed. The model has been able to explain for the first time the formation and dynamics of self-organized structures during microwave breakdown. Microwave breakdown in air at atmospheric pressure has been recently observed at MIT with high power microwave sources and fast CCD cameras. The measurements show that a self-organized multi-streamer array forms and propagates towards the incident microwave source with a high velocity (several km/s) during the discharge. The detailed dynamics of the self-organized streamer structures during microwave breakdown is still not well understood and the objective of this thesis was to clarify the physics of the plasma dynamics and self-organization during and after microwave breakdown. In order to study the plasma dynamics in microwave breakdown, Maxwell's equations have been coupled to a simple plasma model and solved numerically. The plasma model assumes quasineutrality and describes the evolution of the plasma due to diffusion, ionization, attachment and recombination. Ionization and attachment are supposed to depend on the local effective field. The electron mean velocity is obtained from a simplified momentum equation. The diffusion coefficient must be ambipolar in the plasma bulk but should be equal to the free electron diffusion on the edge of the plasma since the plasma density decays to zero in the front. A heuristic expression of the transition from ambipolar diffusion in the bulk plasma to free diffusion at the edges has been derived and validated with a non-neutral one-dimensional (1D) model based on drift-diffusion and Poisson's equations. The 1D and 2D plasma-Maxwell models have been used to study the plasma dynamics after breakdown in the conditions of the MIT experiments. The numerical results show the formation of self-organized structures or patterns that are in excellent qualitative agreement with the MIT measurements. The formation of the self-organized dynamical pattern can be attributed to the scattering of the microwave field by the plasma. New filaments continuously form in the plasma front due to diffusion-ionization mechanisms. The model shows that the formation of the filamentary plasma array is associated with the standing wave pattern formed by the microwave field scattered by the plasma. In the last part of the thesis we analyze the formation of a single, isolated microwave filament or streamer at the antinode of a standing wave formed at the intersection of two microwave beams. The microwave streamer stretches in a direction parallel to the electric field because of polarization effects. The model results show that the field is strongly enhanced at the tips of the microwave filament and that the field intensity is modulated in time as the streamer length increases. This modulation is associated with resonant effect when the filament length reached values that are close to multiples of the half wavelength
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Abrokwah, Kwaku O. "Characterization and modeling of plasma etch pattern dependencies in integrated circuits." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37054.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.<br>Leaf 108 blank.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-107).<br>A quantitative model capturing pattern dependent effects in plasma etching of integrated circuits (ICs) is presented. Plasma etching is a key process for pattern formation in IC manufacturing. Unfortunately, pattern dependent non-uniformities arise in plasma etching due to microloading and RIE lag. This thesis contributes a semi-empirical methodology for capturing and modeling microloading, RIE lag, and related pattern dependent effects. We apply this methodology to the study of interconnect trench etching, and show that an integrated model is able to predict both pattern density and feature size dependent non-uniformities in trench depth. Previous studies of variation in plasma etching have characterized microloading (due to pattern density), and RIE lag (aspect ratio dependent etching or ARDE) as distinct causes of etch non-uniformity for individual features. In contrast to these previous works, we present here a characterization and computational methodology for predicting IC etch variation on a chip scale that integrates both layout pattern density and feature scale or ARDE dependencies. The proposed integrated model performs well in predicting etch variation as compared to a pattern density only or feature scale only model.<br>by Kwaku O. Abrokwah.<br>M.Eng.
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Farahanchi, Ali. "Characterization and modeling of pattern dependencies and time evolution in plasma etching." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55265.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, June 2009.<br>"May 2008." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 43).<br>A quantitative model capturing pattern dependent effects and time evolution of the etch rate in Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) is presented. DRIE is a key process for pattern formation in semiconductor fabrication. Non-uniformities are caused due to microloading and aspect ratio dependencies. The etch rate varies over time and lateral etch consumes some of the etching species. This thesis contributes a physical analysis for capturing and modeling microloading, aspect ratio dependencies, effects of lateral etch and time evolution of the etch rate. This methodology is applied to the study of etching variation on silicon wafers; the integrated model is able to predict pattern density and feature size dependent non-uniformities in trench depth and time evolution of the etch rate. Previous studies of variation in plasma etching have characterized microloading and aspect ratio dependent etching (ARDE) as distinct constant causes for etch non-uniformity. In contrast to these previous works, we present here a time-based methodology for vertical and lateral etch.<br>by Ali Farahanchi.<br>M.Eng.
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Dahlan, Winai. "Intravenous infusion of triacylglycerol-phospholipid complexes in man: effects on fatty acid pattern of plasma and on erythrocyte membrane lipid composition." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213206.
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Pedrielli, Andrea. "Integrazione tecnologica di grafene cresciuto per deposizione chimica da fase vapore per applicazioni termiche e termoelettriche." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7613/.
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L’obiettivo del lavoro di tesi è quello di studiare l’integrazione del grafene con i processi tecnologici propri della tecnologia del silicio, per la realizzazione di dispositivi innovativi per la misura delle proprietà termiche e termoelettriche del grafene che sono tra le meno studiate ad oggi.
L’attività sperimentale svolta, ha riguardato l’intero processo di produzione, processing ed integrazione tecnologica del grafene. Da una parte è stato messo a punto un processo ottimizzato, partendo da una approfondita ricerca bibliografica, per il trasferimento delle membrane dai substrati di crescita, in rame, a quelli di destinazione, SiO2 e Si3N4, mantenendo la completa compatibilità con i processi della microelettronica del silicio in particolare per quanto riguarda l’eliminazione dei residui metallici dalla sintesi. Dall’altra è stata sviluppata una procedura di patterning micrometrico del grafene, affidabile e riproducibile, e, soprattutto, compatibile con la microelettronica del silicio.
Le membrane, cresciute tramite deposizione da fase vapore (Chemical Vapor Deposition), sono state caratterizzate tramite la microscopia elettronica, a scansione e in trasmissione, la microscopia ottica, spettroscopia Raman e microscopia a forza atomica, tecniche che sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare i campioni durante l'intero processo di patterning. Il processo di etching del grafene in ossigeno, realizzato con il plasma cleaner, strumento che nasce per la pulizia di campioni per microscopia elettronica, è stato messo a punto il attraverso una estesa attività di test sia dei parametri di funzionamento dello strumento che del fotoresist da utilizzare. La procedura di patterning micrometrico vera e propria, ha comportato di affrontare diverse classi di problemi, dalla rimozione del fotoresist con soluzioni diverse (soluzione di sviluppo dedicata e/o acetone) alla rimozione dei residui presenti sulle membrane di grafene anche a valle del patterning stesso. La rimozione dei residui tramite acido cloridrico, insieme ad una procedura di annealing a 400°C in aria per la rimozione dei residui del fotoresist polimerico che erano presenti a valle dell’etching in ossigeno, ha permesso di ottenere un patterning del grafene ben definito su scala micrometrica e una ridottissima presenza di residui. Le procedure ottimizzate di trasferimento e di patterning sono il principale avanzamento rispetto allo stato dell’arte. Le metodiche messe a punto in questo lavoro, consentiranno di integrare il grafene direttamente nel processo di micro-fabbricazione di dispositivi per misure termiche e termoelettriche, per i quali quali sono in realizzazione le maschere di processo che rappresentando la naturale conclusione del lavoro di tesi.
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Ahner, Nicole. "Wetting Optimized Solutions for Plasma Etch Residue Removal for Application in Interconnect Systems of Integrated Circuits." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-102773.
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In multi-level Co/low-k based interconnect systems of ultralarge-scale integrated electronic devices the removal of plasma etch residues by common plasma cleaning processes has been shown to alter material properties like k-value and leakage current of the low-k dielectric. Besides the development of less damaging plasma processes their substitution by wet cleaning steps is in the focus of research and development. With further decreasing feature dimensions the development of wet cleaning processes has to include wetting issues like the non-wetting of small features due to the surface energy of the liquid or pattern collapse effects of low-k dielectric trenches due to high capillary forces This work at first focuses on the determination of the surface energetic character of common cleaning solutions for PERR and differently etched or ashed low-k dielectric surfaces by contact angle analysis, to outline which combinations of solid and liquid will be critical regarding their wetting behavior. Besides the determination of the wetting behavior the contact angle analysis turned out to be a fast and sensible analytic tool to understand the surface modifications introduced by different plasma processes and can help to understand the mechanisms of plasma damage of low-k dielectric surfaces. The analysis showed that especially polymerizing plasma etch processes produce a low-energetic low-k dielectric surface with a negligible polar energy contributions, which inhibits their wetting by high energetic water based cleaning solutions, which actually are favored by semiconductor manufacturers. The strategy to overcome these wetting issues followed in the present work is the reduction of the surface energy of the cleaning liquids by the application of surfactants. Several types of surfactants have been applied to the cleaning liquids and the compatibility of the surfactant solutions to BEOL materials like low-k dielectrics, copper and diffusion barriers as well as their dynamic behavior has been studied. The analysis showed that choosing the appropriate rinsing solution after the cleaning process is essential to ensure its compatibility to porous low-k dielectrics. Optical, electrical and structural data indicated that DIW rinse in most of the cases was not able to remove residual surfactant species within the material, while for an IPA rinse most of the residual surfactants have been removed. Considering the data received for compatibility to low-k materials, copper and barriers, the dynamic behavior of the surfactant solutions as well as influences of increased bath temperature and long term stability a general advice about surfactant selection and processing of surfactant aided solutions within BEOL is given<br>In mehrlagigen Kupfer/low-k basierten Metallisierungssystemen hochintegrierter elektronischer Bauelemente kann die Entfernung von Residuen nach der Plasmastrukturierung des Dielektrikums mittels herkömmlicher Plasmareinigungsprozesse zur Schädigung der Isolatorschicht und damit zum Ansteigen der relativen Dielektrizitätszahl sowie der Leckströme führen. Neben der Entwicklung schädigungsarmer Plasmaprozesse stellt der Ersatz dieser Prozesse durch Nassreinigungsschritte zur Ätzresiduenentfernung eine vielversprechende Alternative dar. Mit stetig abnehmenden Strukturabmaßen ist bei der Entwicklung dieser Nassreinigungsprozesse neben der Materialkompatibilität auch das Benetzungsverhalten der Reinigungsflüssigkeit von entscheidender Bedeutung, da die Oberflächenenergie der Reinigungslösung das Eindringen dieser in kleinste Strukturen verhindern und es durch hohe Kapillarkräfte zum Kollaps von Grabenstrukturen im Dielektrikum kommen kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde zunächst mittels Kontaktwinkelanalyse die Oberflächenenergie verschieden prozessierter low-k Dielektrikaschichten sowie herkömmlicher Lösungen zur Entfernung von Ätzresiduen untersucht, um hinsichtlich ihres Benetzungsverhaltens besonders kritische Materialkombinationen aufzuzeigen. Neben der Bestimmung des Benetzungsverhaltens hat sich die Kontaktwinkelanalyse zur Oberflächenenergieberechnung als schnelle und empfindliche Methode zur Analyse der Auswirkung von Plasmaprozessen auf die Oberfläche von low-k Dielektrika erwiesen. Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass besonders polymerisierende Plasmaprozesse eine niederenergetische Oberfläche erzeugen, welche von den derzeit in der Halbleiterfertigung bevorzugten hochenergetischen wasserbasierten Reinigungslösungen nur schlecht benetzt wird. Um diesem Effekt entgegenzuwirken wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Senkung der Oberflächenenergie der Reinigungslösungen durch Zugabe von Tensiden untersucht. Es wurden mehrere Tenside unterschiedlichen Typs den Reinigungsflüssigkeiten zugemischt und die Kompatibilität dieser Lösungen mit low-k Dielektrika, Kupferschichten und Diffusionsbarrieren untersucht sowie ihr dynamisches Verhalten analysiert. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die Auswahl der geeigneten Spüllösung nach dem eigentlichen Reinigungsprozess von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Optische, elektrische sowie strukturelle Daten deuten darauf hin, dass bei Verwendung einer Spülung mit deionisiertem Wasser in den meisten Fällen Tensidrückstände im porösen Dielektrikum verbleiben. Eine Spülung mit Isopropanol war hingegen in der Lage, einen Großteil dieser Tensidrückstände zu entfernen. Unter Einbeziehung der Daten zur Materialkompatibilität und dem dynamischen Verhalten der Tensidlösungen bei Raumtemperatur und erhöhter Badtemperatur sowie ihrer Langzeitstabilität konnte schließlich eine Prozessempfehlung für die Verwendung der benetzungsoptimierten Reinigungslösungen in der BEOL-Prozessierung gefunden werden
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Gagliardi, Riccardo. "Hybrid Palm Oil (Elaeis oleifera×Elaeis guineensis): Effects on the Human Health." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243134.
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L’olio di palma ibrido (OPI) è ottenuto dai frutti della palma da olio ibrida Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis. L’OPI contiene elevate quantità di tocotrienoli, tocoferoli e polifenoli. Inoltre il suo profilo acidico è principalmente caratterizzato da acidi grassi (AG) monoinsaturi. L’OPI potrebbe quindi rappresentare un equivalente dell’olio di oliva extravergine (OOE), considerato il “gold standard” tra gli oli alimentari per i suoi effetti salutari. Nonostante la sua peculiare composizione, non ci sono ad oggi dati riguardanti gli effetti dell’OPI sulla salute.
Questo progetto di dottorato ha lo scopo di caratterizzare la frazione antiossidante dell’OPI, e di studiare gli effetti di una supplementazione dietetica con OPI sulla salute cardiovascolare dell’uomo, confrontando gli effetti dell’OPI con quelli ottenuti dall’assunzione di OOE.
A tale scopo, è stato caratterizzato il profilo fenolico dell’OPI e determinata la sua capacità antiossidante. Dopo 3 mesi di supplementazione con OPI o con OOE (25 ml/die), in un trial clinico controllato e randomizzato, sono stati studiati gli effetti dei due oli sul contenuto fenolico del plasma e sulla sua capacità antiossidante, sul pattern lipidico del plasma, e sul profilo degli AG e dei fosfolipidi (FL) negli eritrociti dei pazienti ammessi allo studio.
Il consumo dei due oli ha prodotto effetti simili sui parametri considerati. Al termine dello studio, non sono state evidenziate differenze rilevanti tra i parametri dei pazienti appartenenti ai due gruppi (OPI e OOE). A seguito della supplementazione dei due oli, in entrambi i casi, i valori di colesterolo (C) totale e C-LDL nel plasma si riducono significativamente e l’attività antiossidante ed il contenuto fenolico del plasma incrementano. Simultaneamente, il grado di insaturazione della frazione lipidica totale e delle specie molecolari dei FL negli eritrociti è aumentato. Considerato ciò, l’OPI potrebbe essere considerato l’equivalente tropicale del mediterraneo OOE.<br>Hybrid palm oil (HPO) is the crude oil obtained from the fruits of the interspecific oil palm Elaeis oleifera x Elaeis guineensis. It presents a high content in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, tocopherols and mainly tocotrienols, with antioxidant effect. Moreover, the HPO fatty acids (FA) profile is mainly characterized by monounsaturated FA. Due to these properties, HPO could represent an equivalent of the Mediterranean extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), the “gold standard” among the dietary oils for its well-known positive health effects. In spite of its interesting composition, no data about the health effects of the HPO are nowadays available.
This PhD project aimed to fulfil the chemical characterization of the HPO antioxidant compounds content, and to investigate the effects of a HPO daily supplementation on the human cardiovascular health, comparing the effects of the HPO to those provided by the daily intake of EVOO.
The phenolic profile of the HPO was studied and the antioxidant capacity of the oil was determined by means the ORAC and TEAC assays.
After 3 months of oil supplementation (HPO or EVOO, 25 ml/day) in a randomized controlled clinical trial, the effects of the two oils on the plasma total phenolic content, plasma antioxidant capacity, plasma lipid pattern, erythrocytes phospholipids (PL) composition and erythrocyte FA profile of the volunteers patients were studied.
The two oils provided similar effects, with no relevant differences evidenced at the end of the trial among the patients belonging to the HPO and EVOO groups. Significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were observed, with an enhancement of the plasma antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. The erythrocytes lipid composition (PL and FA) of the participants was affected too by both the HPO and EVOO, increasing the unsaturation grade of the erythrocyte FA. As result, HPO could be considered the tropical equivalent of the EVOO.
Books on the topic "Plasma pattern"
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Barghouty, A. F. Coupled particle transport and pattern formation in a nonlinear leaky-box model. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 2009.
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McClure, John C. A study of gas flow pattern, undercutting and torch modification in variable polarity plasms arc welding. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.
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Università di Milano. Dipartimento di fisica and Centro di cultura scientifica "A. Volta", eds. Plasmas in the laboratory and in the universe: Interactions, patterns, and turbulence : Como, Italy, 1-4 December 2009. American Institute of Physics, 2010.
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Semiconductor IC Plasma Dry Etching Hologram Pattern. Independently Published, 2020.
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Gardner, Henry, and Gabriele Manduchi. Design Patterns for e-Science. Springer, 2014.
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Design Patterns for e-Science (Texts in Computational Science and Engineering Book 4). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
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Design Patterns for e-Science (Texts in Computational Science and Engineering). Springer, 2007.
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Jackson, Robert H. Regional Conflict and Demographic Patterns on the Jesuit Missions among the Guaraní in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. BRILL, 2019.
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Dussubieux, Laure, and Heather Walder, eds. The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads. Leuven University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461664655.
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Glass beads, both beautiful and portable, have been produced and traded globally for thousands of years. Modern archaeologists study these artifacts through sophisticated methods that analyze the glass composition, a process which can be utilized to trace bead usage through time and across regions. This book publishes open-access compositional data obtained from laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry, from a single analytical laboratory, providing a uniquely comparative data set. The geographic range includes studies of beads produced in Europe and traded widely across North America and beads from South and Southeast Asia traded around the Indian Ocean and beyond. The contributors provide new insight on the timing of interregional interactions, technologies of bead production and patterns of trade and exchange, using glass beads as a window to the past. This volume will be a key reference for glass researchers, archaeologists, and any scholars interested in material culture and exchange; it provides a wide range of case studies in the investigation and interpretation of glass bead composition, production and exchange since ancient times.
Book chapters on the topic "Plasma pattern"
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Margot, J., M. Chaker, M. Moisan, et al. "Magnetized Surface-Wave Discharges for Submicrometer Pattern Transfer." In Plasma Processing of Semiconductors. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5884-8_24.
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de la BeaujardièRe, O., and L. R. Lyons. "Instantaneous Measurements of the Global High-Latitude Convection Pattern." In Solar System Plasma Physics. American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm054p0405.
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Grocott, Adrian. "Time-Dependence of Dawn-Dusk Asymmetries in the Terrestrial Ionospheric Convection Pattern." In Dawn-Dusk Asymmetries in Planetary Plasma Environments. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119216346.ch9.
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Villamarín, Julián A., Yady M. Jiménez, Tatiana Molano, et al. "Ultrasonic Assessment of Platelet-Rich Plasma by Digital Signal Processing Techniques." In Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75193-1_37.
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Oriente, P., G. di Fraia, A. Spanó, et al. "Influence of physical exercise on plasma lipoprotein pattern in healthy subjects." In Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3205-0_55.
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Jopson, Neville B., and Peter F. Fennessy. "A Pattern of Plasma Potassium Concentrations in Adult Red Deer Stags." In The Biology of Deer. Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2782-3_99.
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Reames, Donald V. "Gradual SEP Events." In Solar Energetic Particles. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_5.
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AbstractGradual solar energetic-particle (SEP) events are “big proton events” and are usually much more “gradual” in their decay than in their onset. As their intensities increase, particles streaming away from the shock amplify Alfvén waves that scatter subsequent particles, increasing their acceleration, eventually limiting ion flow at the “streaming limit.” Waves generated by higher-speed protons running ahead can also throttle the flow of lower-energy ions, flattening spectra and altering abundances in the biggest SEP events. Thus, we find that the A/Q-dependence of scattering causes element-abundance patterns varying in space and time, which define source-plasma temperatures T, since the pattern of Q values of the ions depends upon temperature. Differences in T explain much of the variation of element abundances in gradual SEP events. In nearly 70% of gradual events, SEPs are shock-accelerated from ambient coronal plasma of ~0.8–1.6 MK, while 24% of the events involve material with T ≈ 2–4 MK re-accelerated from residual impulsive-suprathermal ions with pre-enhanced abundances. This source-plasma temperature can occasionally vary with solar longitude across the face of a shock. Non-thermal variations in ion abundances in gradual SEP events reaccelerated from the 2–4 MK impulsive source plasma are reduced, relative to those in the original impulsive SEPs, probably because the accelerating shock waves sample a pool of ions from multiple jet sources. Late in gradual events, SEPs become magnetically trapped in a reservoir behind the CME where spectra are uniform in space and decrease adiabatically in time as the magnetic bottle containing them slowly expands. Finally, we find variations of the He/O abundance ratio in the source plasma of different events.
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Schröder, Karsten, Dorit Keller, Asmus Meyer-Plath, Ute Müller, and Andreas Ohl. "Pattern Guided Cell Growth on Gas Discharge Plasma Induced Chemical Microstructured Polymer Surfaces." In Materials for Medical Engineering. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606149.ch23.
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Meyer, Thomas. "Signal Pathways from the Plasma Membrane to the Nucleus Regulating Craniofacial Pattern Formation." In Fundamentals of Craniofacial Malformations. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46024-2_3.
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Kim, Byungwhan, Sooyoun Kim, and Sang Jeen Hong. "Recognition of Plasma-Induced X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Fault Pattern Using Wavelet and Neural Network." In Advances in Neural Networks - ISNN 2006. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11760191_151.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Plasma pattern"
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Grøn, B., and F. Brosstad. "IMMUNO-VISUALIZATION OF FIBRINOGEN Aa-CHAIN HETEROGENEITY IN NORMAL PLASMA COMPARED TO PLASMA FROM PATIENTS WITH DIC." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643325.
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Citrated plasma from healthy individuals or fran patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC) was diluted, and elec-trophoresed on 11% SDS-PAG slabs after reduction.Subsequently, the electrophoretic pattern was Western-blotted onto nitrocellulose and,-after blocking with gelatine-, reacted with either:a)polyclonal antibodies to human fibrinogen,b)polyclonal antibodies to FPA, or c)monoclonal antibody to non-released FPA (gift from Dr.Nieuwenhuizen, Leyden, Holland).Visualization of fibrinogen-related material was then done with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies.In normal plasma a heterogeneity of the Aa-chain which was substantially more pronounced than hitherto described was noted. This pattern of fibrinogen Aa-chain heterogeneity was even more noticeable in plasma from patients with DIC. The presence/absense of all appropriate fibrinolytic inhibitors during sampling of blood had no effect upon the Aa-chain heterogenity patterns described above. This picture of heterogeneity was also seen when unreduced plasma was electrophoresed on SDS-PAG(2.5%)/AGAROSE(0.5%) slabs.When comparing the patterns produced by the three different antibodies used for identification/visualization, it could be deduced that: l)The pattern observed was mainly due to Aa-chain heterogeneity, and that the N-terminus of almost all species of Aa-chains were intact, confirming earlier observations that cell- or plasmin -mediated proteolysis of this chain is mainly C-terminal; 2) The present technique allows extranely sensitive characterization of both reduced and non-reduced plasma fibrinogen in the presence of all other plasma proteins.
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Dubrovski, O., J. Yang, P. Rumbach, F. Veloso, H. C. Chang, and D. B. Go. "Plasma Pattern Dynamics on a Liquid Interface." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops45740.2023.10480940.
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Tanaka, Masayoshi Y. "Spiral Pattern Formation in a Rotating Laboratory Plasma." In PLASMAS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE UNIVERSE: New Insights and New Challenges. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1718497.
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Oki, S. "Splat Morphology in Spray Pattern of Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0835.
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Abstract New method for characterization of coating microstructures and for evaluation of coating property by means of surface morphology has been proposed. In this paper, the distribution of shape and dimensions of splat was examined using quantitative analysis of scanning electron microscope images from the surface of spray pattern as well as the surface of coating. Results obtained in this study indicate that it is necessary to analyze the spray pattern as well as the surface morphology in order to estimate the coating property by means of the distribution of splat which composes the coating. Moreover, the splats, which are in the interface between the substrate and the coating, should have the same morphology as those of the coating surface. Therefore, the analysis of the surface morphology is important even for the evaluation of coating adhesion behavior.
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Ohnuki, Takuma, Seiji Kuroda, Hiroshi Araki, Xiaolong Chen, Makoto Watanabe, and Yukihiro Sakamoto. "Effects of Gun Scanning Pattern on the Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Sprayed YSZ Coatings." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, et al. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0143.
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Abstract Due to the nonsymmetric distribution of the particle plume in conventional plasma spraying, significant influence of the gun scanning pattern can appear in the structure of the coatings obtained. In this study, three scanning patterns are used to deposit YSZ powder by means of air plasma spraying. Cross-sections of the coatings are examined and interfacial fracture toughness and hot corrosion tests are conducted. Improvements in coating adhesion and corrosion resistance were obtained by modifying the scanning pattern of the gun to decrease the possibility of horizontal weak bonding between spray passes.
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Lisovsky, V. A., and O. V. Krasnikov. "DC plasma potential pattern in low-pressure RF discharge." In International Conference on Plasma Science (papers in summary form only received). IEEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1995.531581.
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Lifang Dong, Yafeng He, Yajuan Hao, Yonghui Li, and Weili fan. "Pattern formation in dielectric barrier discharge in air." In The 33rd IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 2006. ICOPS 2006. IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2006.1706899.
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Lisovskiy, V. A., V. S. Boichuk, and V. D. Yegorenkov. "Electron temperature axial pattern in the RF discharge." In IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 1997 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.1997.605269.
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Allen, Ronald L., Randy Moore, and Mike Whelan. "Multiresolution pattern detector networks for controlling plasma etch reactors." In Microelectronic Manufacturing '95, edited by Anant G. Sabnis and Ivo J. Raaijmakers. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.221321.
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Jai Hyuk Choi, Yuri Noma, and Kazuo Terashima. "Temperature-dependent transition of discharge pattern during helium cryo plasma." In 2008 IEEE 35th International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2008.4590710.
Full textReports on the topic "Plasma pattern"
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Meerson, B., N. Petviashvili, and T. Tajima. MARFEs in tokamak edge plasma: Pattern formation under nonlocal constraints. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10154903.
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Scherer, Axel. Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching (ICP-RIE): Nanofabrication Tool for High Resolution Pattern Transfer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396342.
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Gupta, Aditya, Mesbah Talukder, and Mary Bamimore. Monotherapy with platelet-rich plasma for male and female pattern baldness: protocol for a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0088.
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Rusanova, O. A., O. I. Emelyanova, and A. S. Trofimenko. PATTERNS OF PLASMA ANTI-THYROID HORMONE ANTIBODIES IN AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISEASES WITH THYROID LESION. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/wco-iof-esceo-2021-422.
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Lindow, Steven, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Relationship of Genes Conferring Epiphytic Fitness and Internal Multiplication in Plants in Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573065.bard.
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Most bacterial plant pathogens colonize the surface of healthy plants as epiphytes before colonizing internally and initiating disease. The epiphytic phase of these pathogens is thus an important aspect of their epidemiology and a stage at which chemical and biological control is aimed. However, little is known of the genes and phenotypes that contribute to the ability of bacteria to grow on leaves and survive the variable physical environment in this habitat. In addition, while genes such as hrp awr and others which confer pathogenicity and in planta growth ability have been described, their contribution to other aspects of bacterial epidemiology such as epiphytic fitness have not been addressed. We hypothesized that bacterial genes conferring virulence or pathogenicity to plants also contribute to the epiphytic fitness of these bacteria and that many of these genes are preferentially located on plasmids. We addressed these hypotheses by independently identifying genes that contribute to epiphytic fitness, in planta growth, virulence and pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia herbicola pv gypsophilae which causes gall formation on gypsophila. This species is highly epiphytically fit and has acquired a plasmid (pPATH) that contains numerous pathogenicity and virulence determinants, which we have found to also contribute to epiphytic fitness. We performed saturation transposon mutagenesis on pPATH as well as of the chromosome of E.h. gypsophilae, and identified mutants with reduced ability to grow in plants and/or cause disease symptoms, and through a novel competition assay, identified mutants less able to grow or survive on leaves. The number and identity of plasmid-borne hrp genes required for virulence was determined from an analysis of pPATH mutants, and the functional role of these genes in virulence was demonstrated. Likewise, other pPATH-encoded genes involved in IAA and cytokinin biosynthesis were characterized and their pattern of transcriptional activity was determined in planta. In both cases these genes involved in virulence were found to be induced in plant apoplasts. About half of avirulent mutants in pPATH were also epiphytically unfit whereas only about 10% of chromosomal mutants that were avirulent also had reduced epiphytic fitness. About 18% of random mutants in pPATH were avirulent in contrast to only 2.5% of random chromosomal mutants. Importantly, as many as 28% of pPATH mutants had lower epiphytic fitness while only about 10% of random chromosomal mutants had lower epiphytic fitness. These results support both of our original hypotheses, and indicate that genes important in a variety of interactions with plant have been enriched on mobile plasmids such as pPATH. The results also suggest that the ability of bacteria to colonize the surface of plants and to initiate infections in the interior of plants involves many of the same traits. These traits also appear to be under strong regulatory control, being expressed in response to the plant environment in many cases. It may be possible to alter the pattern of expression of such genes by altering the chemical environment of plants either by genetic means or by additional or chemical antagonists of the plant signals. The many novel bacterial genes identified in this study that are involved in plant interactions should be useful in further understanding of bacterial plant interactions.
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Avni, Adi, and Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.
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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
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Delmer, Deborah P., Douglas Johnson, and Alex Levine. The Role of Small Signal Transducing Gtpases in the Regulation of Cell Wall Deposition Patterns in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570571.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The combined research of the groups of Delmer, Levine and Johnson has led to a number of interesting findings with respect to the function of the small GTPase Rac in plants and also opened up new leads for future research. The results have shown: 1) The Rac13 protein undergoes geranylgeranlyation and is also translocated to the plasma membrane as found for Rac in mammals; 2) When cotton Rac13 is highly- expressed in yeast, it leads to an aberrant phenotype reminiscent of mutants impaired in actin function, supporting a role for Rac13 in cytoskeletal organization; 3) From our searches, there is no strong evidence that plants contain homologs of the related CDC42 genes found in yeast and mammals; 4) We have identified a rather unique Rac gene in Arabidopsis that has unusual extensions at both the N- and C-terminal portions of the protein; 5) New evidence was obtained that an oxidative burst characterized by substantial and sustained production of H202 occurs coincident with the onset of secondary wall synthesis in cotton fibers. Further work indicates that the H202 produced may be a signal for the onset of this phase of development and also strongly suggests that Rac plays an important role in signaling for event. Since the secondary walls of plants that contain high levels of lignin and cellulose are the major source of biomass on earth, understanding what signals control this process may well in the future have important implications for manipulating the timing and extent of secondary wall deposition. 6) When the cotton Rac13 promoter is fused to the reporter gene GUS, expression patterns in Arabidopsis indicate very strong and specific expression in developing trichomes and in developing xyelm. Since both of these cell types are engaged in secondary wall synthesis, this further supports a role for Rac in signaling for onset of this process. Since cotton fibers are anatomically defined as trichomes, these data may also be quite useful for future studies in which the trichomes of Arabidopsis may serve as a model for cotton fiber development; the Rac promoter can therefore be useful to drive expression of other genes proposed to affect fiber development and study the effects on the process; 7) The Rac promoter has also been shown to be the best so far tested for use in development of a system for transient transformation of developing cotton fibers, a technique that should have many applications in the field of cotton biotechnology; 8) One candidate protein that may interact with Rac13 to be characterized further in the future is a protein kinase that may be analogous to the PAK kinase that is known to interact with Rac in mammals.
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Plouffe, A., D. Petts, I M Kjarsgaard, and M. Polivchuk. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry mapping of porphyry -related epidote from south-central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331671.
Full textAbstract:
The microscopic composition of thirteen samples of epidote related to porphyry Cu mineralization was mapped using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the Geological Survey of Canada. The objective of this research is to improve the indicator mineral method of mineral exploration in glaciated terrains by utilizing the trace element composition of epidote. Six bedrock samples from porphyry Cu deposits of south-central British Columbia (Gibraltar, Mount Polley and Woodjam), three bedrock samples from the Nicola Group located close (&amp;lt;2 km) from the intrusions host of porphyry mineralization and afar (12 km), and four epidote grains from two till samples, one at Gibraltar and a second one at Mount Polley, were analyzed. Backscattered electron (BSE) images and the LA-ICP-MS maps show an heterogeneous distribution of Fe and Al in epidote following complex and mottled patterns and consistent zoning typically with high Fe and low Al concentrations in the core progressing to low Fe and high Al concentrations in the rim. Trace elements are heterogeneously distributed in epidote following the Fe/Al zoning in some samples. Evidence of late infiltration of trace elements (e.g. Cu, Zn, and REE) along fractures in epidote is observed in some samples. The variability in epidote composition is thought to be related to the changing conditions during its crystallization including oxidation state, pH, oxygen fugacity, fluid composition, temperature and pressure. Multiple LA-ICP-MS spot analyses need to be conducted on this mineral to fully evaluate its composition as an indicator mineral of porphyry Cu mineralization.
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Manulis, Shulamit, Christine D. Smart, Isaac Barash, Guido Sessa, and Harvey C. Hoch. Molecular Interactions of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis with Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697113.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is the most destructive bacterial disease of tomato causing substantial economic losses in Israel, the U.S.A. and worldwide. The molecular strategies that allow Cmm, a Gram-positive bacterium, to develop a successful infection in tomato plants are largely unknown. The goal of the project was to elucidate the molecular interactions between Cmmand tomato. The first objective was to analyze gene expression profiles of susceptible tomato plants infected with pathogenic and endophytic Cmmstrains. Microarray analysis identified 122 genes that were differentially expressed during early stages of infection. Cmm activated typical basal defense responses in the host including induction of defense-related genes, production of scavenging of free oxygen radicals, enhanced protein turnover and hormone synthesis. Proteomic investigation of the Cmm-tomato interaction was performed with Multi-Dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) and mass spectroscopy. A wide range of enzymes secreted by Cmm382, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and a large group of serine proteases from different families were identified in the xylem sap of infected tomato. Based on proteomic results, the expression pattern of selected bacterial virulence genes and plant defense genes were examined by qRT-PCR. Expression of the plasmid-borne cellulase (celA), serine protease (pat-1) and serine proteases residing on the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (chpCandppaA), were significantly induced within 96 hr after inoculation. Transcription of chromosomal genes involved in cell wall degradation (i.e., pelA1, celB, xysA and xysB) was also induced in early infection stages. The second objective was to identify by VIGS technology host genes affecting Cmm multiplication and appearance of disease symptoms in plant. VIGS screening showed that out of 160 tomato genes, which could be involved in defense-related signaling, suppression of 14 genes led to increase host susceptibility. Noteworthy are the genes Snakin-2 (inhibitor of Cmm growth) and extensin-like protein (ELP) involved in cell wall fortification. To further test the significance of Snakin -2 and ELP in resistance towards Cmm, transgenic tomato plants over-expressing the two genes were generated. These plants showed partial resistance to Cmm resulting in a significant delay of the wilt symptoms and reduction in size of canker lesion compared to control. Furthermore, colonization of the transgenic plants was significantly lower. The third objective was to assess the involvement of ethylene (ET), jasmonate (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in Cmm infection. Microarray and proteomic studies showed the induction of enzymes involved in ET and JA biosynthesis. Cmm promoted ET production 8 days after inoculation and SIACO, a key enzyme of ET biosynthesis, was upregulated. Inoculation of the tomato mutants Never ripe (Nr) impaired in ET perception and transgenic plants with reduced ET synthesis significantly delayed wilt symptoms as compared to the wild-type plants. The retarded wilting in Nr plants was shown to be a specific effect of ET insensitivity and was not due to altered expression of defense related genes, reduced bacterial population or decrease in ethylene biosynthesis . In contrast, infection of various tomato mutants impaired in JA biosynthesis (e.g., def1, acx1) and JA insensitive mutant (jai1) yielded unequivocal results. The fourth objective was to determine the role of cell wall degrading enzymes produced by Cmm in xylem colonization and symptoms development. A significance increase (2 to 7 fold) in expression of cellulases (CelA, CelB), pectate lyases (PelA1, PelA2), polygalacturonase and xylanases (XylA, XylB) was detected by qRT-PCR and by proteomic analysis of the xylem sap. However, with the exception of CelA, whose inactivation led to reduced wilt symptoms, inactivation of any of the other cell wall degrading enzymes did not lead to reduced virulence. Results achieved emphasized the complexity involved in Cmm-tomato interactions. Nevertheless they provide the basis for additional research which will unravel the mechanism of Cmm pathogenicity and formulating disease control measures.