Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plasma screen'

Nitriding is a plasma based processing technique that is used to improve the surface properties of components and products in many areas including the aerospace, automotive and biomedical industries to name a few. Active Screen Plasma Nitriding (ASPN) is a relatively new nitriding technique which has potential advantages over the more traditional nitriding techniques such as Direct Current (DC) plasma nitriding where high substrate biases can be problematic. However, there is considerable debate as to the mechanism for nitriding in ASPN. This thesis focuses on investigating the mechanism for nitriding in a commercial ASPN system. Commercial ASPN treatments of nitrideable alloy steels were found to be unsatisfactory unless a sufficient bias was applied. The level of bias required to produce a satisfactory nitriding response, in terms of the cross sectional hardness, was found to depend on the concentration of strong alloy nitride forming elements present in the steel. Although active screen material was found to be transferred to the workload, no evidence was found that this process played a significant role in enhancing the nitriding response. The primary mechanism for nitrogen mass transfer in ASPN was found to be dependent on the active screen/workload separation distance. When this separation is small (less than approximately 10cm for the conditions used in this study) then nitrogen mass transfer in the form of energetic ions or neutrals can occur between the active screen and the workload. This allows samples to be treated without a substrate bias. On the other hand, when the active screen/workload separation distance is large (greater than approximately 10cm) as is normally the case in a commercial environment, this mechanism for nitrogen mass transfer breaks down and a substrate bias is essential. In this latter case, nitrogen ions attracted to the workload using a bias is the primary nitrogen mass transfer mechanism and the role of the active screen is primar ily to uniformly heat the workload.

Surface modification of polymers has long been known in polymer chemistry but has not yet been widely applied to biomaterials. A newly developed active screen plasma technology has a potential to treat such non-conductive materials as polymers to improve their surface properties since this is a low-temparature, low cost and environmentally friendly plasma process. in this project, three kind of polymeric materials, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, polyurethane and polycaprolacton, were surface modified using active screen plasma nitriding technology. The results demonstrated that it is feasible to conduct plasma surfae modification of polymeric materials using the newly developed active-screen plasma technology without causing any etching, significant sputtering or other surface damage. Changes in chemical composition and structure have been found an all three polymeric materials' surface following active screen plasma surface treatments. Crosslinking or/and new functional groups are formed on the topmost surface layer after the treatment. Along with changes in surface morphologies and structural, the wettability of the surface of all three polymeric materials can also be effectively improved by the active screen plasma nitriding treatments. Active-screen plasma nitriding technique is an effective and practical method to improve osteoblast cell adhesion and spreading on all three polymeric materials' surface.

Active Screen Plasma Nitriding (ASPN) is a novel surface engineering technique, the main advantage of which is the capacity to treat homogeneously all kind of materials surfaces of any shape. Here, ASPN is used to modify the surface properties of ionomer glasses and polymers in order to improve the surface cellular compatibility of these materials. A conventional DC nitriding unit has been used together with an AS experimental arrangement. The materials that were treated were an ionomer glass composition and UHMWPE. All treated/untreated samples were seeded with the 3T3 fibroblasts. In order to identify the effect of the plasma treatment, chemical and mechanical properties characterization was conducted. For the cellular samples, SEM, Interferometry, AFM and MTT assay were conducted in order to observe cells’ behavior on the untreated and treated materials. The inert surface of the untreated glass showed good interaction with fibroblasts only after the ASPN treatment which resulted in enhanced fibroblasts attachment and proliferation. The treatment temperature, the length of treatment and the presence of nitrogen had an influence on the surface properties of glass. UHMWPE treated samples chemical characterization showed the formation of C-N and N-H groups resulting in an increase of the functionality of treated surfaces. 3T3 fibroblasts cell culture studies showed that the ASPN treatment had a positive effect on the adhesion and proliferation of cells according to the time of treatment and the increase of the nitrogen concentration in the gas mixture. As a conclusion ASPN treatment can be a very effective method to modify inorganic and organic polymeric surfaces in order to improve cellular compatibility.

Low temperature plasma surface engineering has been a useful method for increasing the hardness and wear resistance of austenitic stainless steel without reducing the corrosion resistance of this alloy. Plasma carburising is of particular interest as it produces thicker hardened layers than plasma nitriding, and an equivalent improvement in the tribological and corrosion performance of the base material. In this project, the active screen (AS) plasma technique was used to carburise austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 and the obtained layer of carbon expanded austenite was compared with the one produced by conventional DC plasma treatments. The hardening and wear resistance produced by AS and DC plasma carburising were equivalent. With regard to corrosion, the AS treated material performed better than its DC counterpart as a consequence of the improved surface quality of the former. The mechanism of AS carburising was comparatively studied with its AS nitriding counterpart. Different experimental arrangements and two plasma diagnostic techniques were used for this purpose: optical emission spectroscopy and electrostatic probes. The evidence shows that AS nitriding relies on the deposition of iron nitrides and the active species in the plasma to produce hardening, whilst AS carburising requires the plasma activation and moderate ion bombardment.

The Hartmann screen test (HST) is a well-known technique that has been used for many years in optical metrology. This thesis describes how the technique has been adapted to create a system for continuous in situ monitoring of the internal stress in thin films during plasma deposition. Stress is almost always present in thin films. Stress can affect the physical properties of film, and also influence phenomena which are important in the technology of thin film manufacture such as adhesion and crystallographic defects. For these reasons, it is very important to control and manage the film stress during manufacture of devices based on thin films. The commonest way to infer stress is to measure the change in substrate curvature that it produces. This is often done by comparison of substrate curvatures before and after deposition with surface profilometry, or interferometry. However, these methods are unsuitable for implementing during film deposition in the vacuum chamber. A novel method for measuring changes in curvature of the thin film substrate in situ has been developed, making use of the HST. An expanded laser beam is passed through a screen containing a number of small apertures, which breaks it up into several rays. After reflecting from the surface of the thin film wafer, the rays are received on an array detector as a spot pattern. Image processing is performed on the recorded spot images to determine the positions of spots accurately. Spot centre positions are recorded at start of deposition as a reference, then their displacement is tracked with time during deposition. The spot deflections are fitted to a theoretical model, in which the change in sample profile is described by a second-order surface. The principal axes of curvature of this surface and their orientation are obtained by a least-squares fitting procedure. From this, the thin film stress can be inferred and monitored in real time. Equipment using this technique has been designed and developed in prototype form for eventual use in the RMIT cathodic arc deposition facility. First experiments with a classic Hartmann screen configuration proved that the technique gave good results, but precision was limited by diffraction and interference effects in the recorded image which made determination of spot centres more difficult. A modified configuration was developed, in which a camera is focused on the Hartmann screen, giving much sharper spot patterns and improved resolution. Tests on the prototype system and comparison with other techniques have shown that it is possible to determine changes in sample curvature with a precision of approximately 0.01 m-1. This corresponds to stress changes of around 0.5 GPa for typical wafer and film thicknesses used in practice. The Hartmann screen test is straightforward to use and to interpret. Image processing and analysis of the recorded spot patterns can be automated and performed continuously in real time during thin film deposition. The system promises to be very useful for monitoring stress and thus controlling the deposition process for improved quality of thin film manufacture.

No presente trabalho foi investigada a nitretação a plasma do aço rápido ASTM M2 utilizando diferentes configurações, envolvendo as técnicas convencional e com tela ativa. Na técnica convencional, o material a ser nitretado atua como o cátodo do sistema, sendo coberto diretamente pela bainha da descarga luminescente. Nos tratamentos conduzidos com a técnica de tela ativa, uma estrutura de tela em formato cilíndrico atua como cátodo e o material a ser nitretado é posicionado no seu interior. Neste novo processo, como não há potencial elétrico externo aplicado aos substratos, a descarga luminescente se desenvolve apenas na estrutura da tela, evitando problemas intrínsecos do método convencional de nitretação a plasma. Todos os tratamentos investigados foram executados com os seguintes parâmetros: Temperatura de 500 °C, mistura gasosa composta 76% de volume de gás nitrogênio e 24% de volume de gás hidrogênio e pressão de 3 milibar. Para os tratamentos com tela ativa, os substratos foram mantidos eletricamente isolados. Os resultados foram comparados observando a diferença de método de nitretação (com e sem o uso de tela ativa) e a influência do tempo de tratamento (variando sua duração em 1, 4 e 8 horas) Todos os experimentos foram realizados utilizando uma fonte de potência de tensão retificada aplicada na tela ou nas amostras, dependendo da configuração. Adicionalmente, para o tempo de nitretação de 4 horas uma fonte de potência com tensão pulsada também foi aplicada. As amostras nitretadas foram caracterizadas por ensaios de rugosidade, ensaios de dureza e microdureza, microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Ensaios tribológicos para avaliação da resistência ao desgaste das diferentes condições de tratamento foram conduzidos. Dentre os principais resultados foi observada uma clara diferença na profundidade de camada nitretada, que foi sempre mais profunda nos tratamentos convencionais. Apesar de formadas camadas menos profundas, as amostras nitretadas oriundas dos tratamentos com tela ativa demonstraram melhor desempenho nos ensaios tribológicos, resultando em taxas de desgaste até sete vezes inferior do que as amostras do nitretadas convencionalmente, este resultado foi atribuído a não formação da zona de compostos nas amostras nitretadas com tela ativa.
In the present work an investigation on the plasma nitriding of ASTM M2 High-Speed Steel using different configurations was carried out, involving traditional and active screen techniques. In the traditional technique, the material to be nitrided act as the system cathode, being directly covered by the glow discharge sheath. In the active screen treatments, a cylindrical mesh structure (screen) plays the role of the cathode and the material to be nitrided is positioned in its interior. In this new process, as there is no external electric potential applied to the specimens, the glow discharge develops only in the screen structure, avoiding intrinsic problems from the conventional plasma nitriding method. All the studied treatments were carried out with the following parameters: temperature of 500 °C, gas mixture of 76 vol.-% N2 and 24 vol.-% H2 and pressure of 3 millibar. For the active screen treatments, the samples were kept electrically insulated. The results were compared observing the differences in the nitriding method (with and without the use of active screen) and the nitriding time influence (varying its duration in 1, 4 and 8 hours) All experiments were carried using a rectified voltage power supply applied to the screen or to the samples, depending on the configuration. Additionally, for the nitriding time of 4 hours a pulsed voltage power supply was also employed. The nitrided samples were characterized by roughness tests, hardness and microhardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Tribological tests to evaluate the wear resistance of the different treatment conditions were also carried out. Among the main results a clear difference in the case layer depth was noticed, which was always deeper in the conventional treatments. Although forming shallower case depths, the active screen nitrided specimens presented better performance in the tribological tests, resulting in wear rates up to seven times lower than the wear rate for conventionally plasma nitrided samples, this result was assigned due to the non-formation of compound layer in the active screen plasma nitrided samples.

Although dynamic interactions between plant cells and their environment require adhesion between the cell wall (CW) and the plasma membrane (PM), few plant adhesion molecules have been identified. Therefore, the seed coat mucilage secretory cells (MSCs) of Arabidopsis thaliana (which undergo developmentally regulated changes in adhesion) were developed into a novel model system to study PM-CW adhesion. Twenty-seven candidate genes were identified using data from publicly available and seed-specific microarrays. Mutant plants for these genes were screened for defects in adhesion via plasmolysis, and for changes in MSC morphology that may result from defective adhesion (Chapter 1). Two fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were isolated in this screen. One of these, SOS5, was characterized in detail (Chapter 2). sos5 mutants are sensitive to hyperosmotic conditions and show defects in PM-CW adhesion and MSC mucilage structure. Interestingly, these phenotypes may be attributed to defects in adhesion or to defects in cell wall deposition.

Ce travail presente l'etude des diagnostics et de la modelisation d'une cellule de panneau a plasma (pap) alternatif couleur. Il a ete effectue en etroite collaboration avec la societe thomson tubes electroniques, en vue de l'amelioration des performances du pap. Deux etudes complementaires sont a la base de ce memoire. La premiere experimentale, consiste dans les etudes electriques et emissives de la decharge luminescente dans les panneaux a plasma couleur de type sandwich. Parallelement, nous avons developpe en seconde etude, un modele numerique afin de decrire le fonctionnement d'une cellule de panneau a plasma. L'etude experimentale a porte sur l'analyse spectroscopique dans l'ultraviolet lointain (vuv) des decharges des melanges binaires neon-xenon et neon-krypton et ternaires neon-krypton-xenon. En appliquant des signaux electriques alternatifs appropries a ses bornes, une decharge electrique s'amorce pendant un temps relativement court. Cette decharge electrique entraine la formation d'un plasma qui emet de la lumiere ultraviolette. Nous avons egalement calcule la puissance electrique consommee par le panneau lors de la decharge. Sa connaissance est absolument necessaire pour evaluer son rendement. Pour decrire le fonctionnement d'une cellule de pap, nous avons developpe un modele numerique hybride auto-coherent : fluide monte-carlo pour avoir acces au comportement hors equilibre de la decharge. On obtient egalement, pour des conditions initiales quelconques, les marges de fonctionnement, les variations spatio-temporelle des particules chargees et des especes excitees. Le modele donne aussi le bilan energetique et le rendement vuv de la decharge. Ces deux etudes, experimentale et numerique, ont aussi pour objectif de controler des parametres tel que la pression totale et la composition de melange de gaz rare ainsi que l'influence des parametres de transport (emission secondaire, coefficient d'ionisation, mobilite des ions,. . . Etc. ) sur les caracteristiques electriques, emissives et energetiques de la decharge. Les experiences effectuees et l'utilisation du modele ont permis de rechercher les conditions optimales de fonctionnement du pap. Les resultats experimentaux sont en bon accord avec ceux obtenus par le modele numerique.

The aim of the thesis is the design machines for laser cutting and plasma workspace 2.0 x1, 8 meters. The work described technology laser cutting and plasma and the resulting demands on the machine. Longer work includes a search of design solutions, then the actual design, including the necessary calculations and drawings.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe eines Photon-STM die Korrelation zwischen optischen Eigenschaften und der lokalen Morphologie an zwei unterschiedlichen Systemen untersucht. Hierfür wurden zum einem oxidgetragene Ensemble von Silber-Partikeln präpariert, wobei sowohl die Partikelform (Kuppel- und Scheibenform) als auch die deponierte Partikeldichte variiert werden konnte. Neben der Präparation solcher Partikel auf Al10O13/NiAl, konnten sphärische Silber-Kolloide geordnet, als auch ungeordnet auf HOPG aufgebracht und untersucht werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das Verhältnis von Höhen zu Breiten nicht nur einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Mie-Resonanz des einzelnen Partikels hat, sondern auch die elektromagnetische Kopplung der Partikel in einem Ensemble stark kontrolliert. Die energetische Lage der Mie-Resonanz zeigt im Fall der kuppelförmigen Ag-Partikel eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Intepartikel-Abstand, was sich in einer Verschiebung zu höheren Energien für eine steigende Partikeldichte äußert. Eine solche Abhängigkeit konnte bei den Ensembles der scheibenförmigen Partikel nicht beobachtet werden. Des weiteren zeigte sich, dass, verglichen mit den ungeordneten Ensembles, die selbstorganisierte langreichweitige Ordnung der Silber-Kolloide auf HOPG nur einen schwachen Einfluss auf die energetische Position der Mie Resonanz hat.Das zweite hier untersuchte System sind dünne MgO Filme unterschiedlicher Dicken auf einem Mo(001) Substrat. Diese zeigen ein reichhaltiges Wachstumsverhalten, welches durch eine Differenz in den Gitterkonstanten von 5.3% begründet ist und erst ab etwa 25 ML zu einem flachen und defektarmen Film führt. Die so induzierte Spannung relaxiert bis zu einer Dicke von etwa 7 ML in einer periodischen Überstruktur die aus abwechselnd flachen und verkippten Ebenen an der MgO-Mo Grenzschicht hervorgeht. Für MgO Filme mit einer Dicke von etwa 12 ML werden dann Schraubenversetzungen, ausgedehnte verkippte Ebenen und Stufenkanten mit einer Orientierung entlang der Richtung beobachtet. Die optische Charakterisierung durch Feldemission von Elektronen aus der STM-Spitze in den MgO-Film wird dominiert von zwei Emissionsmaxima bei Energien von 3.1 eV und 4.4 eV. Die kontrollierte Nukleation von Gold Partikeln und die Erzeugung von Farbzentren im MgO Film erlaubten eine Zuordnung dieser Emissionen zu strahlenden Zerfällen von Exitonen an Ecken, Kinken bzw. Stufen des Magnesiumoxids. Solche Emissionsprozesse konnten allerdings nur unter Einstellungen beobachtet werden, bei denen ein gleichzeitiges Rastern der Oberfläche unmöglich ist. Bei moderaten Einstellungen war auch eine ortsaufgelösten Spektroskopie möglich, wobei dann neue Emissionsmechanismen beobachtet wurden. Dabei sind zwei Prozesse wesentlich; zum einen die Ausbildung von sog. Spitzen-induzierten Plasmonen im Bereich zwischen Spitze und dem Mo-Substrat, zum anderen strahlende Elektronenübergänge zwischen sog. Feldemissionsresonanzen, die sich im Spitze/MgO-Film System ausbilden.
In this thesis, the correlation between the optical properties and the local morphology of supported silver nanoparticle ensembles and MgO thin films deposited on Mo(001) systems is explored by means of Photon-STM. In the first section, dome and disk shaped Ag nanoparticle ensembles with increasing density on an alumina film on NiAl(110) were analyzed as well as ordered and disordered ensembles of Ag nanocolloids on HOPG. The aspect ratio of the Ag nanoparticles was found to have a significant influence not only on the Mie plasmon resonance of a single particle, but also on the electromagnetic coupling within the nanoparticle ensembles. The Mie resonance in the ensemble of dome shaped Ag nanoparticles shows a strong dependence on the interparticle distance, where it shifts to higher energies with increasing particle density, due to destructive interference effects. In the disk-like Ag ensembles, however, the plasmon energy is independent of particle-particle separation. The long-range lateral ordering of size-selected Ag nanocolloids is found to induce a high dipole-dipole coupling within the ensemble. This is mainly reflected by the enhancement of the spectral intensity of the in-plane Mie mode, due to constructive coupling. However, ensembles with either well-ordered or disordered arrangements reveal no important difference in their optical properties, reflecting the weak influence of the long-range order in the particle ensemble. Thin MgO films with different thicknesses were grown on a Mo(001) surface. The stress resulting from the 5.3% lattice mismatch between the MgO(001) and the Mo(001) lattice parameters is found to control the surface morphology of the MgO film until thicknesses of around 25ML at which flat and defect-poor films are obtained. The relaxation of the stress induces a periodic network in the first 7ML of the MgO film, consisting of alternated flat and tilted mosaics. The presence of screw dislocations, steps oriented along the MgO directions, and tilted planes is observed when the MgO films are approximately 12ML thick. In addition, an increase of the MgO work function around these new surface features is revealed from STM spectroscopy. The photon emission induced by field-emitted electron injection from the STM tip into the MgO films is dominated by two emission bands located at 3.1eV and 4.4eV. To check the origin of these bands, further experiments, namely, nucleation of Au particles and creation of F-centers on the MgO surface, have been performed. The nucleation of Au particles at the low coordinated sites is found to quench the MgO optical signal, while the creation or annihilation of F-centers does not alter the MgO emission bands. The 3.1eV and the 4.4eV bands are therefore assigned to the radiative decay of MgO excitons at corner and kink sites, and step sites, respectively. Besides, spatially resolved optical measurements in the tunneling mode of the STM revealed different light emission mechanisms. These radiative processes are mainly related to tip-induced plasmons that form between the tip and the Mo support and to electron transitions between field-emission-resonance states in the STM tip-MgO film junction. The signal from exciton decays at corners and kinks of the MgO surface is however only observed at excitation conditions where the spatial resolution is already strongly reduced.

博士
國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
98
This study was to modify surface of material by Plasma and screen-printing coating. One of the study issue was that Ti-containing amorphous hydrogenated carbon (Ti-C:H) thin films were deposited on SKH51 and WC substrates by filtered cathodic vacuum arcing (FCVA) and high power pulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) in order to reduce friction coefficient and wear rate. The Ti-C:H thin films deposition used the mixture of Ar and C2H2 gases atmosphere with the titanium metal as cathodic materials. Furthermore, the effects of substrate bias, target current and substrate-to-target distance on film properties have been studied from FCVA and HIPIMS coating system. The film properties including composition, morphology, microstructure, mechanical and tribological characterizations were investigated by glow discharge spectroscopy (GDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Nanoindenter and pin-on-disk tribometer, respectively. As a result, the surface of films was smooth, mean coefficient of friction was less than 0.1, wear rate was 10-17 m3/Nm, and critical load was more than 5 kg. Moreover, the screen-printing method also was investigated in the study. The LSCF and LSM films were applied on a Crofer22 APU interconnect for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) by screen-printing method. It was then tested in a simulated oxidizing environment, 800 ◦C for 200 h. The results showed that the LSCF film can change the oxidation behavior of Crofer22 APU. Moreover, long-term electrical resistance measurement also indicated that area-specific resistance (ASR) of the alloy with LSCF coating film is significantly lower than that of the LSM coating.

碩士
國立交通大學
生物科技系所
94
Screen-printed carbon paste electrode (SPCE) is widely used in electrochemical sensors in recent years. SPCE exhibits a great potential in the generation of disposable sensing system because it is cost effective, easily mass-produced and easily patterned. In this study, the modification of SPCE by oxygen plasma was thoroughly investigated. Interestingly, the response of oxidative current of hydrogen peroxide was greatly improved at plasma-treated SPCE. It had a good reproducibility in duplicate test (CV=6.9%, n=75) and storage test (over 3 months). The glucose sensor fabricated on the plasma-treated SPCE has a much lower detection limit for glucose than that fabricated on the untreated SPCE. These results indicate that plasma-treated SPCE has the potential for enhancing the sensitivity of oxidase-based electrochemical sensor. The rate of electron transfer between the redox couple and the electrode of SPCE is also greatly enhanced by the oxygen plasma treatment, as demonstrated by the cyclic voltammograms of dopamine, ferricyanide, and catechol. The electrochemical properties of SPCE is improved by the reduction of the separation between oxidative and reductive peak potentials, and approaching to the approximately unit of peak currents for redox compounds. The improvement of the electrochemical properties of SPCE allows the detection of multiple analytes, such as uric acid and ascorbic acid, on SPCE at the same time. Microscopic images of SPCE under the reflective microscope reveal that the surface of SPCE is flattened by oxygen plasma, suggesting the removal of substances from the surface of SPCE. The microscopic images under the scanning electronic microscope further demonstrate that pasting binder, an adhesive material to glue graphite particles to each other and to the surface of solid substrate, is removed. The removal of the pasting binder on the surface of electrode exposes graphite particles and their edge-plane, which facilitates the rate of electron transfer.

碩士
大同大學
材料工程學系(所)
95
Active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) on the corrosion properties of UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel with different temperature and times has been studied. The surface hardness of ASPN DSS specimen was raised to 1000~1200HK. From the experimental results, the S-phase (γN) and αN phase were observed in the surface of ASPN DSS specimens conducted under 400 to 450℃, and increasing corrosion resistance at 420℃ with 10-20 hours after plasma nitriding. When working time increase to 25 hours will lose the property of corrosion resistance, and working temperature above 435℃ will also lose the property of corrosion resistance due to chromium nitride formation. The hardness of nitrided layer reach to 900HV above and increasing wear resistance obviously after plasma nitriding. Working temperature and time below 420℃ and 20 hours are the optimum treatment condition of duplex stainless steel by active screen plasma nitriding.

碩士
國立中興大學
獸醫學系
92
Biotechnology for pre-selecting gender of one’s offspring is much worth business investment. However, there is no effective, convenient and safe means to separate X and Y sperm for pre-selecting gender to date. One of the feasible ways is to use a non-invasive and immunological method to screen X or Y sperm out. Based on the Ohno’s law that sex-specific proteins (SSPs) are evolutionarily more highly conserved than non-SSPs, separation of SSPs from X or Y sperm creates a foundation for further immunological selection of X or Y sperm. Opposite-sex immunizations (antigens: swine sperm membrane crude proteins) of rabbits was applied to produce the corresponding antibodies for each sex. ELISA confirmed the paramount of the raising antibodies. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis revealed comparable membrane proteins patterns in each sex antibody preparations. Sex-specific affinity columns prepared from the antibodies produced by each sex were used to purify SSPs for three cycles. Preliminary results demonstrated that two obvious X-SSPs bands (13.6 and 72.2 kDa) were detected by the one-dimensional electrophoresis analysis. However, these results were not consistently presented under same preparations (n=3). Further, with the application of high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis and western blotting (antibodies of each sex), purified X-SSPs (app. 102 kDa) obtained from three-cycles affinity column chromatography, was clearly observed. In conclusion, this study has shown the presence of X-SSPs. But, Y-SSps appears to be imperceptible. Nevertheless, the result of present study indicates the feasibility of immunological sperm sexing techniques. Further investigation should be toward on the immunoaffinity enrichment for SSPs and the protein identification.

aaaaaRare earth elements (Sc, Y and group 15 lanthanides) and their compounds currently have significant practical use in metallurgy, glass industry, as highly active catalysts for the production of so-called. NiMH batteries, alloys for the manufacture of permanent magnets and e.g. moderators rods in the nuclear energy, but above all they have an irreplaceable role in modern electronics for phosphors TV screens, CRT earlier today, PDP and LCD monitors and displays, tablets, mobile phones etc., which give them a high-quality picture and sound. Unlike most base and precious metals are concentrated in the conquerable ore deposits, occur in the form of compounds as part of mixed minerals in the rarely economically exploitable concentrations, a mining and processing is costly and negative impacts on the environment, paradoxically towards the title but their overall content in the crust is relatively high, the average concentration in the range of about 150 to 220 ppm. The main world producer of REE, China, in 2010, significantly reduced exports by 40 %, making prices of some REE increased up to 1500 % during the month. Demand for REE is growing, so often talks about the recycling of valuable materials back into production, as called. "Urban mining", ie "urban mining", thereby reducing the amount of...

In this thesis, the author deals with a topic focusing on use of plasma screens and plasma technologies in contemporary news channel CT24 broadcasting. The thesis is contained of theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, the author summarizes existing findings of the television news field. The theoretical part includes a basic definition of television news and its subsequent changes, primarily because of digitalization process. In the connection with digitalization, the author also deals with new formats of television news, such as TV graphics. In the second half of theoretical part, the author focuses on characteristics of Czech Television and CT24 news channel. It contains of brief description of programs and studies, from which CT24 broadcasts, and which are closely related to use of plasma technologies. In the practical part, the author then focuses on the specific use of plasma technologies in the broadcast of CT24 channel. First, the author offers a basic division of what these elements are used for in broadcasting. Based on his own experience and interviews with Czech Television staff, he then describes the use of plasma technologies in individual programs and studios and offers their comparison.