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Maslachah, Lilik, Yoes Prijatna Dachlan, Chairul A. Nidom, and Loeki Enggar Fitr. "Experimental Models Point Mutations In Plasmodium falciparum pfatpase6 Gene Exposed to Recuring Artemisinin In Vitro." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1151.
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The aims of this research to prove that repeated exposure of artemisinin can cause pfatpase6 gene mutation on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The research methods used culture In Vitro Plasmodium falciparum of strain 2300 IC50 value determination test artemisinin, artemisinin repeated exposure test (PO1, PO2, PO3 dan PO4) dose IC50, DNA extraction, gene amplification of pfatpase6 using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, electrophoresis, PCR product purification, labeling DNA from PCR results, DNA precipitation of PCR product, application of product labeling on the sequencing machines, analysis of the results of sequencing, and Data Analysis. The results of PCR pfatpase6 gene amplification include region 6 – 3216 for codon 89-1031 located in exon 1 and 2 Plasmodium falciparum 2300 by using five pairs of primers. Primer pair 1FR produce a long amplicon of 737 bp which covers of codon 89; primer pair 2FR produce a long amplicon of 813 bp which covers of codon 263, 431; primer pair 4FR produce a long amplicon of 700 bp which covers of codon 460, 465, 623; primer pair 5FR produce a long amplicon of 550 bp which includes of codon 683, 769; and primer pair 6FR produce a long amplicon of 876 bp which covers of codon 898, 1031.Multialigment pfatpase6 gene Plasmodium falciparum of strains Papua 2300 point mutations are obtained in the form of transition and transversion in treatment groups at the same nucleotide region 123, 2035, 2043, 2138 dan 2148. Conclusion of this research Artemisinin repeated exposure can cause point mutations in pfatpase6 genes Plasmodium falciparum of strains 2300 in vitro Keyword: Artemisinin, Plasmodium falciparumof strain Papua 2300, pfatpase6 gene, point mutation
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Rina A. Mogea. "PLASMODIUM DOMINAN DALAM NYAMUK ANOPHELES BETINA (Anopheles spp.) PADA BEBERAPA TEMPAT DI DISTRIK MANOKWARI BARAT." Jurnal Natural 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/jn.v14i1.13.
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Malaria contagious by mosquito Anopheles Betina bringing protozoa parasite in its body (Plasmodium). Plasmodium there are four specieses that is Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum, but often becomes pathogen that is Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. As for intention of this research is to identify Plasmodium which is dominant at female Anopheles mosquito (Anopheles spp.) and knows distribution pattern of female Anopheles mosquito (Anopheles spp.) in some places in Districts Manokwari Barat.
Based on research result done to four locations that is area Amban, Wosi, Sanggeng and Kota is found [by] 1024 mosquito tails. From the amounts only 115 mosquito tails was mosquito Anopheles Betina while the other is mosquito Anopheles male, mosquito Culex and Aedes. Mosquito Anopheles Betina found consisted of 4 species that is Anopheles bancrofti, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles farauti and Anopheles koliensis.
Mosquito Anopheles Betina which is dissected, obtained 2 the Plasmodium species in mosquito spit gland is Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, and from calculation by index dominant can be told that both types of this very dominant Plasmodium in Districts Manokwari Barat because its the dominant index > 5%.
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Dominique, Tano Konan, Koffi Akissi Jeanne, Dablé Marius Tresor, Silué Kigbafori Dieudonné, Tuo Karim, Nkoua Badzi Cynthia, Bénié Edjronké Marc Alexis, Yéo Issa, Menan Eby Ignace Hervé, and Yavo William. "Improved Protocol for Continuous Culture of Plasmodium falciparum Reference Strains." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.07.
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Parasitic biobank of Plasmodium falciparum is almost germinal in Côte d’Ivoire. However, several high-level research topics on this parasite involve the taking into account of nature isolates but also chemo-sensitive or resistant reference strains for a better validation of results. In addition, acquisition of these reference strains is still arduous for laboratories in developing countries due to complexity of administrative procedures. For those reasons, this study aimed in to combine several procedures into a consolidated one in order to enhance the multiplication of P. falciparum reference strains. Continuous culture of plasmodial strains was based on the Trager and Jensen procedures. The CELL culture protocols used are those of the Swiss TPH described by Sergio Wittlin; the “Growing Plasmodium falciparum cultures at high parasitemia” and the “Stockholm sorbitol method” of Methods in Malaria Research-6th edition 2013; and the INV-01 and INV-02 procedures of the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN). Reference Plasmodium falciparum strains NF54 sensitive to chloroquine (CQs) and K1 resistant to chloroquine (CQr) were received from the Swiss Tropical Institute and Public Health (Swiss TPH). The CQs NF54 strain reacted more quickly to the protocol unlike the CQr K1 strain. Parasitic densities (DP) obtained with NF54 strain were ranged from 0.4% at day zero (D0) to 11.4% at day eight (D8). Strain K1 finally adapted successfully after one month of follow-up. Related DPs ranged from less than 0.1% to more than 20% in just three growth cycles after adaptation. A joint protocol (from this work) called “CRLP-SwissTPH-Pasteur_001” is available and allows to efficiently multiply reference strains NF54 and K1. It is planned to spread out the tests to other plasmodial strains as well as to wild isolates in order to standardize this procedure.
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Guggisberg, Ann M., Rachel E. Amthor, and Audrey R. Odom. "Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 11 (September 12, 2014): 1348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00160-14.
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ABSTRACTMalaria kills nearly 1 million people each year, and the protozoan parasitePlasmodium falciparumhas become increasingly resistant to current therapies. Isoprenoid synthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway represents an attractive target for the development of new antimalarials. The phosphonic acid antibiotic fosmidomycin is a specific inhibitor of isoprenoid synthesis and has been a helpful tool to outline the essential functions of isoprenoid biosynthesis inP. falciparum. Isoprenoids are a large, diverse class of hydrocarbons that function in a variety of essential cellular processes in eukaryotes. InP. falciparum, isoprenoids are used for tRNA isopentenylation and protein prenylation, as well as the synthesis of vitamin E, carotenoids, ubiquinone, and dolichols. Recently, isoprenoid synthesis inP. falciparumhas been shown to be regulated by a sugar phosphatase. We outline what is known about isoprenoid function and the regulation of isoprenoid synthesis inP. falciparum, in order to identify valuable directions for future research.
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Rahmanti, Farah Zakiyah, Novita Kurnia Ningrum, Septian Enggar Sukmana, and Prajanto Wahyu Adi. "Plasmodium Falciparum Identification in Thick Blood Preparations Using GLCM and Support Vector Machine (SVM)." Journal of Applied Intelligent System 2, no. 1 (April 21, 2017): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jais.v2i1.1388.
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Malaria is one of the serious diseases that require rapid handling, otherwise it can lead to death. One of the causes of malaria parasites is plasmodium falciparum which can cause severe or fatal malaria. Handling a medical late can increase the risk of death. Therefore, it takes a rapid identification system with a high percentage of accuracy to reduce the risk of death. This research aims to build an identification system of plasmodium falciparum in thick blood film using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The GLCM is used to get texture feature values such as contrast, correlations, energy, and homogeneity from images. Those values is processed and as an input of classification using SVM. The research result using SVM for accuracy value of plasmodium falciparum identification can reach 93.33%.
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Mu, Jianbing, Karl B. Seydel, Adam Bates, and Xin-Zhuan Su. "Recent Progress in Functional Genomic Research in Plasmodium falciparum." Current Genomics 11, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920210791233081.
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VERONICA, ELVINA, and NI KADEK SINTA DWI CHRISMAYANTI. "Potensi Daun Kastuba (Euphorbia Pulcherrima) Sebagai Antimalaria Plasmodium Falciparum." Hang Tuah Medical Journal 18, no. 1 (November 20, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htmj.v18i1.466.
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<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Around 41% of people in the world at risk of malaria due to plasmodium infection. <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> is the most dangerous malaria infection compared to another plasmodium because it causes 90% of malaria deaths. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) is the goal standard of malaria medicine, is starting to become resistant, so other alternatives are needed. Poinsettia plants (<em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em>) are ornamental plants and contain compounds that potential as anti-parasites.</p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To aims the potential of poinsettia leaves as an antimalarial alternative to <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> in malaria treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Literature studies using in vivo, in vitro, in silico research articles, and literature reviews from national and international journals accessed from Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct, and Pubmed in the last 10 years using malaria, antioxidants, anti-malaria, <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, and <em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em> as keywords. There were 22 relevant articles used in this literature review.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Antioxidants in poinsettia leaves inhibited plasmodium growth by inhibit nutrient transport at new permeation pathways and prevent hemozoin ban. Terpenoids in poinsettia inhibit schizont and trophozoite in an earlier asexual phase of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> by inhibiting isoprenoid biosynthesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Poinsettia (<em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em>) has the potency to be an antimalarial alternative against <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>. Need further research about the dosage and side effects of the usage.</p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Malaria, antioxidants, anti-malaria, <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, <em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>Pendahuluan:</strong> Sebesar 41% penduduk di dunia berisiko terkena malaria akibat infeksi plasmodium. Infeksi malaria akibat <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> merupakan infeksi paling berbahaya dibandingkan plasmodium lainnya karena menyebabkan 90% kematian malaria. obat malaria ACT (<em>Artemisinin Combination Therapy</em>) yang merupakan pengobatan goal standar obat malaria kini mulai resistensi sehingga diperlukan alternatif lainnya. Tanaman kastuba (<em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em>) merupakan tanaman hias dan memiliki kandungan senyawa antioksidan yang berpotensi sebagai anti parasit.</p><p><strong>Tujuan</strong>: mengetahui potensi daun kastuba sebagai alternatif antimalarial <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> dalam pengobatan malaria.</p><p>Metode: Studi literatur menggunakan artikel penelitian in vivo, in vitro, in silico, dan artikel tinjauan pustaka dari jurnal nasional dan internasional yang diakses dari Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct, dan Pubmed 10 tahun terakhir menggunakan kata kunci malaria, antioksidan, anti-malaria, <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, <em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em>. Digunakan 22 artikel yang relevan dalam <em>literature review</em> ini.</p><p><strong>Hasil:</strong> Antioksidan tanaman kastuba menghambat perkembangan plasmodium dengan menghambat transport nutrisi jalur permeasi baru dan mencegah pembentukan hemozoin. Terpenoid dalam tanaman kastuba menghambat pembentukan skizon dan tropozoit fase aseksual <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> dengan menghambat biosintesis isoprenoid.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan:</strong> Tanaman kastuba (<em>Euphorbia pulcherrima</em>) berpotensi sebagai alternatif antimalarial terhadap <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut terutama dalam dosis dan efek samping penggunaannya.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: Malaria, antioksidan,<em> anti-malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Euphorbia pulcherrima </em></p>
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Trager, William, and James B. Jensen. "Continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum: its impact on malaria research." International Journal for Parasitology 27, no. 9 (September 1997): 989–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00080-5.
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Erawati, Deasy, Febriza Dwiranti, and Rina Anita Mogea. "Prevalansi Malaria di Puskesmas Sanggeng Kabupaten Manokwari Periode November sampai Desember 2019." BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) 6, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/e-jbst.v6i2.377.
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Malaria is a disease caused by parasitic infection, named Protozoa from the genus Plasmodium which is transmitted to humans by the bite of Anopheles mosquito. Manokwari Regency, which is located in West Papua Province, is a high malaria endemic area with Annual Parasite Incidence (API) 22.88 in 2018, this numbers is included in the High Case Incidence (HCI)> 5 category. The aim of this study is to analyze malaria cases in patients who treated at Sanggeng Public Health Center from November to December 2019 based on; the number of cases, patient characteristics (age group and gender) and type of Plasmodium. This research method is descriptive with a laboratory approach, namely microscopic examination of thin and thick blood preparations using a microscope. The results of the study of 730 patients, there were 35 malaria positive blood supplies. The highest prevalence of people with malaria were aged ≥ 15 years (51.42%). Most of the patients with malaria based on gender were women (51.43%) and the types of plasmodium found were Plasmodium falciparum (20%) and Plasmodium vivax (80%).
Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Anopheles, malaria endemic
ABSTRAK
Malaria merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan infeksi parasit yaitu Protozoa dari genus Plasmodium yang ditular pada manusia oleh gigitan nyamuk Anopheles. Kabupaten Manokwari yang berada di wilayah Provinsi Papua Barat merupakan daerah endemis tinggi malaria dengan Annual Parasite Incidence (API) 22,88 tahun 2018, angka ini termasuk dalam kategori High Case Incidence (HCI) > 5. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis kasus malaria pada pasien yang berobat di Puskemas Sanggeng dari bulan November sampai Desember 2019 . Berdasarkan jumlah kasus, karakteristik pasien (berdasarkan kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin) dan jenis Plasmodium. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan laboratorium yaitu pemeriksaan secara mikroskopik sediaan darah tipis dan sediaan darah tebal menggunakan mikroskop. Hasil penelitian dari 730 pasien terdapat 35 sedian darah positif malaria. Prevalensi usia yang kena malaria paling tinggi pada usia ≥ 15 tahun (51,42 %). Penderita malaria berdasarkan jenis kelamin terbanyak adalah perempuan (51,43 %) dan jenis plasmodium yang ditemukan adalah Plasmodium falciparum (20%) dan Plasmodium vivax (80%).
Kata kunci: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Anopheles, endemis malaria
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Maslachah, Lilik, Yoes Prijatna Dachlan, Chairul A. Nidom, and Loeki Enggar Fitri. "Induction of Plasmodium falciparum strain 2300 dormant forms by artemisinin." Universa Medicina 34, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2015.v34.25-34.
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BACKGROUND The presence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance and decreased efficacy of artemisinin and its derivatives has resulted in the issue of malaria becoming increasingly complex, because there have been no new drugs as artemisinin replacements. The aims of this research were to evaluate in vitro changes in ultrastructural morphology of P. falciparum 2300 strain after exposure to artemisinin. METHODS The research used an experimental design with post test only control group. Cultures of P. falciparum 2300 strain in one control and one mutant group were treated by exposure to artemisinin at IC50 10-7 M for 48 hours. Ultrastructural phenotypic examination of ring, trophozoite and schizont morphology and developmental stage in the control and mutant group were done at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours by making thin blood smears stained with 20% Giemsa for 20 minutes and examined using a microscope light at 1000x magnification. RESULTS Dormant forms occurred after 48 hours of incubation with IC50 10-7 M artemisinin in the control group. In the mutant group, dormant forms, trophozoites with blue cytoplasm and normal schizont developmental stages were seen. Ultrastructural phenotypic morphology at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours showed that in the control group dormant formation already occurred with exposure to IC50 10-7 M, while in the mutant group dormant formation occurred only with exposure to IC50 2.5x10-5 M. CONCLUSION Exposure to artemisinin antimalarials in vitro can cause phenotypic morphological changes of dormancy in P. falciparum Papua 2300 strain.
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Uskov, A. N., A. I. Soloviev, V. Yu Kravtsov, R. V. Gudkov, E. V. Kolomoets, and A. E. Levkovskiy. "MOLECULAR-GENETIC MECHANISMS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM VIRULENCE AND TROPICAL MALARIA PATHOGENESIS." Journal Infectology 10, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-3-23-29.
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There is introduced the analysis of molecular-genetic mechanisms of tropical malaria pathogenesis and P. falciparum virulence. It is shown, that pathogenesis of tropical malaria is associated with the properties of red blood cells membrane surface (RBCs or erythrocytes) that are infected by P. falciparum. There are «knobs structures» on membrane surface infected RBCs. Knobs structures contains a complex of P. falciparum proteins – PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1). PfEMP1 is associated with virulence of P. falciparum. Complex PfEMP1 has difficult polymorphous structure. Domains of PfEMP1 are able to associate with different cell receptors. Virulence`s individual components of the main factor are selectively sensitive to different tissues and organs. The severity of the clinical malaria infection course depends on the complex structure PfEMP1 of malaria parasites. Composition of polypeptide PfEMP1 is determined by var-complex. Nowadays there are 60 variants of var-complex. Regulation of gene expression, forming part of the var-complex, is carried out on a molecular-genetic level, cellular level, tissue level. Modern research in this area are aimed to explore genes polymorphism of the virulence`s main factor, to identify mechanism of its differential expression. Search of molecular – genetic markers is relevant to develop methods of gene diagnostic and malaria vaccine.
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Smith, Joseph D. "The role of PfEMP1 adhesion domain classification in Plasmodium falciparum pathogenesis research." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 195, no. 2 (July 2014): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.07.006.
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Hajialiani, Fatemeh, Sedigheh Sadeghi, Delavar Shahbazzadeh, Fatemeh Tabatabaie, and Zahra Zamani. "Assessing Anti-malaria Effect of Naja Naja Oxiana Snake Venom by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method." Complementary Medicine Journal 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/cmja.11.1.1049.1.
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Objective: Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases and one of the important health issues especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The importance of this disease is due to its high prevalence and mortality, as well as drug resistance and side effects of common drugs used for its treatment. Snake venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The present study aims to investigate the anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity of the purified fractions isolated from the venom of Iranian cobra snake (Naja Naja Oxiana) by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The importance of this disease is due to its high prevalence, significant mortality, as well as drug resistance and, side effects of current drugs in treatment. Venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity of the purified fraction of Iranian cobra snake venom by Real -time PCR. Methods: After preparation and purification of lyophilized venom for determining the parasitic load, different fractions obtained from the venom of Naja Naja Oxiana put in different plates adjacent to Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) strain in the ring stage. The degree of parasitemia was determined by real-time PCR. Finally, the effective fraction with anti-malaria properties was identified. Results: The active fraction with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.026 μg/mL was the most effective fraction on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro (P<0.001). Conclusion: The active fraction of Naja Naja Oxiana venom at the mentioned concentration has anti-malaria effect. This results can motivate the continuation of further research in this field.
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HVIID, L., and A. SALANTI. "VAR2CSA and protective immunity against pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Parasitology 134, no. 13 (October 25, 2007): 1871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007000121.
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SUMMARYPeople living in areas with stable transmission of P. falciparum parasites acquire protective immunity to malaria over a number of years and following multiple disease episodes. Immunity acquired this way is mediated by IgG with specificity for parasite-encoded, clonally variant surface antigens (VSA) on the surface of infected erythrocytes (IEs). However, women in endemic areas become susceptible to P. falciparum infection when they become pregnant, particularly for the first time, regardless of previously acquired protective immunity. This conundrum was resolved when it was observed that the selective placental accumulation of IEs that characterizes pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) is caused by an immunologically and functionally unique subset of VSA (VSAPAM) that is only expressed by parasites infecting pregnant women, and that protective immunity to PAM is mediated by IgG with specificity for VSAPAM. In this review we summarize the research leading to the identification of the distinctly structured PfEMP1 variant VAR2CSA as the dominant PAM-type VSA and as the clinically most important target of the protective immune response to placental P. falciparum infection.
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Shrutika Sakpal, Alpana Bastikar, Shanker Lal Kothari, and Virupaksha Bastikar. "In silico characterization of human-malarial parasite species based on their DHFR and GST targets leading to a change in binding conformations of anti-malarial drugs." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4183.
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In this study, we mainly focused on three anti-malarial drugs which were analyzed against the two malarial targets. Chloroquine, Mefloquine and, Proguanil was chosen as anti-malarial drugs while DHFR and GST targets from human malarial parasites like Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax were considered for the study. This study was conducted to understand the sequence and structural similarity between protein DHFR and GST among four Plasmodium species as well as to find out there in silico interactions with above-stated drug candidates. There were many bioinformatics databases, tools, and software’s were run to bring out research. Our data showed not many structural differences between Plasmodium sequences but yet other characteristics of them that make them different from each other. Hence that variation has shown a difference in the binding patterns of drugs with target proteins.
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Triglia, Tony, and Alan F. Cowman. "The mechanism of resistance to sulfa drugs in Plasmodium falciparum." Drug Resistance Updates 2, no. 1 (February 1999): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/drup.1998.0060.
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Peel, Sheila A. "The ABC transporter genes of Plasmodium falciparum and drug resistance." Drug Resistance Updates 4, no. 1 (February 2001): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/drup.2001.0183.
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Rino, B., T. Van, F. Giovanni, and M. Franco. "Research letter. Azithromycin in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: a preliminary observation." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/46.1.56.
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Kassa, Desta, Beyene Petros, Tsehaynesh Mesele, Ermias Hailu, and Dawit Wolday. "Characterization of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients with Acute Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria Infections at Wonji Sugar Estate, Ethiopia." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 3 (March 2006): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.13.3.376-379.2006.
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ABSTRACT We investigated the absolute counts of CD4+, CD8+, B, NK, and CD3+ cells and total lymphocytes in patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Three-color flow cytometry was used for enumerating the immune cells. After slide smears were stained with 3% Giemsa stain, parasite species were detected using light microscopy. Data were analyzed using STATA and SPSS software. A total of 204 adults of both sexes (age, >15 years) were included in the study. One hundred fifty-eight were acute malaria patients, of whom 79 (50%) were infected with P. falciparum, 76 (48.1%) were infected with P. vivax, and 3 (1.9%) were infected with both malaria parasites. The remaining 46 subjects were healthy controls. The leukocyte count in P. falciparum patients was lower than that in controls (P = 0.015). Absolute counts of CD4+, CD8+, B, and CD3+ cells and total lymphocytes were decreased very significantly during both P. falciparum (P < 0.0001) and P. vivax (P < 0.0001) infections. However, the NK cell count was an exception in that it was not affected by either P. falciparum or P. vivax malaria. No difference was found in the percentages of CD4, CD8, and CD3 cells in P. falciparum or P. vivax patients compared to controls. In summary, acute malaria infection causes a depletion of lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood. Thus, special steps should be taken in dealing with malaria patients, including enumeration of peripheral lymphocyte cells for diagnostic purposes and research on peripheral blood to evaluate the immune status of patients.
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Garrido-Cardenas, José Antonio, José Cebrián-Carmona, Lilia González-Cerón, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, and Concepción Mesa-Valle. "Analysis of Global Research on Malaria and Plasmodium vivax." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111928.
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Background: Malaria is one of the infectious diseases of greatest interest to the scientific community and of greatest concern to international health authorities. Traditionally, the focus has been on Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most severe form of the disease in Africa. However, in the last twenty years, the Plasmodium vivax parasite, responsible for a large number of cases in Latin America, the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Oceania, has also generated enormous interest due, among other things, to the published evidence that it can cause severe malaria. Methods: In this paper, the international scientific publication on malaria and P. vivax has been analyzed using the Scopus database to try to define global trends in this field of study. Results: It has been shown that events such as the emergence of resistance to certain drugs can break a trend. The important role of non-malaria-endemic countries such as the USA or Switzerland in malaria research is also evident. Conclusions: International cooperation will be essential for the eradication of the disease. Moreover, in this sense, the general vision given by the bibliometric analysis of malaria caused by P. vivax is fundamental to paint the picture regarding the current situation and encourage international cooperation and control efforts.
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Abubakar, Umar F., Ruqayya Adam, Muhammad M. Mukhtar, Abdullahi Muhammad, Adamu A. Yahuza, and Sulaiman S. Ibrahim. "Identification of Mutations in Antimalarial Resistance Gene Kelch13 from Plasmodium falciparum Isolates in Kano, Nigeria." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020085.
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Malaria control relies on first-line treatments that use artemisinin-combination therapies (ACT). Unfortunately, mutations in the plasmodium falciparum kelch13 gene result in delayed parasite clearance. Research on what is causing ACT failure is non-existent in northwestern Nigeria. Thus, the presence of mutations in kelch13 in P. falciparum isolates from Kano, Nigeria was investigated in this study. Microscopic examination of 154 blood samples obtained from patients revealed a high prevalence of P. falciparum infection (114 positive individuals, slide positivity rate = 74.03%). The 114 patients were administered Cartef® (ACT) and out of the 50 patients that returned for the 14-day follow up, 11 were positive for P. falciparum (slide positivity rate = 22%). On day 0, 80 samples out of 114 and 11 samples on day 14 (91 out of 125 microscopy-positive samples) were positive with Plasmodium according to the PCR of cytochrome oxidase I, which corresponds to 72.8%. A fragment of the kelch13 gene encompassing the propeller domains was sequenced in 49 samples, alongside samples of the susceptible strain pf_3D7. Low polymorphism was observed, suggesting a lack of selection on this gene, and only six mutations (Glu433Gly, Phe434Ile, Phe434Ser, Ile684Asn, Ile684Thr and Glu688Lys) were found. The epidemiologic impact of these mutations and their potential role in ACT resistance needs to be investigated further.
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Budiarti, Mery, and Wahyu Jokopriyambodo. "POTENSI EKSTRAK DAUN PALIASA (Kleinhovia hospita) SEBAGAI ANTI Plasmodium falciparum." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 31, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v31n2.2020.85-96.
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<em>Paliasa (</em>Kleinhovia hospita<em>) is known as a plant that has been used empirically for malaria treatment, especially in Eastern Indonesia. However, scientific publications regarding to the antiplasmodial activity of these natural resources are still limited. The aim of this study was to examine the potency of paliasa leaves as antiplasmodial against </em>Plasmodium falciparum<em> parasite. The procedure included sample and extract preparation, antiplasmodial in vitro activity testing on </em>P. falciparum<em> strain 3D7, and phytochemical screening using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The extracts and fractions were prepared through maceration process for 72 hours with 96% ethanol, then continued with multilevel liquid-liquid partition using hexane, ethyl acetate and 96% methanol. Antiplasmodial </em>in vitro<em> testing showed that ethyl acetate (IC<sub>50</sub> </em><em>1.08</em> <em>µg.ml<sup>-1</sup></em><em>) and hexane (IC<sub>50</sub> 1.24 µg.ml<sup>-1</sup>) fractions were include to the highly activity category. The research samples contained alkaloids, triterpenoids and steroids as the major compounds. The terpenoid alkaloid compound was a cycloartane triterpenoid alkaloid that had been isolated from paliasa leaves. Therefore, it is assumed that the leaf of palasia has a compound with antiplasmodial activity. However, more research needs to be done to determine the active compound and the antiplasmodial mechanisms involved</em>
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Ledoux, Allison, Lucia Mamede, Claudio Palazzo, Tania Furst, Olivia Jansen, Pascal De Tullio, Védaste Kagisha, et al. "Heparin-Coated Liposomes Improve Antiplasmodial Activity and Reduce the Toxicity of Poupartone B." Planta Medica International Open 07, no. 02 (May 2020): e73-e80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1158-0569.
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AbstractPoupartone B is an alkyl cyclohexenone derivative isolated from Poupartia borbonica. This compound demonstrated promising antimalarial activity (IC50 < 1 µg/mL), however, it was not devoid of toxicity. Thus, to reduce the adverse side effects of this natural bioactive molecule, a delivery strategy involving a nanostructure was formulated. Additionally, poupartone B-loaded liposomes were coated with heparin, a glycosaminoglycan that is known to target proteins on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. The quantification of the compound in the formulation was performed by HPLC-DAD, while heparin was quantitated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The liposomes’ antiplasmodial activity was tested on artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolate, and toxicity was evaluated on human HeLa cells and zebrafish embryos. Throughout this research, the formulation demonstrated higher antiplasmodial activities against both P. falciparum strains and a significant decrease of in vitro toxicity. The formulation improved the selectivity index 2 times in vitro and proved to be 3 times less toxic than the compound alone in the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test. Hence, the use of this strategy to deliver natural products in Plasmodium-infected cells, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic margin, is proposed.
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Cui, Liwang, and Jun Miao. "Chromatin-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 8 (May 7, 2010): 1138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00036-10.
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ABSTRACT Malaria is a major public health problem in many developing countries, with the malignant tertian parasite Plasmodium falciparum causing the most malaria-associated mortality. Extensive research, especially with the advancement of genomics and transfection tools, has highlighted the fundamental importance of chromatin-mediated gene regulation in the developmental program of this early-branching eukaryote. The Plasmodium parasite genomes reveal the existence of both canonical and variant histones that make up the nucleosomes, as well as a full collection of conserved enzymes for chromatin remodeling and histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Recent studies have identified a wide array of both conserved and novel histone PTMs in P. falciparum, indicating the presence of a complex and divergent “histone code.” Genome-wide analysis has begun to decipher the nucleosome landscape and histone modifications associated with the dynamic organization of chromatin structures during the parasite's life cycle. Focused studies on malaria-specific phenomena such as antigenic variation and red cell invasion pathways shed further light on the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in these processes. Here we review our current understanding of chromatin-mediated gene regulation in malaria parasites, with specific reference to exemplar studies on antigenic variation and host cell invasion.
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Salahuddin, Salahuddin, Rahmana Emran K, Muhammad Hanafi, Andini Sundowo, Puspa Dewi NL, Nadia Adipratiwi, Titin Ariyani, Erwahyuni Endang Prabandari, and Danang Waluyo. "Sintesis dan Evaluasi Antimalaria In Vitro Turunan Kinin Terhadap Plasmodium falciparum." Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jki.v11i2.3923.
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Nowadays kinin is the most effective antimalarial drug and its used as an alternative in malaria treatment. However, toxicity of quinine restrict its use as an antimalarial drug. Lipophilicity and long half-life (t½) of quinine that reach 10-20 hours are responsible for its toxicity. The aim of this research is to obtain more polar quinine derivatives by means of hydrogen peroxide reactions to reduce the toxicity. The reactions using hydrogen peroxyde is performed analogously to the procedures reported in the literature. Extract of pure anhydrous kinin is purified in coloumn chromatography followed by structure elucidation. Synthetic product is tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum. The characterization of reaction products is performed with proton (1H) and carbon 13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It showed that the reaction using reagents led to epoxidation of vinyl substituents of chinuclidine ring with 61,08% yields. Antimalarial test against Plasmodium falciparum obtained 1.250-2.500 μg/mL of IC50 value. The IC50 values indicated that the synthesis products were not potential for malaria treatment.
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Kafsack, Björn F. C., Heather J. Painter, and Manuel Llinás. "New Agilent platform DNA microarrays for transcriptome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei for the malaria research community." Malaria Journal 11, no. 1 (2012): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-187.
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Samad, Hanif, Francesc Coll, Mark D. Preston, Harold Ocholla, Rick M. Fairhurst, and Taane G. Clark. "Imputation-Based Population Genetics Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Parasites." PLOS Genetics 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): e1005131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005131.
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Runtuboi, Dirk Y. P., Rosye H. R. Tanjung, Yulius Sarungu, Meidy J. Imbiri, Irma A. Resmol, and Ign Joko Suyono. "Genetic Diversity of Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolate in Wamena General Hospital." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 12, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.1319.
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The genetic diversity of typical clinical isolated Plasmodium falciparum in the malaria population varies greatly, especially at the location where malaria disease were recorded at high incidence rate. MSP2 is known as glycoprotein expressed on the surface of merozoites, which is an antigenic protein and has a potential to act as vaccine candidate for malaria. The MSP2 gene has two main allelic groups called FC27 and 3D7/IC. Block 3 from MSP2 gene is the most polymorphic to describe the diversity of parasite populations. The P. falciparum parasite population is often characterized by wide genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity. Therefore, the study on P. falciparum diversity is useful to describe the level of malaria transmission. The study of genetic diversity focused on clinical isolated species at Wamena General Hospital was aimed to determine the presence of the MSP2 gene, variety of MSP2 gene allele and the dominant frequency of the MSP2 gene allele. This research has been carried out from March 2018 to February 2019 using a cross sectional approach. The research sample was taken and prepared from Wamena Regional Hospital and followed by the analyzing of DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis of the research samples was done at the genetic science laboratory in Jakarta, Indonesia. The samples studied were patients who met the inclusion criteria, namely a single P. falciparum infection with an asexual parasite density >1000 parasites/µl or >3+ (1-10 P/Lp), and were agreed to become respondents by signing an informed consent. A total of 26 clinical isolates of P. falciparum were isolated with the MSP2 gene distribution on the FC27 allele with the highest as many as 25 samples (96.2%), 22 samples (84.6%) of the 3D7 / IC allele while the mixture of the two alleles was 22 samples (84.6%). From a total of 26 samples, there were samples with the male gender category counted for 77.3% and female 41%. The results of the identification of clinical isolated P. falciparum at Wamena Hospital with a total of 26 samples were found in productive age, between 15-34 years with a single allele (95.8%), while 23 cases and mix (both alleles 87.5%) about 21 cases, meanwhile in cases of before-productive age, in which ages were 12 and 14 years of age with a single allele 100% (FC27) 2 cases and 50% (3D7/IC) found to be 1 case, The mixture of the two alleles is 50% was only 1 case and there was no sample at non-productive age observed. Key words: Malaria; MSP-2; P. falciparum; Wamena
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Ofori, Michael F., Trine Staalsoe, Victoria Bam, Maja Lundquist, Kim P. David, Edmund N. L. Browne, Bartholomew D. Akanmori, and Lars Hviid. "Expression of Variant Surface Antigens by Plasmodium falciparum Parasites in the Peripheral Blood of Clinically Immune Pregnant Women Indicates Ongoing Placental Infection." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 3 (March 2003): 1584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1584-1586.2003.
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ABSTRACT Placenta-sequestered Plasmodium falciparum parasites that cause pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) in otherwise clinically immune women express distinct variant surface antigens (VSAPAM) not expressed by parasites in nonpregnant individuals. We report here that parasites from the peripheral blood of clinically immune pregnant women also express VSAPAM, making them a convenient source of VSAPAM expressors for PAM vaccine research.
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Sojka, Daniel, Pavla Šnebergerová, and Luïse Robbertse. "Protease Inhibition—An Established Strategy to Combat Infectious Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 5762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115762.
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Therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed to counter the emergence of drug-resistant infections. Several decades of research into proteases of disease agents have revealed enzymes well suited for target-based drug development. Among them are the three recently validated proteolytic targets: proteasomes of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, aspartyl proteases of P. falciparum (plasmepsins) and the Sars-CoV-2 viral proteases. Despite some unfulfilled expectations over previous decades, the three reviewed targets clearly demonstrate that selective protease inhibitors provide effective therapeutic solutions for the two most impacting infectious diseases nowadays—malaria and COVID-19.
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Munedzimwe, Tatenda C., Robyn L. van Zyl, Donovan C. Heslop, Adrienne L. Edkins, and Denzil R. Beukes. "Semi-Synthesis and Evaluation of Sargahydroquinoic Acid Derivatives as Potential Antimalarial Agents." Medicines 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6020047.
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Background: Malaria continues to present a major health problem, especially in developing countries. The development of new antimalarial drugs to counter drug resistance and ensure a steady supply of new treatment options is therefore an important area of research. Meroditerpenes have previously been shown to exhibit antiplasmodial activity against a chloroquinone sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum (D10). In this study we explored the antiplasmodial activity of several semi-synthetic analogs of sargahydroquinoic acid. Methods: Sargahydroquinoic acid was isolated from the marine brown alga, Sargassum incisifolium and converted, semi-synthetically, to several analogs. The natural products, together with their synthetic derivatives were evaluated for their activity against the FCR-3 strain of Plasmodium falciparum as well as MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Results: Sarganaphthoquinoic acid and sargaquinoic acid showed the most promising antiplasmodial activity and low cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Synthetic modification of the natural product, sargahydroquinoic acid, resulted in the discovery of a highly selective antiplasmodial compound, sarganaphthoquinoic acid.
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Hafid, Achmad Fuad, Nike Puliansari, Nur Suci Lestari, Lidya Tumewu, Abdul Rahman, and Aty Widyawaruyanti. "Skrining Aktivitas Antimalaria Beberapa Tanaman Indonesia Hasil Eksplorasi Dari Hutan Raya Cangar, Batu-Malang, Jawa Timur." JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v3i1.4086.
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Background: Malaria is the most important parasitic disease. Malaria control which depends on specific chemotherapy now complicated by resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to most commonly available antimalarial drug. Such situation has heralded the need for alternative antimalarial therapy. Objective: This research aim was to find new antimalarial candidates from some Indonesia plants collected from Cangar National Forest, Batu-Malang, East Java. Methods: Eleven samples of leaves and stem extracts were screened against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 culture which maintained in RPMI-1640 Medium. Samples tested in concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µg/ml. Probit analysis was used to determine IC50. Results: In vitro antimalarial activity revealed that only three crude extracts samples from Fraxinus griffithi stem extract, Piper sulcatum leaves extract and Eucalyptus globulus stem extract had good antimalarial activity with IC50 value of 0.33, 0.20 and 0.55 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Fraxinus griffithi stem extract, Piper sulcatum leaves extract and Eucalyptus globulus stem extract might be a good candidate for antimalarial natural product resources.
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Hafid, Achmad Fuad, Nike Puliansari, Nur Suci Lestari, Lidya Tumewu, Abdul Rahman, and Aty Widyawaruyanti. "Skrining Aktivitas Antimalaria Beberapa Tanaman Indonesia Hasil Eksplorasi Dari Hutan Raya Cangar, Batu-Malang, Jawa Timur." JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v3i12016.7-11.
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Background: Malaria is the most important parasitic disease. Malaria control which depends on specific chemotherapy now complicated by resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to most commonly available antimalarial drug. Such situation has heralded the need for alternative antimalarial therapy. Objective: This research aim was to find new antimalarial candidates from some Indonesia plants collected from Cangar National Forest, Batu-Malang, East Java. Methods: Eleven samples of leaves and stem extracts were screened against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 culture which maintained in RPMI-1640 Medium. Samples tested in concentration of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µg/ml. Probit analysis was used to determine IC50. Results: In vitro antimalarial activity revealed that only three crude extracts samples from Fraxinus griffithi stem extract, Piper sulcatum leaves extract and Eucalyptus globulus stem extract had good antimalarial activity with IC50 value of 0.33, 0.20 and 0.55 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Fraxinus griffithi stem extract, Piper sulcatum leaves extract and Eucalyptus globulus stem extract might be a good candidate for antimalarial natural product resources.
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Arisandi, Desto, Sofvirah R. Sohy, and Fitri Nadifah. "Identification of Malaria Parasites in Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital Ternate East Nusa Tenggara." Journal of Health 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30590/vol3-no1-p39-44.
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Background: Malaria is still a global health problem especially in tropical countries, such as Indonesia. Based on survey 35% of the Indonesia population were live in endemic areas of malaria, such as Provinces of Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, West Papua, North Sumatra, and East Nusa Tenggara. Malaria is caused by a mosquito bite of female Anopheles sp. containing Plasmodium parasite. Generally it bites humans at night or dawn. Such malaria parasites are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. Malaria is a disease of both highest in Ternate and mostly occur in general hospitals of Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital. This research aims to identify the type of malaria parasites in the Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital Ternate.
Method: This is a descriptive research conducted in Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital in Ternate, East Nusa Tenggara in March 2015. Research data obtained include: age, sex, education, and employment. Identification of malaria is carried out based on an examination of the existence of Plasmodium in preparation of thin and thick blood apus. Descriptive analysis using STATA programs for Windows version 12.0 (Stata Corp LP., College Station, TX, USA) are presented in the form of tables and narratives.
Result: This research subjects were 69 people suspected with malaria infection. Suspected malaria to be infected by Plasmodium is more are young age group 94%, 88% were males, 100% have a poor education or un-educated, as well as the of 100% were fishermen. As much as 54 people (78%) were infected by Plasmodium parasites consisting of Plasmodium falcifarum 48 people (89%) and Plasmodium vivax 6 people (11%).
Conclusion: The incidence of malaria infections in Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital amounted to 78% and the type of infected parasites were Plasmodium falcifarum and Plasmodium vivax.
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Romday, Rakesh, Ajay Kumar Gupta, Pawan Chilloria, Satendra Sharma, and Pawan Bhambani. "Malaria and anaemia in pregnant and non-pregnant women of child-bearing age: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20170615.
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Background: Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem globally. Anaemia is often an adverse outcome of severe parasitic infections during pregnancy in developing countries. Pregnant are more susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum infections than non-pregnant women of child-bearing age. The objective of this study was to comparatively investigate malaria and anaemia in pregnant and non- pregnant women of child-bearing age.Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study, in which 380 pregnant women and 380 non-pregnant women were screened for the study. The study was conducted at the Index Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Participants’ demographic data were collected via the administration of questionnaires. In addition, their blood samples were analysed for haemoglobin level and Malaria parasites, while stool samples from the pregnant women were examined for intestinal parasites.Results: The study revealed that pregnant women have higher malaria parasitaemia (12.6%) and anaemia (62.6%). The species of Plasmodium isolated from the pregnant women were P. falciparum (85.4%), P. malariae (4.2%) and P. ovale (10.4%). Malaria parasitaemia was higher in the primigravidae (14%). However multi-gravidae recorded the highest anaemia prevalence (67.1%). Age of pregnant women was a factor affecting malaria parasitaemia with a significant P-value and (P value = 0.0041).Conclusions: Pregnant women were more susceptible to malaria and anaemia than non-pregnant women of child-bearing age. Most of the pregnant women reported at antenatal clinic during the second trimester. Primigravidae however recorded the highest malaria parasitaemia. The main species of Plasmodium observed in the blood samples was falciparum.
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Oyelade, Jelili, Itunuoluwa Isewon, Damilare Olaniyan, Solomon O. Rotimi, and Jumoke Soyemi. "Effectiveness of model-based clustering in analyzing Plasmodium falciparum RNA-seq time-course data." F1000Research 6 (September 19, 2017): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12360.1.
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Background: The genomics and microarray technology played tremendous roles in the amount of biologically useful information on gene expression of thousands of genes to be simultaneously observed. This required various computational methods of analyzing these amounts of data in order to discover information about gene function and regulatory mechanisms. Methods: In this research, we investigated the usefulness of hidden markov models (HMM) as a method of clustering Plasmodium falciparum genes that show similar expression patterns. The Baum-Welch algorithm was used to train the dataset to determine the maximum likelihood estimate of the Model parameters. Cluster validation was conducted by performing a likelihood ratio test. Results: The fitted HMM was able to identify 3 clusters from the dataset and sixteen functional enrichment in the cluster set were found. This method efficiently clustered the genes based on their expression pattern while identifying erythrocyte membrane protein 1 as a prominent and diverse protein in P. falciparum. Conclusion: The ability of HMM to identify 3 clusters with sixteen functional enrichment from the 2000 genes makes this a useful method in functional cluster analysis for P. falciparum
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Oyelade, Jelili, Itunuoluwa Isewon, Damilare Olaniyan, Solomon O. Rotimi, and Jumoke Soyemi. "Effectiveness of model-based clustering in analyzing Plasmodium falciparum RNA-seq time-course data." F1000Research 6 (May 25, 2018): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12360.2.
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Background: The genomics and microarray technology played tremendous roles in the amount of biologically useful information on gene expression of thousands of genes to be simultaneously observed. This required various computational methods of analyzing these amounts of data in order to discover information about gene function and regulatory mechanisms. Methods: In this research, we investigated the usefulness of hidden markov models (HMM) as a method of clustering Plasmodium falciparum genes that show similar expression patterns. The Baum-Welch algorithm was used to train the dataset to determine the maximum likelihood estimate of the Model parameters. Cluster validation was conducted by performing a likelihood ratio test. Results: The fitted HMM was able to identify 3 clusters from the dataset and sixteen functional enrichment in the cluster set were found. This method efficiently clustered the genes based on their expression pattern while identifying erythrocyte membrane protein 1 as a prominent and diverse protein in P. falciparum. Conclusion: The ability of HMM to identify 3 clusters with sixteen functional enrichment from the 2000 genes makes this a useful method in functional cluster analysis for P. falciparum
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Archer, Natasha M., Nicole Petersen, Jane S. Hankins, and Manoj T. Duraisingh. "Reduced Plasmodium Falciparum Growth in Erythrocytes Is Associated with Fetal Hemoglobin Expression." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117857.
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Abstract Introduction: The risk of clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria is significantly low in the first few months of life. Much of this protection has been attributed to maternal antibodies transmitted to the infant in utero or via breast milk, however less severe disease has also been associated with fetal hemoglobin (HbF). Impaired P. falciparum growth in cord blood erythrocytes and reduced digestion of HbF protein by recombinant plasmepsin II, a hemoglobinase, has also been observed in vitro, while in vivo studies have demonstrated decreased P. falciparum growth in high HbF-containing human gamma (γ)-transgenic murine red cells. Though inefficiency of hemoglobinase digestion of HbF appears plausible given enhanced alpha (α)/γ relative to α/beta (β) dimer and tetramer stability, it has been difficult to assess such inefficiency in vitro given the dramatic effect of current protease inhibitors on parasite growth. Instead, more focus has drifted towards oxidative stress and poor cytoadherence as mechanisms underlying the protection conferred by HbF. To test the hypothesis that HbF affects malaria infection, we mapped P. falciparum growth in cord blood and heterozygote A/HPFH erythrocytes using precise DNA replication measurements throughout the parasite blood stage cell-cycle. Methods: Adult (AA), cord, and heterozygote Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (A/HPFH) samples were collected within one week of each other and within 1 month of assay date. The P. falciparum 3D7 IG06 parasite line (a gift from Daniel Goldberg, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis) was used for growth assays. All growth assays were performed at 1% oxygen using synchronized schizonts obtained by magnet purification via the MACS system. Average number of nuclei per parasite was determined via flow cytometry using SYBR Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) as previously described. Results: By 32 hours post invasion into cord blood, a definite decrease in P. falciparum DNA replication, a sensitive marker of parasite growth, was observed compared to growth in adult erythrocytes (Figure 1A). Compared to the complete growth defect observed in deoxygenated sickle cell trait (AS), the almost 40% reduction (p=0.0002) in the average number of nuclei in cord blood RBCs was modest, allowing for growth through schizogony. The growth inhibition in cord blood erythrocytes was not sensitive to changes in oxygen levels (data not shown). Ring/early trophozoite stage parasites were morphologically similar in both adult and cord blood erythrocytes (Figure 1B), with growth differences beginning to be apparent between 28 and 32 hours, coincident with the onset of hemoglobin digestion. To ensure that the growth defect observed was not due to cord blood erythrocyte factors unrelated to HbF, we examined heterozygous A/HPFH RBCs which are similar to adult AA erythrocytes, but with expression of HbF. Parasites in A/HPFH erythrocytes (with ~20-30% HbF), demonstrated a 25% growth reduction in the average number of nuclei at 36hpi, compared to those in adult AA RBCs (Figure 2A and 2B), indicating the growth inhibitory effect of HbF. Conclusion: Though less striking compared to the severe stalling observed in deoxygenated AS RBCs, growth of P. falciparum 3D7 IG06 in cord blood erythrocytes is clearly delayed compared to growth in adult AA erythrocytes. This growth defect is oxygen independent, evidence that a different mechanism of parasite growth inhibition is involved than that observed in AS RBCs. The consistent growth delay observed in heterozygote A/HPFH confirms that parasite growth deficiency also occurs at lower percentages of HbF than those found in cord blood presumably because α2/γ-β heterodimers are also resistant to digestion by P. falciparum hemoglobinases. Finally, these data suggest that treatment of sickle cell disease by increasing fetal hemoglobin might be safer in malaria zones than would be employment of direct anti-sickling agents. Disclosures Hankins: Global Blood Therapeutics: Research Funding; NCQA: Consultancy; bluebird bio: Consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding.
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Kahar, Fitriani, Djoko Priyatno, and Beatrix Marta Meo. "Studi Indeks Eritrosit Pada Pasien Diagnosis Positif Malaria." Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika dan Masyarakat 20, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v2i20.1735.
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Malaria is a contagious disease caused by parasites (protozoa) of the genus Plasmodium, which can be transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. There are 4 species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans, namely Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Malariae and Plasmodium Ovale. Malaria is an infectious disease that is found in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study aims to determine the description of the erythrocyte index in patients diagnosed with malaria positive at the Kotaratu Public Health Center, Ende Utara District. Erythrocyte index examination functions in determining the type of anemia. This research method is laboratory observation with a descriptive approach. The research sample was 20 patients with positive diagnosis of malaria in Kotaratu Public Health Center, Ende Utara District. The results of this study were 20 samples, for normal MCV values 10 samples (50%), 10 samples (50%) less than normal and 0 samples (0%) more than normal. The MCH value was less than normal for 7 samples (35%), 13 samples (65%) normal and 100% normal MCHC value. The conclusion is that in malaria parasite infection there is a low MCV is 50% and 50% normal, low MCH is 35%, and normal is 65, while normal MCHC is 100%. Keywords: Erythrocyte Index (MCV, MCH, MCHC), Malaria
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Oku, Hiroyuki, Yu Hashimoto, Takashi Matsukawa, Kazuo Shinozuka, and Yuko Oku. "Novel Long Peptide Antigens Containing MHC Class I and Class II Binding Sequences Designed from Plasmodium falciparum Enolase." Advanced Engineering Forum 38 (November 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.38.63.
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Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum continues to be a major public health problem especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Considering the growing resistance of parasites to anti-malarial drugs and of vector mosquitoes to insecticides, there is no doubt that the effective vaccine is the most awaiting tool to reduce the risk of malaria. Our synthetic studies have shown that a loop region (AD22 = 256ASEFYNSENKTYDLDFKTPNND277) of Plsmodium falciparum enolase has antigenic reactivity against patients’ sera and AD22 can produce inhibitory antibodies against in vitro parasite growth. In this paper, we will briefly present our ongoing research of malaria vaccine development and related model studies.
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Prasasty, Gita Dwi, Thia Prameswarie, Muhaimin Ramdja, and Dwi Handayani. "Hematologic profiles of Plasmodium vivax Malaria patients." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 2, no. 2 (April 12, 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v2i2.44.
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Abstract
Background: Malaria infections cause various symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease complications. Plasmodium vivax malaria has been recognized as a disease that attacks blood cells, causing various hematologic changes, especially anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, neutropenia, neutrophilia, and thrombocytopenia with different percentages. Plasmodium vivax, formerly known to cause mild malaria, was later proven to cause severe malaria, even cerebral malaria such as Plasmodium falciparum. This study aims to determine the hematologic profile in patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria.
Method: This research use descriptive cross sectional design. This research was conducted in Puskesmas (PKM; Primary Health Care) Sukamaju and Puskesmas (PKM; Primary Health Care) Karang City in August until December 2017. Samples were taken by consecutive sampling. A total of 37 samples expressed positive Plasmodium vivax, examined their hematologic profiles specifically hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and hematocrit using automatic hematology cell counter.
Results: Based on the results of this study, 56.76% of patients had anemia, 45.90% of patients had leukopenia, 89.20% thrombocytopenia, 2.70% neutrophilia, 10.80% neutropenia, 2.70% lymphocytosis, 35.10% lymphopenia, and 13.50% pancytopenia.
Conclusion: In patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria infection there may be a change in hematologic profiles, this change may be affected by the acute phase of infection and host immune system.
Keywords: Plasmodium vivax malaria, hematologic profiles
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Nimpaye, Hermann, Desiré Nisubire, and Joseph Nyandwi. "Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae: infection rates in the population of Northern Imbo Plain, Burundi." East African Health Research Journal 4, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v4i2.643.
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Background: Burundi is cited among countries where malaria remains endemic. Notably, malaria is highly endemic in Imbo region, a lowland lying astride Lake Tanganyika. Among key malaria riposte interventions includes the promotion of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), but its incidence rate has not reduced. In this paper, we present the distribution of malaria species in 2 settings within Imbo region by accounting for the seasonal variations and the mostly infected populations. Methods: The study was conducted from 2 Health Care Centres of Murambi and Rugombo in Cibitoke District, Northern Burundi. Blood samples were collected on blood slides and the samples were used to confirm the presence of malaria parasites by microscopy. Results: The study observed an average malaria parasite prevalence of 32.5% across the selected site. Majority of patients 459(95.2%) were infected by P. falciparum while 8(1.7%) patients were infected by P. malariae. Patients from Murambi were more infected than those from Rugombo. P. falciparum was the most highly prevalent specie in the 2 localities. High prevalence was observed in children aged between 2 and 5 years. Among older participants P. falciparum still predominated and mixed infections were rather the least prevalent. Conclusion: This study showed that P. falciparum and P. malariae are the most parasites involved in malaria morbidity in North Imbo region. The transmission of P. falciparum was observed year-round. Patients in Murambi are most exposed to malaria infections than those in Rugombo. Further research at large scale including entomological studies is required to better understand the relationship between Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR) and malaria transmission levels in this setting.
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Azi, Jonathan Yusuf, David Awute Atang, Faiza Oseze Sani, Rukayat Avosuahi Oyi, and Joseph Olorunmola Ehinmidu. "In vitro antimalarial susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 1459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.23.
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Despite concerted efforts to eradicate malaria, it is still one of the most devastating infectious diseases in the tropics due largely to emergence and widespread P. falciparum drug resistance. This research investigated the in vitro antimalarial susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from patients attending Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, using the World Health Organization (WHO) standardized in vitro micro-test system. Foremost, the records of reported malaria cases in the hospital were collated for the prevalence of malaria and the frequency of commonly prescribed antimalarial drugs were ascertained. A total of 7936 persons comprising of 3659 males (46.11%) and 4277 females (53.89%), were reportedly infected with malaria parasite from January 2013 to December 2014 in the hospital studied. Blood samples were collected from 131 volunteered patients. Of these samples, 114 (87.02%) had malaria parasites, with 108 (94.74%) samples positive for P. falciparum. Of 88 P. falciparum isolates used for in vitro antimalarial susceptibility test, 33 (37.50%), 27 (30.68%), 22 (25.00%), 22 (25.00%), and 22 (25.00%) were resistant to chloroquine, artemether, amodiaquine, artesunate, and lumefantrine respectively. This study showed the presence of resistant P. falciparum in the study area. Adoption of efficient intervention strategies is warranted in order to curb increase in antimalarial drug resistance.Keywords: Samples, parasite, resistance, study, positive, prescribed.
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Parker, Daniel M., Jordi Landier, Aung Myint Thu, Khin Maung Lwin, Gilles Delmas, and François H. Nosten. "Scale up of a Plasmodium falciparum elimination program and surveillance system in Kayin State, Myanmar." Wellcome Open Research 2 (October 9, 2017): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12741.1.
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Background: Myanmar has one of the largest malaria burdens in Southeast Asia. Along the border with Thailand, Plasmodium falciparum parasites are increasingly showing reduced sensitivity to artemisinin combination therapies. Given that there are no current alternative treatment therapies, one proposed solution to the threat of untreatable P. falciparum malaria is to eliminate the parasite from the region. Several small-scale elimination projects have been piloted along the Myanmar-Thailand border. Following their success, this operational research aimed to scale up the elimination to a broad area of Eastern Kayin State, Myanmar. Methods: The project relied on geographic reconnaissance and a geographic information system, community engagement, generalized access to community-based early diagnosis and treatment, near real-time epidemiological surveillance, cross sectional malaria prevalence surveys and targeted mass drug administration in villages with high prevalence of P. falciparum malaria. Molecular markers of drug resistance were also monitored in individuals with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. Discussion: This project illustrates the establishment of an elimination project and operational research in a remote, rural area encompassing several armed groups, multiple political organizations and a near-absent health care infrastructure. The establishment of the project relied on a strong rapport with the target community, on-the-ground knowledge (through geographic surveys and community engagement), rapid decision making and an approach that was flexible enough to quickly adapt to a complex landscape. The elimination project is ongoing, now over three years in operation, and assessment of the impact of this operational research will follow. This project has relevance not only for other malaria elimination projects but also for operational research aimed at eliminating other diseases.
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Singh, Kshipra, Ameeta Agarwal, Shabana I. Khan, Larry A. Walker, and Babu L. Tekwani. "Growth, Drug Susceptibility, and Gene Expression Profiling of Plasmodium falciparum Cultured in Medium Supplemented with Human Serum." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 12, no. 8 (December 2007): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057107310638.
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In vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum has been extremely useful in understanding the biology of the human malaria parasite as well as research on the discovery of new antimalarial drugs and vaccines. A chemically defined serum-free medium supplemented with lipid-rich bovine serum albumin (AlbuMAX I) offers the following advantages over human serum-supplemented media for the in vitro culture of P. falciparum: 1) improved growth profile, with more than a 2-fold higher yield of the parasites at any stage of the growth cycle; 2) suitability for in vitro antimalarial screening, as the parasites grown in AlbuMAX and human serum-supplemented media show similar sensitivity to standard and novel antimalarials as well as natural product extracts in the in vitro drug susceptibility assays; and 3) DNA microarray analysis comparing the global gene expression profile of sorbitol-synchronized P. falciparum trophozoites grown in the 2 different media, indicating minimal differences. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:1109-1114)
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P. R., Dhanya, Shilpa K., and Vivek Hittinahalli. "A comparative study on dengue and malaria infections and analysis on the prevalence of co-infection from a rural tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182298.
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Background: To compare dengue fever and malaria infection cases from a rural tertiary care hospital.Methods: Samples from January 2017 to February 2018 which had come to the Department of Microbiology at East Point College of Medical Science and Research Centre were included in the study. Serological diagnosis of dengue was done using the rapid dengue day 1 test which detects NS1, IgM and IgG. This test can be performed using serum, plasma or whole blood. Malarial parasites were identified by peripheral smear for malaria by Leishman’s stain and Jaswant Singh Battacharji (JSB) stain, rapid tests were performed by using advantage mal card, which detects plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax by using human whole blood.Results: Monthly analysis is done for dengue samples and malaria samples were done during January 2017 to February 2018. Positive samples are then analysed according to NS1 positive cases, IgM positive cases, IgG positive cases, NS1 and IgM combined cases, NS1 and IgG combined cases and IgM and IgG combined cases for dengue. In case of malaria vivax and falciparum cases were compared. Samples are then compared among different age groups. Under 15 age- group there were 32 positive cases of NS1, 1 case of IgM and IgG combined positive and 1 case of P. falciparum infection. In 16-50 age-group 244 cases were dengue NS1 positive, 1 case positive for NS1 and IgM combined, 1 case for NS1 and IgG combined, 5 cases for IgM and IgG combined, 11 cases of P. vivax and 3 cases of P. falciparum. Above 50 age-group had 27 NS1 positive cases and 1 case of IgM and IgG combined. NS1 and Plasmodium vivax species positives were more from dengue and malaria infection.Conclusions: From July 2017 to October 2017 dengue and malaria cases were drastically increased. Malariacases drops from November to December 2017 and again raised from January to February 2018, which shows seasonal variations. So, we conclude that viral and parasitic infection mainly occurs in July to September months and has to be ruled by proper clinical diagnosis.
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Okolo, CE, LK Eban, LU Amazu, LC Chukwu, SC Ohadoma, and FN Osuala. "In-vitro anti-malarial activity of Chikadoma plant from the rainforest of Southern Nigeria." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 5 (September 15, 2020): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i5.4322.
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Background: Malaria remains a life-threatening tropical disease. Due to the development of resistance to the commonly available orthodox antimalarials which of course, poses a great challenge in malaria-controlling-program, alternative and complementary approach becomes imperative thereby making phytotherapy a research focus. Objectives: To investigate the effect of chikadoma plant using its methanol leaf extract against a plasmodium-mediated tropical disease, malaria. Materials and Methods: The culture samples of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum from 20 symptomatic adult outpatients were used in the antimalarial in-vitro test. For cultivation of P. falciparum, the culture medium employed was Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640. Optical microscopy was used for parasite quantification in the performance of antiplasmodial in-vitro assays. The leaf extract of chikadoma dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was the treatment, prepared into 7 different levels of concentration (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) while culture medium with the malarial parasite alone served as negative control. Micromalarial culture preceded by culture synchronized with sorbitol 5%, were divided into “control” and “treated groups”, followed by incubation in CO2 candle jar at 370C for 72 h. The percentage of parasitemia was measured 8 h, showing the activity of the extract on P. falciparum stages of proliferation. Thin blood smear from the erythrocytes layer was made and stained with 10% Giemsa for 30 mins to estimate the parasitemia. The antimalarial activity of the extract was calculated using Probit analysis by counting the 50% growth inhibition (IC50). Results: The growth of P. falciparum was inhibited by the extract on mature schizont stage; and the IC50 of the extract after 40 h incubation was 3.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The leaf extract of chikadoma significantly has antimalarial effect in-vitro against P. falciparum.
Keywords: Chikadoma; Lupinus arboreus; antimalarial activity; tropical disease; Nigeria.
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Ansumana, Rashid, Joseph M. Lamin, Joseph Lahai, and Umaru Bangura. "PO 8584 MULTIPLEXED MOLECULAR DETECTION OF MALARIA IN SIERRA LEONE." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A58.3—A59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.154.
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BackgroundDespite several control measures and policy changes in Africa, malaria remains one of the most prevalent diseases in West Africa. The gold standard for malaria diagnosis is microscopy. However, due to low technical capacities in resource-poor countries, rapid immunochromatographic tests are commonly used. In Sierra Leone, P. falciparum-specific ICT with histidine-rich proteins2(HRP-2) are used. HRP2 is specific to P. falciparum and the kit cannot be used to detect other species of malaria which are also present in the disease ecology in Sierra Leone.MethodsIn this study, we assessed 182 febrile subjects for malaria between April 2017-July 2018 at the Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory in Sierra Leone. The blood samples collected were assessed using the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research(WRAIR) multiplex malaria PCR kit packaged by BioGX, Inc. (Alabama, USA) for detecting and speciation of malaria from human blood. Thin and thick slides were done for each sample and the images recorded by a digital scope.ResultsResults show that, out of 163 samples run by multiplex PCR for malaria, 81 (49.7%) were positive for P. falciparum, while 82 (50.3%) were positive for Plasmodium vivax.ConclusionThe presence of P. vivax in the disease ecology without any significant difference (p>0.05) with P. falciparum poses problems for clinical outcomes of febrile illnesses. Pan-malaria diagnostics in combination with P. falciparum could avert under-diagnosis of malaria.
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Kamarullah, William, Erika Indrajaya, and Janice Emmanuella. "POTENCY OF LUTEOLIN WITH SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE (SLN)-POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) MODIFICATION FOR ARTEMISININ-RESISTANT PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTION." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v7i3.6726.
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Falciparum malaria is still considered as one of the important global health problems and its causal agent (Plasmodium falciparum) is reported to be the third most common factor for contributing the number of deaths in the world. As we all know, Artemisinins arethe most rapidly acting of currently available antimalarial drugs. Along with Artesunate, these two combining drugs, the so-called Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has become the foundation of modern falciparum malaria treatment globally. Nowadays, however, there have been reports about intricate cases of resistance against Artemisinin in various Southeast Asian countries and it is predicted to spread over several other countries, including Indonesia. Therefore, adjuvant therapy is required along with first-line therapy administration to help eradicate both Artemisinin-sensitive and resistant P. falciparum. Luteolin in vitro has a prospective inhibitory activity (IC50<50 μg) in inhibiting the development of parasite’s life cycle. Nonetheless, its poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics restrict clinical application. The low bioavailability of luteolin requires encapsulation using solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). SLN is useful for improving the bioavailability of luteolin in the body, whereas PEG is needed in order to prevent the destruction of luteolin-SLN substance by the reticuloendothelial system. Here in this literature review, we’re trying to demonstrate the benefits, potential, way of constructions, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of luteolin encapsulated with SLN with PEG modification. Thus, it is hoped that the results of this literature study may encourage further research in assisting the development of adjuvant therapy for cases of Artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum infection.
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Sillehu, Sahrir, Heny Arwati, Yoes Prijatna Dachlan, and Sudjajadi Keman. "Sensitivity and Specificity of Rapid Diagnostic Test with Microscopic Gold Standard to Identify Plasmodium Species." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 5, no. 4 (October 8, 2016): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v5i4.4829.
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Malaria is a main health problem in islands area which is under developed and isolated. Nation-wide, in 2014 Maluku province was recorded to have Annual Malaria Incident (AMI) value of 30.4%, positive incidents of 13.30%, ABER 3.76%, SPR 21.50%, and Annual Paracite Incident (API) 8.10%, while South Buru Regency has a value of Annual Malaria Incident (AMI) of 14.49%, 494 positive incidents, ABER 1.12%, SPR 60.91%, and Annual Paracite Incident (API) 6.86%. The purpose of this study was to identify Plasmodium species in malaria incidents in NamroleSubdistrict, South Buru Regency, Maluku Province. Observational research with a sample of 64 respondents for symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria. The instrument for the research was Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and microscopic Gold Standard. Result: Malaria examination by using RDT suggested 3 kinds of parasites, i.e., P. falciparum, P. Vivax, and a mix between P. falciparum and P. vivax. Most parasites found were P. falciparum 56.3%. The accuracy of RDT examination was proven with microscopic test and the result suggested that the RDT sensitivity was 100% and the specifivity was 63.3%. Positive predictive value was 92.9% and negative predictive value was 100%, both were for positive likelihood ration of 2.75%. While for negative likelihood ration of 0%, the value of degree of conformity (Kappa) between RDT and microscopic is 0%. RDT has one benefit that it can be use to conduct malaria diagnosis rapidly, particularly in isolated areas. The benefit of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was that it could be used in remote and isolated areas to conduct diagnosis. RDT is highly effective and efficient.