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Journal articles on the topic 'Plasmodium falciparum'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 April 2025

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1

Tokponnon, Filémon, Razak Osse, Jean Gille Egui, Gylchrist Houndjo, Zoulkifilou Sare Dabou, Festus Houessinon, Idayath Gounou Yerima, Brice Fanou, and Martin Akogbeto. "Determination of Plasmodial Species Prevalence among Patients Received at Cotonou Boni Clinic during Rainy Season in the Year 2022." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 44, no. 16 (September 5, 2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i161464.

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Aims: Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted by bites from infected female anopheles. It is a preventable and treatable illness. It remains a recurring disease among public health diseases that exposes many people to a risk of infection, including children under the age of 05 in Benin. Methods: To determine the prevalence of malaria and different plasmodial species at the Dr Pierre BONI Clinic, we performed venous and capillary samples on 731 patients for the realization of thick drops and blood smears between June and July 2022. Results: Three plasmodial species were identified in 228 patients (31%) as malaria of the 731 patients included in the study with 3 species of plasmodium found: Plasmodium falciparum (95.5%), Plasmodium malariae (2.85%), Plasmodium ovale (1.65%). Mixed or double species was also recorded in some patients: Plasmodium falciparum+ Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum+ Plasmodium ovale. The majority of patients have the presence of trophozoites at Plasmodium falciparum, 95.5%. The parasitic density of P. falciparum is higher than that of P. malariae and that of P. ovale. Conclusion: Although evaluated during a period of low transmission, malaria remains a real public health problem. The distribution of the disease is closely related to the presence in the blood of plasmodial species.

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MD, Dr Tapan Biswas. "Artesunate Resistant Plasmodium Falciparum." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 04 (April 8, 2017): 20025–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.48.

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3

Merrick, Catherine J. "Plasmodium falciparum." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 1, no. 6 (December 22, 2017): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20170099.

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Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan parasite that causes the most severe form of human malaria. Five other Plasmodium species can also infect humans — P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and P. knowlesi — but P. falciparum is the most prevalent Plasmodium species in the African region, where 90% of all malaria occurs, and it is this species that causes the great majority of malaria deaths. These were reported by the WHO at 438 000 in 2015 from an estimated 214 million cases; importantly, however, figures for the global burden of malaria tend to have wide margins of error due to poor and inaccurate reporting. In this Perspective, features of P. falciparum that are unique among human malaria parasites are highlighted, and current issues surrounding the control and treatment of this major human pathogen are discussed.

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Maier, Alexander G., Kai Matuschewski, Meng Zhang, and Melanie Rug. "Plasmodium falciparum." Trends in Parasitology 35, no. 6 (June 2019): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.010.

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5

Fayyaz Ahmed Memon, Uzma Bukhari, and Mir Mohammad Sahito. "PREVALENCE OF MALARIA AMONG THE PATIENTS LIVING IN AREAS OF DISTRICT SBA (SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO) AND MIRPURKHAS." JMMC 5, no. 1 (November 26, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.62118/jmmc.v5i1.345.

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Objective:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity in the tropics and about 300 million causes were reported word wide in2006 among the 100 species of genous plasmodia, the four species such as PL: falciparum, vivax, ovaule andmalaria causes malaria. The malaria is transmitted by the bite of female anopheles mosquitoes. .Methodology: This descriptive and experimental study was carried out at department of pathology, People'sUniversity of Medical & Health Science (PUMHS), Nawabshah. The cases were collected from paediatrics &Medical outpatients departments of PUMHS Hospital Nawabshah and also from Muhammad Medical College(MMC) Hospital & Civil hospital Mirpurkhas (CHM) from January 2010 to December 2011. A total of 1200 patientswere included. The prevalence of malaria on the basis of age, sex, areas of resident, and clinical finding of allpatients were recorded and blood tests performed.Results: Plasmodium Vivax in 70.8% of cases and Plasmodium Falciparum in29.2%of cases.Conclusion: In the areas (Nawabshah and Mirpurkhas), Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum are thecause of Malaria.Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium, Pakistan, Nawabshah, Mirpurkhas.

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6

Trasi, Reqgi First. "Plasmodium Resistance to Artemisinin Derivates due to Kelch-3 Gene Mutation." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v4i2.6332.

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Artemisinin class of antimalarial drugs play an important role in controlling falciparum malaria after the emergence of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to other antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and mefloquine. Therefore, the presence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to this class of drugs is threat to global efforts to eliminate this disease. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin recently known to be associated with mutations in the propeller domain of the kelch-13 (K13) Plasmodium falciparum gene. The incidence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance due to mutations in the K13 gene, among others, can be found in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China, Myanmar, Thailand and Africa. The presence of mutations in this gene will change the response of Plasmodium falciparum against oxidative stress induced by artemisinin by involving the proteasome-ubiquitin pathway. In addition, mutation K13 will also change the levels of PI3K and PI3P in the body of Plasmodium falciparum. PI3K and PI3P are lipids that essential for the development of Plasmodium falciparum from ring stage to schizont. Resistance to artemisinin will also provide phenotypic changes in the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in the form of elongation at the stage ring and transient shortening in trophozoite development. This resistance incident can be overcome, among others by prolonging the duration of treatment (from a 3-day regimen to a 4-day regimen) and combining artemisinin with proteasome inhibitors.

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7

ARICAN ÇELİK, Aslı, Rıfat TAMALI, Gülruhsar YILMAZ, Pınar KARABACAK, and Mustafa Soner ÖZCAN. "A Rare Cause of Fever in ICU; Malaria." Acta Medica Nicomedia 5, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1103400.

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Sıtma, anofel cinsi sivrisineklerin insanları sokması sonucu bulaşan paraziter bir hastalıktır. Plasmodium falciparum (P Falciparum) en ölümcül tabloya yol açan türüdür, ülkemizde nadir görülür ve genellikle yurtdışı kaynaklıdır. Yoğun bakımda yüksek ateş pek çok klinik durumda karşımıza çıksa da nadir görülen bir durum olan P. Falciparuma bağlı sıtma aklımızda bulunmalıdır Bu olgu sunumunda, yurt dışı seyahat öyküsü bulunan P. Falciparum sıtma tanısı konulan hastanın yoğun bakım takip ve tedavi süreci sunulmuştur.

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8

Umar, Khairuddin Zainuddin, Yuri P.Utami, and Muhammad A.Y. Ardi. "Antimalarial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Sampare Leaves (Glochidion sp var. Biak) Against Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v10i1.29477.

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Malaria is one of the health problems in the world and in Indonesia. This disease is caused by theprotozoan parasite, the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum is the most important parasiticdisease with high morbidity and mortality in the world and tropical countries such as Indonesia inparticular. This study aims to determine the activity of sampare leaf extract in inhibiting the growth ofthe FCR-3 strain of the P. falciparum parasite which causes malaria. Sampare leaves were extracted bymaceration method using 70% ethanol. Extract the results extraction were tested against P. falciparumby in vitro method. 32,67% Yield extract resulted from the extraction process. Phytochemical screeningshows the presence of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The ethanolextract of sampare leaves had IC50 antimalarial activity of 0,125 μg/mL and was categorized very well.Keywords: Antimalarial, Glochidion sp var. Biak, IC50, Plasmodium falciparum.

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9

Ibraheem, Zaid O., R. Abd Majid, S. Mohd Noor, H. Mohd Sedik, and R. Basir. "Role of Different Pfcrt and Pfmdr-1 Mutations in Conferring Resistance to Antimalaria Drugs in Plasmodium falciparum." Malaria Research and Treatment 2014 (November 11, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/950424.

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Emergence of drugs resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum has augmented the scourge of malaria in endemic areas. Antimalaria drugs act on different intracellular targets. The majority of them interfere with digestive vacuoles (DVs) while others affect other organelles, namely, apicoplast and mitochondria. Prevention of drug accumulation or access into the target site is one of the mechanisms that plasmodium adopts to develop resistance. Plasmodia are endowed with series of transporters that shuffle drugs away from the target site, namely, pfmdr (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance transporter) and pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter) which exist in DV membrane and are considered as putative markers of CQ resistance. They are homologues to human P-glycoproteins (P-gh or multidrug resistance system) and members of drug metabolite transporter (DMT) family, respectively. The former mediates drifting of xenobiotics towards the DV while the latter chucks them outside. Resistance to drugs whose target site of action is intravacuolar develops when the transporters expel them outside the DVs and vice versa for those whose target is extravacuolar. In this review, we are going to summarize the possible pfcrt and pfmdr mutation and their role in changing plasmodium sensitivity to different anti-Plasmodium drugs.

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10

Maslachah, Lilik, Yoes Prijatna Dachlan, Chairul A. Nidom, and Loeki Enggar Fitr. "Experimental Models Point Mutations In Plasmodium falciparum pfatpase6 Gene Exposed to Recuring Artemisinin In Vitro." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1151.

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The aims of this research to prove that repeated exposure of artemisinin can cause pfatpase6 gene mutation on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The research methods used culture In Vitro Plasmodium falciparum of strain 2300 IC50 value determination test artemisinin, artemisinin repeated exposure test (PO1, PO2, PO3 dan PO4) dose IC50, DNA extraction, gene amplification of pfatpase6 using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, electrophoresis, PCR product purification, labeling DNA from PCR results, DNA precipitation of PCR product, application of product labeling on the sequencing machines, analysis of the results of sequencing, and Data Analysis. The results of PCR pfatpase6 gene amplification include region 6 – 3216 for codon 89-1031 located in exon 1 and 2 Plasmodium falciparum 2300 by using five pairs of primers. Primer pair 1FR produce a long amplicon of 737 bp which covers of codon 89; primer pair 2FR produce a long amplicon of 813 bp which covers of codon 263, 431; primer pair 4FR produce a long amplicon of 700 bp which covers of codon 460, 465, 623; primer pair 5FR produce a long amplicon of 550 bp which includes of codon 683, 769; and primer pair 6FR produce a long amplicon of 876 bp which covers of codon 898, 1031.Multialigment pfatpase6 gene Plasmodium falciparum of strains Papua 2300 point mutations are obtained in the form of transition and transversion in treatment groups at the same nucleotide region 123, 2035, 2043, 2138 dan 2148. Conclusion of this research Artemisinin repeated exposure can cause point mutations in pfatpase6 genes Plasmodium falciparum of strains 2300 in vitro Keyword: Artemisinin, Plasmodium falciparumof strain Papua 2300, pfatpase6 gene, point mutation

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11

Cook, C. G. "PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTION." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, no. 9 (September 1987): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198709000-00039.

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12

Iioka, Futoshi, and Katsuyo Tsuda. "Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Tenri Medical Bulletin 16, no. 2 (2013): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12936/tenrikiyo.16-022.

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13

Robson, K. J. H., and A. R. Berendt. "Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2, no. 5 (October 1989): 617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-198910000-00002.

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14

Murata, Christina E., and Daniel E. Goldberg. "Plasmodium falciparum Falcilysin." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 39 (July 22, 2003): 38022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m306842200.

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15

Pays, J. F. "Plasmodium falciparum « toutankhamonensis »." Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 103, no. 2 (April 13, 2010): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13149-010-0054-z.

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16

Leech, J. "Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence." Research in Immunology 142, no. 8 (1991): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(91)90149-d.

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17

Nkansah, Charles, Simon Bannison Bani, Kofi Mensah, Samuel Kwasi Appiah, Felix Osei-Boakye, Gabriel Abbam, Samira Daud, et al. "Serum anti-erythropoietin antibodies among pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and anaemia: A case-control study in northern Ghana." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 29, 2023): e0283427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283427.

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Background Anaemia in pregnancy is common in underdeveloped countries, and malaria remains the predominant cause of the condition in Ghana. Anti-erythropoietin (anti-EPO) antibody production may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria-related anaemia in pregnancy. This study ascertained the prevalence of anti-EPO antibody production and evaluated the antibodies’ relationship with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and malaria-related anaemia in pregnancy. Methods This hospital-based case-control study recruited a total of 85 pregnant women (55 with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and 30 controls without malaria). Venous blood was taken from participants for thick and thin blood films for malaria parasite microscopy. Complete blood count (CBC) analyses were done using an automated haematology analyzer. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels and anti-EPO antibodies. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results Haemoglobin (p<0.001), RBC (p<0.001), HCT (p = 0.006) and platelet (p<0.001) were significantly lower among pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Of the 85 participants, five (5.9%) had anti-EPO antibodies in their sera, and the prevalence of anti-EPO antibody production among the Plasmodium falciparum-infected pregnant women was 9.1%. Plasmodium falciparum-infected pregnant women with anti-EPO antibodies had lower Hb (p<0.001), RBC (p<0.001), and HCT (p<0.001), but higher EPO levels (p<0.001). Younger age (p = 0.013) and high parasite density (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with Plasmodium falciparum-related anti-EPO antibodies production in pregnancy. Also, younger age (p = 0.039) and anti-EPO antibody production (p = 0.012) related to the development of Plasmodium falciparum malaria anaemia in pregnancy. Conclusion The prevalence of anti-EPO antibodies among pregnant women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria was high. Plasmodium falciparum parasite density and younger age could stimulate the production of anti-EPO antibodies, and the antibodies may contribute to the development of malarial anaemia in pregnancy. Screening for anti-EPO antibodies should be considered in pregnant women with P. falciparum malaria.

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Astutik, Eftyaningrum Dwi Wahyu. "Risiko Infeksi Plasmodium Falciparum dalam Kehamilan terhadap Perkembangan Bahasa Reseptif dan Ekspresif pada Anak Balita." Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) 5, no. 2 (October 29, 2023): 2679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/joting.v5i2.7616.

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This study aims to analyze the relationship between Plasmodium Falciparum infection in pregnancy and impaired receptive and expressive language development in children under five. The research method uses an observational analytical design with a case-control approach. The results of the study showed that there was no significant relationship between a history of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy and receptive language disorders in children under five, and there was no meaningful relationship between a history of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnancy and expressive language disorders in children under five. In conclusion, a history of Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy is not associated with impaired receptive and expressive language development in children under five. Keywords: Expressive, Pregnancy, Language Development, Plasmodium Falciparum, Receptive

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Leonard, Colleen M., Hussein Mohammed, Mekonnen Tadesse, Jessica N. McCaffery, Doug Nace, Eric S. Halsey, Samuel Girma, Ashenafi Assefa, Jimee Hwang, and Eric Rogier. "Missed Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Mixed Infections in Ethiopia Threaten Malaria Elimination." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0796.

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ABSTRACT. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are co-endemic in Ethiopia. This study investigated whether mixed infections were missed by microscopy from a 2017 therapeutic efficacy study at two health facilities in Ethiopia. All patients (N = 304) were initially classified as having single-species P. falciparum (n = 148 samples) or P. vivax infections (n = 156). Dried blood spots were tested for Plasmodium antigens by bead-based multiplex assay for pan-Plasmodium aldolase, pan-Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase, P. vivax lactate dehydrogenase, and histidine-rich protein 2. Of 304 blood samples, 13 (4.3%) contained both P. falciparum and P. vivax antigens and were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for species-specific DNA. Of these 13 samples, five were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction for P. falciparum/P. vivax co-infection. One sample, initially classified as P. vivax by microscopy, was found to only have Plasmodium ovale DNA. Plasmodium falciparum/P. vivax mixed infections can be missed by microscopy even in the context of a therapeutic efficacy study with multiple trained readers.

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Rotheneder, Andrea, Gernot Fritsche, Lothar Heinisch, Ute Möllmann, Susanne Heggemann, Clara Larcher, and Günter Weiss. "Effects of Synthetic Siderophores on Proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum in Infected Human Erythrocytes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 6 (June 2002): 2010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.6.2010-2013.2002.

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ABSTRACT Because iron is essential for Plasmodium falciparum, we investigated the in vitro potential of various synthetic siderophores to kill P. falciparum in infected human erythrocytes. The substances with the most promising profile, i.e., low 50% lethal doses for plasmodia and minimum toxicity towards mammalian cells, were siderophores with an acylated monocatecholate or a triscatecholate as substituent.

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Sariyanto, Iwan. "Aktivitas SGOT Dan SGPT Pada Penderita Malaria Falciparum Dan Malaria Vivax Di Puskesmas Hanura Kecamatan Teluk Pandan Kabupaten Pesawaran." Jurnal Analis Kesehatan 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/jak.v7i1.913.

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<p>Penyakit Malaria bersifat endemik di daerah tropis dan subtropis. <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> dan <em>plasmodium vivax</em> merupakan penyebab malaria terbanyak di Indonesia. <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> menginvasi sel darah merah hingga mencapai 50%. Pembesaran hati lebih sering ditemukan dari pada pembesaran limpa. Sedangkan pada <em>plasmodium vivax </em> menginveksi retikulosit, sehingga parasitemia biasanya terbatas sekitar 2-5%,<em> </em>dapat terjadi relaps, karena maturasi hipnozoit yang tertinggal dalam hati. <em>Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase</em> (SGOT) dan <em>Serum Glutamic pyruvic transferase</em> (SGPT) merupakan enzim yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai cedera hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas enzim SGOT dan SGPT pada penderita malaria falcipaum dan malaria vivax di puskesmas Hanura kecamatan Teluk Pandan Kabupaten pesawaran. Penelitian ini bersifat observasional analitik untuk membandingkan aktivitas enzim SGOT dan SGPT pada 50 penderita malaria falciparum dan 50 penderita malaria vivax yang diambil dengan cara <em>consecutive sampling</em>. Dianalisa menggunakan uji independen T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata aktivitas enzim SGOT pada penderita malaria falciparum lebih tinggi (36,70 U/L) dibandingkan dengan penderita malaria vivax (26.31 U/L), dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan <em>p-value</em> = 0,000. Didapatkan rata-rata aktivitas enzim SGPT pada penderita malaria falciparum lebih tinggi (25,26 U/L) dibandingakan dengan penderita malaria vivax(17,77 U/L) dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan <em>p-value</em> = 0,011.</p>

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Lawal, Abdulazeez, Richard J. Kutshik, Mary M. Mankilik, Bitrus Yakubu, and Ishaya Y. Longdet. "Predominance of K1 Allele in Erythrocytic form of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1 Gene Signifies Severe Malaria in Jos, Nigeria." International Journal of Pathogen Research 12, no. 6 (December 20, 2023): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6260.

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Aim: The study explored the diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (msp-1) gene sequence and delineated the K1 allele occurrence and profile. The Plasmodium falciparum msp-1 gene encodes an antigen that is being proposed as a major vaccine candidate against the parasite infections. Study Design: The design of the study was experimental. Place and Duration of Study: The study was undertaken, between October 2018 and June 2019, in the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: The DNA of Plasmodium falciparum was extracted from 117 blood samples of malaria patients confirmed by microscopy in three different hospitals in Jos. The msp-1 (block 2) allelic family’s genotyping was carried out using PCR and nested PCR techniques. Sequencing and Bioinformatics of the K1 alleles were done to further identify the K1 alleles. Results: Out of the 117 DNA extracted, 13 samples were positive for Plasmodium falciparum and each was genotyped for msp-1. K1 was the most predominant allele (6/13) compared to MAD20 (4/13) and R033 (2/13). The allelic frequency of K1 was calculated to be 46.15%. The 225 bp Plasmodium falciparum K1 allele of the msp-1 gene studied displayed polymorphism. However, the sequence was very similar to those of Plasmodium falciparum already characterized. Conclusion: Predominance of K1 allele is an indication that Jos is endemic to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

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Ather, Sehrish, Romana Ayub, and Zakria Tariq. "DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF MICROSCOPY VERSUS PCR TECHNIQUEFORTHEDETECTION OF PLASMODIUMSPECIESIN PAKISTAN." Journal of Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College 05, no. 04 (December 29, 2023): 198–203. https://doi.org/10.51127/jamdc5i4oa01.

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Background:According to latest data availablePlasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the most common species of plasmodiumpresent inPakistan. This study focuses on the currentstatus of malaria specie distribution across different provincesof Pakistan.Material & Methods: This isa cross sectional studywhich is community based it was carriedout inendemic areas of04 provinces of Pakistan. The study was conducted stepwise by first microscopically confirming Plasmodium-positiveblood samples and later these samples were reconfirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)specie specific for detecting four species of human malaria.Results:Total of450 PCR-positive sampleswerecollectedamongst these29(6.4%) were P. falciparum, 386(85.8%) were P. vivax,and 35(7.8%) were mixedP. falciparum and P. vivax.Total39 (8.7%) P. falciparum,393 (87.3%) were P. vivaxand mixed infections were (18%)positive in microscopically.There were no positive cases of Plasmodium malariaeandPlasmodium ovale.Conclusion: According to the study findings P. vivax andP. falciparumare most prevalent plasmodium species in in Pakistan, in addition mixed infectionswerealso contributingto malaria prevalencein Pakistan. Regional variation in the prevalence and species compositionwas also found in the study.KeyWords: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax,Malaria, Pakistan

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Dieckmann, A., and A. Jung. "The mechanism of pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum." Parasitology 93, no. 2 (October 1986): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000051441.

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SUMMARYThe uptake of radioactive pyrimethamine by a sensitive and a resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum, the metabolic fate of pyrimethamine inside these parasites and the kinetic properties of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from both strains have been studied. Uptake of the drug was identical in both strains and no metabolite of pyrimethamine was found in either strain. DHFR from the resistant strain was 300 times less sensitive to inhibition by pyrimethamine than the enzyme from the sensitive strain, while the Michaelis constant for dihydrofolate remained unchanged and inhibition was competitive in both cases. Altered properties of plasmodial DHFR are apparently the only mechanism responsible for pyrimethamine resistance in the strain of Plasmodium falciparum studied.

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Babokh, Fatima, Soumia Nachat, Ibtissam Ait Boucetta, Youssra El Amrani, Fatimzahra Rahali, and Awatif El Hakkouni. "MIXED MALARIA INFECTION: ABOUT AN IMPORTED CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 04 (April 30, 2022): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14571.

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Mixed malaria infections with Plasmodium are rare and can lead to more serious complications than a single infection. They are particularly common in travelers to malaria-endemic areas. Proper diagnosis and treatment of cases help to control this infection.We report the case of a rare and severe malaria infection, associating two plasmodial species: Plasmodium falciparum and P.vivax, with high parasitemia and fatal complication.

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Cserti, Christine M., and Walter H. Dzik. "The ABO blood group system and Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Blood 110, no. 7 (October 1, 2007): 2250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-03-077602.

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In the century since the discovery of the ABO blood groups, numerous associations between ABO groups and disease have been noted. However, the selection pressures defining the ABO distributions remain uncertain. We review published information on Plasmodium falciparum infection and ABO blood groups. DNA sequence information dates the emergence and development of the group O allele to a period of evolution before human migration out of Africa, concomitant with P falciparum's activity. The current geographic distribution of group O is also consistent with a selection pressure by P falciparum in favor of group O individuals in malaria-endemic regions. We critically review clinical reports of ABO and P falciparum infection, documenting a correlation between disease severity and ABO group. Finally, we review published data on the pathogenesis of P falciparum infection, and propose a biologic model to summarize the role of ABO blood groups in cytoadherence biology. Such ABO-related mechanisms also point to a new hypothesis to account for selection of the Le(a−b−) phenotype. Taken together, a broad range of available evidence suggests that the origin, distribution, and relative proportion of ABO blood groups in humans may have been directly influenced by selective genetic pressure from P falciparum infection.

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Nadaa, Fitrie Syahlaa, and Umar Zein. "JENIS-JENIS PLASMODIUM PADA PASIEN MALARIA DI TIGA DESA KECAMATAN TANJUNG BERINGIN KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI TAHUN 2022." Ibnu Sina: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan - Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ibnusina.v23i1.563.

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Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi menular yang dapat mengancam jiwa, disebabkan oleh parasit Plasmodium. Proses penularannya melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina yang terinfeksi malaria. Jenis Plasmodium yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia adalah Plasmodium falciparum dan Plasmodium vivax, sedangkan Plasmodium malariae di temukan pada beberapa Provinsi antara lain Lampung dan Papua. Plasmodium ovale ditemukan di Indonesia bagian Timur dan Sumatera Utara. Plasmodium knowlesi di temukan di Aceh dan Kalimantan. Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara Terdapat 19 kabupaten/Kota endemi malaria, salah satunya Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai pada tahun 2022. Telah dilakukan penelitian di tiga desa endemik di Kecamatan Tanjung Beringin, Serdang Bedagai.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Mengetahui jenis-jenis Plasmodium pada pasien malaria di tiga Desa Kecamatan Tanjung Beringin Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Tahun yang telah ditelitipada tahun 2022 oleh peneliti FK UISU. Metode penelitian adalah deskriptif observasi. Hasil penelitian pada tiga desa, Bagan Kuala, Tebing Tinggi, dan Nagur ditemukan Plasmodium falciparum 12 orang (14.29%), Plasmodium vivax 59 orang (70.24%),dan gabungan Plasmodium falciparum dan Plasmodium vivax 13 orang (15.48%). Plasmodium yang banyak ditemukan di tiga desa tersebut adalah Plasmodium vivax.

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ALIFRANGIS, M., M. M. LEMNGE, R. MOON, M. THEISEN, I. BYGBJERG, R. G. RIDLEY, and P. H. JAKOBSEN. "IgG reactivities against recombinant Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 (rRAP-1) are associated with mixed Plasmodium infections and protection against disease in Tanzanian children." Parasitology 119, no. 4 (October 1999): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099004825.

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A cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study was performed in Magoda, Tanzania, an area where malaria is holoendemic. Blood samples were collected from children (1–4 years) and tested for IgG antibody reactivity against 2 recombinant protein fragments of Plasmodium falciparum Rhoptry-Associated Protein-1 (rRAP-1). The data were related to the prevalence of malarial disease and single P. falciparum or mixed Plasmodium infections. Fever ([ges ]37·5 °C) in combination with parasite densities >5000/μl were used to distinguish between children with asymptomatic malaria infections and those with acute clinical disease. Furthermore, C-reactive protein (CRP) was applied as a surrogate marker of malaria morbidity. The prevalence of Plasmodium infections was 96·0%. Eleven children were defined as clinical malaria cases, all with single P. falciparum infections. The density of P. falciparum was significantly lower in children with mixed Plasmodium infections compared to those with single P. falciparum infections. Children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infections had higher IgG reactivities to rRAP-1, compared to IgG reactivities of children with malarial disease. Children with mixed Plasmodium infections generally showed elevated IgG reactivity to rRAP-1, when compared to children with single P. falciparum infections. The possible relationship between mixed species infections, clinical outcome of the disease and antibody responses to RAP-1 is discussed.

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Karimov, I. Z., N. G. Los’-Yatsenko, A. S. Midikari, M. V. Gorovenko, and P. S. Arshinov. "Clinical and epidemiological features of imported malaria in the Republic of Crimea for a twenty-year period (1994-2014)." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 6 (December 15, 2014): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2004.

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Aim. To identify the main clinical and epidemiological features of imported malaria in the Republic of Crimea for a twenty year period (1994-2014). Methods. Archival case reports, results of thin and thick blood films for malaria, a set of general clinical and biochemical laboratory parameters were assessed. Results. Over the past 20 years, 48 patients (including 47 men) aged 21 to 61 years were treated for imported malaria in the department of infectious diseases of the 7th City Clinical Hospital in Simferopol. 34 patients were diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 7 - with Plasmodium vivax malaria, 1 - with Plasmodium ovale malaria, 2 - with Plasmodium malariae malaria. Mixed infection (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) was revealed in 2 patients; in 2 cases the diagnosis was based on clinical and epidemiological data. Malaria was imported form Sierra Leone, Angola, Mali, Guinea, India, Yemen, Nigeria, Congo, Ghana, as well as from neighboring countries - Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. The clinical picture of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was characterized with diverse fever, absence of manifest chills and sweats, challenging the diagnosis. Plasmodium vivax malaria cases were typical with repeated fever, but were diagnosed late. Self-intake of antimalarial and antibacterial drugs, as well as inadequate chemoprophylaxis distorts the clinical picture of the disease and worsens the quality of laboratory diagnosis. Difficulties in film examinations were most common in cases of mixed-malaria and Plasmodium ovale malaria, requiring repeated tests performed by experienced professionals. Intravenous quinine should be added to treatment together with pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine (Fansidar) and artemisinin in cases of severe course of Plasmodium falciparum malaria associated with increasing parasitaemia. Conclusion. Imported malaria, mostly Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which is associated with the most severe clinical course, increased risk for complicated forms development and unfavorable outcome, is quite common in the Republic of Crimea. Mandatory testing of non-immunized persons returning from endemic areas with any change in well-being and active detection of malaria carriers among residents of endemic areas, arriving in non-endemic areas, are crucial for the early diagnosis of malaria.

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Rehan, Muhammad, Shumaila Nargus, Saleem Ahmad, Sana Saddique, and Saleem Rana. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Malaria among Mothers of patients between 5 and 15 Years of age." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (December 1, 2022): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2022161170.

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Background: Malaria continues to be a serious global public health and development issue. Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal type of the malaria parasite, is responsible for the great majority of malaria-related death and morbidity in children. Aim: To ascertain malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers of patients aged 5 to 15 in Bahawalgar District, Pakistan. Methods: The Cross sectional Descriptive study was done at District health quarter hospital Bahawalnagar. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from mothers of patients visiting medical OPD. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25. Results: Findings of the study showed that a total of 241 malaria infected children were studied, to observe their plasmodium prevalence and their parental KAP of malaria. Most common age group of children was 13-15 years among 56.0%. Female’s children were commonest as 63.9%. Most of parents 46.1% were found with intermediate education. P-vivax was P-vivax was mostly seen among 66.4% children followed by p-falciparum 17.4%, p-malariae 3.3% and Plasmodium Vivax + falciparum 12.9%. The prevalence of plasmodiums was insignificantly related to demographic characteristics, with p-values that were relatively low. Conclusion: The study concluded that plasmodium vivax was the most prevalent malarial parasite. Parents had partial knowledge regarding malaria and its treatment. Parents had good attitude and agreed to participation in its prevention. Key words: Malaria, parents, knowledge, practice, children’s mothers

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Dembélé, Laurent, Jean-François Franetich, Valérie Soulard, Nadia Amanzougaghene, Shahin Tajeri, Teun Bousema, Geert-Jan van Gemert, et al. "Chloroquine Potentiates Primaquine Activity against Active and Latent Hepatic Plasmodia Ex Vivo: Potentials and Pitfalls." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 65, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): e01416-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01416-20.

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ABSTRACTFor a long while, 8-aminoquinoline compounds have been the only therapeutic agents against latent hepatic malaria parasites. These have poor activity against the blood-stage plasmodia causing acute malaria and must be used in conjunction with partner blood schizontocidal agents. We examined the impacts of one such agent, chloroquine, upon the activity of primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, against hepatic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium yoelii, Plasmodium berghei, and Plasmodium falciparum within several ex vivo systems—primary hepatocytes of Macaca fascicularis, primary human hepatocytes, and stably transformed human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. Primaquine exposures to formed hepatic schizonts and hypnozoites of P. cynomolgi in primary simian hepatocytes exhibited similar 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values near 0.4 μM, whereas chloroquine in the same system exhibited no inhibitory activities. Combining chloroquine and primaquine in this system decreased the observed primaquine IC50 for all parasite forms in a chloroquine dose-dependent manner by an average of 18-fold. Chloroquine also decreased the primaquine IC50 against hepatic P. falciparum in primary human hepatocytes, P. berghei in simian primary hepatocytes, and P. yoelii in primary human hepatocytes. Chloroquine had no impact on primaquine IC50 against P. yoelii in HepG2 cells and, likewise, had no impact on the IC50 of atovaquone (hepatic schizontocide) against P. falciparum in human hepatocytes. We describe important sources of variability in the potentiation of primaquine activity by chloroquine in these systems. Chloroquine potentiated primaquine activity against hepatic forms of several plasmodia. We conclude that chloroquine specifically potentiated 8-aminoquinoline activities against active and dormant hepatic-stage plasmodia in normal primary hepatocytes but not in a hepatocarcinoma cell line.

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Suryadi, Doni, Vera Madonna Lumban Toruan, Fransiska Anggreni Sihotang, and Loly Rotua Dharmanita Siagian. "The RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AND PLASMODIUM VIVAX WITH THE DEGREE OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN MALARIA PATIENTS AT RSUD RATU AJI PUTRI BOTUNG PENAJAM PASER UTARA." Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30650/jik.v9i1.2218.

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ABSTRACT Malaria is a tropical infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. In malaria, various kinds of haematological complications can arise, one of which is thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is most commonly encountered during acute malaria infection with varying degrees observed in both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the types of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax with the degree of thrombocytopenia in malaria patients at the Ratu Aji Putri Botung Penajam Paser Utara Hospital. This research is an observasional analytic study with cross sectional method. The data was taken by using purposive sampling method from the medical records of malaria patients hospitalized in Ratu Aji Putri Botung Penajam Paser Utara Hospital in the period of January 2013 - August 2018. Data analysis used the Chi-square test. Of the 310 malaria patients who were study subjects, 60,3% (n = 187) were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and 39,7% (n = 123) were infected with Plasmodium vivax. Most of the research subjects were male (95,8%) who were dominated by adults (56,5%). As many as 90% of malaria patients experienced thrombocytopenia with mild, moderate, and severe thrombocytopenia respectively 29,4% ; 56,6% ; 14,0%. Severe thrombocytopenia was more common in falciparum malaria patients (16,4%). The statistical test result for the type of Plasmodium with the degree of thrombocytopenia were p = 0,139. It was concluded that there was no relationship between the types of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax with the degree of thrombocytopenia in malaria patients. Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium, Degree of Thrombocytopenia

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Mayer, D. C. Ghislaine. "Protein Sorting in Plasmodium Falciparum." Life 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090937.

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Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular eukaryote with a very polarized secretory system composed of micronemes rhoptries and dense granules that are required for host cell invasion. P. falciparum, like its relative T. gondii, uses the endolysosomal system to produce the secretory organelles and to ingest host cell proteins. The parasite also has an apicoplast, a secondary endosymbiotic organelle, which depends on vesicular trafficking for appropriate incorporation of nuclear-encoded proteins into the apicoplast. Recently, the central molecules responsible for sorting and trafficking in P. falciparum and T. gondii have been characterized. From these studies, it is now evident that P. falciparum has repurposed the molecules of the endosomal system to the secretory pathway. Additionally, the sorting and vesicular trafficking mechanism seem to be conserved among apicomplexans. This review described the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of protein sorting and vesicular trafficking in P. falciparum and revealed that P. falciparum has an amazing secretory machinery that has been cleverly modified to its intracellular lifestyle.

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Anindita, Reza, Dede Dwi Nathalia, and Chandra Rahmadi. "Digitalisasi Preparat Mikroskopis Plasmodium falciparum dan Plasmodium vivax Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Protozoologi." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 12, no. 2 (December 17, 2024): 2290. https://doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v12i2.13803.

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One of the competencies of health students in the health protozoology course is being able to identify the microscopic morphology of Plasmodium sp. However, the identification of Plasmodium sp. is still widely done using conventional ATLAS. Therefore, innovation is needed using digital ATLAS. The purpose of this study was to digitize microscopic images of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum as a learning medium for protozoology courses. This type of research is quantitative descriptive. The sources of digital data in this study were Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite and gametocyte phase preparations and Plasmodium vivax amoeboid phase. This research method includes documentation, editing, validation, description, inventory, and evaluation. The results of this study are the number of images that were successfully digitized is 158 images consisting of Plasmodium falciparum ring phase as many as 58, gametocyte phase as many as 19, and P. vivax as many as 81 images with quality including the sufficient category, the percentage of digital ATLAS usage is 73.6 while conventional ATLAS is 47.8. The conclusion of this study is that the digitalization of microscopic images of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum can be developed into an Android-based application.

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Kakaraparthi, Sweta, and Raghunath Prabhu. "Plasmodium Vivax Infection Impersonating Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria." Eurasian Journal of Medicine 46, no. 1 (February 27, 2014): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/eajm.2014.09.

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MEHDI, SYED GHAZANFAR, and NAEEM NAQI. "FALCIPARUM MALARIA." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 01 (March 10, 2011): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.01.1860.

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Introduction: Quinine and quinidines remain the drugs of choice for chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In 1972, Chinese scientists discovered the antimalarial properties of a group of compounds from the qinghao plant (Artemisia annua) which have activity against all malaria causing parasites including multi-drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Objective: To compare response to treatment between quinine and artemether in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: Department of Medicine Pakistan Air Force Hospital Lahore. Period: 1st Jun 2008 to 1st Dec 2009. Patients: 80 consecutive adult patients with positive MP slide for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Methods: Patients were randomly divided into two groups for treatment either with quinine or artemether. Results: Out of total 80 patients, 40 were given quinine and 40 were given artemether. Out of 40, 16 patients responded to quinine while 24 did not respond. The responders were 34.8% in case of quinine while 70.6% patients did not respond. Out of 40 patients treated with artemether, 30 responded while 10 did not. The responders were 65.2%while non responders were 29.4%.0n calculating the P-value from the chi-square it was found that difference in terms of response to the two treatment regimens was statistically significant.(P=.0022).Conclusion: The frequency of response in case of quinine was 34.8% while it was 65.2% in case of artemether. So based upon statistically significant difference (P=.0022) it is concluded that Artemether is a satisfactory alternative to Quinine for the treatment of falciparum malaria in adults.

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Solovyev, Solovyev A. I., Uskov A. N. Uskov, Kovalenko A. N. Kovalenko, Kapatsyna V. A. Kapatsyna, and Rakin A. I. Rakin. "Molecular genetic mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum." Èpidemiologiâ i Infekcionnye Bolezni. Aktual’nye voprosy 4_2020 (December 14, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2020.10.4.80-7.

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Solovyev, Solovyev A. I., Uskov A. N. Uskov, Kovalenko A. N. Kovalenko, Kapatsyna V. A. Kapatsyna, and Rakin A. I. Rakin. "Molecular genetic mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum." Èpidemiologiâ i Infekcionnye Bolezni. Aktual’nye voprosy 4_2020 (December 14, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2020.10.4.80-87.

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Solovyev, Solovyev A. I., Uskov A. N. Uskov, Kovalenko A. N. Kovalenko, Kapatsyna V. A. Kapatsyna, and Rakin A. I. Rakin. "Molecular genetic mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum." Èpidemiologiâ i Infekcionnye Bolezni. Aktual’nye voprosy 4_2020 (December 14, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2020.4.80-87.

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KHOHARO, HAJI KHAN, F. ATI MA QURESHI, SHUAIB ANSARI, and Rizwan Javed. "CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANT PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 01 (March 10, 2010): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.01.2079.

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Objective: The study was conducted to determine the frequency of Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Subjects& Methods: This was a descriptive case series study conducted at Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas & Liaquat University HospitalHyderabad/ Jamshoro, from January 2007 to December 2007. Total 160 patients with acute attack of fever were selected & studied who fulfilledthe inclusion criteria. The WHO extended test was done by giving 25 mg/kg body weight of Chloroquine base over 3 days. The interpretationof the test was done as per criteria laid down by WHO. Results: Out of one hundred sixty, 110 (68.75%) were males and 50 (31.25%) werefemales with ratio of 2.2:1. The age range 16-45 years with mean 28±12 years. Seventy one patients (44.375%) were Chloroquine sensitive.Chloroquine-resistance (CQR) Rl, Rll & both Rl Rll noted were 28.125%, 15.645% & 43.75% respectively. The CQR- R III was not observedin our study. Conclusions: In view of this situation, more organized and thorough studies must be conducted to elucidate the epidemiology,geographic-distribution & degree of Chloroquine resistance. And the local strategies be made to overcome this problem and to assess the needfor changing the first line drug.

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Mullard, Asher. "Picking Plasmodium falciparum apart." Nature Reviews Microbiology 6, no. 2 (February 2008): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1848.

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Couto, Alicia S., Carolina Caffaro, M. Laura Uhrig, Emilia Kimura, Valnice J. Peres, Emilio F. Merino, Alejandro M. Katzin, Masae Nishioka, Hiroshi Nonami, and Rosa Erra-Balsells. "Glycosphingolipids in Plasmodium falciparum." European Journal of Biochemistry 271, no. 11 (May 17, 2004): 2204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04150.x.

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Weitzman, Jonathan B. "The Plasmodium falciparum genome." Genome Biology 3 (2002): spotlight—20021003–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20021003-01.

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Whitty, Christopher JM, and Shabbar Jaffar. "Plasmodium falciparum cross resistance." Lancet 359, no. 9300 (January 2002): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07300-2.

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Le Bras, J. "Chimiorésistance de Plasmodium falciparum." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 29 (December 1999): S274—S281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(00)88264-5.

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Davidson, Eugene A., and D. Channe Gowda. "Glycobiology of Plasmodium falciparum." Biochimie 83, no. 7 (July 2001): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9084(01)01316-5.

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MCCASLIN, R. IAN, ANDREAS PIKIS, and WILLIAM J. RODRIGUEZ. "Pediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 13, no. 8 (August 1994): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199408000-00006.

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Agrawal, VK. "Plasmodium falciparum Containment Strategy." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 64, no. 1 (January 2008): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(08)80150-5.

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Landoni, Malena, Vilma G. Duschak, Valnice J. Peres, Hiroshi Nonami, Rosa Erra-Balsells, Alejandro M. Katzin, and Alicia S. Couto. "Plasmodium falciparum biosynthesizes sulfoglycosphingolipids." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 154, no. 1 (July 2007): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.03.014.

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Gautret, Philippe. "Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte periodicity." Acta Tropica 78, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(00)00174-1.

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