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Haspreet, Kaur Gill, Kumari Swarnim, and Jaiswal C.P. "A Hospital Based Assessment of the Diagnostic Efficacy of Two Different Approaches in the Diagnosis of Malaria." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 05 (2024): 644–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12886193.
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AbstractAim: Evaluation of Rapid diagnostic tests compared to peripheral smear in the diagnosis of malaria.Methods and Materials: This is a retrospective hospital-based study was conducted in the Department ofpathology, NMCH, Patna, Bihar, India for 9 months. During this period, 1835 blood samples were received formalaria diagnosis from clinically suspected cases. Blood samples were collected in EDTA vacutainer tube.Peripheral smears were made on a clean glass slide with a drop of blood, air dried and stained with Leishmanstain. Smears were thoroughly examined under oil immersion for the presence of malaria parasite. Of 1835samples, 600 samples were randomly selected and Rapid Diagnostic test was performed using Antigen based Pf(HRP-II) and PV (pLDH) specific kit. Procedure was performed as per manufacturer’s instructions.Results: Of the 600 Peripheral smears studied, 175 showed positive for malarial parasite. Plasmodium Vivax (Pv)was diagnosed in 173 Cases, Plasmodium Falciparum (Pf) was identified in one case and one smear showed mixedinfection with both Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium Falciparum. Rapid Diagnostic test showed 189 positivecases, of which 178 were plasmodium Vivax, four cases were Plasmodium Falciparum and seven cases showedmixed infection with Falciparum and Vivax. Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value and NegativePredictive value were 100%, 96.7%, 92.5% and 100% respectively.Conclusions: Peripheral smears are considered to be gold standard for diagnosis of malaria. RDTs can be moresensitive and specific than peripheral smears. Newer Pf /Pv specific antigen card can distinguish mixed and PFinfections. However further studies are required to assess cost effectiveness and efficiency of different RDTs.
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Jang, Woong Sik, Da Hye Lim, YoungLan Choe, et al. "Development of a Multiplex Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Plasmodium spp., Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax." Diagnostics 11, no. 11 (2021): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11111950.
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Malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium and transmitted by mosquitoes, is an epidemic that mainly occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. As treatments differ across species of malarial parasites, there is a need to develop rapid diagnostic methods to differentiate malarial species. Herein, we developed a multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/actin beta loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to diagnose Plasmodium spp., P. falciparum, and P. vivax, as well as the internal control (IC), within 40 min. The detection limits of the multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/IC LAMP were 1 × 102, 1 × 102, 1 × 102, and 1 × 103 copies/µL for four vectors, including the 18S rRNA gene (Plasmodium spp.), lactate dehydrogenase gene (P. falciparum), 16S rRNA gene (P. vivax), and human actin beta gene (IC), respectively. The performance of the LAMP assay was compared and evaluated by evaluating 208 clinical samples (118 positive and 90 negative samples) with the commercial RealStar® Malaria S&T PCR Kit 1.0. The developed multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/IC LAMP assay showed comparable sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) with the commercial RealStar® Malaria S&T PCR Kit 1.0 (100%). These results suggest that the multiplex malaria Pan/Pf/Pv/IC LAMP could be used as a point-of-care molecular diagnostic test for malaria.
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Gupta, Himanshu, Mohammed P. Afsal, Seema M. Shetty, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, and Shashikiran Umakanth. "Plasmodium vivax infection causes acute respiratory distress syndrome: a case report." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 08 (2015): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6813.
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Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) is associated with numerous complications and high mortality, whereas Plasmodium vivax (Pv) infection is generally considered to be benign. However, severe complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in Pv infection, are emerging. This case report highlights the complication of ARDS during the course of Pv infection in a 60-year-old woman. The diagnosis of the patient was made using microscopy, immunochromatography, and polymerase chain reaction assays for Pf and Pv species. The data indicated the presence of mono-Pv infection in the patient’s blood, and Pf infection was specifically ruled out. The patient was discharged after intensive supportive care and antimalarial treatment. Pv infection is associated with ARDS and other complications such as sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; this enhanced severity of Pv infection, if unrecognized, can lead to more deaths in malaria-endemic areas.
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Azam, Mudsser, Kirti Upmanyu, Ratan Gupta, et al. "Development of Two-Tube Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Differential Diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and Its Comparison with Loopamp™ Malaria." Diagnostics 11, no. 9 (2021): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091689.
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To strengthen malaria surveillance, field-appropriate diagnostics requiring limited technical resources are of critical significance. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based malaria diagnostic assays are potential point-of-care tests with high sensitivity and specificity and have been used in low-resource settings. Plasmodium vivax–specific consensus repeat sequence (CRS)-based and Plasmodium falciparum–specific 18S rRNA primers were designed, and a two-tube LAMP assay was developed. The diagnostic performance of a closed-tube LAMP assay and Loopamp™ Malaria Detection (Pan/Pf, Pv) kit was investigated using nested PCR confirmed mono- and co-infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum positive (n = 149) and negative (n = 67) samples. The closed-tube Pv LAMP assay showed positive amplification in 40 min (limit of detection, LOD 0.7 parasites/µL) and Pf LAMP assay in 30 min (LOD 2 parasites/µL). Pv LAMP and Pf LAMP demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 95.96–100% and 89.85–100%, respectively). The LoopampTM Pan/Pf Malaria Detection kit demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 100%, whereas LoopampTM Pv showed a sensitivity of 98.36% (95% CI, 91.28–99.71%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 87.54–100%). The developed two-tube LAMP assay is highly sensitive (LOD ≤ 2 parasite/µL), demonstrating comparable results with the commercial Loopamp™ Malaria Detection (Pf/pan) kit, and was superior in detecting the P. vivax co-infection that remained undetected by the Loopamp™ Pv kit. The developed indigenous two-tube Pf/Pv malaria detection can reliably be used for mass screening in resource-limited areas endemic for both P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria.
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Ossè, Razaki A., Filémon Tokponnon, Germain Gil Padonou, et al. "Evidence of Transmission of Plasmodium vivax 210 and Plasmodium vivax 247 by Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii, Major Malaria Vectors in Benin/West Africa." Insects 14, no. 3 (2023): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14030231.
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Current diagnostic and surveillance systems in Benin are not designed to accurately identify or report non-Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) human malaria infections. This study aims to assess and compare the prevalence of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies of Pf and P. vivax (Pv) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Benin. For that, mosquito collections were performed through human landing catches (HLC) and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified, and Pf, Pv 210, and Pv 247 CSP antibodies were sought in An. gambiae s.l. through the ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Of the 32,773 collected mosquitoes, 20.9% were An. gambiae s.l., 3.9% An. funestus gr., and 0.6% An. nili gr. In An. gambiae s.l., the sporozoite rate was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.1–3.1) for Pf, against 0.30% (95% CI: 0.1–0.5) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1–0.4), respectively, for Pv 210 and Pv 247. P. falciparum sporozoite positive mosquitoes were mostly An. gambiae (64.35%), followed by An. coluzzii (34.78%) and An. arabiensis (0.86%). At the opposite, for the Pv 210 sporozoite-positive mosquitoes, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae accounted for 76.92% and 23.08%, respectively. Overall, the present study shows that P. falciparum is not the only Plasmodium species involved in malaria cases in Benin.
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Gopalakrishnan, Nisha Thattamparambil, Supriya Papaiah, Smera Soman, and Krishnaraj Upadhyaya. "A Clinicopathological Study of Thrombocytopenia in Malaria Cases with Its Evaluation in Different Types of Malaria." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 33 (2021): 2707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/553.
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BACKGROUND Malaria is a global health problem, caused by the protozoa plasmodium and is characterized by haematological abnormalities, with thrombocytopenia being the most common. Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood films is the gold standard in diagnosis of malaria. This study was conducted to assess the severity of thrombocytopenia in malaria patients and to correlate it with the type of malaria. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in Yenepoya Medical College, Hospital, Mangalore for a period of 1.5 years. Patients of all ages who were hospitalized or attending OPD were included. Patients with dengue fever and drug-induced thrombocytopenia were excluded. Complete blood cell count was done using an automated cell count analyser. Thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet count < 150,000 / μl. It was graded as severe: platelet count < 50,000/ μl, moderate: 50,000- 100,000/ μl and mild: 100,000-150,000 /μl. RESULTS Our study included 120 malaria positive cases with 102 (85 %) males and 18 (15 %) females. 90.8 % cases presented with thrombocytopenia, predominantly moderate to severe thrombocytopenia (80.7 %). Plasmodium vivax (Pv) was the most common species found in our study. Ninety-nine (82.5 %) cases were positive for Plasmodium vivax (Pv), 8 (6.6 %) cases for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and 13 (10.8 %) cases had mixed infection with both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Out of 99 cases which had vivax malaria, 88 (88.9 %) cases had thrombocytopenia. All 8 cases detected with falciparum malaria and 13 cases with mixed infection had thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS The above findings can have therapeutic implications in avoiding unnecessary platelet infusion in malaria patients. Presence of thrombocytopenia in a patient with acute febrile illness can heighten suspicion of malaria, and initiate prompt treatment. KEY WORDS Thrombocytopenia, Malaria, Severity
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Vishruti Gandhi, Vishruti Gandhi, Prasad Muley, Niyati Parikh, Hardik Gandhi, and Akash Mehta. "Is rapid diagnostic test (malaria Pv/Pf Ag card test) reliable in diagnosing malaria." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20175565.
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Background: Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes is one of the most important parasitic diseases of human with transmission in 109 countries, affecting more than one billion people worldwide. This study was planned to compare the gold standard i.e. peripheral blood smear examination and the newer rapid diagnostic test (malaria plasmodium falciparum/ plasmodium vivax antigen card) to know the diagnostic accuracy of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits. Methods: All the suspected cases of WHO defined malaria between 1month to 18 years of age were enrolled in the study.Results: Out of 96 clinically suspected cases of malaria 63 were confirmed by peripheral smear. The age range of participants ranged from 4 months to 17 years. On peripheral smear examination, out of 96 clinically suspected cases, 37 (38.5%) cases were positive for P. vivax, 23 (23.9%) were positive for P. falciparum and 3 (3.1%) were positive for both parasites by microscopy. Sensitivity and specificity of RDT for Plasmodium Vivax is 92.5% and 96.4% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of RDT for Plasmodium Falciparum is 96.2% and 90%.Conclusions: The rational use of RDTs as a complement to microscopy might give substantial health benefits through earlier treatment, reduction in morbidity and mortality and more rationalized approach for choosing anti-malarial drugs, which in terms may prevent drug resistance.
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Kattenberg, Johanna Helena, Luis Cabrera-Sosa, Erick Figueroa-Ildefonso, et al. "Plasmodium vivax genomic surveillance in the Peruvian Amazon with Pv AmpliSeq assay." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 7 (2024): e0011879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011879.
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Background Plasmodium vivax is the most predominant malaria species in Latin America, constituting 71.5% of malaria cases in 2021. With several countries aiming for malaria elimination, it is crucial to prioritize effectiveness of national control programs by optimizing the utilization of available resources and strategically implementing necessary changes. To support this, there is a need for innovative approaches such as genomic surveillance tools that can investigate changes in transmission intensity, imported cases and sources of reintroduction, and can detect molecular markers associated with drug resistance. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we apply a modified highly-multiplexed deep sequencing assay: Pv AmpliSeq v2 Peru. The tool targets a newly developed 41-SNP Peru barcode for parasite population analysis within Peru, the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel for country-level classification, and 11 putative drug resistance genes. It was applied to 230 samples from the Peruvian Amazon (2007–2020), generating baseline surveillance data. We observed a heterogenous P. vivax population with high diversity and gene flow in peri-urban areas of Maynas province (Loreto region) with a temporal drift using all SNPs detected by the assay (nSNP = 2909). In comparison, in an indigenous isolated area, the parasite population was genetically differentiated (FST = 0.07–0.09) with moderate diversity and high relatedness between isolates in the community. In a remote border community, a clonal P. vivax cluster was identified, with distinct haplotypes in drug resistant genes and ama1, more similar to Brazilian isolates, likely representing an introduction of P. vivax from Brazil at that time. To test its applicability for Latin America, we evaluated the SNP Peru barcode in P. vivax genomes from the region and demonstrated the capacity to capture local population clustering at within-country level. Conclusions/Significance Together this data shows that P. vivax transmission is heterogeneous in different settings within the Peruvian Amazon. Genetic analysis is a key component for regional malaria control, offering valuable insights that should be incorporated into routine surveillance.
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Balasubramanian, Sujata, Rifat S. Rahman, Chanthap Lon, et al. "Efficient Transmission of Mixed Plasmodium falciparum/vivax Infections From Humans to Mosquitoes." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 3 (2019): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz388.
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Abstract Background In Southeast Asia, people are often coinfected with different species of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum [Pf] and Plasmodium vivax [Pv]) as well as with multiple clones of the same species. Whether particular species or clones within mixed infections are more readily transmitted to mosquitoes remains unknown. Methods Laboratory-reared Anopheles dirus were fed on blood from 119 Pf-infected Cambodian adults, with 5950 dissected to evaluate for transmitted infection. Among 12 persons who infected mosquitoes, polymerase chain reaction and amplicon deep sequencing were used to track species and clone-specific transmission to mosquitoes. Results Seven of 12 persons that infected mosquitoes harbored mixed Pf/Pv infection. Among these 7 persons, all transmitted Pv with 2 transmitting both Pf and Pv, leading to Pf/Pv coinfection in 21% of infected mosquitoes. Up to 4 clones of each species were detected within persons. Shifts in clone frequency were detected during transmission. However, in general, all parasite clones in humans were transmitted to mosquitoes, with individual mosquitoes frequently carrying multiple transmitted clones. Conclusions Malaria diversity in human hosts was maintained in the parasite populations recovered from mosquitoes fed on their blood. However, in persons with mixed Pf/Pv malaria, Pv appears to be transmitted more readily, in association with more prevalent patent gametocytemia.
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Marques, Rodolfo F., Alba Marina Gimenez, Eduardo Aliprandini, et al. "Protective Malaria Vaccine in Mice Based on the Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein Fused with the Mumps Nucleocapsid Protein." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020190.
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Plasmodium vivax is the most common species of human malaria parasite found outside Africa, with high endemicity in Asia, Central and South America, and Oceania. Although Plasmodium falciparum causes the majority of deaths, P. vivax can lead to severe malaria and result in significant morbidity and mortality. The development of a protective vaccine will be a major step toward malaria elimination. Recently, a formulation containing the three allelic variants of the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP—All epitopes) showed partial protection in mice after a challenge with the hybrid Plasmodium berghei (Pb) sporozoite, in which the PbCSP central repeats were replaced by the VK210 PvCSP repeats (Pb/Pv sporozoite). In the present study, the chimeric PvCSP allelic variants (VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like) were fused with the mumps virus nucleocapsid protein in the absence (NLP-CSPR) or presence of the conserved C-terminal (CT) domain of PvCSP (NLP-CSPCT). To elicit stronger humoral and cellular responses, Pichia pastoris yeast was used to assemble them as nucleocapsid-like particles (NLPs). Mice were immunized with each recombinant protein adjuvanted with Poly (I:C) and presented a high frequency of antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) on days 5 and 30, respectively, in the spleen and bone marrow. Moreover, high IgG titers against all PvCSP variants were detected in the sera. Later, these immunized mice with NLP-CSPCT were challenged with Pb/Pv sporozoites. Sterile protection was observed in 30% of the challenged mice. Therefore, this vaccine formulation use has the potential to be a good candidate for the development of a universal vaccine against P. vivax malaria.
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Villasis, Elizabeth, Katherine Garro, Angel Rosas-Aguirre, et al. "PvMSP8 as a Novel Plasmodium vivax Malaria Sero-Marker for the Peruvian Amazon." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030282.
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The measurement of recent malaria exposure can support malaria control efforts. This study evaluated serological responses to an in-house Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 8 (PvMSP8) expressed in a Baculovirus system as sero-marker of recent exposure to P. vivax (Pv) in the Peruvian Amazon. In a first evaluation, IgGs against PvMSP8 and PvMSP10 proteins were measured by Luminex in a cohort of 422 Amazonian individuals with known history of Pv exposure (monthly data of infection status by qPCR and/or microscopy over five months). Both serological responses were able to discriminate between exposed and non-exposed individuals in a good manner, with slightly higher performance of anti-PvMSP10 IgGs (area under the curve AUC = 0.78 [95% CI = 0.72–0.83]) than anti-PvMSP8 IgGs (AUC = 0.72 [95% CI = 0.67–0.78]) (p = 0.01). In a second evaluation, the analysis by ELISA of 1251 plasma samples, collected during a population-based cross-sectional survey, confirmed the good performance of anti-PvMSP8 IgGs for discriminating between individuals with Pv infection at the time of survey and/or with antecedent of Pv in the past month (AUC = 0.79 [95% CI = 0.74–0.83]). Anti-PvMSP8 IgG antibodies can be considered as a good biomarker of recent Pv exposure in low-moderate transmission settings of the Peruvian Amazon.
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Mittal, Payal, Siddhartha Mishra, Sonalika Kar, Veena Pande, Abhinav Sinha, and Amit Sharma. "Global distribution of single amino acid polymorphisms in Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding-like domain and implications for vaccine development efforts." Open Biology 10, no. 9 (2020): 200180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200180.
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Plasmodium vivax ( Pv ) malaria continues to be geographically widespread with approximately 15 million worldwide cases annually. Along with other proteins, Duffy-binding proteins (DBPs) are used by plasmodium for RBC invasion and the parasite-encoded receptor binding regions lie in their Duffy-binding-like (DBL) domains—thus making it a prime vaccine candidate. This study explores the sequence diversity in Pv DBL globally, with an emphasis on India as it remains a major contributor to the global Pv malaria burden. Based on 1358 Pv DBL protein sequences available in NCBI, we identified 140 polymorphic sites within 315 residues of Pv DBL. Alarmingly, country-wise mapping of SAAPs from field isolates revealed varied and distinct polymorphic profiles for different nations. We report here 31 polymorphic residue positions in the global SAAP profile, most of which map to the Pv DBL subdomain 2 ( α 1– α 6). A distinct clustering of SAAPs distal to the DARC-binding sites is indicative of immune evasive strategies by the parasite. Analyses of Pv DBL-neutralizing antibody complexes revealed that between 24% and 54% of interface residues are polymorphic. This work provides a framework to recce and expand the polymorphic space coverage in Pv DBLs as this has direct implications for vaccine development studies. It also emphasizes the significance of surveying global SAAP distributions before or alongside the identification of vaccine candidates.
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Tegegne, Banchamlak, Endalkachew Nibret, Abaineh Munshea, et al. "Performance of BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv lactate dehydrogenase-based malaria rapid diagnostic test among pregnant women with suspected malaria infection in Bahir Dar City Administration, northwest Ethiopia." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0322362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322362.
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Background Malaria during pregnancy is a common public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. It poses a double burden as it affects the health of mothers, their fetuses and neonates. Moreover, due to malaria parasites sequestration in the placenta, microscopy might miss infections. Hence, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are good alternatives for diagnosing malaria in pregnancy even at health facilities or periphery or lower-level healthcare facilities (e.g., health posts). However, performance of RDTs should be closely monitored as their sensitivity and specificity are affected by many factors. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 302 pregnant women with suspected malaria infection to evaluate the performance of the newly introduced BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) RDT. Venous blood samples were collected from all eligible pregnant women and tested for Plasmodium infection using BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv and CareStart™ Pf/Pv RDTs, microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) following standard protocols. The performance of BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv was evaluated using the following parameters: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and kappa-value. These parameters were calculated using online SISA software. Results Of the 302 pregnant women with complete data, 166 (55.0%), 180 (59.6%), 191 (63.2%) and 207 (68.5%) tested positive by CareStart™ Pf/Pv, BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv, microscopy and PCR, respectively. The sensitivity of BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv in detecting P. falciparum was 89.4%, 75.4% and 55.6% as compared to CareStart™ Pf/Pv, microscopy and PCR tests, respectively, while the sensitivity for P. vivax was 81.8%, 84.3% and 86.7%, respectively. The specificity of BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv was > 90% when compared to all the three diagnostic tests. When considering PCR as a reference test, BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv was more sensitive (55.6%) than CareStart™ Pf/Pv (37.6%) for detecting P. falciparum but had similar sensitivity (86.7%) in detecting P. vivax. Conclusions BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv performed better for the diagnosis of P. falciparum infection in pregnant women than the previously in-use CareStart™ Pf/Pv. We recommend using the BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv RDT in Ethiopia for the diagnosis of both species given the high prevalence and widespread nature of the hrp2/3 gene deletion in the country.
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Gandrala, Divya, Nitin Gupta, Alekhya Lavu, Vishnu Teja Nallapati, Vasudeva Guddattu, and Kavitha Saravu. "Recurrence in Plasmodium vivax malaria: a prospective cohort study with long follow-up from a coastal region in South-West India." F1000Research 11 (April 6, 2022): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109577.2.
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Background: India is endemic for Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria. Despite a decrease in incidence, its elimination is hampered by recurrences. This study aimed to characterize recurrences in Pv malaria and study its association with primaquine (PQ) usage. Methods: Symptomatic adult Pv patients were followed-up for up to 23 months for recurrences. The time to recurrence was compared by the PQ dosage they received using a log-rank test. Results: Of the 294 malaria patients, 206 (70%) patients had Pv infection during the study period. A total of 20 (9.7%) recurrences were seen in 17 (8.2%) patients of Pv. The percentage of first-time recurrences were highest in the no PQ group (25%), followed by the weekly PQ group (20%), low dose daily PQ (8.2%) group, and high dose daily PQ group (3.1%). Conclusions: Recurrence in Pv malaria is common, especially in those who receive an incorrect prescription of primaquine.
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Gandrala, Divya, Nitin Gupta, Alekhya Lavu, Vishnu Teja Nallapati, Vasudeva Guddattu, and Kavitha Saravu. "Recurrence in Plasmodium vivax malaria: a prospective cohort study with long follow-up from a coastal region in South-West India." F1000Research 11 (March 4, 2022): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109577.1.
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Background: India is endemic for Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria. Despite a decrease in incidence, its elimination is hampered by recurrences. This study aimed to characterize recurrences in Pv malaria and study its association with primaquine (PQ) usage. Methods: Symptomatic adult Pv patients were followed-up for up to 23 months for recurrences. The time to recurrence was compared by the PQ dosage they received using a log-rank test. Results: Of the 294 malaria patients, 206 (70%) patients had Pv infection during the study period. A total of 20 (9.7%) recurrences were seen in 17 (8.2%) patients of Pv. The percentage of first-time recurrences were highest in the no PQ group (25%), followed by the weekly PQ group (20%), low dose daily PQ (8.2%) group, and high dose daily PQ group (3.1%). Conclusions: Recurrence in Pv malaria is common, especially in those who receive an inappropriate prescription of primaquine.
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Barbosa, Laila R. A., Emanuelle L. da Silva, Anne C. G. de Almeida, et al. "An Ultra-Sensitive Technique: Using Pv-mtCOX1 qPCR to Detect Early Recurrences of Plasmodium vivax in Patients in the Brazilian Amazon." Pathogens 10, no. 1 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010019.
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Background: Early recurrence of Plasmodium vivax is a challenge for malaria control in the field, particularly because this species is associated with lower parasitemia, which hinders diagnosis and monitoring through blood smear testing. Early recurrences, defined as the persistence of parasites in the peripheral blood despite adequate drug dosages, may arise from resistance to chloroquine. The objective of the study was to estimate early recurrence of P. vivax in the Brazilian Amazon by using a highly-sensitive detection method, in this case, PCR. Methods: An ultra-sensitive qPCR that targeted mitochondrial DNA was used to compare a standard qPCR that targeted 18S rDNA to detect early recurrence of P. vivax in very low densities in samples from patients treated with chloroquine. Results: Out of a total of 312 cases, 29 samples (9.3%) were characterized as recurrences, from which 3.2% (10/312) were only detected through ultra-sensitive qPCR testing. Conclusions: Studies that report the detection of P. vivax early recurrences using light microscopy may severely underestimate their true incidence.
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Frame, I. J., Emilio F. Merino, Vern L. Schramm, María B. Cassera, and Myles H. Akabas. "Malaria parasite type 4 equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT4) are purine transporters with distinct substrate specificity." Biochemical Journal 446, no. 2 (2012): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20112220.
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Malaria, caused by Plasmodia parasites, affects hundreds of millions of people. As purine auxotrophs, Plasmodia use transporters to import host purines for subsequent metabolism by the purine salvage pathway. Thus purine transporters are attractive drug targets. All sequenced Plasmodia genomes encode four ENTs (equilibrative nucleoside transporters). During the pathogenic intraerythrocytic stages, ENT1 is a major route of purine nucleoside/nucleobase transport. Another plasma membrane purine transporter exists because Plasmodium falciparum ENT1-knockout parasites survive at supraphysiological purine concentrations. The other three ENTs have not been characterized functionally. Codon-optimized Pf- (P. falciparum) and Pv- (Plasmodium vivax) ENT4 were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and substrate transport was determined with radiolabelled substrates. ENT4 transported adenine and 2′-deoxyadenosine at the highest rate, with millimolar-range apparent affinity. ENT4-expressing oocytes did not accumulate hypoxanthine, a key purine salvage pathway substrate, or AMP. Micromolar concentrations of the plant hormone cytokinin compounds inhibited both PfENT4 and PvENT4. In contrast with PfENT1, ENT4 interacted with the immucillin compounds in the millimolar range and was inhibited by 10 μM dipyridamole. Thus ENT4 is a purine transporter with unique substrate and inhibitor specificity. Its role in parasite physiology remains uncertain, but is likely to be significant because of the strong conservation of ENT4 homologues in Plasmodia genomes.
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Miller III, Whelton A., Joshua Teye, Angela O. Achieng, et al. "Antimalarials: Review of Plasmepsins as Drug Targets and HIV Protease Inhibitors Interactions." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 23 (2019): 2022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666181130133548.
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Malaria is a major global health concern with the majority of cases reported in regions of South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific, the Americas, and Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 216 million worldwide reported cases of malaria in 2016. It is an infection of the red blood cells by parasites of the genus Plasmodium with most severe and common forms caused by Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum or Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax or Pv). Emerging parasite resistance to available antimalarial drugs poses great challenges to treatment. Currently, the first line of defense includes artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), increasingly becoming less effective and challenging to combat new occurrences of drug-resistant parasites. This necessitates the urgent need for novel antimalarials that target new molecular pathways with a different mechanism of action from the traditional antimalarials. Several new inhibitors and potential drug targets of the parasites have been reported over the years. This review focuses on the malarial aspartic proteases known as plasmepsins (Plms) as novel drug targets and antimalarials targeting Plms. It further discusses inhibitors of hemoglobin-degrading plasmepsins Plm I, Plm II, Plm IV and Histo-aspartic proteases (HAP), as well as HIV protease inhibitors of plasmepsins.
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Holzschuh, Aurel, Maria Gruenberg, Natalie E. Hofmann, et al. "Co-infection of the four major Plasmodium species: Effects on densities and gametocyte carriage." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 9 (2022): e0010760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010760.
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Background Co-infection of the four major species of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), P. vivax (Pv), P. malariae (Pm), and P. ovale sp. (Po) is regularly observed, but there is limited understanding of between-species interactions. In particular, little is known about the effects of multiple Plasmodium species co-infections on gametocyte production. Methods We developed molecular assays for detecting asexual and gametocyte stages of Pf, Pv, Pm, and Po. This is the first description of molecular diagnostics for Pm and Po gametocytes. These assays were implemented in a unique epidemiological setting in Papua New Guinea with sympatric transmission of all four Plasmodium species permitting a comprehensive investigation of species interactions. Findings The observed frequency of Pf-Pv co-infection for asexual parasites (14.7%) was higher than expected from individual prevalence rates (23.8%Pf x 47.4%Pv = 11.3%). The observed frequency of co-infection with Pf and Pv gametocytes (4.6%) was higher than expected from individual prevalence rates (13.1%Pf x 28.2%Pv = 3.7%). The excess risk of co-infection was 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.67) for all parasites and 1.37 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.79) for gametocytes. This excess co-infection risk was partially attributable to malaria infections clustering in some villages. Pf-Pv-Pm triple infections were four times more frequent than expected by chance alone, which could not be fully explained by infections clustering in highly exposed individuals. The effect of co-infection on parasite density was analyzed by systematic comparison of all pairwise interactions. This revealed a significant 6.57-fold increase of Pm density when co-infected with Pf. Pm gametocytemia also increased with Pf co-infection. Conclusions Heterogeneity in exposure to mosquitoes is a key epidemiological driver of Plasmodium co-infection. Among the four co-circulating parasites, Pm benefitted most from co-infection with other species. Beyond this, no general prevailing pattern of suppression or facilitation was identified in pairwise analysis of gametocytemia and parasitemia of the four species. Trial registration This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, Trial ID: NCT02143934.
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Jahan, Fahmida, Rubayet Elahi, Md Khaja Mohiuddin, Md Gulam Musawwir Khan, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, and Rashed Noor. "Evaluation of two new rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for the diagnosis of malaria." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 5, no. 2 (2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16931.
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Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) address the need for accurate diagnosis of malaria, particularly in resource limited settings. In this study, two malaria RDTs were compared with gold standard microscopy: On Site Pf/Pv test detecting Plasmodium falciparum-specific histidine rich protein-2 (Pf HR P2) and P. vivax-specific parasitic lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) antigens; and SD Bioline anti-Pf/Pv test detecting anti-HR P2 and anti-pL DH antibodies for the diagnosis of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections, respectively. For OnSite test, the overall sensitivity was found 96.2% , specificity 98.2% , positive predictive value (PPV ) 98.2% , negative predictive value (NPV ) 96.4% and agreement with microscopy was found to be 0.94. On the other hand SD Bioline test, the overall sensitivity was 75.4%, specificity 83.7%, PPV 84.3% , NPV 74.5% and agreement with microscopy was 0.59. These data revealed that the R DT based on antigen detection (Onsite test) was more reliable than that based on the antibody detection (SD Bioline test).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16931 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 11-15
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Singh, H., R. Sen, S. Singh, S. B. Siwach, Jagdish, and R. M. Singh. "Utility of Intradermal Smear in the Diagnosis of Malaria." Tropical Doctor 33, no. 2 (2003): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550303300220.
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The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the usefulness of the intradermal smear test in the diagnosis of malaria. One hundred cases of suspected malaria (having received no prior antimalarials) were investigated. Both peripheral blood film (PBF) and intradermal smears (IDS) were simultaneously prepared and patients placed on antimalarial therapy. The slides were repeated for the next 2 days. At admission, 70 cases were positive on PBF −59 were Plasmodium falciparum (PF) and 11 were Plasmodium vivax (PV) whereas surprisingly 62 cases were positive on IDS at admission −61 were PF, one was PV. IDS identified two more cases of PF [ P value (not significant)] but failed to identify any new cases of PV ( P value NS). On subsequent days IDS positivity for PF was higher than for PBF ( P< 0.05 for day 1 and P < 0.001 for day 2). However, the PV yield was poor for any further statistical evaluation on subsequent days. We conclude that IDS is simple, easy to perform, requires no special infrastructure compared to PBF, and is a helpful diagnostic tool in cases where malaria is strongly suspected but peripheral blood slides are repeatedly negative due to prior use of antimalarial therapy. IDS may be added to routine PBF in malaria (especially PF).
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Dombrowski, Jamille Gregório, André Barateiro, Erika Paula Machado Peixoto, et al. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria in a prospective cohort of women from the Brazilian Amazon." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4 (2021): e0009390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009390.
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Background Malaria in Brazil represents one of the highest percentages of Latin America cases, where approximately 84% of infections are attributed to Plasmodium (P.) vivax. Despite the high incidence, many aspects of gestational malaria resulting from P. vivax infections remain poorly studied. As such, we aimed to evaluate the consequences of P. vivax infections during gestation on the health of mothers and their neonates in an endemic area of the Amazon. Methods and findings We have conducted an observational cohort study in Brazilian Amazon between January 2013 and April 2015. 600 pregnant women were enrolled and followed until delivery. After applying exclusion criteria, 329 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Clinical data regarding maternal infection, newborn’s anthropometric measures, placental histopathological characteristics, and angiogenic and inflammatory factors were evaluated. The presence of plasma IgG against the P. vivax (Pv) MSP119 protein was used as marker of exposure and possible associations with pregnancy outcomes were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that P. vivax infections during the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with adverse gestational outcomes such as premature birth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.12, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.69–24.54, p < 0.0001) and reduced head circumference (aOR 3.58, 95%CI 1.29–9.97, p = 0.01). Histopathology analysis showed marked differences between placentas from P. vivax-infected and non-infected pregnant women, especially regarding placental monocytes infiltrate. Placental levels of vasomodulatory factors such as angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) and complement proteins such as C5a were also altered at delivery. Plasma levels of anti-PvMSP119 IgG in infected pregnant women were shown to be a reliable exposure marker; yet, with no association with improved pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions This study indicates that P. vivax malaria during the first trimester of pregnancy represents a higher likelihood of subsequent poor pregnancy outcomes associated with marked placental histologic modification and angiogenic/inflammatory imbalance. Additionally, our findings support the idea that antibodies against PvMSP119 are not protective against poor pregnancy outcomes induced by P. vivax infections.
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Zeeshan, Mohammad, Kriti Tyagi, and Yagya D. Sharma. "CD4+T Cell Response Correlates with Naturally Acquired Antibodies against Plasmodium vivax Tryptophan-Rich Antigens." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 5 (2015): 2018–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.03095-14.
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Tryptophan-rich proteins play important biological functions for thePlasmodiumparasite.Plasmodium vivaxcontains remarkably large numbers of such proteins belonging to the “Pv-fam-a” family that need to be characterized. Earlier, we reported the presence of memory T cells and naturally acquired antibodies against 15 of these proteins inP. vivaxmalaria-exposed individuals (M. Zeeshan, H. Bora, and Y. D. Sharma, J Infect Dis207:175–185, 2013,http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis650). Here, we sought to characterize and ascertain the cross talk between effector responses of T and B cells in malarial patients against all Pv-fam-a family proteins. Therefore, we expressed the remaining 21 of these proteins inEscherichia coliand studied the humoral and cellular immune responses based on the same parameters used in our previous study. Naturally acquired IgG antibodies were detected against all 21 antigens inP. vivaxpatient sera (37.7 to 94.4% seropositivity). These antigens were able to activate the lymphocytes ofP. vivax-exposed individuals, and the activated CD4+T lymphocytes produced higher levels of Th1 (interleukin-2 [IL-2] and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines than the healthy controls, but the response was Th2 biased. The combined results of present and previous studies seem to suggest a striking link between induction of the CD4+T cell response and naturally acquired antibodies against all 36 proteins of the Pv-fam-a family, the majority of them having conserved sequences in the parasite population. Further work is required to utilize this information to develop immunotherapeutic treatments for this disease.
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Sarkar, Soma, Vinay Gangare, Poonam Singh, and Ramesh C. Dhiman. "Shift in Potential Malaria Transmission Areas in India, Using the Fuzzy-Based Climate Suitability Malaria Transmission (FCSMT) Model under Changing Climatic Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (2019): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183474.
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The future implications of climate change on malaria transmission at the global level have already been reported, however such evidences are scarce and limited in India. Here our study aims to assess, identify and map the potential effects of climate change on Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria transmission in India. A Fuzzy-based Climate Suitability Malaria Transmission (FCSMT) model under the GIS environment was generated using Temperature and Relative Humidity data, extracted from CORDEX South Asia for Baseline (1976–2005) and RCP 4.5 scenario for future projection by the 2030s (2021–2040). National malaria data were used at the model analysis stage. Model outcomes suggest that climate change may significantly increase the spatial spread of Pv and Pf malaria with a numerical increase in the transmission window’s (TW) months, and a shift in the months of transmission. Some areas of the western Himalayan states are likely to have new foci of Pv malaria transmission. Interior parts of some southern and eastern states are likely to become more suitable for Pf malaria transmission. Study has also identified the regions with a reduction in transmission months by the 2030s, leading to unstable malaria, and having the potential for malaria outbreaks.
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Abhigyan, Kumar, and Shankar Vaibhav. "To Analyse the Clinical Characteristics of Falciparum, Vivax, and Mixed Infections of Malaria: A Retrospective Study." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research 16, no. 03 (2024): 544–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12792691.
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AbstractAim: To analyse the clinical characteristics of falciparum, vivax, and mixed infections of malaria in a tertiary carehospital in Bihar, India.Material and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of general medicine, Netajisubhas medical college and hospital, Bihta, Patna, Bihar, India for one year .All adult patients (>15 years of age)admitted with the diagnosis of P. vivax malaria, P. falciparum, and mixed malarial infection. The diagnosis ofmalaria was made based on the detection of malaria parasites by conventional thick and thin peripheral bloodfilms, stained with Giemsa stain, and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The RDTs were based on the detection ofspecific Plasmodium antigen, lactate dehydrogenase. The Care Start™ malaria parasite lactatedehydrogenase/histidine-rich protein 2 (pLDH/HRP2) combo (Pf/Pv) test was used. It consists of a conjugate paddispensed with two monoclonal antibodies, which are specific to pLDH of P. vivax and HRP 2 of P. falciparum.Results: The most common species was vivax (62%), followed by falciparum (29%) and mixed plasmodium spp.(9%). The mean age of the patients was 34.23 ± 15.7 years. The predominant age group affected was between 21and 40 years. There was no statistically significant difference in the age of cases in the uncomplicated or severemalaria. Males were predominantly affected, constituting 64.4%, while females were 35.6%. Fever (100%) wasthe most common symptom observed among the study population, followed by chills (73.4%), headache (48%),icterus (46.2%), vomiting (46%), abdominal pain (29%), decreased urine output (20%), and altered sensorium(16%), while pallor (60.9%) and splenomegaly (34.6%) were the common physical findings present in studyparticipants. Comparison of different laboratory parameters between various types of malaria. In the present study,Hb was significantly lower in falciparum malaria as compared to vivax and mixed malaria and leukocyte countwas significantly lower in mixed malaria as compared to vivax and falciparum malaria. However, no statisticallysignificant differences were observed in other haematological and biochemical parameters. Presence of comorbidconditions was observed in a significant proportion (32%) of patients.Conclusion: Malaria is still an important public health issue despite a consistent decline in its incidence. P.vivax is the plasmodium species which is responsible for most of the cases. Its potential to cause life-threateningillness is the cause of concern. The role of comorbid conditions in influencing the clinical outcome of malariashould be further explored.
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Kumar Choudhary, Prashant, and Prachi Goyal. "To correlate clinical profile & laboratory parameters with final outcome in Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria." IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology 6, no. 3 (2020): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmpo.2020.027.
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Marzano-Miranda, Aline, Gustavo Pereira Cardoso-Oliveira, Ingrid Carla de Oliveira, et al. "Identification and serological responses to a novel Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1) derived synthetic peptide: a putative biomarker for malaria exposure." PeerJ 12 (June 25, 2024): e17632. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17632.
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Background The integration of diagnostic methods holds promise for advancing the surveillance of malaria transmission in both endemic and non-endemic regions. Serological assays emerge as valuable tools to identify and delimit malaria transmission, serving as a complementary method to rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and thick smear microscopy. Here, we evaluate the potential of antibodies directed against peptides encompassing the entire amino acid sequence of the PvMSP-1 Sal-I strain as viable serological biomarkers for P. vivax exposure. Methods We screened peptides encompassing the complete amino acid sequence of the Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (PvMSP-1) Sal-I strain as potential biomarkers for P. vivax exposure. Here, immunodominant peptides specifically recognized by antibodies from individuals infected with P. vivax were identified using the SPOT-synthesis technique followed by immunoblotting. Two 15-mer peptides were selected based on their higher and specific reactivity in immunoblotting assays. Subsequently, peptides p70 and p314 were synthesized in soluble form using SPPS (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis) and tested by ELISA (IgG, and subclasses). Results This study unveils the presence of IgG antibodies against the peptide p314 in most P. vivax-infected individuals from the Brazilian Amazon region. In silico B-cell epitope prediction further supports the utilization of p314 as a potential biomarker for evaluating malaria transmission, strengthened by its amino acid sequence being part of a conserved block of PvMSP-1. Indeed, compared to patients infected with P. falciparum and uninfected individuals never exposed to malaria, P. vivax-infected patients have a notably higher recognition of p314 by IgG1 and IgG3.
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Vijay, Kolhar, R. Reddy Pradeep., and Manjunath Patagar Pratibha. "Prevalence of Commonest Plasmodium Malaria in Children below 10 of Age in North Karnataka." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 1 (2024): 1522–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11122795.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Malaria is one of the oldest recorded diseases in the world. It has infected humans for the last 50,000 years. The paediatric population is especially vulnerable to this preventable illness if it is diagnosed and treated at the earliest possible time. <strong>Method:</strong> 70 paediatric patients under 10 years old were studied. The peripheral smear test was studied by Rapid Kit test positive. The P. falciform/P. vivax was detected. <strong>Results:</strong> 31 females and 39 male children were studied. The highest numbers of children were >5 years old: 14 females, 18 males. 52.8% P. falciform +ve 24.2% p. vivax were +ve, and 22.8 children had mixed (PF/PV +ve) positives. The effect of Hb% was 24 (34.2%). had Hb% <5mg, 26 (37.1%) Hb% 5-7 gm/dl, 12 (17.1%) had Hb% 7-10 gm/dl, and 8 (11.4%) had Hb% > 10 mg/dl. The mortality was 8 (11.4%) children. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present study will help the paediatrician treat malaria patients efficiently and avoid mortality.
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Souza, Rodrigo Medeiros de, Maria Inês dos Santos, Laura Cordeiro Gomes, et al. "Association of the humoral immune response with the inflammatory profile in Plasmodium vivax infections in pregnant women." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 11 (2024): e0012636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012636.
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Background Plasmodium vivax infection, when it occurs during pregnancy, has often been associated with serious adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, immunological alterations in pregnancy and their consequences have been little explored. We characterized the humoral immune response in pregnant women exposed to malaria by P. vivax antigens and its association with the maternal inflammatory profile and poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods An observational cohort study in the Brazilian Amazon was conducted between 2013 and 2015. After applying exclusion criteria, 242 mother-child pairs were included in the analysis. Data on maternal infection, gestational outcomes, and inflammatory factors were evaluated in the maternal peripheral plasma. In samples from the first infection, the presence of total IgG and its subclasses in plasma against PvMSP119 protein were also quantified. Results Previous exposure to malaria, observed by anti-total IgG antibodies to the PvMSP119 antigen, increased the inflammatory response to infection when the pregnant woman had malaria during pregnancy. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were positively correlated with parasitemia and with total IgG levels; but they were negatively correlated with the gestational age at delivery from Pv-infected woman. In multivariate linear regression analyses, IgG 1, 2 and 4 was negatively and positively associated with cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, respectively, in P. vivax-infection. Conclusions An association between the humoral immune response and the peripheral inflammatory cytokine profile with the adverse outcomes in malaria in pregnancy by P. vivax was observed. Previous exposure to the parasite can influence the IL-6 and IL-10 response, which is associated with increased parasitemia, reduced maternal weight gain and premature delivery.
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Abdi Moussa, Rahma, Nasserdine Papa Mze, Houssein Yonis Arreh, et al. "Assessment of the Performance of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria in Djibouti in 2022–2023." Diagnostics 14, no. 3 (2024): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14030262.
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Until 2020, Djiboutian health authorities relied on histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to establish the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum. The rapid spread of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 and -3 (pfhrp2/3) gene-deleted parasite strains in Djibouti has led the authorities to switch from HRP2-based RDTs to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-based RDTs targeting the plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) specific for P. falciparum and P. vivax (RapiGEN BIOCREDIT Malaria Ag Pf/Pv pLDH/pLDH) in 2021. This study was conducted with the primary objective of evaluating the diagnostic performance of this alternative RDT. Operational constraints related, in particular, to the implementation of this RDT during the COVID-19 pandemic were also considered. The performance of BIOCREDIT Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (pLDH/pLDH) RDT was also compared to our previously published data on the performance of two HRP2-based RDTs deployed in Djibouti in 2018–2020. The diagnosis of 350 febrile patients with suspected malaria in Djibouti city was established using two batches of RapiGEN BIOCREDIT Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (pLDH/pLDH) RDT over a two-year period (2022 and 2023) and confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of P. falciparum were 88.2% and 100%, respectively. For P. vivax, the sensitivity was 86.7% and the specificity was 100%. Re-training and closer supervision of the technicians between 2022 and 2023 have led to an increased sensitivity to detect P. falciparum (69.8% in 2022 versus 88.2% in 2023; p < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis highlighted a better performance in the diagnosis of P. falciparum with pLDH-based RDTs compared with previous HRP2-based RDTs. In Djibouti, where pfhrp2-deleted strains are rapidly gaining ground, LDH-based RDTs seem to be more suitable for diagnosing P. falciparum than HRP2-based RDTs. Awareness-raising and training for technical staff have also been beneficial.
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Fernandez-Becerra, Carmen, Maria Bernabeu, Angélica Castellanos, et al. "Plasmodium vivaxspleen-dependent genes encode antigens associated with cytoadhesion and clinical protection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 23 (2020): 13056–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920596117.
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Plasmodium vivax, the most widely distributed human malaria parasite, causes severe clinical syndromes despite low peripheral blood parasitemia. This conundrum is further complicated as cytoadherence in the microvasculature is still a matter of investigations. Previous reports inPlasmodium knowlesi, another parasite species shown to infect humans, demonstrated that variant genes involved in cytoadherence were dependent on the spleen for their expression. Hence, using a global transcriptional analysis of parasites obtained from spleen-intact and splenectomized monkeys, we identified 67P. vivaxgenes whose expression was spleen dependent. To determine their role in cytoadherence, twoPlasmodium falciparumtransgenic lines expressing two variant proteins pertaining to VIR and Pv-FAM-D multigene families were used. Cytoadherence assays demonstrated specific binding to human spleen but not lung fibroblasts of the transgenic line expressing the VIR14 protein. To gain more insights, we expressed fiveP. vivaxspleen-dependent genes as recombinant proteins, including members of three different multigene families (VIR, Pv-FAM-A, Pv-FAM-D), one membrane transporter (SECY), and one hypothetical protein (HYP1), and determined their immunogenicity and association with clinical protection in a prospective study of 383 children in Papua New Guinea. Results demonstrated that spleen-dependent antigens are immunogenic in natural infections and that antibodies to HYP1 are associated with clinical protection. These results suggest that the spleen plays a major role in expression of parasite proteins involved in cytoadherence and can reveal antigens associated with clinical protection, thus prompting a paradigm shift inP. vivaxbiology toward deeper studies of the spleen during infections.
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Alag, Reema, Asha Manikkoth Balakrishna, Sreekanth Rajan, et al. "Structural Insights into Substrate Binding by Pv FKBP35, a Peptidylprolyl cis-trans Isomerase from the Human Malarial Parasite Plasmodium vivax." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 4 (2013): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00016-13.
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ABSTRACT The immunosuppressive drug FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), an immunophilin family with the immunosuppressive drug FK506 binding property, exhibit peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. While the cyclophilin-catalyzed peptidylprolyl isomerization of X-Pro peptide bonds has been extensively studied, the mechanism of the FKBP-mediated peptidylprolyl isomerization remains uncharacterized. Thus, to investigate the binding of FKBP with its substrate and the underlying catalytic mechanism of the FKBP-mediated proline isomerization, here we employed the FK506 binding domain (FKBD) of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax FK506 binding protein 35 ( Pv FKBP35) and examined the details of the molecular interaction between the isomerase and a peptide substrate. The crystallographic structures of apo Pv FKBD35 and its complex with the tetrapeptide substrate succinyl-Ala-Leu-Pro-Phe- p -nitroanilide (sALPFp) determined at 1.4 Å and 1.65 Å resolutions, respectively, showed that the substrate binds to Pv FKBD35 in a cis conformation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies demonstrated the chemical shift perturbations of D55, H67, V73, and I74 residues upon the substrate binding. In addition, the X-ray crystal structure, along with the mutational studies, shows that Y100 is a key residue for the catalytic activity. Taken together, our results provide insights into the catalytic mechanism of Pv FKBP35-mediated cis-trans isomerization of substrate and ultimately might aid designing substrate mimetic inhibitors targeting the malarial parasite FKBPs.
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Aninagyei, Enoch, Dakorah Mavis Puopelle, Isaac Tukwarlba, et al. "Molecular speciation of Plasmodium and multiplicity of P. falciparum infection in the Central region of Ghana." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 1 (2024): e0002718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002718.
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Malaria is endemic in the Central region of Ghana, however, the ecological and the seasonal variations of Plasmodium population structure and the intensity of malaria transmission in multiple sites in the region have not been explored. In this cross-sectional study, five districts in the region were involved. The districts were Agona Swedru, Assin Central and Gomoa East (representing the forest zone) and Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese and Cape Coast representing the coastal zone. Systematically, blood samples were collected from patients with malaria. The malaria status was screened with a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit (CareStart manufactured by Access Bio in Somerset, USA) and the positive ones confirmed microscopically. Approximately, 200 μL of blood was used to prepare four dried blood spots of 50μL from each microscopy positive sample. The Plasmodium genome was sequenced at the Malaria Genome Laboratory (MGL) of Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI), Hinxton, UK. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the parasite mitochondria (PfMIT:270) core genome aided the species identification of Plasmodium. Subsequently, the complexity of infection (COI) was determined using the complexity of infection likelihood (COIL) computational analysis. In all, 566 microscopy positive samples were sequenced. Of this number, Plasmodium genome was detected in 522 (92.2%). However, whole genome sequencing was successful in 409/522 (72.3%) samples. In total, 516/522 (98.8%) of the samples contained P. falciparum mono-infection while the rest (1.2%) were either P. falciparum/P. ovale (Pf/Po) (n = 4, 0.8%) or P. falciparum/P. malariae/P. vivax (Pf/Pm/Pv) mixed-infection (n = 2, 0.4%). All the four Pf/Po infections were identified in samples from the Assin Central municipality whilst the two Pf/Pm/Pv triple infections were identified in Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese district and Cape Coast metropolis. Analysis of the 409 successfully sequenced genome yielded between 1–6 P. falciparum clones per individual infection. The overall mean COI was 1.78±0.92 (95% CI: 1.55–2.00). Among the study districts, the differences in the mean COI between ecological zones (p = 0.0681) and seasons (p = 0.8034) were not significant. However, regression analysis indicated that the transmission of malaria was more than twice among study participants aged 15–19 years (OR = 2.16, p = 0.017) and almost twice among participants aged over 60 years (OR = 1.91, p = 0.021) compared to participants between 20–59 years. Between genders, mean COI was similar except in Gomoa East where females recorded higher values. In conclusion, the study reported, for the first time, P. vivax in Ghana. Additionally, intense malaria transmission was found to be higher in the 15–19 and > 60 years, compared to other age groups. Therefore, active surveillance for P. vivax in Ghana and enhanced malaria control measures in the 15–19 year group years and those over 60 years are recommended.
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Aung, Yu Nandar, Sai Thein Than Tun, Viengxay Vanisaveth, Keobouphaphone Chindavongsa, and Lucy Kanya. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of G6PD diagnostic test for Plasmodium vivax radical cure in Lao PDR: An economic modelling study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0267193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267193.
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Background Plasmodium vivax (Pv) infections were 68% of the total malaria burden in Laos in 2019. The parasite causes frequent relapses, which can be prevented by primaquine (PMQ). Testing for glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is recommended before giving PMQ to avoid haemolysis. Because of the risk of haemolysis in G6PD intermediate deficiencies among females, Laos uses the PMQ 14-days regimen only in G6PD normal females. Among G6PD point-of-care tests, qualitative tests cannot differentiate between G6PD normal and intermediate females. Quantitative tests are required to differentiate between G6PD normal and intermediate deficiencies. However, the quantitative test lacks the cost-effectiveness evidence necessary for decision-making for large-scale adoption. This study examined the cost-effectiveness of quantitative G6PD test, with either supervised PMQ treatment or unsupervised PMQ treatment, against the usual unsupervised PMQ 8-weeks strategy. Supervised PMQ 8-weeks strategy without G6PD testing was also compared against the unsupervised PMQ 8-weeks strategy since the former had recently been adopted in malaria high burden villages that had village malaria volunteers. A budget impact analysis was conducted to understand the incremental cost and effect needed for a nationwide scale-up of the chosen strategy. Methods A decision tree model compared the cost-effectiveness of implementing four strategies at one health facility with an average of 14 Pv cases in one year. The strategies were unsupervised PMQ strategy, supervised PMQ strategy, G6PD test with unsupervised PMQ strategy, and G6PD test with supervised PMQ strategy. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) was the effect measure. Costs were calculated from a payer perspective, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. One Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of Laos was set as the cost-effectiveness threshold. Budget impact analysis was conducted using the health facility wise Pv data in Laos in 2020. Findings Supervised PMQ strategy was extendedly dominated by G6PD test strategies. When compared against the unsupervised PMQ strategy, both G6PD test strategies were more costly but more effective. Their Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICER) were 96.72US$ for the G6PD test with unsupervised PMQ strategy and 184.86US$ for the G6PD test with supervised PMQ strategy. Both ICERs were lower than one GDP per capita in Laos. Following the sensitivity analysis, low adherence for PMQ 14 days made both G6PD test strategies less cost-effective. The lower the Pv case number reported in a health facility, the higher the ICER was. In the budget impact analysis, the expected budget need was only half a million US$ when the G6PD test rollout was discriminately done depending on the Pv case number reported at the health facilities. Indiscriminate roll out of G6PD test to all health facilities was most expensive with least effect impact.
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Yadav, Rakesh Kumar, and Sujit Kumar. "To study hematological profile in malaria patients." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 3 (2017): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20172132.
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Background: Malaria has been a problem in India for centuries and it is responsible for many deaths in rural areas. This study was done to observe hematological profile in malaria patients and to study the incidence of complications in different species of malaria patients and to find any relation with hematological changes.Methods: The study was conducted at MLN Medical College, Allahabad in the Department of Medicine between January 2016 to December 2016. One hundred consecutive patients aged 18 years or more with malaria fever were interviewed and examined.Results: Out of 100 patients 26 patients had Plasmodium vivax malaria and 59 patients had Plasmodium falciparum infection while 15 patients had mixed PV and PF infection. In present study thrombocytopenia was most common hematological abnormality. Thrombocytopenia was present in 87 patients, out of them 18 had very severe thrombocytopenia while 69 had mild to moderate thrombocytopenia. Frank bleeding was present in 14 of total studied population and had both PV and PF infection. Petechial rashes were present in 10 patients. Anemia was present in 80 patients.Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia is very frequent finding in patients suffering from malaria, and even in presence of thrombocytopenia bleeding manifestations are uncommon. So, platelet transfusion should not be performed routinely in all thrombocytopenia patients, rather it should be indicated only if bleeding manifestations are present. Anemia, pancytopenia and leucopenia are other frequent laboratory findings of malaria infection.
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Sarvepalli, Ajay Kumar, and Prakash Kalakappa Dharana. "Clinical profile, laboratory profile of malaria cases attending a tertiary care hospital in South India: two-year study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 2 (2017): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20171057.
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Background: Malaria a protozoal disease caused by Plasmodium species. As per WHO global report 2015, it is distributed in 100 countries throughout the world. The worldwide prevalence of malaria is around 200-300 million cases with an estimated economical loss of 0.5-1 billion per annum. India contributes to 70% of cases and 69% of deaths in south east Asian region. Malaria in India is caused mainly by two species P. vivax (Pv) and P. falciparum (Pf). The present study was done to evaluate the clinical profile of malarial cases with associated complications and hematological profile in these cases. This study will provide insight into the common species distribution and their clinical presentations with hematological profile.Methods: The present study was conducted at Narayana general hospital and medical college for two years from March 2014 to February 2016. Study was conducted on 400 confirmed cases of malaria with 200 males and 200 females. Clinical presentations with signs and symptoms were noted and laboratory parameters of cases were noted.Results: 127 cases of vivax, 243 cases of falciparum and 30 cases of mixed infections were identified. 41-50 years (33.3%) age group was predominantly affected. Fever was the most common symptom (100%) followed by chills (83%). Pallor was the most common sign (76%) followed by splenomegaly (71%). Cerebral malaria was seen in 42 cases, severe anemia in 82, ARDS in 4 and circulatory collapse in 1 case was identified. ESR, PT, BT and APTT were raised in both falciparum and vivax malaria. Severe thrombocytopenia was identified in 100 cases with petechia and minor bleeding manifestations.Conclusions: To conclude falciparum malaria was more common than vivax malaria in our study with more cases of severe anemia, splenomegaly, cerebral malaria, and severe thrombocytopenia. BT, PT, APTT were raised more in cases of falciparum than vivax malaria. In cases of mixed infections of vivax and falciparum, clinical profile and laboratory indices were more presenting as falciparum than vivax malaria.
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Jalei, Abdifatah Abdullahi, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, and Kesara Na-Bangchang. "Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Surface Ookinete Protein Pvs25 and Host Genes in Individuals Living along the Thai–Myanmar Border and Their Relationships with Parasite Density." Microbiology Research 15, no. 2 (2024): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15020045.
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Plasmodium vivax (Pv) accounts for over 50% of malaria cases in Latin America and Asia. Despite a significant reduction in Pv transmission in Thailand, the parasite remains endemic to the border areas. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of the parasites and the host factors, as well as their relation to parasite density in Pvisolates, along the Thai–Myanmar border. Genetic variations in Pv markers, specifically the ookinete surface protein Pvs25, and host genes, including Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), TLR9, TIR Domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP), Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). A total of 548 PCR-positive Pv samples collected from Tak and Kanchanaburi provinces during two periods (2006–2007 and 2014–2016) were included in the study. Pvs25 exhibited four haplotypes, with H1 (EGTKV) being the most prevalent in both provinces. Kanchanaburi isolates exhibited greater genetic diversity than Tak isolates. No significant deviations from neutrality were observed for Pvs25 in either area. ICAM-1 and TOLLIP s3750920 heterozygous carriers had greater median parasite densities than homozygous mutants. The TLR9 rs187084 T genotype had a significantly higher parasite density than the non-T genotype. The findings underscore the significant association between the rs3750920 C/T, rs5498 A/G, and rs187084 T genotypes and high parasite density in patients infected with Pv, highlighting their potentially critical role in malaria susceptibility.
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Park, Seo Hye, Seung Jegal, Seong Kyu Ahn, et al. "Diagnostic Performance of Three Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum." Korean Journal of Parasitology 58, no. 2 (2020): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.147.
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Malaria is a potent burden on public healthcare worldwide due to requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. Nowadays, prompt diagnosis with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely accepted as an effective diagnostic technique in malaria-endemic countries, primarily due to their easy operation, fast output, and straightforward interpretation. The global availability and use of RDTs have gradually grown over recent decades as field-applicable diagnostic tests for the reliable confirmation of malaria infection and proper case management. This study was conducted to evaluate diagnostic performance of 3 commercially available malaria RDT kits : BIOCREDIT<sup>TM</sup> Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH), Malaria Ag <i>Pf</i>(pLDH/pHRPII), and Malaria Ag <i>Pf/Pv</i>(pLDH/pLDH) (where pLDH and pHRPII stand for plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein 2, respectively) for the specific detection of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>. A total of 1,129 blood samples including 95 blood samples, confirmed as vivax malaria infection by microscopic examinations and a nested-PCR method, were tested for falciparum malaria infection. The overall sensitivity and specificity of Malaria Ag <i>Pf</i>(pLDH/pHRPII), Malaria Ag <i>Pf/Pv</i>(pLDH/pLDH), and <i>Pf</i>(pLDH) for <i>P. falciparum</i> were 99.0% and 100%, 95.8% and 100%, and 100% and 100%, respectively. It is proposed that the 3 RDT kits perform reliable level of diagnostic accuracy of detection for <i>P. falciparum</i> parasites.
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M., Sumiya Siddique Dr. Ahsan Shahzad Dr. Irsa Iqbal. "SOCIAL, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AND SMEAR POSITIVE MALARIA FREQUENCY: A CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH STUDY AT TERTIARY HEALTHCARE CENTRE." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 04 (2018): 2439–45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1218643.
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Objective: The principal objective of the research was the determination of the smear positive malaria frequency and patient’s socio-demographic factors who visited Civil Hospital, Khairpur (Microscopy Department) Methods: This research was cross-sectional by design and it was held in the time span of four months starting from June-September, 2016. The assessment tool was a designed questionnaire for the attainment of the research objectives in the said time period and setting of the Khairpur Hospital. Research included a total of 138 cases who were prescribed by the physicians Malaria Parasite (MP) Test, we included these patients in the research through sampling consecutive method and also interviewed all the patients about their social and demographic features. SPSS-21 was used for the data entry and analysis of the research outcomes. Results: In the total research sample (138) male to female ratio was respectively 55.5% male and remaining female. It shows the dominance of the male. Maximum numbers of patients were in the age group of forty years and the range of the age was in the limit of 25 – 40 years having 25 as the lowest and 40 as the highest limit of the age. Positive result of MP test was noticed in 6.5% patients with the repeated identification of Plasmodium Vivax (PV). Conclusion: We conclude that Malaria is an endemic in the specified areas of District, Khairpur and Plasmodium Vivax is considered as the common most species which affects the participants who visited hospital’s Microscopy Centre for the verification of MP test. There is a dire requirement of awareness about the health issues and participation of the society for the eradication of the Malaria from the communities of Khairpur. Keywords: Malaria Frequency, Endemic, Microscopy, Insecticide Treated Nets and Roll Back Malaria.
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Ledesma, Carlo, and Ma Gina Sadang. "Asymptomatic Malaria Infection and Their Antibodies Against Malaria: A Study in Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (2019): S116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz121.028.
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Abstract Human malaria, caused by four species of Plasmodium, namely P falciparum, P vivax, P malariae, and P ovale, remains a health problem of global concern, with one to two million deaths annually and risking about two billion people worldwide. Alternative ways of controlling the incidence of malaria through understanding the host’s immune response to monoinfection and the detection of the presence of asymptomatic malaria infection are the factors being addressed in this study. The determination of the possible existence of cross-antigenic stimulation is a matter of great significance for future research and development. The isolation of these antigenic structures may give the first step to the development of better vaccines that may protect the general population who are at risk of developing malaria. Prior to blood collection, a memorandum of agreement was signed between the researcher and the Iraya-Mangyan leaders of Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro. A Certificate Precondition was issued by the National Commission of Indigenous Peoples, which was required by the Graduate School Ethics Review Committee. Determination of the presence of malaria parasite on blood samples of residents of two barangays in Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, was performed using two methods: microscopic examination of stained blood smears for the presence of malaria parasite and polymerase chain reaction. Blood smears were prepared and eventually stained using Giemsa and Dip Quick stains. The detection of 5 positive cases of malaria infection with ring/schizont stage among the 53 cases was a clear indication of positive asymptomatic cases. Nested PCR using Plasmodium spp.–specific primer as well as P falciparum–specific and P vivax–specific primers showed the absence of bands so that one of the recommendations in this study is the performance of real-time PRC using more sensitive primers. Levels of P falciparum and P vivax–specific immunoglobulin were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealing a higher level of PF-specific IgG than PV-specific IgG. Whole blood samples were saved for future determinations such as real-time PCR, immunophenotypic analysis, and possible parasitic culture. Further similar studies may also be done by increasing the number of respondents as well as the areas of concern for a more extensive scope.
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Wilder, Brandon Keith, Luna de Lacerda, Camila R. R. Barbosa, et al. "Malaria antigens are presented to CD8 T cells via the non-classical HLA-E." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (2022): 170.27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.170.27.
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Abstract CD8 T cells have long been known to target infected hepatocytes during the intracellular liver stages of Plasmodium—the causative agent of malaria. Current T cell vaccine strategies are limited by the inability to obtain sufficient amounts of Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes to identify peptides presented on MHC-I (“immunopeptidomics”). Recently, we demonstrated that the blood stages of Plasmodium vivax are also susceptible to CD8 T cell killing and performed immunopeptidomics on Pv-infected reticulocytes. Peptides mapped to proteins conserved across Plasmodium spp. and were common across volunteers. Furthermore, ~50% of the peptides detected are not predicted to bind classical HLA-I molecules and thus could be presented by non-classical HLA. In support of this, blocking HLA-E during in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with a pool of newly-identified peptides substantially reduced the CD8 T cell response. Mechanistic studies conducted in the rhesus macaque/P. cynomolgi malaria model demonstrated that CD8 T cell killing of infected reticulocytes is conserved in this model as are CD8 responses to the newly identified peptides. In vitrostimulation assays showed that CD8 T cell responses to at least 3 of 9 peptides tested are completely restricted to MHC-E. This is supported by in vitro binding assays showing peptide binding to HLA-E. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that malaria infection induces HLA/MHC-E-restricted CD8 T cell responses to newly identified peptides that are conserved across host and parasite species. Given the extreme conservation of MHC-E, these results pave the way to explore a universal, species-transcending vaccine for malaria based on MHC-E presentation of novel antigens.
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Nath, Dilip C., and Dimacha Dwibrang Mwchahary. "Malaria Prevalence in Forest and Nonforest Areas of Kokrajhar District of Assam." ISRN Public Health 2012 (January 11, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/142037.
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An analysis of malaria prevalence and its trends in Kokrajhar district of Assam over the last ten years starting from 2001 to 2010 shows that the occurrence of malaria in the forest area is significantly higher than in the nonforest area (). The transmission of malaria parasite takes place through only two Plasmodium species of P. falciparum (PF) and P. vivax (PV) in both the forest and nonforest areas of the district, and the prevalence of P. falciparum has been found higher. The annual blood examination rate (ABER) is relatively lower in forest area than the nonforest area while annual parasite incidence (API) of the former was much higher. Nearly one-third of the population of the district is under high risk of being affected. The malaria API and forest cover of the district during the period are negatively correlated with a coefficient of −0.57. Special measures are necessary to contain the transmission of malaria in forest area.
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Kanté, S., and Et Al. "Réactivité croisée des antigènes Pf27, Pf43, Pf45 de P. falciparum avec lerurs orthologues Pv27, Pv43, Pv45 de P. vivax aux sera des volontaires vivant à Kéniéroba, Mali." Revue Malienne d'Infectiologie et de Microbiologie 19, no. 2 (2024): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53597/remim.v19i2.2833.
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Introduction : Les protéines de type alpha-hélicoïdales du Plasmodium sont des cibles des anticorps spécifiques chez l’hôte dans les zones d’endémie palustre. Cette étude a évalué la réactivité spécifique des antigènes de P. falciparum (Pf27, Pf43 et Pf45) et la réactivité croisée avec leurs orthologues de P. vivax (Pv27, Pv43 et Pv45) sur des sera immuns d’une zone d'endémie palustre à P. falciparum au Mali selon les caractéristiques socio-démocratiques (âge, genre) de la population d’étude. Matériel et méthodes : Les échantillons des adultes prélevés en novembre 2018 et ceux des enfants prélevés en novembre 2012, tous collectés dans le village de Kéniéroba, ont été testés sur les antigènes orthologues de Pf et Pv en utilisant la technique ELISA. Résultats : La séroprévalence était de 29,2 % vs 42,7 % pour Pf27 vs Pv27, de 12,4 % vs 6,7 % pour Pf43 vs Pv43 et de 11,2 % vs 13,5 % pour Pf45 vs Pv45. La séroprévalence de Pf27 (56,1%, p=0,0001), Pv27 (87,8%, p=0,0001), Pv45 (29,3%, p=0,0001) était statistiquement significative chez les enfants comparés aux adultes. Globalement, il existait une corrélation positive entre la séroprévalence des antigènes de P. falciparum avec leurs orthologues de P. vivax dans les deux groupes d’âge. Conclusion : L'existence d'une forte réactivité croisée entre les domaines alpha-hélicoïdaux de ces deux espèces plasmodiales indique la nécessité de procéder à une analyse approfondie de ces domaines en tant que candidats vaccins multi-espèces contre le paludisme
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Major, Durga Shankar, and Aftab Alam Md. "Clinical Profile and Outcome of Malaria Patients with Acute Kidney Injury." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 11 (2022): 508–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13872519.
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Malaria causes a wide range of clinical effects and renal consequences, including acute kidney injury that can be fatal. This study involved 50 patients at our institution who had AKI related to malaria. To assess the clinical profile and outcome, malaria patients with smear positivity and positive for Parasites V and F who also had AKI according to the RIFLE classification (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of Kidney Function, and End-Stage Kidney Disease) were chosen. In our study, there were 50 patients, of which 12 were female and 38 were male. 42% of people were aged 26 to 40. The most frequent initial symptom was fever (100%), which was followed by chills and rigours (90%), headache (74%), vomiting (70), myalgia (60%), altered sensorium (30%), and sclera discoloration (36%). The most typical symptom was pallor (62%) and it was followed by splenomegaly (62%), icterus (40%) and hepatomegaly (34%). All patients received artemesinin combination medication, and 12 (24%) patients received renal replacement therapy. We had a 12% death rate, and every single patient had significant problems. Patients who were 70% infected with Plasmodium falciparum most frequently experienced acute renal damage from malaria. Applying the RIFLE criteria aids in the early detection of high-risk cases, allowing for the early initiation of rapid treatment and a consequent decrease in mortality.
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Alam, Mohd Shoeb, Mohammad Zeeshan, Sumit Rathore, and Yagya D. Sharma. "Multiple Plasmodium vivax proteins of Pv-fam-a family interact with human erythrocyte receptor Band 3 and have a role in red cell invasion." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 478, no. 3 (2016): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.096.
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Coleman, Russell E., Krongthong Thimasarn, Chalermpol Kumpitak, et al. "Field evaluation of the ICT Malaria Pf/Pv immunochromatographic test for the detection of asymptomatic malaria in a Plasmodium falciparum/vivax endemic area in Thailand." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66, no. 4 (2002): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.379.
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JAIN, VIDHAN, RAVENDRA KUMAR SHARMA, MAN MOHAN SHUKLA, KULDEEP K. KHOSLA, NEERU SINGH, and RAJASUBRAMANIAM SHANMUGAM. "Burden of malaria during pregnancy in perennial transmission settings of two densely forested and remote blocks (Baihar and Birsa) of district Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh, central India." National Medical Journal of India 36 (June 17, 2024): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/nmji_535_21.
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Background Malaria in pregnancy (MIP) is a major public health problem due to the vulnerability of pregnant women to infections, resulting in adverse maternal/foetal outcomes in endemic areas. Methods We did a field-based study to assess the burden of MIP (prevalence at the time of enrolment and follow-up) and to identify risk factors for MIP in the Birsa and Baihar blocks of district Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh, which have perennial malaria transmission. Malaria screening (during 2015–2017) was done by microscopy and bivalent rapid diagnostic test (SD Bioline RDT, malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodium vivax Pf/Pv). Dried blood spots were used for haemoglobin estimation. Sociodemographic details with past and present pregnancy status were obtained. A subset of pregnant women were followed up for malaria during pregnancy. Women were also screened for malaria post delivery. Malaria treatment was given as per the National Guidelines of 2013. Multivariate analysis was done to assess independent risk factors for malaria. Results A total of 1728 pregnant women were screened, of which 1651 were included in the final analysis. Malaria prevalence at first screening was 23.4% (Pf 88%). Prevalence and Pf parasitaemia both were significantly higher among primigravid (G1) compared to multigravid (G>2; p value 0.012 and 0.019, respectively). Pregnant women of the Baiga ethnic group were more likely to have malaria compared to those belonging to the Gond group (OR [95% CI]; 2.4 [1.7–3.4]; p<0.00001) and non-indigenous group (OR [95% CI]; 8.3 [3.9–19.7]; p<0.00001). Primigravid status of women, first and second trimester of pregnancy, women belonging to indigenous ethnic tribal group and cash crop insufficiency for whole year (a socioeconomic indicator) in the family were the independent risk factors for malaria. Conclusion MIP is a major public health problem in forested tribal settlements of Birsa and Baihar blocks of Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and requires immediate intervention.
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Mamo, Adisu Naga, Desta Hiko Gamada, Jibruk Abazinab Abagojam, Gamachu Chemeda Feyisa, and Kadir Mude Wabe. "A case-control study of a malaria outbreak in Nensebo District, West Arsi Zone, Southeast Ethiopia." Int J Epidemiol Health Sci 4 (March 6, 2023): e52. https://doi.org/10.51757/IJEHS.4.2023.700774.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Malaria-related morbidity and mortality are 94% concentrated in Africa. Ethiopia is one of ten African countries affected by malaria, with 60% of the population living in malaria-risk areas. Recently, seasonal outbreaks have been reported in all regions, including previously malaria-free areas. Nationally, the Nensebo district of the west Arsi zone is classified as having very low transmission. During the 21st WHO week of 2021, Melka Denbi kebele reported an unusually high number of malaria cases to this district. The purpose of this study was to look into the magnitude of the malaria outbreak and the factors that contributed to it.<strong> </strong><strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive study was followed by an unmatched case-control study on 86 cases and 172 controls who were chosen at random. Malaria cases were those who were confirmed positive by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and were line-listed at a health facility, while controls were those who lived nearby and were confirmed negative by RDT. At a p-value of 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval, logistic regression was used to identify malaria contracting factors.<strong>Results:</strong> With a mean age of 22 (12.31SD), the overall attack rate was 20.2/1000. Plasmodium vivax (PV) 105 (52.8%) was the most common. Staying out at night (AOR=3.94; 95%CI: 2.18-7.37) and stagnant water/intermittent river within 1 km of the vicinity were risk factors. Screened houses were protective (AOR=0.49; 95%CI: 0.27-0.89), as was knowledge of malaria transmission (AOR=0.51; 95%CI: 0.28-0.93) and prevention and control methods (AOR=0.50; 95%CI: 0.27-0.93).<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The illness was caused primarily by PV species known for their relapsing characteristics. Risk factors included stagnant water near homes and sleeping outside at night. Malaria screening centers and increased public awareness reduce the risk of contracting the disease. Our recommendations included regular environmental monitoring, behavioral change communication, ensuring radical cure, and further research with a detailed entomological survey and climate variables.
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Ir, Por, Sovannaroth Siv, Moran Alexander, and al. et. "Cost-effectiveness of malaria elimination in Sampov Loun Operational District, Cambodia." MalariaWorld Journal 11, no. 2 (2020): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8205900.
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Over the past decade, Cambodia has seen a significant decline in its malaria burden. The government has established the goal of eliminating malaria in the country by 2025. With PMI/USAID support, Cambodia is implementing a package of interventions as part of its efforts. This assessment aimed to describe the cost of malaria elimination activities in Sampov Loun Operational District (OD) between July 2015 and March 2018, to describe the cost per malaria case detected under PMI programming, and to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of the elimination programme per Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) or P. vivax (Pv)/Pf mixed case averted under the Cambodia Malaria Elimination Programme (CMEP) and the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative. Opportunity costs of government workers were also assessed to understand the theoretical cost of sustaining this programme through government efforts alone. We conducted an empirical micro-costing analysis based on elimination activities alone using CMEP internal project implementation data and corresponding epidemiologic data from July 2015 to March 2018 and empirical findings from implementation to date. We then constructed a cost model in Microsoft Excel using empirical data and used a cost-effectiveness decision tree to describe programme effective-ness in the first three years of implementation and to estimate efficacy for the subsequent year. The total cost of malaria elimination activities in Sampov Loun OD from July 2015 to March 2018 was $883,096. The cost per case of malaria detected in 2017 was $1,304. Including opportunity costs for government staff from July 2015 to March 2018, the total cost was $926,000. Under continued CMEP implementation, the projected future total cost of the program would be about $110,000 per year, or $0.64 per Sampov Loun resident. The incremental cost-effectiveness of the elimination programme was $28 for every additional Pf or Pv/Pf mix malaria case averted, compared to the no-CMEP proxy. CMEP activities are cost effective compared to the no-CMEP proxy, as shown through an incremental cost-effectiveness of $28 for every additional Pf or Pv/Pf mix malaria case averted. The total cost of the project is 0.93% of the total per capita spending on health in Cambodia and about 5% of all government health expenditure. Continuing investments in malaria will be needed at national level for stewardship and governance and at local level for ensuring programme readiness in case of malaria outbreaks.
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Fernández, Diana, Cesar Segura, Mònica Arman, Suzanne McGill, Richard Burchmore, and Tatiana Lopera-Mesa. "Uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: mapping the proteome from circulating platelets." Clinical Proteomics 19, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12014-021-09337-7.
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Abstract Background Thrombocytopenia is frequent in Plasmodium vivax malaria but the role of platelets in pathogenesis is unknown. Our study explores the platelet (PLT) proteome from uncomplicated P. vivax patients, to fingerprint molecular pathways related to platelet function. Plasma levels of Platelet factor 4 (PF4/CXCL4) and Von Willebrand factor (VWf), as well as in vitro PLTs—P. vivax infected erythrocytes (Pv-IEs) interactions were also evaluated to explore the PLT response and effect on parasite development. Methods A cohort of 48 patients and 25 healthy controls were enrolled. PLTs were purified from 5 patients and 5 healthy controls for Liquid Chromatography–Mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis. Plasma levels of PF4/CXCL4 and VWf were measured in all participants. Additionally, P. vivax isolates (n = 10) were co-cultured with PLTs to measure PLT activation by PF4/CXCL4 and Pv-IE schizonts formation by light microscopy. Results The proteome from uncomplicated P. vivax patients showed 26 out of 215 proteins significantly decreased. PF4/CXCL4 was significantly decreased followed by other proteins involved in platelet activation, cytoskeletal remodeling, and endothelial adhesion, including glycoprotein V that was significantly decreased in thrombocytopenic patients. In contrast, acute phase proteins, including SERPINs and Amyloid Serum A1 were increased. High levels of VWf in plasma from patients suggested endothelial activation while PF4/CXCL4 plasma levels were similar between patients and controls. Interestingly, high levels of PF4/CXCL4 were released from PLTs—Pv-IEs co-cultures while Pv-IEs schizont formation was inhibited. Conclusions The PLT proteome analyzed in this study suggests that PLTs actively respond to P. vivax infection. Altogether, our findings suggest important roles of PF4/CXCL4 during uncomplicated P. vivax infection through a possible intracellular localization. Our study shows that platelets are active responders to P. vivax infection, inhibiting intraerythrocytic parasite development. Future studies are needed to further investigate the molecular pathways of interaction between platelet proteins found in this study and host response, which could affect parasite control as well as disease progression.