Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plastic card'

The fear of crime is one of the most widely researched phenomena in criminology. Traditionally, researchers have relied upon the 'sociological staples' of sex, race, age and social class to explain the fear of crime. However, it has been shown that the relationships between fear and these factors are both uncertain and unreliable. In this thesis, I suggest by analysing the fear of crime within an explanatory framework of well-being, we move towards a better understanding of fear at an individual level. I demonstrate that, by interpreting crime as a violation of autonomy and well-being, individual levels of fear are more easily understood. The thesis is driven by a critical analysis of the traditional approaches to the study of fear of crime. From a contextual perspective, I argue that, in order to understand fear in a modem, evolving society, one must look to the future and explore the changing nature of crime. Thus, I aim to force a reconsideration of the concept of 'crime' within the paradigm of the victimisation survey. In recognising the imminent increase in fraudulent crimes, I challenge the traditional exclusion of fraud from victimisation surveys. I demonstrate that the victims of plastic card fraud are worthy subjects for study. The thesis is informed by empirical work carried out during the period of doctoral research. Having been commissioned by the Research Development and Statistics Directorate of the Home Office to review the survey measurement of the fear of crime, I was given the opportunity to design questions about plastic card fraud for the British Crime Survey 2000. Analysis of the data suggests that plastic card fraud prompts different reactions than do other crimes. I conclude that the harm suffered by the victims of card fraud may extend beyond pure financial loss to a violation of identity.

Recently the society has been turning from the use of paper-based technologies to plastic cards in certain spheres of our life. With the emergence and proliferation of high technologies we cannot content with the security provided bypaper only. Therefore the society has chosen plastic to protect its information because it offers far more security based not only on human perception but also on machine-readable elements.

The number of plastic cards in circulation in different spheres of our everyday life increases constantly. They replace money, documents and allow easy and safe access to some services. In spite of its security the plastic card however is subjected to fraud.

Plastic card fraud results in significant losses for the various industries. Since the first appearance of plastic cards methods of committing fraud have changed dramatically. Now there is a wide range of high technologies at the disposal of criminals as well as card manufacturers.

Therefore we have put the great emphasize of this work on the analysis of the most common card technologies in the Plastic Card World, the magnetic stripe and the chip, existing crimes and main means of their committing. And we also have revealed the weak and strong sides of the prevention techniques, which are currently in use.

У студентському повідомленні розглядаються розвиток пластикових карток та можливі зловживання з ними.
В студенческом сообщении рассматриваются развитие пластиковых карточек и возможные злоупотребления с ними.
The student's report addresses the development of plastic cards and possible abuse with them.

The transport sector is a major end-user of energy. As consumers are becoming aware and conscious of their environmental footprint making the enviromental footprint of automobile components one of the requirements in new product design development. The purpose of the study is to identify environmental impacts of a plastic panel. The main objective of the study is to perform an environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) of an existing panel regarding four scenarios with a nonbio-based plastic and a bio-based plastic. The first two scenarios have the same production and use phase, but different end-of-life treatments. The plastic in these scenarios is non-biobased. The last two scenarios have the same bio-based plastic and use phase, but different end-of-life-treatments. The first three scenarios have a surface material covering the plastic. The environmental impacts analyzed are global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, primary energy demand and particulate matter. The analysis is carried out according to the ISO14040/44 with the four steps of LCA: 1) Goal and Scope Definition, 2) Inventory Analysis, 3) Impact Assessment, and 4) Interpretation. The functional unit of the anaysis is a plastic panel. The inventory was collected by literature, the LCA software GaBi, and the commissoner of the study. The environmental impact assessment was conducted in GaBi 8 with the method of CML2015, Primary Energy, and IMPACT2002+. A dominance and a contribution analyses were applied to identify the hotspots of the life cycle. The hotspot of the life cycle was identified to be the production phase. The main contributor within the scenarios was the plastic production, specifically the granulates and the fiber fillings. The bio-based plastic reduced the impacts compared to the non-bio-based in five out of six cases. However, the photochemical ozone creation potential for both plastics were the same. The bio-based plastic reduced the GWP 16%, AP by 1%, EP by less than 1%, and PED by 19%. If the surface cover in aluminum was removed, the GWP was reduced by 46%, AP by 35%, EP by29%, POCP by 36%, PED by 42%and PM by 40%.  The transportation contributed most to impacts in the acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and particulate matter. The transportation’s impacts were greater in the bio-based plastic than the non-bio-based. The granulates of the plastic along with the injection molding are the main contributors due to usage of coal-based electricity for the injection molding and oil for the plastic production. The values used in the study are based on country averages which may differ depending on geographic location and its development as China is a country with a large area. The GWP is the highest value of the impacts analyzed, but even though the other are small fractions these may cause great damages. These damages can irritate eyes, damage lungs and destroy photosynthesis. By using recycled material for products instead of new materials, as done in the study, the impacts could be lower. As some previous studies agrees, the usage of bio-plastics lowers the environmental impact by a few percentages.  The bioplastic is an environmentally sustainable option to the current plastic as the location of the panel is not sensitive to excessive heat.

This study is concerned with a somewhat neglected area of innovation - systemness or multi-party interdependence in the development process. The study explores two types of the innovation process : high systemness (innovations not exploitable by a single entity) and low systemness (innovations that can be accomplished by a single entity). Low systemness processes, for profit or risk reasons, may also involve voluntary collaboration. The objective of this study is to understand how systemness and the pursuit of independent and collaborative strategies in securing the benefits from an innovation relate to the difficulty or complexity of innovations, and to the capabilities of innovators. The methodology of innovation complexity is implemented in case study analysis of 6 innovations including financial innovations (ATM/Cash cards, Credit cards, EFTPOSlDebit cards) and non-financial innovations (Windows operating system for PC, Plain paper copier and VCR). The cases are used to investigate propositions focussing on collaboration and competition patterns. The core of the thesis is the development of a complexity measure along three stages of innovation: a means to develop, a means to deliver and a means to market. The metric, based on previous literature builds on a number of innovation characteristics. Using complexity measure gives insights into the difficulties and issues arising as the smart card innovation moves into the market-place. The analysis of smart cards is cross referenced against a comprehensive survey of players in the smart card industry. Interviews and questionnaire approaches develop foresight into the likely use of collaborative and competitive options in exploiting the smart card innovation. The result reveals strong interest in using collaborative strategy to improve access and reduce risks in the smart card innovation. The conclusions suggest that there is no relation between innovation complexity and the time taken for innovation, suggesting that collaborative strategy already recognises differences in complexity. The complexity metric though, in conjunction with the capabilities of innovators, does help anticipate the systemness characteristics of the innovation process.

U disertaciji se prikazuje modularni sistem za projektovanje alata zainjekciono presovanje plastike. Analizirani su različiti prilazi uprojektovanu alata. Prikazana je koncepcija i funkcionisanjerazvijenog sistema. Verifikacija sistema je izvršena na konkretnimplastičnim proizvodima. Na kraju su dati odgovarajući zaključci imogući pravci budućih istraživanja.
The dissertation shows the development of the modular system formold design for plastic injection molding. Different approaches wereanalyzed in the field of mold design. The concept and functioning ofthe developed modular system is presented. Validation of theproposed system is made with the specific plastic parts. At the endthe appropriate conclusions and possible directions for futureresearch are given.

A severe burn is a trauma fraught with stress and pain and may change the entire course of life. This thesis focuses on care utilisation, care experiences and patient satisfaction after a severe burn.

The patients studied were treated at the Burn Unit at Uppsala University Hospital between 1980 and 2006. Burn-related health was examined using the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B), personality traits with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP), psychological symptoms using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), symptoms of posttraumatic stress with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and satisfaction with care using the Patient Satisfaction-Results and Quality (PS-RESKVA) questionnaire.

Those utilising care years after injury reported poorer functioning on three of the BSHS-B subscales. Personality traits had a greater impact on care utilisation than injury severity.

Social desirability was lower among care utilisers and was associated with burn-related health aspects.

The participants reported a low level of negative care experiences, the most common of which was Powerlessness.

Most patients were satisfied with care, more with quality of contact with the nursing staff, and less with treatment information. Multiple regressions showed that the BSHS-B Interpersonal relationships subscale was an independent variable related to all measured aspects of patient satisfaction. The highest adjusted R² was 0.25.

In a prospective assessment with multiple regression analyses, Age and Education, the personality traits of Stress susceptibility, Trait irritability, Detachment and Social desirability, in addition to the post-traumatic stress symptoms Intrusion and Hyperarousal, were predictors of satisfaction with care. The highest adjusted R² was 0.19.

The thesis has pointed out that interpersonal factors are related to care utilisation as well as satisfaction with care. However, satisfaction with care was only moderately associated with health and individual characteristics, which may imply that the care itself is of major importance.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
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No decorrer deste trabalho são abordadas diversas tecnologias diretamente envolvidas com a usinagem de cavidades de moldes para a indústria do plástico, tais como a usinagem propriamente dita, o estado atual das máquinas de comando numérico e o que se dispõe atualmente, em termos de ferramentas CAD/CAM, para atender as ferramentarias nacionais. São também mostradas três maneiras pelas quais se pode separar as ferramentarias em grupos, para que, utilizando a idéia da Tecnologia de Grupo, se possa classificar estas empresas, segundo sua especialidade, visando atender determinada fatia do mercado. Busca-se com isto agrupar informações a respeito do estado da arte na usinagem CNC de cavidades de moldes para plástico, apresentar uma metodologia que seja aplicável às ferramentarias, já colocadas no mercado, permitindo que estas possam realizar uma escolha adequada dos sistemas de programação para o fresamento de cavidades.Finalmente este trabalho descreve uma aplicação prática (estudo de caso) relacionada com o fresamento da cavidade de um molde, incluindo a programação e a simulação das trajetórias da ferramenta, diretamente no comando de uma máquina, visando demonstrar o potencial de tal tipo de sistema de programação.

It is estimated that over 200,000 Australians have problem or chronic wounds at any one time (Australian Wound Management Association, 2008). Over the past 4 decades while there has been significant advancement in wound care, a high proportion of wounds become chronic. Despite the availability of wound care resources and specialist services, there remains an inconsistency in the management of chronic wounds that impacts both on the quality of life of individuals with chronic wounds and the health care budget (Harding 2002). Using a Grounded theory approach, the aim of this study was to explore and describe the impact of living with a chronic wound and findings indicate that individuals living with a chronic wound are receiving conflicting or inappropriate advice and care. Individuals living with a chronic wound experience a life of uncertainty related to the struggle to endure a wounded body and the layers of professional care they receive. When they are provided with conflicting or inappropriate advice and treatment, inconsistencies of care and poor coordination of care, layers of unnecessary burden are added to their experience. The uncertainty and dissonance individuals are faced with, leads them to question their care, themselves and the expertise and professionalism of their treating health professionals. As a result, they experienced a loss of respect and trust for their treating health professionals and a loss of confidence in their care. Chronic wounds impose of individuals, an intense burden of physical suffering, cause major disruption to the normality of their lives, and often entail a constant personal struggle to secure appropriate care and understanding from their treating health professionals. In order to enable individuals living with chronic wounds to develop appropriate coping strategies, it is essential that health professionals: understand the burden of suffering associated with living with a chronic wound; ensure that they develop and maintain a high level of knowledge with regards to contemporary wound care practices; ensure that their clientele are provided with high quality care information that is based on the best available evidence; ensure continuity of care; and foster quality professional-client relationships that negates the need for individuals to have to constantly question their care.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor alguns critérios básicos, para o desenvolvimento de plásticos de engenharia em aplicações, componentes e partes dos veículos chamados populares, particularmente no Brasil, em substituição a partes tradicionalmente usinadas, fundidas ou injetadas em ligas metálicas. A despeito da desconfiança que cerca alguns dos componentes em plásticos que se destinam às aplicações automotivas, (e uma das principais razões para isso, são as elevadas temperaturas presentes em algumas áreas do automóvel), as grandes indústrias do setor não deixam de conceber novos projetos em polímeros de alta performance, para aplicações tidas como críticas em termos de resistência geral. Os chamados plásticos de engenharia são preferivelmente escolhidos devido à sua fácil processabilidade, e sua flexibilidade em propiciar desenhos mais complexos, com boa estabilidade dimensional e uma excelente resistência à corrosão em ambientes de hostilidade química. No passado, as empresas claramente optavam pelos plásticos chamados de termofixos, que hoje estão quase esquecidos ou obsoletos (principalmente devido aos processamentos mais custosos e/ou mais lentos). Hoje são largamente substituídos pelos termoplásticos de engenharia. Atualmente, o consumo de plásticos em alguns carros brasileiros já alcança quase 130 kg de plásticos nos seus interiores e/ou exteriores (como o Ford KA, por exemplo), o que ajuda a reduzir o peso total do automóvel, aumentando a economia de combustível, reduzindo os custos de processos, aliada a uma excelente aparência superficial. Este trabalho versará sobre a possibilidade de se propor critérios mais objetivos na fase inicial de um processo de seleção de plásticos de engenharia (notadamente, poliamidas, acetais, poliésteres, e policarbonato), aumentando a eficácia da escolha e diminuindo custos (evitando erros e economizando tempo), como um guia prático de consulta para engenheiros e profissionais do setor automotivo brasileiro.
The main objective of this paper is to propose some basic economical and objective criteria for the engineering plastics development in applications, components and parts in the low-end cars segment (known in Brazil as popular cars), to replace traditional metallic machined, die-casted or injected parts. In spite of the lack of reliance in plastics components in automotive applications (one of them being the high temperature in the engine area), big industries in the sector always conceive new projects on high performance polymers for applications considered critical because of its general resistance. The named engineering plastics are preferably chosen due to its easy processing, complex design flexibility, with a good dimensional stability and an excellent resistance against corrosion in environments with chemical hostility. In the past, companies clearly selected the called thermo-stable plastics, almost forgotten or obsolete nowadays (mainly due to the high cost and/or slowness on processing). Today they are largely replaced by engineering thermoplastics. Nowadays, the consumption of plastics in Brazilian low-end cars already reached approximately 130 kg of plastics in their interior and/or exterior (like in Ford KA, for example), which helps to reduce total car weight, increasing the saving of fuel, mitigating process costs, besides to an excellent surface appearance. This paper will approach about the possibility of proposing more objective criteria in the initial phase of the engineering plastics selection (notably polyamides, acetals, polyesters, and polycarbonates), increasing the choice efficacy and diminishing costs (avoiding mistakes and saving time), as a practical consulting guide to engineers and professionals from the Brazilian automotive sector.

This thesis solves actual engineering tasks from the field of motorcycle industry. The first part describes the design of several plastic parts for Czech motorcycle Blata125. The design of injection moulds for selected parts is described in second part of the thesis.

Розглядаються переваги та недоліки різних форми платіжних інструментів та їх влив на вибір інструментів користувачами.
Рассматриваются преимущества и недостатки различных формы платежных инструментов и их влияние на выбор инструментов пользователями.
The advantages and disadvantages of different forms of payment instruments and their impact on the choice of tools users.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
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Neste trabalho é feita uma abordagem sobre o estado-da-arte com relação à utilização de sistemas CAE/CAD/CAM no setor de moldes de injeção para peças de plástico. Através da elaboração de um Manual de Orientação sobre o assunto, são apresentados conceitos básicos, referentes a tecnologia CAx, detalhando as fases do processo de desenvolvimento de um molde onde já é possível obter o auxílio destas tecnologias. Além disso, são apresentadas considerações visando orientar a implantação de sistemas CAx, bem como é feita uma abordagem sobre problemas e dificuldades inerentes ao emprego de sistemas CAE/CAD/CAM em empresas de moldes de injeção, baseada na análise de estudos de casos, análise de artigos especializados e projetos da comunidade européia, bem como relatos de experiências industriais. Concluindo, são apresentadas as características básicas que devem estar presentes em um sistema CAx tipicamente voltado ao referido setor.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)
BACKGROUND: Plaster models form an integral part of the traditional orthodontic records. They are necessary for diagnosis and treatment planning, case presentations as well as for the evaluation of treatment progress. The accuracy of the measurements taken for space assessment is crucial prior to treatment planning. The introduction of digital models overcomes some problems experienced with plaster models. Digital models have shown to be an acceptable alternative for plaster models. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of traditional measurement techniques when compared to the CAD/ CAM measurements in the assessment of tooth widths and arch perimeter from plaster models. METHOD: The mesio-distal tooth widths and arch perimeter of thirty archived plaster models were measured using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm and divider to the nearest 0.1 mm. Corresponding digital models were produced by scanning them with a CAD/CAM (InEos X5) and space analysis completed by measurements using InEos Blue software. Measurements were repeated after 1 week from the initial measurement. The methods were compared using descriptive analysis (mean difference and standard deviation). RESULTS: The operator reliability was high for digital models as well as the plaster models when the measurement tool was the digital caliper (analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient in the paired t-test). The mean values of tooth widths measurements of CAD/CAM, digital caliper and divider were 6.82 (±0.04), 6.94 (± 0.04) and 7.11 (± 0.04). There was a significant difference between the measurements made by the CAD/CAM and the divider. Additionally significant differences between the measurements by digital caliper and divider measurements (p < 0.05) were observed. No significant difference was found when comparing CAD/CAM to digital caliper. Positive correlation was displayed between CAD/CAM, digital caliper and the divider, but the measurements completed with the digital caliper had the highest correlation with the CAD/CAM. The difference was not significant between the aforementioned measurement tools (p > 0.05). Arch perimeter measurements showed no statistical significant difference between CAD/CAM, digital caliper and divider (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Archived plaster models stored as records can be converted to digital models as it will have the same accuracy of measurements. The value of doing a space analysis with the CAD/CAM system can be performed with similar reliability on the digital models as a caliper on plaster models.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo global fornecer informações capazes de auxiliar as empresas da área de moldes no processo de seleção de sistemas CAD/CAE/CAM. Este auxílio é necessário e importante devido ao fato de muitas ferramentarias brasileiras não darem a devida atenção a necessidade de uma sistemática no processo de seleção, o que tem contribuído para dificultar a modernização deste setor em geral. Portanto, dos objetivos definidos para o trabalho, destacam-se o estudo de uma metodologia que auxilie na escolha de sistemas CAD/CAE/CAM para a área de moldes, bem como o desenvolvimento de um software para apoiar o teste de BENCHMARK. Para demonstrar a utilização da metodologia proposta, é apresentado um estudo de caso realizado junto a uma empresa do setor de moldes. Como conclusão do trabalho, são destacadas as contribuições feitas e as questões importantes observadas ao longo do estudo desenvolvido. No final, são apresentadas sugestões de novos trabalhos que poderão dar continuidade a este.

This thesis deals with 3D printing, materials used for 3D printing, testing of the materials and learning their real parameters. Goal of the thesis is comparing selected materials, executing series of mechanical test and selecting suitable material for printing high-quality plastic parts for use in automobiles, especially for reproduction of parts that are no longer made for oldtimers and for use in motorsport.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
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Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.
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Presentamos un estudio de tesis doctoral enfocado al estudio de la influencia de la planificación preoperatoria en cirugía reconstructiva de cabeza y cuello, concretamente en cirugía reconstructiva mandibular, valorando su influencia en la reducción del tiempo quirúrgico empleado para estos procedimientos y su influencia sobre la calidad de vida del paciente. La hipótesis de trabajo de este estudio piloto es que la planificación preoperatoria en cirugía reconstructiva mandibular supone una mejora en el tiempo quirúrgico de reconstrucción. Este tiempo quirúrgico de reconstrucción, se define como el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio simultáneo de la disección del colgajo libre y la cirugía exerética mandibular, hasta el posicionamiento del colgajo y su osteosíntesis, previo a la anastomósis microvascular. El objetivo principal del estudio es comparar el parámetro definido como tiempo quirúrgico de reconstrucción. De forma paralela estudiamos la calidad de vida de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio mediante la encuesta UW-QOL v4. University of Washington Quality of life Questionnaire. Se plantea para ello de forma prospectiva un estudio de cohortes piloto, en el cual se estudian un total de 20 casos distribuidos en dos grupos. Un grupo expuesto, en el que se emplea un protocolo de planificación, solicitando un modelo tridimensional mandibular y una placa de reconstrucción mandibular customizada y preformada prequirúrgicamente según la planificación asistida por ordenador (CAD); y un grupo no expuesto, en el cual no se realiza la planificación preoperatoria tridimensional, y se dispone de una placa de reconstrucción estándar, siguiendo un protocolo de planificación convencional. La asignación de pacientes en cada grupo del estudio se realizó bajo criterio facultativo, y según aprobación por el Comité de Nuevas Tecnologías y del presupuesto existente, siendo esta no aleatorizada. En el planteamiento del estudio y según el tamaño muestral, se estima en el momento de su inicio, una reducción del tiempo quirúrgico en torno a 45 minutos para el grupo expuesto. Según el resultado final del análisis, se ha valorado la significación estadística de la variable principal y de las variables secundarias. El objetivo de la estimación del tiempo quirúrgico es dar un valor objetivo y cuantificable a un proceso de planificación preoperatoria. Se pretende valorar su contribución para reducir el tiempo de ocupación de quirófano, y el consecuente ahorro de este recurso hospitalario, que pueda compensar el gasto económico en este tipo de planificación. INTRODUCCIÓN: Los objetivos principales en cirugía reconstructiva mandibular son restaurar los componentes anatómicos, funcionales y estéticos de la mandíbula. El empleo de colgajos libres óseos y osteo­mio-cutáneos que permitan una adecuada conformación de la anatomía ósea para reconstruir la configuración tridimensional de la mandíbula, ofrecen en la actualidad un elevado estándar de calidad. Sin embargo, hasta la aparición del Rapid Prototype Modelling (RPM), la placa de titanio para reconstrucción mandibular (TRP) era moldeada de forma intraoperatoria, al igual que el colgajo libre. Este procedimiento intraoperatorio se ha asociado a un incremento en el tiempo quirúrgico y en ocasiones a una conformación subóptima de la placa de reconstrucción mandibular. La cirugía reconstructiva ha evolucionado gracias a la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías como el diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD) y el RPM en la planificación preoperatoria. La utilización de estas nuevas tecnologías en la planificación quirúrgica podría reducir el tiempo de ocupación de quirófano, reducir el tiempo de isquemia del colgajo y mejorar los resultados globales en cirugía reconstructiva. OBJETIVOS: Estudiar el tiempo quirúrgico de reconstrucción mandibular, el tiempo quirúrgico total y la influencia de la planificación preoperatoria en los resultados de la reconstrucción mandibular. MÉTODOS: En 2008 se planificó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo en el que se plantea la inclusión de 20 pacientes para comparar los resultados, tras un tratamiento de reconstrucción mandibular. Se define y establece un protocolo de planificación preoperatoria asistida por ordenador, sistemas de prototipado rápido y placas de titanio de reconstrucción mandibular preformadas, frente a un protocolo de planificación convencional. Se estudia el tiempo quirúrgico total, el tiempo definido como tiempo de reconstrucción mandibular, las complicaciones postquirúrgicas, estancia hospitalaria y variables de calidad de vida relacionadas con la salud a través del UW-QOL v4. Este tiempo quirúrgico de reconstrucción, se de.ne como el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio simultáneo de la disección del colgajo libre y la cirugía exerética mandibular, hasta el posicionamiento del colgajo y su osteosíntesis, previo a la anastomósis microvascular. RESULTADOS: Entre 2008 y 2013 un total de 26 pacientes fueros tratados de reconstrucción mandibular durante el estudio. Se incluyeron 20 pacientes y se distribuyeron 10 pacientes en cada grupo de estudio. El análisis del tiempo quirúrgico valorado como media del tiempo de reconstrucción en el grupo de planificación preoperatoria con CAD, RPM y TRP preformadas fue de 134.8 (SD 37.25) minutos, frente a 176.4 (SD 58.19) en el grupo de planificación convencional, con un valor de p de 0.0445. El análisis del tiempo quirúrgico total en el grupo de planificación preoperatoria con CAD, RPM y TRP fue de 357.8(SD 94.61), frente a 421(SD 90.59) en el grupo de planificación convencional, con un valor de p de 0.1403. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las complicaciones referentes a maloclusión dental postquirúrgica (p valor 0.025) y exposición del material de osteosíntesis mandibular ( p valor 0.0098). Globalmente los resultados referentes a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud obtuvieron una mayor puntuación en el grupo de planificación preoperatoria. Los dominios considerados como problemas más importantes en ambos grupos fueron la apariencia y la afectación en la función masticatoria, con una mejor puntuación en el grupo de planificación preoperatoria con respecto al grupo de planificación convencional. CONCLUSIONES: La planificación preoperatoria con CAD, RPM y TRP preformadas puede mejorar la precisión de la microcirugía reconstructiva mandibular y simplificar el procedimiento quirúrgico reduciendo el tiempo de reconstrucción mandibular. El empleo de nuevas tecnologías como la CAD y RPM, poseen un importante papel en el momento actual y en la futura evolución de la cirugía reconstructiva, particularmente en el área de cabeza y cuello, pudiendo contribuir a una mejora final en la calidad de vida.
INTRODUCTION: The objectives for mandibular reconstruction are to restore the aesthetic and functional aspects of the jaw. Free flaps should be of a suitable shape and dimension to restore the three-dimensional (3D) configuration of the mandible. Until the advent of Rapid Prototype Modelling (RPM), titanium reconstruction plates (TRP) were bent, and bone flaps were contoured during the surgical procedure.This procedure has been associated with increased operation times and seldom improvable accuracy in plate contouring. Mandibular reconstruction has evolved to an increased standard of quality since the introduction of computer assisted design (CAD) and rapid prototype modelling (RPM) for surgical planning. By using these techniques for surgical planning, it is possible to reduce operation and ischaemic time to improve global results during the reconstructive procedures. OBJECTIVES: We studied operative reconstruction and total operative time and whether this approach of surgical planning could improve microsurgical mandibular reconstruction results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the year 2008, a twenty patients cohort pilot study was planned to prospectively compare the outcomes of patients treated for mandibular reconstruction who were subjected to a surgical planning protocol with CAD and RPM guided surgery, using a pre-contoured titanium plate, to those of patients treated following a conventional surgery protocol. We analysed total surgical time, time defined as reconstruction time, complications, length of hospital stay and quality of life related to health through the UW-QOL v4(1). The operative reconstruction time was studied and defined as the operative time from the beginning of the flap raising and resection surgery in the mandible to the final osteosynthesis of the flap, prior to microvascular suture. To better evaluate and determine whether operative time could be reduced, we designated this protocol of analysis. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 26 patients were treated for mandibular reconstruction using a fibula flap between 2008 and 2013. Twenty patients were included in the study, and a total of 10 patients were included in each group of the study. The mean operative time analysed as reconstruction time in the pre-surgical planning group was 134.8 (37.25) min compared to 176.4 (58.19) min in the conventional group (p value 0.0445).

Capes
No contexto atual do setor industrial onde a competitividade é cada vez maior, reduzir as incertezas presentes durante o desenvolvimento de novos produtos se torna essencial. Para isso podem ser utilizados os modelos de referência do PDP (Processo de Desenvolvimento do Produto), os quais visam uma melhoria de projeto, facilitando seu desenvolvimento e reduzindo as incertezas. Alguns segmentos industriais exigem grandes investimentos iniciais para a produção do produto, podendo-se destacar o de injeção polimérica. Neste processo há uma aquisição inicial do molde de injeção, o qual é responsável por grande parcela dos custos finais do produto, sendo este indispensável à realização da etapa. Visto isso, a utilização de ferramentas que propiciem uma redução de incertezas torna-se de grande valia. Uma destas ferramentas é o software CAM, que rotineiramente é utilizado nas fases do projeto detalhado e preparação da produção. Utilizá-lo de maneira não tradicional, em auxílio a estimativa de custos, já nas fases iniciais do PDP pode trazer algumas vantagens ao desenvolvimento do projeto. Com isso busca-se identificar a contribuição do software CAM como ferramenta de auxílio na estimativa de custos para tomada de decisão na fase inicial do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos poliméricos injetados. Para a realização do trabalho, buscou-se avaliar as fases iniciais dos modelos de referência do PDP a fim de identificar as atividades dadas como essenciais ao processo. Com a identificação das fases, foram correlacionadas quais funcionalidades do software CAM auxiliam na realização das atividades na fase inicial do PDP. Com isso propôs-se uma metodologia para estimar os custos de fabricação do molde de injeção para a fase inicial do PDP. Realizou-se então um estudo de caso, variando-se o design do produto, no qual buscou-se identificar a contribuição do software CAM na estimativa dos custos de fabricação. Após a realização do estudo de caso, percebe-se que a ferramenta CAM pode auxiliar na fase inicial do projeto, pois a mesma favorece a seleção do design do produto a ser fabricado, visto que pode-se através do software CAM estimar os tempos e as ferramentas de usinagem necessárias à fabricação do molde de injeção. Nota-se ainda que esta ferramenta favorece a definição do portfólio de produtos através da estimativa dos custos para fabricação do molde.
In the current context of the industrial sector where competitiveness is increasing, reducing the uncertainties present during the development of new products becomes essential. For this reference model of the PDP, which aim to improve the design, facilitating their development and reducing uncertainty can be used. Some industries require large initial investment for the production of the product and may highlight the polymer injection. In this process, there is an initial purchase of injection mold, which is responsible for a large portion of the final cost of the product, which is essential to carry out the step. Seen that the use of tools that may reduce the uncertainties become very valuable. One of these tools is the CAM software, which is routinely used in the stages of detailed design and production preparation. Use it for non-traditional way, aid in the cost estimate, since in the early stages of the PDP can bring some advantages to the project development. Thus, we seek to identify the contribution of CAM software tool to aid in estimating costs for decision-making early in the development process injected polymer products. To conduct the study sought to evaluate the early stages of the reference models of the PDP in order to identify activities as essential given the process. With the identification of the phases of CAM, software features, which assist in performing the activities in the initial phase of the PDP, were correlated. With this proposed a methodology for estimating the costs of manufacturing injection mold for the initial phase of the PDP. Then performed a case study, varying the design of the product, in which we attempted to identify the contribution of CAM software in estimates of manufacturing costs. After the completion of the case study, it can be seen that the CAM tool can assist in the initial design stage, because it favors the selection of the design of the product being manufactured, as it can be through the CAM software to estimate the times and machining tools needed to manufacture the injection mold. Note also that this tool favors the definition of the product portfolio by estimating costs for mold manufacturing.

Introducción Las primeras cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina (SARM) se detectaron en el Reino Unido en 1960. Posteriormente, se diseminaron por todo el mundo. Al principio, el SARM era un patógeno nosocomial; pero, progresivamente, se fue extendiendo a pacientes no ingresados, la mayoría de ellos relacionados con el sistema sanitario, como es el caso de los residentes geriátricos. A partir del año 2000, se detectaron cepas de SARM comunitario, con características clínicas y microbiológicas peculiares, como la presencia de genes codificantes de la leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (LPV). Uno de los antimicrobianos alternativos para tratar el SARM es la linezolida, pero se han detectado cepas de estafilococos resistentes a este antimicrobiano. Objetivos Estudiar la relación clonal de los aislados de SARM detectados en el Hospital Universitari Son Dureta-Son Espases, hospital de referencia de las Islas Baleares, durante cuatro períodos: 1999-2000, 2002-2004, 2008 y 2012-2013. Comparar la relación clonal de los aislados de SARM del hospital de referencia con los de otros hospitales de Mallorca. Determinar la frecuencia de LPV. Estudiar la prevalencia de la colonización por SARM en exudados nasales y de úlcera de los residentes en el mayor centro geriátrico de Mallorca. Determinar los factores de riesgo de colonización y evaluar su evolución temporal. Estudiar la epidemiología molecular y el mecanismo de resistencia a la linezolida en cepas de SARM, Staphylococcus epidermidis y Staphylococcus hominis, resistentes a este antimicrobiano detectadas en dos hospitales de Mallorca. Metodología Se documentaron todos los pacientes con SARM en muestras clínicas en los cuatro períodos de estudio. La relación clonal se determinó mediante electroforesis en campo pulsado y multilocus sequence typing. Se realizaron diversos ensayos de PCR para la detección de los genes de LPV, tipificación del casete cromosómico estafilocócico mec (SCCmec) y subtipificación del SCCmec tipo IV. En el estudio de prevalencia de SARM en geriátricos, se recogieron muestras de exudado nasal y de úlcera durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2005. Para determinar los factores de riesgo de colonización, se cumplimentó un formulario estandarizado con datos clínicos de cada participante. Se realizó seguimiento clínico y de la colonización a los 8, 12 y 18 meses, tanto en los pacientes colonizados por SARM (casos), como en un grupo de residentes no colonizados (controles). En los aislados de SARM, S. epidermidis y S. hominis resistentes a la linezolida, se realizaron diversos ensayos de PCR y de transferencia del plásmido. Se procedió a la caracterización del plásmido de multirresistencia (pERGB) tras la clonación de los distintos fragmentos en pUCP24. Resultados y conclusiones La situación epidemiológica de SARM en nuestro hospital se caracterizó por la presencia endémica de 3 clones mayoritarios en 1999-2004 (ST125-IVc, ST228-I y ST22-IVh). Los clones ST125-IVc y ST228-I predominaban también en muchos hospitales españoles, mientras que el ST22-IVh (EMRSA-15), prevalente en el Reino Unido, era prácticamente inexistente en el territorio peninsular español. Estos tres clones predominaban en otros hospitales de Mallorca. En 2008, un 7% de las cepas de SARM hospitalarias fueron productoras de LPV. La prevalencia de SARM en exudados nasales de los residentes geriátricos fue del 8%, relativamente baja y generalmente transitoria. Los factores de riesgo asociados con la colonización fueron el ingreso hospitalario previo, la enfermedad vascular, la diabetes, la presencia de úlceras de decúbito y el tratamiento antibiótico previo. La gran mayoría de residentes colonizados no desarrollaron una infección subsiguiente por SARM. Se detectó la presencia de dos clones distintos, también encontrados en el hospital de referencia. Por primera vez, se describe un plásmido de multirresistencia conjugativo portador de los genes cfr, ant(4’)-Ia, tet(L) y dfrK en S. aureus y S. epidermidis que determina la resistencia a la linezolida y a otros antibióticos. Todas las cepas de S. hominis resistentes a la linezolida pertenecían al mismo clon y presentaban la mutación G2576T en el gen ARNr 23S.
Introducció Les primeres soques de Staphylococcus aureus resistents a la meticil·lina (SARM) es detectaren al Regne Unit l’any 1960. Posteriorment, es disseminaren per tot el món. Al començament, el SARM era un patogen nosocomial; però, progressivament, es va estendre a malalts no ingressats, la majoria d’ells relacionats amb el sistema sanitari, com ara els residents geriàtrics. A partir de l’any 2000, es detectaren soques de SARM comunitari, amb característiques clíniques i microbiològiques peculiars, com la presència de gens codificants de la leucocidina de Panton-Valentine (LPV). Un dels antimicrobians alternatius per tractar el SARM és la linezolida, encara que també s’han detectat soques d’estafilococs resistents a aquest antimicrobià. Objectius Estudiar la relació clonal dels aïllats de SARM detectats a l’Hospital Universitari Son Dureta-Son Espases, hospital de referència de les Illes Balears, durant quatre períodes: 1999-2000, 2002-2004, 2008 i 2012-2013. Comparar la relació clonal dels aïllats de SARM de l’hospital de referència amb els d’altres hospitals de Mallorca. Determinar la freqüència de LPV. Estudiar la prevalença de la colonització per SARM en exsudats nasals i d’úlcera dels residents al centre geriàtric més gran de Mallorca. Determinar els factors de risc d’aquesta colonització i avaluar-ne l’evolució temporal. Estudiar l’epidemiologia molecular i el mecanisme de resistència a la linezolida en soques de SARM, Staphylococcus epidermidis i Staphylococcus hominis, resistents a aquest antimicrobià detectades a dos hospitals de Mallorca. Metodologia Es documentaren tots els malalts amb SARM detectat en mostres clíniques durant els quatre períodes d’estudi. La relació clonal es determinà mitjançant electroforesi en camp polsant i multilocus sequence typing. Es dugueren a terme diferents assajos de PCR per a la detecció dels gens de LPV, tipificació del casset cromosòmic estafilocòccic mec (SCCmec) i subtipificació de l’SCCmec tipus IV. A l’estudi de prevalença de SARM en geriàtrics, es recolliren exsudats nasals i d’úlcera durant els mesos d’octubre i novembre de 2005. Per determinar els factors de risc de colonització, s’emplenà un formulari estandarditzat amb les dades clíniques de cada participant. Es va fer el seguiment clínic i de la colonització als 8, 12 i 18 mesos, tant en els malalts colonitzats per SARM (casos), com en un grup de residents no colonitzats (controls). En els aïllats de SARM, S. epidermidis i S. hominis resistents a la linezolida, s’efectuaren diversos assajos de PCR i de transferència del plasmidi. Es procedí a la caracterització del plasmidi de multiresistència (pERGB) després de la clonació dels diferents fragments en pUCP24. Resultats i conclusions La situació epidemiològica de SARM al nostre hospital es caracteritza per la presència endèmica de 3 clons majoritaris en 1999-2004 (ST125-IVc, ST228-I i ST22-IVh). Els clons ST125-IVc i ST228-I predominaven també en molts hospitals espanyols mentre que el ST22-IVh (EMRSA-15), prevalent al Regne Unit, era pràcticament inexistent en el territori peninsular espanyol. Aquests tres clons van ser els més freqüents en els altres hospitals de Mallorca. L’any 2008, un 7% de les soques de SARM de l’hospital foren productores de LPV. La prevalença de SARM en exsudats nasals dels residents geriàtrics fou del 8%, relativament baixa i generalment transitòria. Els factors de risc associats amb la colonització foren l’ingrés hospitalari previ, la malaltia vascular, la diabetis, la presència d’úlceres de decúbit i el tractament antibiòtic previ. La gran majoria dels residents colonitzats no desenvoluparen una infecció subsegüent per SARM. Es detectà la presència dos clons diferents, trobats també a l’hospital de referència. Per primera vegada, es descriu un plasmidi de multiresistència conjugatiu portador dels gens cfr, ant(4’)-Ia, tet(L) i dfrK en S. aureus i S. epidermidis que determina la resistència a la linezolida i a altres antimicrobians. Totes les soques de S. hominis resistents a la linezolida pertanyien al mateix clon i presentaven la mutació G2576T al gen ARNr 23S.
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were first detected in the United Kingdom in the sixties of the past century, and then spread all over the world. At the beginning, MRSA behaved as nosocomial pathogen but progressively was detected outside the hospital, mostly in health-care associated patients. Since year 2000, community-acquired MRSA strains showing a particular clinical and microbiological profile emerged; most of these strains typically contain two genes encoding the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL). Linezolid is a useful alternative for treating patients with staphylococcal infections but resistance to this antimicrobial has arisen. Objectives To study the clonal relatedness of MRSA isolates detected at the Hospital Universitari Son Dureta-Son Espases, along four periods: 1999-2000, 2002-2004, 2008, and 2012-2013; to compare the clonal relatedness of these MRSA isolates with those from other Majorcan hospitals; to determine the frequency of PVL gene detection in the MRSA strains. To study the prevalence of MRSA colonization (nasal and ulcer swabs) in the residents admitted at the major geriatric center of Majorca. To determine the risk factors for colonization, and to evaluate its evolution in over time. To study the molecular epidemiology and the mechanisms of resistance in linezolid-resistant MRSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis strains detected at two Majorcan hospitals. Methodology Clonal relatedness was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. Several PCR assays were carried out for detection of PVL genes, typing of staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec), and subtyping of SCCmec type IV isolates. Regarding the prevalence of MRSA carriage in geriatric patients, nasal and ulcer swabs were collected from the study participants in October-November 2005. In order to determine the risk factors for MRSA colonization, a standardized questionnaire with clinical data from each resident was completed. Two cohorts of residents (MRSA carriers and non-carriers) were followed up to 18 months, with nasal cultures performed every six months. PCR detection of several genes and plasmid transfer assays were done in MRSA, S. epidermidis and S. hominis linezolid-resistant isolates to decipher the determinants of this resistance. The multidrug resistance plasmid (pERGB) was characterized after cloning different gene fragments in pUCP24. Results and conclusions The epidemiologic profile of MRSA strains from our hospital was characterized for the endemic presence of 3 major clones during 1999-2004 (ST125-IVc, ST228-I and ST22-IVh). The ST125-IVc and ST228-I clones were also predominant in many Spanish hospitals at that time, whereas the ST22-IVh (EMRSA-15), the most prevalent in British hospitals, was almost nonexistent in centers of the Iberian Peninsula in that period. These three clones were also predominant in the others Majorcan hospitals. In 2008, 7% of MRSA isolates were PVL-producers. MRSA carriage in participants living in the geriatric facility was 8%, lower in comparison with other studies, and generally intermittent. Previous hospital admission, vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, presence of decubitus ulcers and previous antibiotic treatment were the risk factors for MRSA colonization. Most of the residents carrying MRSA did not develop subsequent MRSA infections. MRSA isolates belonged to two different clones, both found also in the reference hospital. A multidrug resistance conjugative plasmid was described for the first time carriyng cfr, ant(4’)-Ia, tet(L) and dfrK genes driving resistance to linezolid and other antimicrobials in S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. All the linezolid-resistant S. hominis strains belonged to the same clone and presented the G2576T mutation at the 23S rRNA gene.

Primad information är lättare tillgängligt i minnet och kan således lättare bli igenkänt. Förutsättningar för priming är bland annat subliminal perception, mål, tillförlitlighet, icke vaksamt och icke vanemässigt. Studiens syfte är att få bredare förståelse gällande subliminal primings påverkan. Frågeställningen var om kunder i en affär kan manipuleras, primas, till att ta en specifik kulör på plastpåse vid kassan samt om det finns någon könsskillnad vid effekten av priming. Deltagarna var 490 kunder, varav 333 män. Två olika skyltar med olika kulörer placerades vid kassan. Det noterades om kunderna valde den primade kulören på plastpåse eller inte. Kontrollgruppen bestod av 117 personer och dessa fick inte se någon skylt. Resultatet visade en signifikant skillnad, deltagarna valde samma kulör på plastpåse som skylten. Inga könsskillnader påträffades. Forskning visar att primingeffekter kan motstridas genom att individen gör sig medveten av potentiell omedveten påverkan.
Primed information is more accessible in memory and can thus easily be recognized. Prerequisites for priming include subliminal perception, goals, reliability, non alert and non habitually. The study aims to gain broader understanding regarding subliminal primings influence. The purpose of this thesis was to see whether the customers in a store could be manipulated, primed, to take a specific colour on plastic bags at checkout and if there are any gender differences in the effect of priming. Participants were 490 customers, of whom 333 men. Two different signs with different colours were placed at the checkout. It was noted if customers chose the primed colour of the plastic bag or not. The results showed a significant difference, the participants chose the same colour on the plastic bag as the sign. No gender differences were found. Research shows that priming effects can be opposed if people make themselves aware of potential unconscious influences.

The aim of this thesis is to elaborate project documentation for new construction of low-energy residential building with 16 luxury apartments, apartment without barriers and with pharmacy of basic type. It is a four-storey detached building without basement, with flat roof, roof terraces and with balconies. Residential building is located in one of the most enjoyable parts of the city of Zlín – Jižní Svahy II in the vicinity of Central park with bicycle path and with beautiful view of the Zlín. The building will be located on land plot No. 2144/46, where is still situated unfinished building "Torso" from the late 80 years. The residential building is designed in brick system Heluz, ceiling construction is made up of prestressed hollow core slabs, perimeter walls are with external thermal insulation composite system and external doors and windows are made of plastic and aluminum with triple glazing. For heating and water heating will be utilized renewables energy, such as heat pump and solar collectors. Residential units with three residential rooms are designed with a forced ventilation by means of ventilation units with heat recovery. The building also uses modern shielding elements such as outdoor blinds and horizontal sun breakers. The part of the project are also disposition studies, seminar work and energy part.

碩士
崑山科技大學
機械工程研究所
98
Along with the growth of economy and the rise of the living standard, people request products more strictly than before, From product quality to production speed, are the main points of improvement. Using the traditional methods to test products will waste lots of time and money, even have the higher risks to remake if the mold are not designed well. Hence, using the CAE is a better choice to avoid to waste much more money and prevent design mistakes. Two studies are included in this research. Both use mold flow software to assist mold design or injection process of plastic products. First product is a glasses frame. Mold flow analysis is used to obtain the best injection parameters including plastic temperature, cooling channel, mold temperature and product thickness. Simulation result reveals that increasing plastic temperature and product thickness is the best way to decrease residual stress, whereas cooling channel and mold temperature having almost no any improvements. Second product is a smart card. It is used to assist study on thin wall injection. It has a thin wall area as well as a large difference on product thickness. The initial design of mold is accomplished by Hsu. In this mold, a slide is derived by a spring. When plastic is injected, this slide moved backward to compress spring. After injection pressure disappearing, slide is pushed back by spring and compress molten plastic. The thin wall then can be shaped. Owing to know the cavity temperature and pressure, two sensors are installed in this mold. From these obtained data of cavity temperature and pressure, a suitable spring can be used to derive slide moving as our desired. The smart card then can be produced.

Mais de 5 trilhões de peças de plástico estão presentes no oceano. Seus efeitos sobre os macroorganismos estão bem documentados e sabe-se que podem afetá-los principalmente devido à sua ingestão ou emaranhamento. No entanto, os estudos sobre seus efeitos em microrganismos são menos populares e focados, principalmente, na comunidade de biofilme que pode colonizar a superfície do plástico. Foi demonstrado que os plásticos marinhos são recobertos por matéria orgânica e inorgânica, seguida da colonização bacteriana, que é dominada por Gammaproteobacteria e Alphaproteobacteria, com a possibilidade de a bactéria Bacteroidetes aparecer mais tarde e se tornar abundante. Além disso, os plásticos geralmente contêm aditivos que são adicionados pela indústria para melhorar sua qualidade e desempenho. Esses aditivos e compostos, assim como os blocos monoméricos do plástico, podem ser liberados no meio aquático com consequências para a comunidade microbiana. Verificou-se que as bactérias marinhas absorvem os compostos orgânicos liberados pelo plástico, estimulando seu crescimento. No entanto, quais grupos de bactérias são capazes de usá-los e como isso os afeta ainda é desconhecido. Nossa hipótese é que os lixiviados plásticos podem alterar e afetar a composição e atividade da comunidade de bactérias heterotróficas marinhas quando expostas a diferentes condições ambientais e tipos de plástico. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a comunidade bacteriana e avaliar sua atividade após a exposição aos compostos liberados por diferentes tipos de plásticos. O estudo testou lixiviados de diferentes tipos de plástico comumente encontrados no oceano, como polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) e poliestireno (PS), sob uma variedade de condições ambientais, como diferentes temperaturas (15 e 28 °C), exposição à radiação UV e ambiente escuro. Um plástico biodegradável, ácido polilático (PLA), também foi usado para comparar com os lixiviados termoplásticos. Na etapa de fotodegradação, peças plásticas foram adicionadas à água do mar artificial (AMA) em tubos de quartzo, para tratamentos de luz, e em frascos de borosilicato revestidos com folha de alumínio, para tratamentos de escuro. Um experimento comparou PEBD e PLA a 15 °C, enquanto o outro comparou PEBD e PS a 28 °C. As amostras foram incubadas durante 6 dias sob radiação ultravioleta e luz visível e temperatura constante. Na etapa de biodegradação, lixiviados plásticos obtidos no experimento de fotodegradação anterior foram utilizados após a remoção das peças de plástico. Os lixiviados foram inoculados com um inóculo bacteriano natural do Observatório Microbial de Blanes Bay (NO Mediterrâneo). Sua curva de crescimento foi acompanhada até atingirem a fase estacionária. Em seguida, 72 horas após a inoculação, a comunidade bacteriana que foi capaz de crescer nesses lixiviados plásticos foi caracterizada pelo uso das técnicas de hibridização in situ fluorescente de deposição de repórter catalisado (CARD-FISH) e marcação de aminoácidos não canônicos bioortogonal (BONCAT). CARD-FISH é um método que usa sondas oligonucleotídicas marcadas com peroxidase de rábano (HRP) e amplificação do sinal de tiramida, a fim de detectar células com baixo conteúdo ribossômico, que são frequentemente prevalentes em águas oligotróficas. O BONCAT é um método que tem sido usado para caracterizar a atividade de micróbios não cultivados, em seu ambiente de crescimento nativo. Esta abordagem semiquantitativa explora o estado fisiológico das bactérias marinhas, incubando uma amostra bacteriana com um análogo da metionina e usando a química do clique para identificar as células que incorporaram o substrato. Sondas diferentes foram usadas para avaliar a composição da comunidade, como GAM42a, que tem como alvo a maioria das Gammaproteobacterias, CF319a, que tem como alvo muitos membros do grupo Bacteroidetes, EUB338 I-II e –III, que tem como alvo a maioria das bactérias, e Alf968, que tem como alvo as Alphaproteobacterias. Suas abundâncias foram calculadas em relação às suas contribuições para a comunidade total, enquanto sua atividade foi avaliada pelo cálculo de seu valor médio cinza (VMC), que é a soma dos valores de cinza de todos os pixels na célula dividida pelo número de pixels. Um teste-t de Student bicaudal foi aplicado a fim de comparar a abundância e a atividade dos diferentes grupos filogenéticos bacterianos. Em ambas as temperaturas, as bactérias começaram a crescer após 24 horas e atingiram a fase exponencial após 72 horas de incubação. Ao final de ambos os experimentos, as amostras de plástico apresentaram maior abundância bacteriana do que os controles sem plástico, exceto para o PS irradiado. Todos os tipos de lixiviados plásticos levaram a uma composição de comunidade microbiana semelhante: elas eram compostas principalmente por Gamma-, Alphaproteobacteria e Bacteroidetes. Ambos os experimentos apresentaram contribuições semelhantes de cada grupo filogenético para a abundância total. Gamma- e Alphaproteobacteria mostraram ser os maiores contribuintes, enquanto Bacteroidetes foi o grupo menos abundante. Os lixiviados plásticos estimularam o crescimento de Gamma- e Alphaproteobacteria nos tratamentos plásticos em relação aos controles sem plásticos. No entanto, o impacto sobre os Bacteroidetes foi mais variável. A irradiação durante a lixiviação de plástico teve resultados contrastantes na abundância bacteriana que dependeu do tipo de plástico e do grupo filogenético. No entanto, lixiviados plásticos previamente irradiados, como os encontrados no oceano, estimularam a síntese de proteínas em bactérias marinhas em relação àquelas não expostas anteriormente à radiação. Portanto, algumas exceções foram capazes de mostrar como diferentes condições e tipos de plásticos podem ter impactos mistos em cada grupo filogenético e na comunidade bacteriana. Aqui também descobrimos que o plástico biodegradável, PLA, não liberou compostos biodegradáveis que se refletiram em um maior crescimento ou atividade bacteriana. Isso mostra que, na água do mar, o plástico biodegradável como o PLA, nem sempre é biodegradado e seu impacto sobre os microrganismos não difere dos demais termoplásticos. Este estudo foi o primeiro passo para entender como os lixiviados plásticos podem afetar a composição da comunidade microbiana na coluna d'água. Também identificou, pela primeira vez, quais grupos bacterianos são selecionados nos lixiviados plásticos marinhos e o quanto eles são ativos na síntese de proteínas. As sondas aqui utilizadas levaram a uma ampla identificação de microrganismos, em grupos filogenéticos, que incluem muitas espécies diferentes. Portanto, novos experimentos são necessários para identificar os organismos que compõem cada grupo e seu comportamento quando expostos aos lixiviados plásticos em diferentes condições, pois muitos fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos podem ter diferentes efeitos isolados e combinados sobre as bactérias. Este estudo melhorou nosso conhecimento atual sobre a interação entre a lixiviação de plástico e micróbios marinhos e como isso pode afetar o ambiente, a teia alimentar e o sistema marinhos. Esses resultados fornecem insights cruciais sobre potenciais formas de biodegradação de plástico que podem ser desenvolvidas no futuro.
Over 5 trillion pieces of plastic are present in the ocean. They usually contain additives that are added to them by the industry in order to improve their quality and performance. These additives and compounds, as well as the monomer blocks of the plastic, can be released into the aquatic media with consequences for the microbial community. It has been found that marine bacteria uptake the organic compounds released by plastic stimulating their growth. However, which bacterial groups are able to use them are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize for the first time the bacterial community and assess its activity after the exposure to the compounds released by different types of plastics. The study tested the leachates from different types of plastic commonly found in the ocean, such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polystyrene (PS), under different environmental conditions. A biodegradable plastic, polylactic acid (PLA), was also used to compare with the thermoplastic leachates. Then, the bacterial community that was able to grow in these plastic leachates was characterized by using the CARD-FISH and BONCAT techniques. Our results indicate that the bacterial community was mainly composed by Gamma-, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, with the first two being the dominant ones. Overall, plastic leachates increased the growth rates of Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria in the plastic treatments compared to the controls without plastics. However, the impact on Bacteroidetes was more variable. Irradiation during plastic leaching had contrasting results on the bacterial abundance which depended on the plastic type and the phylogenetic group. On the other hand, plastic leachates that were previously irradiated increased significantly more the activity of marine bacteria compared to the non-irradiated ones. These results provide crucial insights on potential ways of plastic biodegradation that could be developed in the future.

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
98
SMEs paly a crucial role in the economic development of Tawian. Because of the cavity of relative plastic industries, subcontractors and manufacturing business need to create a new business pattern and then balance with Mainland China. After balance score card was established, it has been over ten years. However, past studies usually applied it in corporations, so the studies about BSC in SMEs are not as sufficient as corporation. This study takes a plastic injection company in central Taiwan as an example and applies four perspectives of balance score card with strategy maps to transform goals into action programs then finally completes competitive advantages of the individual SME in the case. This case takes establishing continuing creating work team by using perspectives of learn and growth as the starting point of the strategy map. Second, we improve the process of inner sustaining creating by the use of continuing creating work team and finally increase customers’ profits and value through improving inner sustaining creating. In the production department, we use learn and growth to complete abilities of resolution and service and take it as the starting point of the strategy map. Second, we use standard operating process, time of customer reaction, and time of delivery to sustain improving resolution techniques and the process of service. Finally, we achieve comprehensive resolution for customer needs by replacing the time of customer reaction with integrated service.

碩士
文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
85
With rapid expansion and using of information technology, it has increasedhigh efficiency and achieved high capability in business. As always havingemphasized on the customer orientation and controlled the situation of mar-keting channels, and customer service, we should propose a system designwith perapectives and integrations. Otherwise, we could hardly reach our fi-nal goals. However, the success critical factors of business operation rely onwhether or not we have a perspective strategy and promotion of informationtechnology system, such as using POS to highlight the convenience of cus-tomer services and to establish an integrated business operation system, thatis, a realistic practicing of the perspective strategy. With the progress in modern technology, the information system such asusing POS is like a trend of full permeation which make our country raiseindustrial operation capability and also plan a beautiful future. No matterwherher or not it can increase the operation capability, management efficiencyand even lift its service quality, then all of these can produce far and nearsynergy. The distribution industry always covers food, clothing, living, traveling, raisingand recreation etc, because these items are very close relationship to ourdaily life. When consumers' income increase, and consumers' preferencechange, the living standard becomes higher and higher, the demand of dis- tribution industry will increase. We think that this industry will have a bigpotentiality on our county tthe future. Plastic Cards which classifies to non-down payment credit cards, such asDiners Club Card, American Express Card etc., because of their ownuniqueness and rights desingated for specific customers' group, and therefore,are still considered to be big potentiality in the future. Plastic Cards whichclassifies to international credit cards, such as VISA Card, Master Card, JCBCard etc. are also regarded as famous credit cards worldwidely. The above- mentioned cards have popularly for years here in Taiwan, and people arealready accustomed to acceptance them and will not easily be impacted by ICCard. We expect these cards will keep booming and also fast growing in thefuture. IC Card will combine Credit Cards, Debit Card, Withdtrawn Card and Pre-paid Card to become a multifunction card in the future. If we are able toadd to the current financial information stystem and domestic financial insti-tutions to establish finanial information network on line operations that is,Electronic Funds Transfer IC-POS to combine together and to becoome a newera of intergation system, then a time of cashless society is comming verysoon in our country.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию деятельности коммерческих банков на рынке банковских карт. Предметом исследования является деятельность коммерческих банков с банковскими картами в Российской Федерации и проблемы их развития. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является углубленный анализ функционирования коммерческих банков с банковскими картами, а также исследование современных проблем развития данного финансового института и путей их решения. В заключении изложены основные выводы, полученные в работе, и проведено соотнесение достигнутых результатов с целями и задачами работы, поставленными во введении.
The final qualification work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of the activities of commercial banks in the bank card market. The subject of the study is the activities of commercial banks with bank cards in the Russian Federation and the problems of their development. The main goal of the master's thesis is an in-depth analysis of the functioning of commercial banks with bank cards, as well as a study of modern problems of the development of this financial institution and ways to solve them.In the conclusion, the main conclusions obtained in the work are presented, and the results achieved are compared with the goals and objectives of the work set out in the introduction.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia do Ambiente apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Na presente dissertação é apresentado um estudo de avaliação de ciclo de vida de dois tipos de componentes para automóveis (puxador de porta e apoio de braço) produzidos na CIE Plasfil, que é uma empresa industrial transformadora de plásticos por injecção localizada na Figueira da Foz. Foram comparados diferentes cenários para cada um dos tipos de componentes, tendo em conta diferentes tipos e quantidades de matéria-prima (virgem e reciclada) e procurando identificar as fases mais críticas e oportunidades para redução dos impactes ambientais de ciclo de vida. O estudo realizado focou o seu âmbito na fase de produção na CIE Plasfil e em outros processos associados a esta produção, para os quais, embora não ocorrendo na CIE Plasfil, nos foi possível recolher directamente dados (p.e. reciclagem de matéria-prima, o processo de cataforese). Trata-se, assim, de um estudo de avaliação de ciclo de vida, que inclui todas as fases até à unidade receptora de montagem do automóvel. A fase do uso não foi considerada, o que deverá ser tido em conta na comparação de peças com diferentes pesos. No caso do puxador de porta, foram definidos três cenários de estudo: A) puxador de porta constituído apenas por matéria-prima virgem (ABS-PC); B) puxador de porta constituído por matéria-prima virgem e reciclada (incorporação dos jitos formados na produção de outros puxadores de porta); C) um puxador de porta formado exclusivamente por matéria-prima reciclada proveniente de jitos e de um processo de reciclagem desenvolvido pela empresa Gecomplast S.L. Todos os cenários têm como receptoras das peças fabricadas unidades de montagem situadas na França e na Rússia. Para a avaliação do apoio de braço (armrest), foram também diferenciados três cenários: “armrest B” produzido essencialmente com aço; “armrest J” formado essencialmente por polímeros de matéria-prima PBT PET GF30 (tereftalato de polibutileno, polietileno e de 30% fibra de vidro); e o “armrest J_novo design” que constitui uma versão com peso reduzido do armrest J, através da utilização de PP GF30 (polipropileno e 30% de fibra de vidro) numa das componentes da peça (charnière). As unidades receptoras do armrest dependem dos cenários. O armrest B tem destino em Espanha, enquanto o armrest J e o armrest J_novo design têm destino em França. Na análise da comparação dos três cenários do puxador de porta, verificou-se que as fases que mais contribuem para os impactes energéticos e ambientais são a produção de ABS-PC (devido ao fabrico do policarbonato), a electricidade para a injecção (devido aos impactes associados à geração de electricidade) e o transporte (combustão e emissão de gases). O puxador de porta com cenário de produção A é o que apresenta pior desempenho ambiental devido à matéria-prima que o constitui ser completamente virgem. Por outro lado, o puxador de porta com cenário de produção C, por ser constituído por matéria reciclada, é o que apresenta melhor desempenho ambiental, logo o seu ciclo de vida contribui com menores impactes no ambiente. Na comparação dos três puxadores de porta em relação às unidades receptoras (França e Rússia), verificou-se que o transporte para a Rússia é a fase que implica maiores impactes ambientais em todas as categorias. Na comparação dos cenários do armrest, conclui-se que o armrest J é o que tem mais impactes ambientais e energéticos, seguido do armrest J_novo design (com menos 12% a quantificar nas categorias analisadas pelo método Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) e pelo método CML 2 baseline 2000. O armrest B é o que tem menores impactes no ambiente, menos cerca de 41% relativamente ao armrest J. As três fases que mais contribuem para os impactes ambientais por ordem de importância são o fabrico das matérias-primas (aço e PBT PET GF30), a geração de electricidade usada na produção das peças e o transporte.
In the present dissertation, it is presented the life cycle assessment of two kinds of automotive components (door handle and armrest) produced in CIE Plasfil, which is an industrial company of plastics transformation by injection located in Figueira da Foz. Different scenarios were compared for each type of automotive components taking into account different weights and types of raw material (virgin or recycled) in order to identify the most critical phases and opportunities to reduce the environmental impacts of the life cycle. The study focused its scope on the production phase in CIE Plasfil and in other processes associated to this production for which, not occurring in CIE Plasfil, it was possible to collect data directly (e.g. recycling of raw materials, cataphoresis process). It is a study of life cycle up assessment that includes all the stages of life cycle to the unit receiver of the automobile assembly. The use phase was not considered, it will be taken into account in the comparison of the components with different weights.. In the case of the door handle three study scenarios were defined: A) door handle made with up only virgin raw material (ABS-PC); B) door handle produced with virgin and recycled raw material (integration of sprues formed in the production of other door handles); C) a door handle consisting solely of recycled raw material, which is obtained from sprues and by a recycling process developed by Gecomplast S.L. In all scenarios the manufactured parts ate to be received by assembling units in France and Russia. To evaluate the armrest there are also three different scenarios: “armrest B” essentially made up of steel; “armrest J” produced essentially with raw material PBT PET GF30 (polybutylene polyethylene terephthalate and 30% of fiber glass) polymers; and the “armrest J_new design” which is an improved version of armrest J and uses PP GF30 (polypropylene and 30% of fiber glass) in one of the component parts (charnière). The receiver units differ from the previous ones. The destination of armrest B is Spain; the destination of armrest J and of armrest J_new design is France. In the comparative analysis of the three scenarios of the door handle, it was verified that the stages that contribute more to the energy and environmental impacts are the ABS-PC production (due to the polycarbonate manufacture), injection electricity (due to impacts associated with the generation of electricity) and transport (due to combustion and gas emissions). The door handle with production scenario A presents the worst environmental performance due to its composing raw material which is completely virgin. On the other hand, the door handle with production scenario C, being composed by recycled material, is the one that presents the best environmental performance, therefore its life cycle has the least environmental impacts. When comparing the three door handles regarding the destination (France and Russia), it was verified that the transport to Russia is the phase that entails greater environmental impacts in all categories. Comparing the armrest scenarios, it is concluded that armrest J is the one that has the greatest environmental and energetic impacts followed by armrest J_new design (with 12% less to quantify in the analyzed categories through the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) method and the CML 2 baseline 2000 method. The armrest B is the one that has the least environmental impacts, with 41% less than armrest J. The three phases that contribute the most to environmental impacts are, by order of importance, the raw material manufacture (steel and PBT PET GF30), the generation of electricity used in the parts production, and the transport.

The Beauty and Personal Care Market has been moving towards a sustainable path. During the past few years, companies have taken on initiatives to reduce their environmental footprint, and Brand 1is at its forefront in the mass market. This Field Lab Project aims to analyse how Portuguese consumers perceive the sustainable dimension of the Brand 1. We concluded that most Portuguese consumers are not up-to-date with sustainability, showing incongruencies between their stated opinions and their actions. Their misunderstanding of the topic extends to their reliability of the sustainability concept on packaging, granting it greater importance than any other factors.

The theoretical part is focused on evaluation of chosen ?essential? plastics used in the car industry. The principles of construction and proportioning of plastic components, basic conception of injection moulding and measuration follow. Another section of the theoretical part presents a summary of possible CAD systems, which are used. The practical part is focused on a particular plastic moulding. It includes the main description of a component with its material choice in dependence on the component function. Another section contains evaluation of the component complexity from the viewpoint of moulding, and a possible substitution of constructions, which could be productively simpler, is shown. The whole thesis is completed for better lucidity by pictures, drawings, and mechanical drawings.