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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic degradation'
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1
Alvarez, Karl Vincent N., Regina Mae V. Bulaong, Eloisa Nher A. Hipolito, Jonard Jairo P. Reyes, Astrid Ayla E. Liberato, and Leslie Joy L. Diaz. "Assessment of the Degradability of Commercially-Available Biodegradable Plastic Utensils in Soil and UV." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.359.
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Biodegradable plastics are viewed as one of the most promising solutions to plastic waste dilemma due to its natural degradative properties. Fossil fuel-based polymers have been infused with bio-based additives (e.g. starch) and have been used to produce biodegradable plastic products such as bags and cutleries. While several studies have dealt with degradation of polymers with bio-based additives, there is work yet to be done on degradation of commercially-available biodegradable plastic products. Here we evaluate degradability upon exposure to soil incubation and UV of three common starch-based plastic utensil brands in the Philippines that claim biodegradability. Analysis of IR absorbance spectra of post-exposure samples indicated high propensity towards photodegradation. Furthermore, estimation of full degradation period confirmed the biodegradability of starch-amended plastics which were limited to two brands. The presence of 19.22% and 24.18% starch in the plastic showed complete decomposition period of 156 and 92 days, respectively. This is a significant improvement over poor degradability exhibited by conventional plastics which often takes 450 to 1000 years. The reduction of degradation time through starch incorporation may prove to benefit manufacturers in fabricating more environmentally-friendly plastic products in the future.
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Banerjee, Risav, and Trisha Bhattacharya. "Degradation of synthetic polymers: Microbial approach." Indian Journal of Microbiology Research 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmr.2022.002.
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A synthetic polymer is a plastic, which is having wide applications in our day-to-day life. The packaging industries, agriculture, cosmetics, etc. Plastics are not easily degradable, it takes 1000 years to degrade a plastic or even more than that. The pollution caused by plastic is not only because of the waste disposal method but it is also because it releases carbon dioxide and dioxins while burning. Plastics are considered a threat to the environment as they are not easily degradable. Our review is based on the microbial approach for plastic degradation. The waste management method being used for plastic disposal is not effective enough. Nowadays biodegradable polymers are also being used as they are more easily degradable compared to synthetic polymers. The bacteria and fungi degrade most of the organic and inorganic components like starch, lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses.
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Artru, Maxime, and Antoine Lecerf. "Slow degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in a stream and its riparian area." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 55 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019017.
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There is no place on Earth where plastic debris could not be found. Impacts of plastics on aesthetics, biota and ecosystems are dependent on how long plastic items last, and what degradation products are released, in recipient environments. As bio-based plastics tend to replace petroleum-based plastics in everyday life, it is important to upgrade knowledge on the degradation of new polymers in natural environments. Single-use plastic carrier bags are nowadays made of bio-plastics certified as biodegradable and compostable. It is unclear, however, whether claims of biodegradability and compostability can be taken as evidence of rapid degradation of plastic bags outside recycling/composting facilities. This study sought to provide quantified information about the degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in streams and riparian zones. We found that plastic samples enclosed in different types of mesh bags lost weight at extremely slow rates, albeit significant when submerged in a stream. 95% of initial plastic mass remained after 77 days spent in water whereas alder leaf litter allowed to decompose under the same condition had completely disappeared before the end of the study. Determination of respiration rate and invertebrate abundance in plastic samples showed a greater decomposer activity in the stream than in the riparian environment. However, biotically-mediated degradation by decomposers was probably overridden by dissolution processes in mediating plastic mass loss. Our findings suggest that mismanaged plastic carrier bags could impact recipient ecosystems even when they are claimed as biodegradable or compostable.
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Kotova, I. B., Yu V. Taktarova, E. A. Tsavkelova, M. A. Egorova, I. A. Bubnov, D. V. Malakhova, L. I. Shirinkina, T. G. Sokolova, and E. A. Bonch-Osmolovskaya. "Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Approaches to Make it More Efficient." Microbiology 90, no. 6 (November 2021): 671–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261721060084.
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Abstract— The growing worldwide production of synthetic plastics leads to increased amounts of plastic pollution. Even though microbial degradation of plastics is known to be a very slow process, this capacity has been found in many bacteria, including invertebrate symbionts, and microscopic fungi. Research in this field has been mostly focused on microbial degradation of polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Quite an arsenal of different methods is available today for detecting processes of plastic degradation and measuring their rates. Given the lack of generally accepted protocols, it is difficult to compare results presented by different authors. PET degradation by recombinant hydrolases from thermophilic actinobacteria happens to be the most efficient among the currently known plastic degradation processes. Various approaches to accelerating microbial plastic degradation are also discussed.
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Hassan, Sidra, and Ihsan Ul Haq. "Pervasive Pollution Problems Caused by Plastics and its Degradation." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 15, no. 10 (June 27, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v15i10.10873.
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We are living in a period of time where gaining access to clean water, food and even air is almost impossible. Everything on the planet Earth is contaminated in one form or another. Not only humans but all the creatures of the planet are under constant threat from at least one of the forms of pollution. Like other forms of pollution, plastic pollution is also a huge and mounting problem and it demands a similarly ambitious and influential solution. As ‘human-caused climate change’ received so much attention, this issue also needs the same consideration and it should be approached in the same way. Plastic pollution is killing our planet! It’s choking our oceans by making plastic gyres, entangling marine animals, poisoning our food and water supply, and ultimately inflicting havoc on the health and well-being of humans and wildlife globally. With the exception of a small amount that has been incinerating, virtually every piece of plastic that was ever made in the past still exists in one form or another. And since most of the plastics don’t biodegrade in any meaningful sense, all that plastic waste could exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. If plastic production isn’t circumscribed, plastic pollution will be disastrous and will eventually outweigh fish in oceans. It’s time to think about the plastics, banning the single-use plastics, thinking about the recycling and going towards the zero-waste concept. This paper covers the reviews about current research on the plastic disasters by plastic industry and biodegradation of the conventional synthetic plastics by different microorganisms and major concerns related to ocean plastic pollution
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Lear, G., S. D. M. Maday, V. Gambarini, G. Northcott, R. Abbel, J. M. Kingsbury, L. Weaver, J. A. Wallbank, and O. Pantos. "Microbial abilities to degrade global environmental plastic polymer waste are overstated." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 15, 2022): 043002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac59a7.
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Abstract Internationally, the environmental damage caused by the improper disposal of approximately 100 Mt of plastic waste per annum is of growing concern. Attempts to address this issue have generated many hundreds of scientific studies announcing the discovery of novel plastic-degrading microorganisms and their respective enzymes. On closer inspection, however, evidence remains sparse for the microbial degradation of most of the plastic polymers produced globally. We systematically surveyed the international literature to confirm how many microorganisms proposed to degrade plastics (n = 664) cause substantial (i.e. ⩾20% mass) losses of virgin polymer, rather than losses of plastic additives, filler, and/or shedding of polymer micro-fragments. We noted where degradation was only demonstrated for artificially aged polymer since physicochemical ageing procedures increase the abundance of monomers and oligomers such that they may be degraded by microbial activity. Additionally, artificial ageing may introduce functional groups to the polymer backbone, creating more locations susceptible to microbial degradation than would otherwise occur in the environment. We identified multiple studies demonstrating the effective microbial degradation of heterochain plastic polymers such as polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and polyethylene terephthalate (i.e. polymers containing elements other than carbon in the backbone structure). However, in the literature, we find no evidence for the substantial degradation of unadulterated polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride, homochain polymers which represent the overwhelming majority of global plastics production. Current research demonstrates that the pre-treatment of plastics with elevated temperature or UV-light may speed physicochemical plastic degradation, with valuable applications for downstream microbial processing. However, evidence for the microbial degradation of most plastic polymers in current circulation is lacking. We outline simple criteria that should be met before announcing the microbial degradation of plastic polymers. We hope this may help to address largely unsubstantiated expectations that microorganisms can degrade many plastic polymers in situ.
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Zhang, Haigang, Yilin Hou, Wenjin Zhao, and Hui Na. "Control Strategies of Plastic Biodegradation through Adjusting Additives Ratios Using In Silico Approaches Associated with Proportional Factorial Experimental Design." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095670.
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Plastics, as a polymer material, have long been a source of environmental concern. This paper uses polystyrene plastics as the research object, and the relative contribution of each component of plastic additives to plastic degradation is screened using the molecular dynamics method. The factorial experimental design method is combined with molecular dynamics simulation to adjust the additive composition scheme, analyze the mechanism of interaction between the additive components, and select the plastic additive combination that is most readily absorbed and degraded by microorganisms. Seven different types of plastic additives, including plasticizers, antioxidants, light and heat stabilizers, flame retardants, lubricants, and fillers, are chosen as external stimuli affecting the biodegradability of plastics. Using molecular dynamics simulation technology, it is demonstrated that plastic additives can promote the biodegradability of plastics. The factorial experimental design analysis revealed that all plastic additives can promote plastic biodegradation and plasticizer is the most favorable factor affecting plastic degradation, that hydrophobicity interactions are the primary reason for enhancing plastic degradation, and that screening No. 116–45 (plasticizer A, light stabilizer C, flame retardant E) is the most advantageous combination of biodegradable plastic additives. The plastic biodegradation effect regulation scheme proposed in this study is based on optimizing the proportion of additive components. To continue research on aquatic biodegradable plastics, the optimal combination of plastic components that can be absorbed and degraded by microorganisms is recommended.
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Ekanayaka, Anusha H., Saowaluck Tibpromma, Donqin Dai, Ruifang Xu, Nakarin Suwannarach, Steven L. Stephenson, Chengjiao Dao, and Samantha C. Karunarathna. "A Review of the Fungi That Degrade Plastic." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080772.
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Plastic has become established over the world as an essential basic need for our daily life. Current global plastic production exceeds 300 million tons annually. Plastics have many characteristics such as low production costs, inertness, relatively low weight, and durability. The primary disadvantage of plastics is their extremely slow natural degradation. The latter results in an accumulation of plastic waste in nature. The amount of plastic waste as of 2015 was 6300 million tons worldwide, and 79% of this was placed in landfills or left in the natural environment. Moreover, recent estimates report that 12,000 million tons of plastic waste will have been accumulated on the earth by 2050. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective plastic biodegradation process to accelerate the natural degradation rate of plastics. More than 400 microbes have been identified as capable of plastic degradation. This is the first paper of the series on plastic-degrading fungi. This paper provides a summary of the current global production of plastic and plastic waste accumulation in nature. A list is given of all the plastic-degrading fungi recorded thus far, based on the available literature, and comments are made relating to the major fungal groups. In addition, the phylogenetic relationships of plastic-degrading fungi were analyzed using a combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 dataset consisting of 395 strains. Our results confirm that plastic-degrading fungi are found in eleven classes in the fungal phyla Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes), Basidiomycota (Agaricomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes, Tritirachiomycetes, and Ustilaginomy-cetes), and Mucoromycota (Mucoromycetes). The taxonomic placement of plastic-degrading fungal taxa is briefly discussed. The Eurotiomycetes include the largest number of plastic degraders in the kingdom Fungi. The results presented herein are expected to influence the direction of future research on similar topics in order to find effective plastic-degrading fungi that can eliminate plastic wastes. The next publication of the series on plastic-degrading fungi will be focused on major metabolites, degradation pathways, and enzyme production in plastic degradation by fungi.
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Reddy, G. Koteswara, and Yarrakula Kiran. "A Theoretical Mechanism in the Degradation of Polyolefin Plastic Waste Using Phytochemical Oxidation Process." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.468.
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The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical mechanism during the degradation of polyolefin plastic waste using phytochemicals. Existing degradation (physical, chemical and biological) methods are ineffective, expensive and notably time consuming during the degradation of polyolefin plastics. During the phytochemical degradation process, initially, polyolefin plastic is oxidized and converted into the hydrophilic nature by photo-oxidation. Thereafter, phyto phenols can be used to cleave the main chains of polyolefin plastics, thereby, small molecular hydrocarbons are formed such as oligomers, monomers and dimers. During this process, primary products like all the reactive hydroperoxides and free radicals might be produced and lead to further chain cleavage via peroxide cross linkage. Besides, the consequences of plastic chain cleavage make the product apparently more susceptible to biodegradation. The phytochemical based degradation mechanism is useful for the researchers in the direction towards plastic hazards reduction and management on the earth's environment.
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Khaldoon, Shahad, Japareng Lalung, Umrana Maheer, Mohamad Anuar Kamaruddin, Mohd Firdaus Yhaya, Eman S. Alsolami, Hajer S. Alorfi, Mahmoud A. Hussein, and Mohd Rafatullah. "A Review on the Role of Earthworms in Plastics Degradation: Issues and Challenges." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214770.
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Recently, the contribution of earthworms to plastic degradation and their capability to swallow smaller plastic fragments, known as microplastics, has been emphasized. The worm physically changes the size of microplastics and enhances microbial activities to increase the possibility of degradation. However, no research has shown that earthworms can chemically degrade microplastics to an element form, CO2 or H2O. In this review, previous research has been thoroughly explored to analyse the role that earthworms could play in plastic degradation in the soil. Earthworms can significantly affect the physical characteristics of plastics. However, earthworms’ abilities to chemically degrade or change the chemical structure of plastics and microplastics have not been observed. Additionally, earthworms exhibit selective feeding behaviour, avoiding areas containing a high plastics concentration and rejecting plastics. Consequently, earthworms’ abilities to adapt to the microplastics in soil in the environment can cause a problem. Based on this review, the challenges faced in earthworm application for plastic degradation are mostly expected to be associated with the toxicity and complexity of the plastic material and environmental factors, such as the moisture content of the soil and its temperature, microbial population, and feeding method.
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HAQ, M. A. "Mite-microbe gut symbiosis: Novel concept for plastic degradation and waste management." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.117.
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Plastic is the challenge for every ecosystem and one of the abundant and omnipresent pollutants on the Earth today. Biodegradation of the plastic is a less explored domain of research, limited to the potential of bacteria and fungi as decomposers of few types of plastics. Partial degradation of some types of plastics by bacteria and fungi has been confirmed by studies. Ingestion of microplastics by soil microarthropods has been proposed, but confirmatory evidence on the possibility of plastic degradation by mites is not available. During the last three years of research work, we have collected information on the potential of mite-microbiome combination for targeting plastic degradation and soil fertility enhancement. Few species of oribatid mites have been identified as potential candidates for plastic consumption and digestion in laboratory cultures.
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Dhanasekaran, Arun, and Kannabiran Krishnan. "Plastic associated environmental pollution: A systematic review on biodegradation methods, challenges and future prospects." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2702rjce1220134.
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Plastics have long been overruling the environment affecting the living systems by entering into the food chain. Negligent and erroneous disposal supports plastic for wide distribution and extensive use in day to day life. The durability and non-degradability encourage the persistent accumulation of plastic waste as an active and major pollutant of the biosphere. Plastic pollution is ubiquitous and solicitude issue that need to be heeded in a war footing. Microorganisms are used as major stimulant for degradation; biodegradation is eco-friendly and cost effective approach. In order to increase the microbial degradation process, novel strains need to be identified and explored for effective degradation of plastics. This review is intended to exhibit the impacts of plastics on environment, associated health hazards and the current status of microbial degradation, challenges and scope for improvement.
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Atanasova, Nikolina, Stoyanka Stoitsova, Tsvetelina Paunova-Krasteva, and Margarita Kambourova. "Plastic Degradation by Extremophilic Bacteria." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115610.
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Intensive exploitation, poor recycling, low repeatable use, and unusual resistance of plastics to environmental and microbiological action result in accumulation of huge waste amounts in terrestrial and marine environments, causing enormous hazard for human and animal life. In the last decades, much scientific interest has been focused on plastic biodegradation. Due to the comparatively short evolutionary period of their appearance in nature, sufficiently effective enzymes for their biodegradation are not available. Plastics are designed for use in conditions typical for human activity, and their physicochemical properties roughly change at extreme environmental parameters like low temperatures, salt, or low or high pH that are typical for the life of extremophilic microorganisms and the activity of their enzymes. This review represents a first attempt to summarize the extraordinarily limited information on biodegradation of conventional synthetic plastics by thermophilic, alkaliphilic, halophilic, and psychrophilic bacteria in natural environments and laboratory conditions. Most of the available data was reported in the last several years and concerns moderate extremophiles. Two main questions are highlighted in it: which extremophilic bacteria and their enzymes are reported to be involved in the degradation of different synthetic plastics, and what could be the impact of extremophiles in future technologies for resolving of pollution problems.
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Thakur, Sonal, Shivangi Mathur, Saumya Patel, and Biswaranjan Paital. "Microplastic Accumulation and Degradation in Environment via Biotechnological Approaches." Water 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 4053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244053.
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The extensive use of plastics in daily life has led to the generation of huge amounts of plastic waste, which causes an enormous burden on the environment. More than half of the plastic waste ends up in the landfill, and about one-fifth of waste is managed by incineration. Only about one-tenth of plastic waste is recycled, and the rest, about one-fifth of mismanaged plastic waste, ends up in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. Here, we review how the deterioration of plastics leads to the formation of microplastics and nanoplastics, which are now found abundantly and are contaminating aquatic life and water bodies. It observed that increasing experimental evidence provides data about the presence of these microplastics in food items, terrestrial environment, and even the human body. The harmful effects of microplastics on human health still need to be substantiated with more precise experimental studies. However, measures can be taken to reduce the production of microplastics by improving the methods used for plastic degradation. This review focuses on the use of genetic engineering, genome editing, synthetic biology, and system biology approaches to increase the potential of microorganisms to degrade plastics.
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Clarinsa, Regina Martha, and Suyatno Sutoyo. "PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI KOMPOSIT HDPE (HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE) DAN PATI UMBI SUWEG (Amorphophallus campanulatus)." Unesa Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ujc.v10n1.p85-95.
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Abstrak. Plastik yang berasal dari polimer sintetik menjadi permasalahan lingkungan karena tidak dapat terdegradasi lebih cepat di dalam tanah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk membuat plastik biodegradable komposit HDPE dengan pati umbi suweg (HDPE-PSW) serta menentukan komposisi terbaik dari campuran HDPE dengan pati umbi suweg yang memiliki sifat biodegradabilitas yang memenuhi standart SNI. Pati diperoleh dari umbi suweg menggunakan metode ekstraksi dengan pelarut air. Proses pembuatan plastik biodegradable dilakukan dengan metode grafting menggunakan pereaksi maleat anhidrida dan bahan pemlastis berupa gliserol. Variasi komposisi massa HDPE dan pati suweg yang digunakan berturut-turut 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, dan 4:6 gram. Sifat biodegradabilitas ditentukan dengan metode Soil Burial Test sedangkan gugus fungsi ditentukan menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR. Dari proses ekstraksi diperoleh pati dengan rendemen 5,25%. Pati diperoleh dalam bentuk serbuk berwarna putih, tidak berbau, sedikit larut dalam air dan etanol, serta menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pereaksi larutan iodium. Hasil uji biodegradasi menunjukkan bahwa plastik komposit HDPE-PSW 6:4 dan 5:5 mendekati standar SNI karena setelah didegradasi selama seminggu menunjukkan persentase degradasi mendekati 60%, yakni masing-masing 58,9% dan 60,6%. Kedua komposisi plastik HDPE-PSW tersebut juga memiliki persentase degradasi mendekati plastik biodegradable komersial Cassaplast (59,4%). Berdasarkan hasil uji FTIR, plastik biodegradable HDPE-PSW memiliki gugus fungsi yang sama dengan plastik HDPE dan pati umbi suweg. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses grafting dalam pembuatan plastik biodegradable HDPE-PSW telah terjadi.
Kata kunci : Plastik biodegradable, pati umbi suweg, HDPE
Abstract. Plastic which derived from synthetic polymers is an environmental problem because it couldn’t easily degradation in the ground. This research is aimed to make the biodegradable plastic composite of HDPE with suweg tuber starch (HDPE-PSW) as well as determining the best composition of HDPE-suweg tuber starch mixture which has biodegradability properties according to SNI standards. Suweg tuber made with ekstraction method which uses water solvent. Biodegradable plastics have been processed using grafting method with maleic anhydride reactant and glycerol plasticizer. The varians mass of HDPE plastic and suweg starch are 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6 grams. Biodegradability of biodegradable plastics depend on Soil Burial Test method meanwhile analysis of functional group depend with FTIR spectrophotometer. From the extraction process obtained starch with a yield of 5.25%. Starch was obtained in the form of white powder, odorless, slightly soluble in water and ethanol, and showed positive results with iodine solution reagent. The biodegradation test results showed that the HDPE-PSW plastic composite of 6:4 and 5:5 approached the SNI standard because after being degraded for a week showed the percentage of degradation was approaching 60% ie 58.9% and 60.6%, respectively. The two HDPE-PSW plastic compositions also had a degradation percentage close to Cassaplast's commercial biodegradable plastic (59.4%). Based on the results of the FTIR test, HDPE-PSW biodegradable plastic had the same functional group as HDPE plastic and suweg tuber starch. This showed that the grafting process in the manufacture of biodegradable HDPE-PSW plastic had taken place.
Key words: Biodegradable plastics, suweg tuber starch, HDPE
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Ashwinikumar B. Kshirsagar and Ashok A. Shinde. "Bio-plastic from renewable biomass sources." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0012.
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Bio-plastics are environment – friendly and biodegradable hence provide an effective way to replace the conventional plastics. In this experiment five different crops were taken and then extracted the starch from each crop. Starch is used as a source for producing bio-plastics. Bio-plastic were generated from different starches. Sorghum showed the maximum production of starch (369gm). 15% glycerol is used as a plasticiser and bio-plastics was produced from the extracted starch. Glycerol increases its flexibility. Sodium meta-bisulphate was used as a antimicrobial activity. Maize showed the maximum production of plastic i.e. 28.26 gm. Once the bio-plastics made, the quality parameters were studied. Like tensile strength, elongation test and degradation test. While calculating tensile strength the stretchiness and toughness of that particular bio-plastic sample is important and the tensile strength of maize is 5.80 Mpa found to be maximum among all. An elongation test was carried out, and maximum elongation was takes place in plastic made from potato starch i.e it was elongated about 1.89 cm. In the degradation test the bio-plastic from rice takes more time for degradation. It degrades at the rate of 5.67 gm plastic in 10 days and plastic from sorghum degrades rapidly than other crops. In this study, the experiment conducted in order to produce biodegradable plastic from starch isolated from the different crops. The plastic sample produced may not characteristics of a petrochemical based plastic but it is good in biodegradability. Its tensile strength found that the plastic can be stretched as a conventional plastic. Bio-plastic s doesn’t contain any harmful chemicals. It will help us to protect the environment.
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Geambulat, Aila-Elmaz, Tănase Dobre, and Claudia-Irina Koncsag. "Experimental investigations on polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate microplastics’ degradation. A review." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 33, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2022-0023.
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Abstract A topic of high interest, the plastic degradation in the environment, is approached in this work, to serve for future research. The problem of plastics pollution became critical with the exponential development of plastic materials industry in last decades. Soil and water are primarily polluted, then degradation to microplastics leads to spatial distribution of plastic debris in all ecosystems. Slow natural degradation and pollutants accumulation on the plastic particles are responsible for environment unbalancies. This work follows the new research about the induced degradation methods, abiotic and biotic, pointing out the most notable results. Most research took place in laboratories, but promising results of some biotic methods will hopefully lead to industrial scale-up.
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SIDHU, GURPREET KAUR, and Pooja Chandel. "The microbial consortia directed evolution towards plastic degradation – the key to waste management?" JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY 12 (April 9, 2019): 2316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jab.v12i0.8141.
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The rampant use of plastics and their disposal into waste are adding to the problems of pollution. The resistance of plastics to bio-degradation is an added advantage for its significant use but the same property creates havoc when the plastic products are disposed off as waste in massive amounts. The property of micro-organisms to evolve quickly brings answers to even the most impossible situations. The current and several other reports show that the plastic is bio-degradable. The current report shows the action of consortia of microbes isolated from a plastic dumping site can lead to degradation of the polymer. The microbial consortia isolated from plastic dumping site when made to grow in controlled conditions in presence of basal media with plastic as sole source of carbon for an extended period of time, aberrations were observed on surface of the plastic. The proteins reported till date in plastic degradation when analysed in-silico for their homologs in all domains of life, they were found to be significantly similar to proteins of cutinase, hydrolase, lipase and some hypothetical proteins. This shows that the plastic degrading proteins have possibly evolved from these protein families.
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Papadopoulou, Athena, Katrin Hecht, and Rebecca Buller. "Enzymatic PET Degradation." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.743.
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Plastic, in the form of packaging material, disposables, clothing and other articles with a short lifespan, has become an indispensable part of our everyday life. The increased production and use of plastic, however, accelerates the accumulation of plastic waste and poses an increasing burden on the environment with negative effects on biodiversity and human health. PET, a common thermoplastic, is recycled in many countries via thermal, mechanical and chemical means. Recently, several enzymes have been identified capable of degrading this recalcitrant plastic, opening possibilities for the biological recycling of the omnipresent material. In this review, we analyze the current knowledge of enzymatic PET degradation and discuss advances in improving the involved enzymes via protein engineering. Looking forward, the use of plastic degrading enzymes may facilitate sustainable plastic waste management and become an important tool for the realization of a circular plastic economy.
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Elfiana, Tiara Nur, Anisa Nur Izza Fitria, Endaruji Sedyadi, Susy Yunita Prabawati, and Irwan Nugraha. "Degradation Study of Biodegradable Plastic Using Nata De Coco as A Filler." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2018.72.33-38.
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Starch is known as a biodegradable raw material that can be degraded by bacteria and microorganisms in the soil. Starch has cellulose which is kind of plant cellulose. This study shows the biodegradation rates of plastic made from Ganyong Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) as a cellulose source which is added with nata de coco as a filler. The biodegradable plastic functional group was confirmed by using FITR. The results show that the O-H group of Ganyong Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) biodegradable plastic is located at wave number 3298.03 cm-1 and shifted to 3290.32 cm-1 after addition of nata de coco. The C-H bonds functional groups in Canna biodegradable plastics and nata de coco plastics are at wave numbers 2920.01 cm-1 and 2916.16 cm-1. While the C-O bonds functional groups in biodegradable starch plastics and nata de coco is shown at wave numbers 995.05 cm-1. The mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics testing are thickness, tensile strength, and elongation based on the ASTM method. The thickness is about 0.1005 mm, the tensile strength of biodegradable plastic is 4,3244 MPa and the elongation value range about 13.9639% while the WVTR range about 14.20 g/m² hours. The results show that the increase of the plastic degradation made from nata de coco occurs between 5% - 38% per days. It is faster than the plastic made from pure Ganyong Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) starch. These results indicate that nata de coco could be added in biodegradable plastic on packaging materials for better degradation.
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Padmanabhan, Liny, Shreya Varghese, Raj Kumar Patil, H. M. Rajath, R. K. Krishnasree, and M. Ismail Shareef. "Ecofriendly Degradation of Polyethylene Plastics Using Oil Degrading Microbes." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520412666190725114137.
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Background & Objective: Plastics are strong, light weight and durable due to which it has wide applications. Degradation of plastics is difficult due to their xenobiotic origin and recalcitrant nature. Hence, accumulation of plastics in the environment is posing an increasing ecological threat. Methods: Various methods are preferred for the reduction of plastics in the environment, of which degradation by chemical and biological means are considered to be more effective. In the biodegradation of plastics, micro organisms play a pivotal role. In the present work, microbial species are isolated from different sources such as cooking oil, grease and petroleum products. Two bacterial species such as Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three fungal species such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and one unidentified fungal species were isolated from the sources were used for the degradation of polyethylene plastic samples (black and white). Results: Sphingomonas indicated 56% (black) and 31% (white) degradation of polyethylene plastic. Unidentified fungal species also indicated 64% (black) and 45% (white) degradation of polyethylene plastic. During the degradation, pH altered from 7 to 8. SEM analysis indicated the presence of appreciable surface erosions, fading, cracks and extensive roughening of the surface with pit formation. Conclusion: Sequence analysis of Sphinogomonas species was done in comparison with the similar known bacterial species and the phylogenetic tree was generated based on the sequence analysis.
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Xochitl, Quecholac-Piña, Hernández-Berriel María del Consuelo, Mañón-Salas María del Consuelo, Espinosa-Valdemar Rosa María, and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia. "Degradation of Plastics in Simulated Landfill Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071014.
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Different degradable plastics have been promoted as a solution for the accumulation of waste in landfills and the natural environment; in Mexico, the most popular options are oxo-degradable, which degrade in a sequential abiotic–biotic process, and compostable plastics. In this research, high-density polyethylene, oxo-degradable high-density polyethylene, and certified compostable plastic were exposed to simulated landfill conditions in an 854-day-long experiment to assess their degradation. High-density polyethylene showed limited degradation, due mainly to surface erosion, evidenced by a 13% decrease in elongation at break. The pro-oxidant additive in the oxo-degradable plastic increased this loss of mechanical properties to 27%. However, both plastic films kept their physical integrity and high molecular weight by the end of the experiment, evidencing degradation but no biodegradation. While the compostable film fragmented, had a lower molecular weight at the end of the experiment, and decreased the presence of C=O bonds, this degradation took place remarkably slower than expected from a composting process. Results show that oxo-degradable and compostable plastics will not biodegrade readily in landfills. This fact should be known and understood for decision-makers to match the characteristics of the materials to the features of the waste management systems.
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Jaiswa, Ashish, Dr Shikha Kumari, and Kumari Shalini. "A Renew Microbial Degradation and Valorisation of Plastic Wastes Management in the Environment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 3655–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42812.
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Abstract: A developing accumulation of plastic wastes has turn out to be a severe environmental and social issue. It’s far urgent to expand innovative processes for the disposal of plastic wastes. In recent years, reports on biodegradation of synthetic plastics by using microorganisms or enzymes have sprung up, and those offer a opportunity to broaden biological treatment generation for plastic wastes. on this assessment, we've comprehensively summarized the microorganisms and enzymes which are able to degrade an expansion of normally used artificial plastics, which includes polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (%), polyurethane (PUR), and polyethylene terephthalate (pet). further, we have highlighted the microbial metabolic pathways for plastic depolymerization merchandise and the modern-day attempts in the direction of usage of such products as feedstock’s for microbial manufacturing of chemical substances with excessive fee. Taken together, these findings will contribute to building a theory of bio-up biking plastic wastes through connecting the biodegradation of plastic wastes to the biosynthesis of treasured chemical compounds in microorganisms. Closure, but not least, we've discussed the demanding situations in the direction of microbial degradation and valorization of plastic wastes. Plastics are found everywhere in the area and grow into a hot topic in educational circles. Big studies have focused on analytical techniques, source, abundance, transport, fate, degradation of plastics inside the environment and threats to herbal surroundings, wildlife or even human fitness. However, characteristics of plastic pollution, which might be important to recognize this rising problem, continue to be unknown to this point. Here, this paper opinion the essential characteristics of plastic pollutants within the environment to beautify present knowledge of this problem. Those traits, inclusive of diversity, persistence, global problems, mixed pollution and threats to organisms and human fitness, are severely summarized in this work. In addition, “plastic cycle” inside the environment, particularly, aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial device is also mentioned in this assessment. Sooner or later, we highlight current demanding situations of plastic pollution posed to the public and also suggest the studies developments in destiny paintings.
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ARJUN J, MANJU R, RAJESWARAN S R, and CHANDHRU M. "Banana peel starch to biodegradable alternative products for commercial plastics." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.2.0066.
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Plastics offers a variety of benefits and in variety of shapes, such as sheets, panels, film which can all be flexible as application requires. Plastic is a price competitive with other materials that offer similar advantages in industrial application. It is light weight strong and cheaper. However, use of too many plastics results in massive harmful effects. It take longer time to degrade which is estimated about 500 years to degrade and will become toxic after decomposed, it will affect the environment. Thus the biodegradable plastics become promising solution to solve all this problems. The objective of this study is to produce biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for commercial plastics and to prove that the starch in banana peel could be used in production of biodegradable plastics. The strength of the plastic was determined by elongation test and by comparing with a synthetic plastic. In soil burial degradation test, the intensity of degradation was tested by comparing with synthetic plastic, biodegradable plastic degraded at rapid rate and synthetic plastic did not degrade at all. Based on the entire test, bioplastic from banana peels can be used in industry for various applications such as molding, packaging and making carry bags, at the same time rescuing the environment from potential harm by synthetic plastics.
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Lismeri, L., N. Herdiana, D. Kameswara, P. S. Anungputri, Y. Darni, and Azhar Azhar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Blend based on LDPE/cassava stem nanofiber cellulose." Journal of Chemical Process Engineering 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jcpe.v6i1.732.
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Conventional plastic becomes trend topic due to its long degradation time and needs attention related to environmental problem. One type of plastic that is difficult to be degraded is LDPE. Some of the efforts done is to synthesize plastics with organic material so that it becomes biodegradable plastic. Cellulose is an organic material that is abundant in nature and can be used as a filler. This research aims to synthesis the biodegradable plastic films composted by nanocellulose – LDPE. Mechanical (UTM), water resistance and degradation test has been done. The properties of the biodegradable blend still meet the commercial LDPE standart. Even though the biocomposite based on LDPE-nanofiber cellulose can not totally degradable but it is can be used as a solution to reduce the degradation time of a plastic waste.
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Edwards, Sabrina, Rosa León-Zayas, Riyaz Ditter, Helen Laster, Grace Sheehan, Oliver Anderson, Toby Beattie, and Jay L. Mellies. "Microbial Consortia and Mixed Plastic Waste: Pangenomic Analysis Reveals Potential for Degradation of Multiple Plastic Types via Previously Identified PET Degrading Bacteria." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105612.
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The global utilization of single-use, non-biodegradable plastics, such as bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), has contributed to catastrophic levels of plastic pollution. Fortunately, microbial communities are adapting to assimilate plastic waste. Previously, our work showed a full consortium of five bacteria capable of synergistically degrading PET. Using omics approaches, we identified the key genes implicated in PET degradation within the consortium’s pangenome and transcriptome. This analysis led to the discovery of a novel PETase, EstB, which has been observed to hydrolyze the oligomer BHET and the polymer PET. Besides the genes implicated in PET degradation, many other biodegradation genes were discovered. Over 200 plastic and plasticizer degradation-related genes were discovered through the Plastic Microbial Biodegradation Database (PMBD). Diverse carbon source utilization was observed by a microbial community-based assay, which, paired with an abundant number of plastic- and plasticizer-degrading enzymes, indicates a promising possibility for mixed plastic degradation. Using RNAseq differential analysis, several genes were predicted to be involved in PET degradation, including aldehyde dehydrogenases and several classes of hydrolases. Active transcription of PET monomer metabolism was also observed, including the generation of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymers. These results present an exciting opportunity for the bio-recycling of mixed plastic waste with upcycling potential.
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Kittur, Sagar, Namrata Patil, Shruti Kammar, V. G. Shanmuga Priya, and D. N. Sastry. "Bio-degradation of 40 micron plastic bags by Aspergillus niger and optimization of pre-treatment methods." Environment Conservation Journal 14, no. 3 (December 21, 2013): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2013.14310.
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Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. Among the various types of plastics, the most extensively used type is polyethylene bags. A survey on 40 micron polyethylene bags was done by obtaining the information from the City corporation office, Belgaum, Karnataka, India on the amount of plastic waste generated in the city. Polyethylene bags having a thickness less than 40 micron are not recycled, thus have to be degraded. In this work, Aspergillus niger is been employed to degrade the 40 micron plastic. Various pre-treatment methods are used which include UV, nitric acid, thermal and UV + nitric acid treatments to effectively degrade the plastic. Different media having pre treated plastic as the carbon source are tested for the degradation of plastic along with the growth of the fungi. Incubation period was taken as 15 and 30 days. Optimization of pre-treatment methods was done to improve the degradation efficiency. Various analysis methods such as FTIR spectroscopy and dry-weight analysis were done to confirm the degradation of plastic.
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Aziz, Isna Rasdianah, Cut Muthiadin, and Hafsan Hafsan. "BIODEGRADASI PLASTIK LDPE HITAM DAN PUTIH PADA SAMPAH TPA ANTANG DALAM KOLOM WINOGRADSKY." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v12i2.10037.
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AbstrakDalam dunia industri, baik industri sandang, pangan, papan, transportasi, medis maupun rekreasi tidak terlepas dari penggunaan kantong plastik. Karena bersifat praktis, berbagai jenis kantong plastik sebagai kemasan selalu menjadi pilihan dalam aktivitas masyarakat. Akan tetapi, sifat plastik yang sulit terdegradasi pada lingkungan alami menimbulkan permasalahan sebagai salah satu sumber pencemaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi mikroorganisme tanah yang diisolasi dari sampah Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Antang Makassar dalam mendegradasi kantong plastik LDPE hitam dan putih. Metode biodegradasi plastik yang digunakan adalah kolom Winogradsky dengan menggunakan kolom kaca 1.000 mL yang berisi 500 gram tanah sampah TPA Antang dan plastik uji LDPE warna hitam dan putih. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran persentase degradasi selama 3 bulan masa inkubasi dengan waktu panen selama 3 minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 6 isolat dalam kolom Winogradsky mampu mendegradasi plastik LDPE hitam sebesar 3,5% dan 6 isolat lainnya mampu mendegradasi plastik LDPE putih sebesar 2%. Selanjutnya, isolat ini dapat digunakan sebagai agen biodegradasi plastik di TPA Antang Makassar.Abstract The use of plastic bags is almost unavoidable in industries, including the food, clothing, transportation, construction, medical, and recreational industries. Various types of plastic bags have been used in various types of packaging, because of the value of practicality. However, the difficulties in the degradation process become a problem as a pollution source in the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of soil microbes isolated in Antang landfill, Makassar, in degrading black and white plastics of LDPE. The biodegradation method used was the Winogradsky column using a 1,000 mL glass column containing 500 grams of Antang landfill soil and using black and white LDPE as well. The percentage of degradation was measured for three months incubation period with harvest time for three weeks. The results showed that the inoculum in Winogradsky column was able to degrade the black plastic by 3.5% and the white plastic by 2%. The results of macroscopic and microscopic characterization showed that six isolates were degrading the black plastic and six isolates were degrading the white plastic, with different characteristics. Furthermore, this isolate can be utilized as a biodegradation agent for plastic in the Antang landfill.
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Mahajan, Neha, and Pankaj Gupta. "New insights into the microbial degradation of polyurethanes." RSC Advances 5, no. 52 (2015): 41839–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04589d.
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Kumar, Amit, C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, Radhika Sharma, Parvati Sharma, and Asha Poonia. "Biodegradation of Plastic Using Termites and their Gut Microbiota: A Mini Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1057, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1057/1/012016.
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Abstract Nature’s pollution is human created activity and human crosses the entire barrier to causing pollution and posing a high significant risk to health of all animals and also for plants. Plastics are the one of the major reason behind this. The high use of plastics material create high solid waste and this solid waste having no completely and fast degradation methods are available in nature. Their degradation also releases various harmful toxic substances which are harmful for environment. Various methods are available for treatment of plastic such as photo-oxidative degradation, thermal degradation, ozone-induced degradation, mechano-chemical degradation, catalytic degradation, and bio degradation. All these methods pose threat to the environment except the method of Biodegradation. Degradation of plastics using microbes are very eco-friendly degradation and causing no any side effect on nature. Termites are the major soil insect that are also capable to degrade plastics using their gut microbiota. Lot of microbial diversity present in termites gut but only few having potential to degrade plastics. In this review we mainly focus on the diversity of termites and their gut microbial fauna that having potential to degrade plastics and their different polymers.
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Sheehan, Kate Lyn, Paige Lawson, and Bart Emerson. "Fate of Plastics in Cattle Digestive Systems." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 28, no. 4 (2022): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.14991.
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HighlightsTwo herds of cattle at a university teaching farm had plastic fibers in their fecal matter.The source was confirmed to be mineral supplements.When consumed, supplements caused some degradation or fragmentation of plastics. Abstract.Plastic products are a ubiquitous part of contemporary consumer products and can contain chemicals like plasticizers, colorings, flame retardants, and antimicrobials. When eaten, these substances can leech from plastics during digestion, and consequently, impact the health of the organisms that consume them. Here, we document plastic contaminants in the form of microfibers (0.5 to 15 mm), that we detected in the fecal matter of two herds of cattle on a college campus. Plastic incidence was similar (41%) for both herds, with a mean of 1 polyethylene microfiber occurring in every 2 g of feces. We confirmed the source of these plastic fibers was the mineral supplements that the cattle have access to year-round and detected the particles in two independent sources of mineral supplements. Despite minor visual changes in the plastic fibers (dulling of the surface) after being exposed to the digestive system of the cows, we were able to chemically confirm (using infrared spectroscopy) that the plastic found in the feces and mineral supplements were identical. To quantify degradation of consumed plastic particles, we performed a digestion study of plastics of similar composition (nylon used to tie square hay bales and polyethylene used to wrap round/rolled bales – not microplastics) used in the farm operations of the university. Following a 54-day exposure to the digestive system of a cannulated bull, we found that the weight of plastics did not change, but significant fragmentation (fraying) occurred. While the physiological consequences of microplastic degradation and potential inclusion among gut tissues are largely unknown, increased surface areas of microplastics from fraying and the leeching of toxic compounds accumulated over long periods of time should be considered as they could influence the safety of beef and dairy products intended for human consumption. Keywords: Livestock, Microfiber, Mineral supplement, Particle degradation, Plastic consumption.
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Sutkar, Pankaj R., Smita M. Pore, and Vinayak P. Dhulap. "A Review on Plastic Pollution and Biodegradation of Polyethylene: Indian Region." Current World Environment 17, no. 2 (September 10, 2022): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.2.2.
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Plastic is a broad category of organic polymers with a high molecular weight derived from a variety of hydrocarbons and petroleum derivatives. Plastic utilization has accelerated with the global population as a result of technological advancements; plastics and their types have shown a wide range of applications in every aspect of human life, most notably in packaging, transportation, and storage of industrial and agricultural products, raising the serious issue of plastic waste pollution and disposal. Plants, animals, and humans have all been harmed by the ever-increasing proportion of plastics in the environment. Among all plastic types, Polyethylene is the most common type of plastic that is used, therefore it needs to study overall pollution caused by polyethylene plastic type. So, our objective is toprovide a brief review of plastic pollution with preference to polyethylene plastictype , its increasing concentration, and degradation mechanisms. This review focuses on plastic classification, with a focus on plastic biodegradation, specifically polyethylene, and the methodologies and microorganisms utilized for polyethylene biodegradation, with a greater emphasis on India. It will help to understand the status of polyethylene degradation and add preventive measures for its increasing quantity.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Husen Nasrullah. "Optical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.199.
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Repetitive implementation of material value conservation (MVC) in plastic packaging may lead to good quality plastic waste and high acceptance for secondary recycling. This makes the obtained recycled plastic pellets has good quality and can be used as an alternative raw material for new products. However, treatments and processing in the recycling processes can lead to the degradation of material properties and disrupt the recycled plastics life cycle to be used for new products with high specifications. Recycled plastics are certainly cheaper than virgin plastics, but they have low properties, contaminated, and are only used for low-value products. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. This study proposed mixing recycled and virgin plastic pellets to improve recycled plastics whose optical properties have been subjected to quality degradation. A series of tests were carried out on specimens and tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The optical properties tested were transparency, gloss, and colour. This study revealed that optical properties had an increasing trend along with the large number of virgin plastic pellets added to the blends. The optimal composition was found in the 50:50 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets to the 70:30 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets. These findings can be useful in improving the optical properties of recycled plastics. In addition, the widespread implementation of MVC can improve the quality of plastic waste and strengthen its acceptance for secondary recycling.
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Abdul Munaf, A., P. Premkumar, A. Velmurugan, Premdasu Nalluri, S. K. Rajesh Kanna, J. Nishanth Jude Roy, and G. Suresh. "Catalytic Degradation of Used Plastics oil as Liquid Fuel for IC Engines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012072.
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Abstract Plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO) having the acceptable combustion lineaments and in addition, it can be used as alternative fuel for IC engines by blending together with diesel. In the research, used and disposed high-density polyethylene plastics such as plastic bottles, cans and bags have been used to extract the plastic oils from the self-developed pyrolysis reactor. Liquid oil from the plastic has been obtained by heating the waste used plastic in the reactor at 300–500 °C for ceaseless 2–3 hours in the fully locked environment. The obtained plastic hot gases as consequence, been cooled to acquire plastic pyrolysis oil in the liquid form. Further, the oil has been purified and blended along with the diesel in different propositions to conduct the trial experiments to observe the performances. The characteristics of the combustion experiments include emission and performance aspects. The attributes such as smoke density, NOx emission, CO emission, HC emission, CO2 emission as well as exhaust gas temperature and oxygen allocation have tested. The blends of diverse ratios have related and the plastic oil bearing substantial improvements.
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Ángeles-López, Y. G., A. M. Gutiérrez-Mayen, M. Velasco-Pérez, M. Beltrán-Villavicencio, A. Vázquez-Morillas, and M. Cano-Blanco. "Abiotic degradation of plastic films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 792 (January 2017): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/792/1/012027.
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Singh, Baljit, and Nisha Sharma. "Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, no. 3 (March 2008): 561–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008.
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Jansen, Jeffrey. "Plastic Failure Through Molecular Degradation." Plastics Engineering 71, no. 1 (January 2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2015.tb01285.x.
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Saira, Abdullah, Lalina Maroof, Madiha Iqbal, Saira Farman, Lubna, and Shah Faisal. "Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Bags by Fungi Isolated from Waste Disposal Soil." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8286344.
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Plastics are available in different shapes nowadays in order to enhance the living standard. But unfortunately, most of these plastics are synthetic in nature that is why they show resistance to physical and chemical degradation processes and enhance environmental hazards. The aim of the present research study was to isolate and identify beneficial fungal species from soil that have the capability to degrade plastic. Soil samples from a waste disposal site at Peshawar district were diluted and inoculated on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungus isolation. After isolation, the identifications of fungal species were done using standard identification techniques such as colony morphology and microscopic examination. The isolated fungal species that were identified were Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, white rot, and brown rot fungi. After isolation, a degradation experiment was conducted to evaluate the capability of fungal isolates towards degradation of plastic. For this purpose, a 2 cm2 plastic piece was treated with fungal isolates for one month in a liquid culture system. The weight loss percentage was estimated at 22.9%, 16.1%, 18.4%, and 22.7% by Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, brown rot, and white rot, respectively, which was confirmed by the Fourier transform analysis. The obtained FTIR peaks revealed the C–H bond deformation in alkenes, ketones, and esters. It has been concluded from the study that fungal species play a significant role in the degradation of synthetic plastic which can be used in bioreactors in future studies for the degradation of complex plastic materials.
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Devi, R. Jayakala, and R. Usha. "Microbial Approaches for the Plastic Bioremediation and Ecofriendly Environmental Sustainability." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (2023): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.26928.
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The world’s first “infinite” plastic waste is a major issue existing in both developed and developing countries. Synthetic plastics are correlated to the current lifestyle in packing of food, detergents, cosmetics, plastic bottles, sanitary wares, household utensils, artificial leather and pharmaceutical products. These synthetic plastics include polyurethane, polystyrene, polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate in the descending order of recycling codes. Extensive use of these synthetic polymer materials paves way for accumulation in the ecosystem. Improper handling of this plastic wastes by traditional disposal methods like landfill and incineration in open fields leads to the release of toxic chemicals in the environment. The recent advancement in the degradation of synthetic plastics is concentrated on the use of microorganisms and their enzymes as biological treatment. The interaction between microbes and the plastic polymer is needed to understand for quenching the thirst for microbial bioremediation approach to overcome plastic pollution. However, knowledge of scientific evidence for plastic degradation by microbes is paucity. This review highlighted insight gist about the effective microbial technology applied in bioremediation techniques like in situ and ex situ strategies. Further exploration of the vast diversity of plastic-eating microorganisms and their enzymes involved in the mechanism results in a valuable end product. This literature represents the green route to the bio-recycling of harmful plastic material from the ecosystem.
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Gigault, Julien, Boris Pedrono, Benoît Maxit, and Alexandra Ter Halle. "Marine plastic litter: the unanalyzed nano-fraction." Environmental Science: Nano 3, no. 2 (2016): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6en00008h.
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In this work, we present for the first time undeniable evidence of nano-plastic occurrence due to solar light degradation of marine micro-plastics under controlled and environmentally representative conditions.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Angga Ananditto. "Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.70.
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Contaminated plastic waste if undergo a mechanical recycling process will have a low value. This can be overcome by repetitive implementation of Material Value Conservation (MVC) through material purity protection from design stage to the end of the material life cycle. Repetition of recycling up to eight times caused degradation of mechanical properties of plastics by up to 20%. The repetition was done on a laboratory scale with pure polypropylene as raw material. This research was conducted to overcome the degradation of plastic properties by mixing recycled plastic pellets with virgin plastic in the most optimal proportion. Plastic blends with certain compositions were recycled up to 8 times, then its mechanical properties are tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. This research revealed the opportunities to utilize the 6th recycled plastic pellets by mixing it with virgin plastic to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, this research shows that repetitive recycling of plastic blends with the implementation of material value conservation (MVC) could increase the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials and extend the life time of plastic materials.
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Salomo, Saud, Astri Devi Br Pakpahan, Dea Gracella Siagian, Grecy Kristina Tampubolon, Salsabila Afani, Eddiyanto Eddiyanto, and Junifa Layla Sihombing. "Biodegradable plastic modification from durian seed starch and shrimp chitosan with the addition of plasticiziers glycerol and polyglycerol using microwaves." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 13, no. 3 (December 8, 2021): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v13i3.29017.
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Plastic waste takes up to 450 years to decompose. These problems can be overcome by creating other alternatives, one of which is by using biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastics are plastics made from natural polymers that are easily degraded by microorganisms. This study aims to examine the effect of the amount of plasticizer on the length of the degradation process and the effect of using microwaves on the length of time for molding biodegradable plastic. This biodegradable plastic is made by combining durian seed starch, shrimp chitosan and plasticizers in the form of glycerol and polyglycerol with volume variations of 1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, 4 mL, and 5 mL. This polymerization was carried out using a microwave with a power of 100 watts for 60 minutes. The resulting biodegradable plastics were characterized using the FTIR test, the Mechanical Properties test, the Absorbency test, and the Biodegradation test to determine the quality of the biodegradable plastic. The results of this study indicate the greatest tensile strength value is 1.9768 MPa, the largest elongation value is 21.2772%, the smallest water absorption is 45.40% for 5 minutes, and the largest degraded mass is 0.908 grams for 7 days. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the use of polyglycerol can accelerate the plastic degradation process. In addition, the use of microwaves can speed up the molding time of biodegradable plastics.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Afifah Nadia Tiana. "Mechanical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.76.
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Plastic packaging that applied material value conservation paradigm will generate good quality plastic waste. It can be recycled to produce raw material for new packaging. However, repetitive recycling has impacts on lowering its mechanical properties. Recycled plastic is expected not to undergo mechanical properties degradation. This research proposed to blend recycled plastic pellets with its virgin plastic to reduce mechanical properties degradation. Mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene are compared to 100% virgin polypropylene and recycled/virgin polypropylene blends with composition 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90. Mechanical properties tested in this research are modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break, and density. All were tested according to ASTM for mechanical properties testing materials. This study revealed blending 50% virgin polypropylene significantly improves mechanical properties of recycled plastics and keep improving at 70% virgin polypropylene. The optimum improvement based on four mechanical properties was found at composition 30/70 of recycled/virgin plastic. Elongation at break is the most critical property where degradation was found at 90/10. Blending 6th recycled and virgin polypropylene gives opportunities to improve the mechanical properties of recycled plastic products with careful consideration of the compositions. By implementing material value conservation, good quality plastic waste can be recycled repetitively. This will decrease accumulation of plastic waste generation and usage of non-renewable plastic’s raw material. The positive impact is not only to economic of plastic industry but also to the quality of environment.
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Quecholac-Piña, Xochitl, María del Consuelo Hernández-Berriel, María del Consuelo Mañón-Salas, Rosa María Espinosa-Valdemar, and Alethia Vázquez-Morillas. "Degradation of Plastics under Anaerobic Conditions: A Short Review." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010109.
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Plastic waste is an issue of global concern because of the environmental impact of its accumulation in waste management systems and ecosystems. Biodegradability was proposed as a solution to overcome this problem; however, most biodegradable plastics were designed to degrade under aerobic conditions, ideally fulfilled in a composting plant. These new plastics could arrive to anaerobic environments, purposely or frequently, because of their mismanagement at the end of their useful life. This review analyzes the behavior of biodegradable and conventional plastics under anaerobic conditions, specifically in anaerobic digestion systems and landfills. A review was performed in order to identify: (a) the environmental conditions found in anaerobic digestion processes and landfills, as well as the mechanisms for degradation in those environments; (b) the experimental methods used for the assessment of biodegradation in anaerobic conditions; and (c) the extent of the biodegradation process for different plastics. Results show a remarkable variability of the biodegradation rate depending on the type of plastic and experimental conditions, with clearly better performance in anaerobic digestion systems, where temperature, water content, and inoculum are strictly controlled. The majority of the studied plastics showed that thermophilic conditions increase degradation. It should not be assumed that plastics designed to be degraded aerobically will biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, and an exact match must be done between the specific plastics and the end of life options that they will face.
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Purohit, Jyotika, Anirudha Chattopadhyay, and Basavaraj Teli. "Metagenomic Exploration of Plastic Degrading Microbes for Biotechnological Application." Current Genomics 21, no. 4 (August 8, 2020): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202921999200525155711.
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: Since the last few decades, the promiscuous and uncontrolled use of plastics led to the accumulation of millions of tons of plastic waste in the terrestrial and marine environment. It elevated the risk of environmental pollution and climate change. The concern arises more due to the reckless and unscientific disposal of plastics containing high molecular weight polymers, viz., polystyrene, polyamide, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polyurethane, and polyethylene, etc. which are very difficult to degrade. Thus, the focus is now paid to search for efficient, eco-friendly, low-cost waste management technology. Of them, degradation of non-degradable synthetic polymer using diverse microbial agents, viz., bacteria, fungi, and other extremophiles become an emerging option. So far, very few microbial agents and their secreted enzymes have been identified and characterized for plastic degradation, but with low efficiency. It might be due to the predominance of uncultured microbial species, which consequently remain unexplored from the respective plastic degrading milieu. To overcome this problem, metagenomic analysis of microbial population engaged in the plastic biodegradation is advisable to decipher the microbial community structure and to predict their biodegradation potential in situ. Advancements in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics analysis allow the rapid metagenome screening that helps in the identification of total microbial community and also opens up the scope for mining genes or enzymes (hydrolases, laccase, etc.) engaged in polymer degradation. Further, the extraction of the core microbial population and their adaptation, fitness, and survivability can also be deciphered through comparative metagenomic study. It will help to engineer the microbial community and their metabolic activity to speed up the degradation process.
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Ouyang, Zenglin, Yang Yang, Chen Zhang, Shumin Zhu, Lei Qin, Wenjun Wang, Donghui He, Yin Zhou, Hanzhuo Luo, and Fanzhi Qin. "Recent advances in photocatalytic degradation of plastics and plastic-derived chemicals." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 23 (2021): 13402–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta12465f.
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Plastic products, used in almost all aspects of daily life because of their low cost, durability, and portability, can be broken down into micro- and nano-scale plastics, thereby increasing the risk of human ingestion.
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Oktavilia, Shanty, Mita Hapsari, Firmansyah, Andryan Setyadharma, and Indah Fajarini Sri Wahyuningsum. "Plastic Industry and World Environmental Problems." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 05020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020205020.
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The problem of managing plastic waste is the focus of the entire world today. Mismanaged plastics make a significant contribution to the increase in carbon emissions as a result of the release of plastic chemicals that are exposed to sunlight or are burned. The plastics industry which continues to experience an increase in production makes plastic waste continue to increase from year to year. This study aims to determine the relationship of the effect of the amount of plastic production on increasing the amount of co2 emission carbon at the global level using a simple linear regression analysis tool. The results showed that the production of plastics had a positive and significant effect, which meant that the higher the plastics produced by the plastics industry, the higher the amount of CO2 emission carbon. Similarly, the GDP per capita variable, showed positive and significant results. this means that the income pattern of the world community still has a positive effect on environmental degradation.
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Urbanek, Aneta K., Waldemar Rymowicz, and Aleksandra M. Mirończuk. "Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102, no. 18 (July 11, 2018): 7669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9195-y.
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Wayman, Chloe, and Helge Niemann. "The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 23, no. 2 (2021): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0em00446d.
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Ni’mah, Yatim Lailun, Lukman Atmaja, and Hendro Juwono. "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HDPE PLASTIC FILM FOR HERBICIDE CONTAINER USING FLY ASH CLASS F AS FILLER." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2010): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21497.
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High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic plays an important role in various applications, for example, it can be used as a container (bottle). Petrokimia Kayaku Company, a branch of Petrokimia Company of Gresik, produces herbicides using HDPE plastic bottles as their container. Those plastic bottles undergo degradation (kempot) for certain period of time. The aim of this research is to characterize and to synthesize the HDPE plastic film with class F fly ash as filler. The results expected from this research are producing the plastic with a better properties and durability. This research was initiated by taking the sample of HDPE plastic bottle and herbicides (containing Gramakuat, on active material parakuat dichloride) at Petrokimia Kayaku Company. Both the initial HDPE and the degraded bottles was analyzed their tensile strength and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) spectral. The next step was to synthesize the HDPE plastic film using class F fly ash as filler and a coupling agent. The filler concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20wt %. The best result was 5% filler concentration with tensile strength of 27.7 lbs. This HDPE film was then subjected to degradation test using pyridine solution with various concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) for two weeks, thermal degradation at 100 °C for two weeks and chemical resistance by xylene with soak time variation of 24 h, 98 h and 168 h. The result of degradations test show that the value of tensile strength was decreased with the increase of filler consentration. The chemical resistance, however, was increased. Keywords: degradation, filler, fly ash, HDPE, Herbicide