Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plastic Scintillators

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Academic literature on the topic 'Plastic Scintillators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Plastic Scintillators"

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Min, Sujung, Hara Kang, Bumkyung Seo, JaeHak Cheong, Changhyun Roh, and Sangbum Hong. "A Review of Nanomaterial Based Scintillators." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227701.

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Recently, nanomaterial-based scintillators are newly emerging technologies for many research fields, including medical imaging, nuclear security, nuclear decommissioning, and astronomical applications, among others. To date, scintillators have played pivotal roles in the development of modern science and technology. Among them, plastic scintillators have a low atomic number and are mainly used for beta-ray measurements owing to their low density, but these types of scintillators can be manufactured not in large sizes but also in various forms with distinct properties and characteristics. However, the plastic scintillator is mainly composed of C, H, O and N, implying that the probability of a photoelectric effect is low. In a gamma-ray nuclide analysis, they are used for time-related measurements given their short luminescence decay times. Generally, inorganic scintillators have relatively good scintillation efficiency rates and resolutions. And there are thus widely used in gamma-ray spectroscopy. Therefore, developing a plastic scintillator with performance capabilities similar to those of an inorganic scintillator would mean that it could be used for detection and monitoring at radiological sites. Many studies have reported improved performance outcomes of plastic scintillators based on nanomaterials, exhibiting high-performance plastic scintillators or flexible film scintillators using graphene, perovskite, and 2D materials. Furthermore, numerous fabrication methods that improve the performance through the doping of nanomaterials on the surface have been introduced. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of the findings pertaining to nanomaterial-based scintillators to gain a better understanding of radiological detection technological applications.
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Hamel, Matthieu. "Progress in Fast and Red Plastic Scintillators." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020086.

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Radiological detection where Cherenkov residual background can be prominent requires scintillators with increased emission wavelength. Cherenkov residual background precludes the use of UV-emitting sensors such as plastic scintillators. However, the literature is scarce in red-emitting plastic scintillators and only one commercial scintillator is currently available (BC-430, from Saint-Gobain Crystals and Detectors). In addition, X-ray imaging or time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET) applications are also demanding on this type (color) of scintillators, but such applications also require that the material displays a fast response, which is not particularly the case for BC-430. We present herein our latest developments in the preparation and characterization of fast and red plastic scintillators for this application. Here, ‘fast’ means nanosecond range decay time and ‘red’ is an emission wavelength shifted towards more than 550 nm. At first, the strategy to the preparation of such material is explained by decomposing the scintillator to fundamental elements. Each stage is then optimized in terms of decay time response, then the elemental bricks are arranged to give plastic scintillator formulations that are compatible with the abovementioned characteristics. The results are compared with the red-emissive BC-430 commercial plastic, and the ultra-fast, violet-emitting BC-422Q 1% plastic. In particular, the first-time use of trans-4-dimethylamino-4′-nitrostilbene in the scintillation field as a red wavelength shifter allowed preparing plastic scintillators with the following properties: λemmax 554 nm, photoluminescence decay time 4.2 ns, and light output ≈ 6100 ph/MeV. This means a scintillator almost as bright as BC-430 but at least three times faster. This new sensor might provide useful properties for nuclear instrumentation.
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Min, Sujung, Youngsu Kim, Kwang-Hoon Ko, Bumkyung Seo, JaeHak Cheong, Changhyun Roh, and Sangbum Hong. "Optimization of Plastic Scintillator for Detection of Gamma-Rays: Simulation and Experimental Study." Chemosensors 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090239.

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Plastic scintillators are widely used in various radiation measurement applications, and the use of plastic scintillators for nuclear applications including decommissioning, such as gamma-ray detection and measurement, is an important concern. With regard to efficient and effective gamma-ray detection, the optimization for thickness of plastic scintillator is strongly needed. Here, we elucidate optimization of the thickness of high-performance plastic scintillator using high atomic number material. Moreover, the EJ-200 of commercial plastic scintillators with the same thickness was compared. Two computational simulation codes (MCNP, GEANT4) were used for thickness optimization and were compared with experimental results to verify data obtained by computational simulation. From the obtained results, it was confirmed that the difference in total counts was less than 10% in the thickness of the scintillator of 50 mm or more, which means optimized thickness for high efficiency gamma-ray detection such as radioactive 137Cs and 60CO. Finally, simulated results, along with experimental data, were discussed in this study. The results of this study can be used as basic data for optimizing the thickness of plastic scintillators using high atomic number elements for radiation detection and monitoring.
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Holroyd, Caroline, Michael Aspinall, and Tom Deakin. "Pulse shape simulations for organic scintillation detectors using Geant4." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125311002.

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The accurate simulation of the temporal pulse shapes from organic scintillation detectors capable of pulse shape discrimination (PSD) presents the opportunity to assess the pulse shape discrimination of these detectors prior to fabrication. The aim of this study is the simulation of the temporal pulse shapes from EJ-276, a PSD-capable plastic scintillator developed by Eljen Technologies. PSD plastic scintillators are increasingly replacing organic liquid scintillators for the detection of neutrons in the presence of mixed radiation fields for nuclear security applications. Plastics are inexpensive, robust and can be fabricated in a variety of shapes and sizes. They offer a solid-state alternative to liquid scintillators which can be difficult to transport due to the risk of leakage. However, the PSD performance of plastic scintillators has been observed to decrease due to various factors which combine to influence the overall shape of the pulse. The Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 has been used to simulate the temporal pulse shapes from an EJ-276 plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). All three decay time components of EJ-276 have been modelled, utilising new methods available in the latest version of Geant4, for two different scintillator geometries. The simulated n/γ pulse shapes reproduce the features important for PSD. Future work will involve integrating the temporal response of the PMT with existing pulse shape simulations. Simulated data will then be compared with experimental measurements.
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Taheri, A., and M. Askari. "Monte Carlo study of plastic rod scintillators for use in industrial computed tomography." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): P01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/p01025.

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Abstract Industrial gamma-ray computed tomography systems have found different applications and have become an important tool for non-destructive testing. In this work, high aspect ratio rod plastic scintillators were assessed for use in this type of tomography system. All analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulation by geant4 toolkit. Validation of the results was done using a 50 cm rod plastic scintillator with a diameter of 5 cm. The results showed that the rod plastic scintillators can be employed in industrial tomography systems for scanning large objects. The spatial resolution of the detection system was estimated more than 1 cm. Finally, the simulated parameters of the selected rod plastic scintillator were compared with an identical NaI(Tl) rod scintillator to find a better understanding about its performance.
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Sehgal, R., R. Dey, S. P. Behera, P. K. Netrakanti, D. K. Mishra, D. Mulmule, V. Jha, and L. M. Pant. "A new technique to enhance the position resolution of large area plastic scinitillators to reconstruct the cosmic muon tracks." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): P02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02036.

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Abstract In this paper, we present a study to use thick plastic scintillators to reconstruct the cosmic muon tracks, that can be used for the applications like Muon Tomography. At Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), India, a plastic scintillator array — `ISMRAN (Indian Scintillator Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos),' with a total weight of 1.0 ton has been configured for neutrino physics study. Using the ISMRAN scintillators matrix, we present a technique of the position calibration of thick plastic scintillators using cosmic muons as a probe. The position resolution obtained from the cosmic muons based calibration method is compared with the one obtained from the traditional calibration method using the radioactive source. Finally, the accuracy of reconstructed cosmic muon tracks from the two position calibration techniques is compared using the χ2/ndf distribution of the fitted cosmic muon tracks.
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Nakamura, Hidehito, Hisashi Kitamura, and Ryuta Hazama. "Radiation measurements with heat-proof polyethylene terephthalate bottles." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2122 (May 19, 2010): 2847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0118.

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This study demonstrates that the energy resolution of a newly developed 100 per cent pure polyvinyltoluene (PVT) plate allows its use as a base material for a plastic scintillator. The energy resolution, which is a key element for high-performance radiation detectors, was Δ E / E =8.41±0.07% (full width at half maximum (FWHM)) for 976 keV K-line conversion electrons from a 207 Bi source. On the basis of results from 207 Bi and 137 Cs sources, the observed energy resolution of the PVT plate, Δ E / E =8.2/ E 1/2 % (FWHM), was slightly better than that of a typical plastic scintillator (BC-408), Δ E / E =8.7/ E 1/2 % (FWHM), with E in units of MeV. These results prompted us to search for other new base materials for plastic scintillators. In this study, we examined polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, a common source of domestic plastic waste. We demonstrated that a lump of heat-proof PET bottles is fluorescent; moreover, there is excellent compatibility of the fluorescence with the quantum efficiency of typical photomultiplier tubes. This inexpensive source of plastic appears suitable for radiation measurements and as a base material for plastic scintillators. Future studies on the radiation response of plastics should lead to the development of higher performance and more eco-friendly radiation detectors.
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Taylor, Gene. "Scintillators for the SEM - A Practical Guide." Microscopy Today 6, no. 6 (August 1998): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006819x.

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The scintillator Is a part of the electron collection system in most SEMs and other types of electron imaging systems. Without a properly functioning scintillator, images may be noisy, weak, or exhibit other signs of degradation.There are three types of scintillators generally used in the SEM: organic/polymeric, phosphor powder, and crystalline (single or poly).Plastic scintillators are currently used less frequently, mainly because they are subject to radiation damage (i.e., short lifetime). This type of scintillator has the shortest decay time (~2.2 - 5 ns) and very low noise. We still have many customers who prefer this type of scintillator even though they have to change it more frequently (∼2 - 6 month lifetime with average use is our experience).
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Nemchenok, I. B. "Plastic scintillators for thermal neutrons detection." Functional materials 20, no. 3 (September 25, 2013): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm20.03.310.

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Fernández, C. H. Zepeda, Hernández Aguilar Javier Efrén, and E. Moreno-Barbosa. "Study through Geant4, for Time Resolution characterization of different detectors arrays coupled with two SiPMs, as a function of: the scintillator plastic material, its volumetric dimensions and the location of the radiation emission source." Journal of Nuclear Physics, Material Sciences, Radiation and Applications 8, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2021.82028.

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The high time resolution detectors are relevant in those experiments or simulations were the particles to detect, have a very short time of flight (TOF), and due this it´s required that the detections times are ranged between ns. & ps.Using Geant4 software, it was made thirty simulations of coupled detectors to plastic scintillators with two silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) located on the scintillator’s central sides. To characterize the time resolution, it was required to quantify the optical photons that reach the Score in a certain time, which are generated by muons on the surface of the plastic scintillator. Different configurations of muon beams were simulated at energy of 1 GeV, to interact with the configuration of the scintillator material of its corresponding arrangement. The simulations were made varying three parameters: the scintillator material “BC404 & BC422”, its size, and the location of the radiation source. Fifteen simulations correspond to BC404 material & fifteen simulations to BC422 material respectively. The first five simulations consisted in varying the scintillator’s volumetric size and collocate the muons beam guided randomly distributed over it, the next five simulations differentiate from setting up a directly centered beam, and the last five simulations for guide the beam on the left lower corner of each scintillator.The best time resolution achieved was σ= 8.67 +/− 0.26 ps., reported by the detector with BC422 scintillator material which has a volume of 20x20x3 mm3.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plastic Scintillators"

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Alhabdan, Mohammad Ali. "Dosimeters using plastic scintillators and fibre optics." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5711.

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A plastic scintillation detector exhibiting minimum interference using two different optical fibre light guides have been designed, constructed and evaluated for dosimetry (potentially in-vivo) of the high energy beams used in radiotherapy practice. One detector system contains the radiation resistant SiO2 optical fibre, while the other contains PMMA fibre, which has less resistance to radiation. Each fibre is connected to an independent photo diode. Also, each fibre is connected to a cylindrical water equivalent scintillator measuring 3mm in diameter and 10mm in length. The scintillator is coated with a thin, optically reflective coating. The light arising from the scintillator is transmitted by the fibre optic light guide and is detected at the photodiode. Each fibre has its own focusing and optical filtering techniques based on the fibre acceptance angle, so the photodiode for SiO2 and PMMA are the same. The photodiodes are connected to an electronics box with a digital integrator and counting system. The interference radiation could be minimised using inherent optical filtration and digital integration consistent with pulses from the linear accelerator, thereby avoiding the use of a second optical fibre to compensate for background signals. The SiO2 and PMMA fibre light guides have different properties especially with respect to flexibility. The dose distribution in water of each fibre light guide coupled scintillator is measured and shows good agreement with ionisation chamber results. Spatial resolution and water equivalence are the most important properties of miniature scintillator detectors. It is shown that these systems are not energy dependent, they do not disturb the main radiation beam, are independent of beam angle and have very good linearity with dose. The current study may stimulate the use of SiO2 and PMMA fibre coupled plastic scintillation detectors in medical dosimetry applications. The results of the PMMA scintillation detector are good and it is a promising detector for in vivo measurements due to its flexibility and low cost.
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Bryant, Martyn. "Plastic scintillators for the T2K fine-grained detector." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31445.

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The T2K Neutrino Oscillation experiment consists of a νμ beam produced at JPARC and two detectors: one placed280m downstream, the near detector, and Super-K, which sits 295km downstream. The goal of the experiment is measure the θ₁₃ mixing angle and the phase δ found in the MNSP neutrino mixing matrix by measuring the disappearance of νμ from the original neutrino beam and appearance of νe in the beam as it reaches Super-K. The near detector contains a FGD (Fine Grained Detector) which is designed to provide target mass for the ν μ and then track the particles which come out once the νμ has reacted. The FGD consist mainly of nominally sized 1 cm x 1 cm x 200 cm plastic scintillator bars, which are read out by wavelength-shifting optical fibers (which are in turn read out by MPPC photosensors) threaded through each bar. The bars are glued into a series of XY layers. In November 2006 we successfully extruded 11900 Scintillator Bars at CELCO Plastics in Surrey, BC. On site QA found only 2.5 % of the bars to fall outside of bar specifications. During the November bar production run we scanned 4-10 of each 100 bars within a day of them coming off the production line. We found a variation in the light yields of the bars to be 5%. We set up an aging test for the bars. Three separate measurements were consistent with a 2% per year aging rate. In December 2006 we put our new bars in the M11 beam line at TRIUMF. The light yield of the bars was measured using MIPS. With the beam hitting the far end of the bar and no reflector on the end of the bar the light yield and was found to be adequate for the FGD. I predicted, using a simulation, the difference in light collected by 2 sizes of MPPC, one 1 mm sq and one 1.3 mm sq with a gap of 0.4 mm between fiber and photosensor to be 25%. This was in good agreement with Kyoto groups direct measurement.
Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
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Wentzel, John P. "An investigation into surface effects in thin film plastic scintillators." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18348.

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An investigation into the luminescent response of thin film plastic scintillators as a function of their method of preparation is made. Investigations are carried out on NE102A and NE118 using four different methods of preparation. It is found that the Birks model for luminescence as a function of film thickness successfully explains the response in three of the four methods of preparation, but fails to explain the response of thin films prepared on a glass surface. These films show an unexpected non-linearity in their behaviour. It is proposed that the behaviour in these films can be explained in terms of the existence of surface regions in these films. A model based on the existence of these surface regions is prepared. It is further proposed that, in general, the luminescent response of thin films of plastic scintillator is dependent on their method of preparation.
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Montbarbon, Eva. "Etude des phénomènes photophysiques de la discrimination entre neutrons rapides et photons gamma dans les scintillateurs plastiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN040/document.

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Le contexte de ce doctorat s’inscrit dans la lutte contre les risques de terrorisme nucléaire et radiologique (acronyme NRBC-E). La détection de ces matières dangereuses, car émettrices de neutrons, s’effectue traditionnellement à l’aide de compteurs proportionnels à Hélium-3. Or, l’annonce de la pénurie de ce gaz depuis plus d’une dizaine d’années pousse à concevoir des détecteurs aussi performants. L’émission neutronique étant toujours accompagnée d’un flux gamma, les détecteurs doivent discriminer ces deux contributions. Les scintillateurs plastiques, polymères radioluminescents, peuvent opérer cette séparation. Celle-ci s’effectue alors sur le déclin de l’impulsion lumineuse. Née en 1968, la théorie de Voltz et Laustriat fournit une explication de la discrimination neutron/gamma dans les scintillateurs organiques (« Pulse Shape Discrimination », PSD). Ainsi, le sujet du doctorat est d’appréhender les phénomènes photophysiques ayant lieu dans ces matériaux, plus particulièrement sous forme plastique, après l’interaction neutron/matière ou gamma/matière mais avant l’émission de photons de scintillation. Nous avons d’abord dressé un état de l’art des scintillateurs plastiques discriminants de 1959, année du premier matériau préparé, jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Nombre de compositions chimiques ont été décrites dans la littérature ; ces travaux mettent en évidence les compositions chimiques permettant la discrimination neutron/gamma. Compte-tenu de l’extrême complexité de modéliser l’interaction rayonnement/matière (énergies de l’ordre du MeV) suivie des transferts photophysiques (de l’ordre de l’eV), nous avons caractérisé des scintillateurs plastiques préparés au laboratoire. Ainsi, nous avons mis en place une chaîne d’acquisition numérique permettant la discrimination neutron/gamma. Nous avons ensuite testé l’influence de paramètres intrinsèquement liés à la nature du matériau : la préparation chimique, le volume et le fluorophore secondaire. Nous avons constaté que la reproductibilité des matériaux plastiques est complexe à obtenir. Du reste, le fluorophore secondaire et sa concentration doivent être soigneusement sélectionnés selon le volume du scintillateur afin d’éviter l’auto-absorption. Grâce à des mesures d’absorption transitoire, nous avons identifié le transfert photophysique conférant un rôle important au fluorophore secondaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons évalué l’influence de critères extrinsèques aux scintillateurs plastiques, plus spécifiquement l’influence d’une forte irradiation (10 kGy), sur les propriétés de discrimination neutron/gamma des matériaux. Enfin, grâce à la plateforme ELYSE (CNRS & Université Paris-Sud), nous avons optiquement simulé une trace neutron dans des scintillateurs liquides et plastiques. Grâce au système de détection offrant une spectrométrie 3D en absorption transitoire et en fluorescence, nous avons élaboré une nouvelle théorie photophysique permettant d’expliquer la formation d’états excités triplets significatifs pour la discrimination neutron/gamma. Les travaux présentés ici contribuent à l’appréhension des phénomènes photophysiques responsables de la discrimination neutron/gamma dans les scintillateurs plastiques
The context of this PhD lies within the framework of fighting against nuclear and radiological threats (CBRN-E acronym). These hazardous materials can emit neutrons. Neutrons can traditionally be detected thanks to a proportional counter based on Helium-3 gas. However, the last decade announced the shortage of this gas, leading therefore scientists to design new detectors, which are as effective as proportional counters. Neutrons are always emitted with a gamma rays flux. So detectors have to discriminate between these two contributions. Plastic scintillators, which are radioluminescent polymers, can effectively operate this separation. This discrimination between neutrons and gamma rays is made thanks the decay of the light pulse. Born in 1968, Voltz and Laustriat’s theory explains neutron/gamma discrimination in plastic scintillators (also named Pulse Shape Discrimination, PSD). Thus, the subject of this PhD is to understand photophysical phenomena in plastic scintillators, which take place after neutron/matter or gamma/matter interaction but before the emission of scintillation photons. We first provided a state of the art of discriminating plastic scintillators as early as 1959 (first prepared material) until nowadays. Many chemical compositions have been described in the literature. All these works highlight the need to finely select the chemical composition allowing neutron/gamma discrimination. It is extremely hard to model the interaction of radiation with matter (energies up to the MeV range) followed by photophysical transfers (up to the eV range). This way, we characterized lab made plastic scintillators. To do this, we set up a digital detection chain for neutron/gamma discrimination measurements. We then tested the influence of intrinsic parameters to the nature of scintillators: chemical preparation, volume and secondary fluorophore have been particularly studied. We noted that scintillators reproducibility is complex to obtain. Furthermore, the secondary fluorophore and its concentration have to be selected according to the volume of the material in order to avoid self-absorption. Thanks to transient absorption measurements, we identified the photophysical transfer which allocates a significant role to the secondary fluorophore. We then evaluated the influence of extrinsic criteria on neutron/gamma properties of plastic scintillators, and specifically high irradiation doses (10 kGy). Finally, thanks to the ELYSE platform (CNRS & Paris-Sud University), we optically simulated a neutron track in liquid and plastic scintillators. Thanks to the detection system offering a 3D spectrometry in transient absorption and fluorescence, we elaborated a new photophysical theory, which can explain the formation of triplet states in plastic scintillators for neutron/gamma discrimination. All these works presented herein contribute to understand the photophysical phenomena, which are responsible of neutron/gamma discrimination in plastic scintillators
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Morales, Johnny Estuardo. "The development of a plastic scintillator for radiotherapy dosimetry." Department of Engineering Physics - Faculty of Engineering, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/105.

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A plastic scintillator detector was developed and tested in a 6MV photon beam. The detector comprised a BCF60 plastic scintillator, Polymetyl-Methacrylate Resin optical fibre and photodiode SFH250. The detector was used to measure an inplane profile for the photon beam at a depth of 1.5 cm for a field size of 10x10cm2 at 100 cm SSD. The photon beam was delivered by a Siemens linear accelerator. A comparison was made with the results obtained by cylindrical chambers CC04 and CC13, commercial diode PFD and a stereotactic diode SFD, all from the manufacturer IBA-Wellhöfer. An analysis was performed using the Gamma Evaluation method and the agreement was acceptable for a criterion of Distance To Agreement = 2 mm and Dose Difference = 2%.
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Bläckberg, Lisa. "Surface coatings as xenon diffusion barriers on plastic scintillators : Improving Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialteori, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-163084.

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This thesis investigates the ability of transparent surface coatings to reduce xenon diffusion into plastic scintillators. The motivation for the work is improved radioxenon monitoring equipment, used with in the framework of the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. A large part of the equipment used in this context incorporates plastic scintillators which are in direct contact with the radioactive gas to be detected. One problem with such setup is that radioxenon diffuses into the plastic scintillator material during the measurement, resulting in an unwanted memory effect consisting of residual activity left in the detector. In this work coatings of Al2O3 and SiO2, with thicknesses between 20 and 400 nm have been deposited onto flat plastic scintillator samples, and tested with respect to their Xe diffusion barrier capabilities. All tested coatings were found to reduce the memory effect, and 425 nm of Al2O3 showed the most promise. This coating was deposited onto a complete detector. Compared to uncoated detectors, the coated one presented a memory effect reduction of a factor of 1000. Simulations and measurements of the expected light collection efficiency of a coated detector were also performed, since it is important that this property is not degraded by the coating. It was shown that a smooth coating, with a similar refractive index as the one of the plastic, should not significantly affect the light collection and resolution. The resolution of the complete coated detector was also measured, showing a resolution comparable to uncoated detectors. The work conducted in this thesis proved that this coating approach is a viable solution to the memory effect problem, given that the results are reproducible, and that the quality of the coating is maintained over time.
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MORGADO, MARIO M. "Estudo e projeto de um sistema detetor nacionalizado para monitoracao de radiacao em embarcacoes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10670.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Simony, Benoît. "Mesure neutronique passive des colis de déchets radioactifs par comptage des coïncidences avec des scintillateurs plastiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY108.

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Cette thèse concerne la mesure neutronique passive des coïncidences de fissions spontanées du plutonium dans des fûts de déchets radioactifs, avec des scintillateurs plastique pour pallier aux compteurs gazeux à 3He classiques, devenus très coûteux. Les scintillateurs sont environ 1000 fois plus rapides avec un temps de détection de l’ordre de la nanoseconde, mais très sensibles aux rayonnements gamma et aux coïncidences parasites de diffusions neutroniques et gamma entre détecteurs voisins (diaphonie). La faisabilité est étudiée par simulation avec le code MCNPX PoliMi en modélisant un dispositif ayant un angle solide de détection de 4π sr autour d’un fût de déchets de 118 L, rempli de matrices de déchets métalliques ou organiques. Un blindage de quelques centimètres de plomb devant les détecteurs a été optimisé pour limiter le taux de comptage des rayonnements gamma issus du fût. La faisabilité théorique est démontrée sur le nombre de coïncidences triples détectées en 1500 s de mesure et la proportion due aux fissions spontanées face aux réactions parasites (α,n). Les premières constituent près de 80 % du signal total et plus de 90 % après rejet de la diaphonie, en paralysant pendant 10 ns les deux détecteurs voisins d’un premier détecteur ayant initié une fenêtre de coïncidence. Pour des masses croissantes de plutonium, une perte de linéarité du nombre de triplets apparaît au-delà de 10 g, surtout due aux coïncidences accidentelles d’impulsions gamma et à la multiplication neutronique par fissions induites. A 100 g, la surestimation de la masse de plutonium n’excède cependant pas 30 % en répartition homogène. Par contre, si cette masse est concentrée en amas au centre de la matrice organique, une compétition entre multiplication neutronique et auto-absorption gamma conduit à la sous-estimer d’environ 20 %. Par ailleurs, un point chaud de 1 g de plutonium (effets de multiplication et coïncidences accidentelles négligeables) en différentes localisations dans la matrice conduit à des variations de signal inférieures à 30 % par rapport à la répartition homogène. Ces écarts augmentent pour certains cas pénalisants comme du plutonium au milieu d’une pièce métallique épaisse. Enfin, tous ces effets dépendent de la matrice et de l’épaisseur de l’écran de plomb, lesquelles affectent la composition des triplets en impulsions neutroniques et gamma. L’étude expérimentale est menée sur une maquette comprenant huit scintillateurs plastique (angle solide de détection inférieur à 2 π sr) protégés par 5 cm de plomb du fût rempli de sources ou échantillons de matière nucléaire, dans des matrices étalon en acier ou bois. Des tests avec sources de 252Cf et d’AmBe reproduisant un ratio alpha de 1,2 entre émissions neutroniques par fission spontanée et réaction (α,n), comme pour les simulations, confirment les tendances obtenues par calcul sur le nombre et la proportion de coïncidences utiles, les effets de matrice et de localisation. Les comparaisons expérience-calcul avec des plaquettes de plutonium et des sources de 137Cs ou 60Co montrent que le modèle numérique impacte fortement la diffusion gamma sur les extrémités des briques de plomb, la multiplication neutronique et l’auto-absorption gamma dans la matière nucléaire. La simulation reproduit toutefois correctement l’ordre de grandeur du signal, ce qui valide les estimations de performances avec le dispositif idéal (angle solide de 4 pi sr). Par ailleurs, les raies corrélées du 60Co, s’il est présent dans le colis, génèrent de nombreux triplets parasites et un écran de 10 cm de plomb serait nécessaire, sans qu’il soit toutefois possible de dépasser 10 MBq de 60Co. Enfin, une étude du bruit de fond environnant (émissions gamma du génie civil, coffres de sources à proximité, rayonnements cosmiques) conduit à préconiser aussi un blindage de plomb externe de 3 à 5 cm d’épaisseur
This PhD thesis presents a faisibility study of passive neutron coincidence counting for detecting coincidences of spontaneous fission of plutonium on radioactive waste drums with plastic scintillators as an alternative to traditional 3He gas counters, which became very costly. Plastic scintillators have a short time of detection of the order of nanosecond, but display a very high sensitivity to gamma rays and to parasitic coincidences due to neutronic and gamma-ray diffusions between neighbors detectors (cross talk). Feasibility is firstly studied by simulation with the MCNPX PoliMi code by modeling a system having a solid angle of detection of 4 pi sr around a 118 L-waste drum filled with metallic-and-organic waste matrices. A-few-cm-thick-lead screen in front of the detectors has been optimized for limiting count rate of gamma rays from the drum. Theoretical feasibility is demonstrated on the number of triple coincidences detected in 1500 s of measurement and on the proportion due to spontaneous fissions compared to parasitic (α,n) reactions. The former represent almost 80 % of total signal and more than 90 % after cross-talk rejection, by paralyzing the two adjacent detectors of a first detector having generated a coincidence window. For increasing masses of plutonium, deviations from linearity on the number of triples appear beyond about 10 g, essentially due to accidental coincidences of gamma-rays pulses and to neutron multiplication by induced fissions. However with 100 g of plutonium, overestimation of plutonium mass does not exceed 30 % in homogeneous distribution. On the other hand if this mass is concentrated in a cluster at the center of the organic matrix, a competition between neutron multiplication and gamma-rays-self-absorption leads to underestimate it of about 20 %. In addition, a hot spot of 1 g of plutonium (for which multiplication and accidental coincidences are negligible) in several localizations in the matrix leads to variations of signal lower than 30 % compared with homogeneous distribution. These deviations increase for some penalizing cases, as plutonium at the middle of a thick, metallic part. Finally, all these effects depend on the matrix and the thickness of the lead screen, which affect the composition of triples in neutron and gamma-ray pulses. Experimental study has been lead on a facility involving eight plastic scintillators (solid angle of detection lower than 2 pi sr) shielded by 5 cm of lead from the drum filled with sources and nuclear material samples in standard matrices of steel or wood. 252Cf and AmBe sources with an alpha ratio of 1.2 between neutron emissions by spontaneous fission and (a,n) reactions, as for simulations, confirm the trends obtained by computations on the number and the proportion of useful coincidences, matrix and localization effects. Comparisons of experiment with calculations with plutonium plates and sources of 137Cs or 60Co show that numerical model impacts strongly gamma-ray diffusions on the edge of lead blocks and neutron multiplication and gamma-ray-self-absorption in the nuclear material. Simulation reproduces correctly the order of magnitude of the signal, which validates the performance estimations with the ideal facility (solid angle of 4 pi sr). Furthermore, correlated gamma rays of 60Co, if it is present in the drum, generate numerous parasitic, triple coincidences And a 10 cm–thick lead screen would be necessary although it will not be possible to go beyond 10 MBq of 60Co. Lastly, a study of surrounded background (gamma-ray emissions from structural constructions and gamma-ray sources stored close to the detectors, cosmic rays) lead to recommend in addition a 3-to-5-cm-thick, external lead screen
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BACCARELLI, AIDA M. "Sistema primario por coincidencias 4 pi beta-gama para a padronizacao de radionuclideos empregando cintiladores plasticos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11125.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Elie, Margaux. "Développement de nouveaux complexes organométalliques de métaux de transition polyvalents pour la scintillation et la chimie médicinale." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC227.

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Deux nouvelles familles de complexes de cuivre(I) cationiques, de formules [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] et [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6], ont été synthétisées avec des ligands 2,2’ bis pyridyl pontés, chélates à six chaînons, facilement modulables. Ces complexes présentent des émissions à l’état solide centrées entre 455 et 520 nm (bleu à vert), avec de larges décalages de Stokes et des rendements quantiques pouvant atteindre 0,86. De plus, l’émission via un phénomène de fluorescence retardée activée thermiquement (TADF) a été prouvée pour les complexes [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X]. Les premiers scintillateurs plastiques dopés avec des complexes de cuivre(I) détectant les radiations nucléaires de type gammas ont été obtenus avec des complexes de formule générale [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6]. Les complexes de formule [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] ont permis l’obtention des premières Cellules Electrochimiques Luminescentes (LECs) émettant dans le bleu et incorporant des complexes de cuivre(I). Enfin, les complexes de formule [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] à ligand 2,2’ dipyridylamine présentent une activité cytotoxique envers différentes lignées de cellules cancéreuses et apportent la possibilité d’une action ciblée sur les cellules tumorales via l’ajout d’un vecteur. La polyvalence de ces complexes de cuivre(I) repose sur les ligands 2,2’-bis-pyridyl pontés, chélates à six chaînons, dont la synthèse est facile d’accès et les propriétés électroniques et structurales sont modulables
New cationic copper(I) complexes of general formula [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] and [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] were developed with 6-membered-ring 2,2’-bis-pyridyl derivatives as ligand. These complexes exhibited blue (420 nm) to green (520 nm) emissions in solid state, with large Stokes shifts and photoluminescence quantum yields up to 0.86. Furthermore, the emission of the [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] complexes via a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was demonstrated. The first plastic scintillators incorporating copper(I) complexes and detecting gamma radiations were obtained with [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] complexes. Application of the [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] complexes to the LEC technology led to the first copper(I)-based blue emitting device. In the last chapter, we also demonstrated that copper(I) complexes [Cu(NHC)(N^N)][X] bearing a 2,2’-dipyridylamine as N^N ligand exhibited high cytotoxycity against different cancer cells lines. These complexes paved the way for the design of a new type of copper(I) anti-cancer agents with the opportunity to increase the selectivity against cancer cells via a vectorization of the N^N ligand. The versatility of these copper(I) complexes demonstrated in this work relied on the easy to handle and highly modular 2,2’-bis-pyridyl ligands
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Books on the topic "Plastic Scintillators"

1

Hamel, Matthieu, ed. Plastic Scintillators. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6.

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Boer, Steven Francis De. Investigation of scintillator and fibre light in plastic scintillation dosimetry. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plastic Scintillators"

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Majewski, Stan, and Carl Zorn. "Designing Radiation-Hard Plastic Scintillators." In ACS Symposium Series, 569–77. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0475.ch036.

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Tarancón, Alex, Héctor Bagán, and José Francisco García. "Plastic Scintillators in Environmental Analysis." In Topics in Applied Physics, 461–508. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_13.

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Liu, Bo, and Xiaoping Ouyang. "Optical Improvements of Plastic Scintillators by Nanophotonics." In Topics in Applied Physics, 287–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_9.

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Dujardin, Christophe, and Matthieu Hamel. "Introduction—Overview on Plastic and Inorganic Scintillators." In Topics in Applied Physics, 3–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_1.

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Zhmurin, P. N., Yu A. Gurkalenko, V. N. Pereymak, D. A. Eliseev, and O. V. Eliseeva. "Plastic Scintillators with the Improved Radiation Hardness Level." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 125–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21970-3_10.

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Mitev, Krasimir, and Philippe Cassette. "Radioactive Noble Gas Detection and Measurement with Plastic Scintillators." In Topics in Applied Physics, 385–423. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_11.

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Bross, A. D., and A. Pla-Dalmau. "Radiation-Induced Hidden-Absorption Effects in Polystyrene-Based Plastic Scintillators." In ACS Symposium Series, 578–90. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0475.ch037.

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Bertrand, Guillaume H. V., and Matthieu Hamel. "Chemical Approach on Organometallic Loading in Plastic Scintillators and Its Applications." In Topics in Applied Physics, 139–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_4.

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Zorn, C., M. Bowen, S. Majewski, J. Szaban, R. Wojcik, C. Hurlbut, and W. Moser. "Development of Improved, Radiation-Resistant Plastic and Liquid Scintillators for the SSC." In Supercollider 1, 537–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0841-6_50.

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Beddar, Sam, Irwin Tendler, François Therriault-Proulx, Louis Archambault, and Luc Beaulieu. "Recent Advances and Clinical Applications of Plastic Scintillators in the Field of Radiation Therapy." In Topics in Applied Physics, 425–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73488-6_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plastic Scintillators"

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Mitev, Krasimir K. "Thoron (220Rn) detection with plastic scintillators." In 2015 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2015.7581748.

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Butchins, Laura J. C., Jonathan M. Gosling, Matthew R. W. Hogbin, Daniel C. Jones, Richard J. Lacey, and James G. Stearn. "Is the holy grail plastic? Radiation Identification from plastic scintillators." In 2009 1st International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2009.5503783.

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van Loef, Edgar V., Gary Markosyan, Urmila Shirwadkar, and Kanai S. Shah. "Advanced plastic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination." In 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2012 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2012.6551456.

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O'Neal, Sean P., Nerine J. Cherepy, Saphon Hok, and Stephen A. Payne. "High-Light Yield Bismuth-Loaded Plastic Scintillators." In Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XXIII, edited by Nerine J. Cherepy, Michael Fiederle, and Ralph B. James. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2596144.

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Hamel, Matthieu, Guillaume H. V. Bertrand, Frederick Carrel, Romain Coulon, Jonathan Dumazert, Eva Montbarbon, and Fabien Sguerra. "Plastic scintillators modifications for a selective radiation detection." In 2015 4th International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2015.7465496.

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Shirwadkar, U., E. V. D. Van Loef, G. Markosyan, Mickel McClish, J. Glodo, and K. S. Shah. "Metal-loaded plastic scintillators for nuclear non-proliferation." In 2015 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2015.7581822.

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Hamel, Matthieu, Chrystele Dehe-Pittance, Romain Coulon, Frederick Carrel, Philippe Pillot, Eric Barat, Thomas Dautremer, Thierry Montagu, and Stephane Normand. "Gammastic: Towards a pseudo-gamma spectrometry in plastic scintillators." In 2013 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2013.6727889.

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Corre, G., K. Boudergui, G. Sannie, and V. Kondrasovs. "Neutron detection with large plastic scintillators for RPM applications." In 2015 4th International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2015.7465625.

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Krzemien, W., D. Alfs, T. Bednarski, P. Bialas, E. Czerwinski, K. Dulski, A. Gajos, et al. "A novel TOF-PET detector based on plastic scintillators." In 2015 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2015.7582200.

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Chichester, David L., Brandon W. Blackburn, James T. Johnson, and Scott M. Watson. "Photon dosimetry using plastic scintillators in pulsed radiation fields." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Theodore T. Saito, Daniel Lehrfeld, and Michael J. DeWeert. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.722929.

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Reports on the topic "Plastic Scintillators"

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Feng, Patrick L., Mitchell Anstey, F. Patrick Doty, and Wondwosen Mengesha. Advanced plastic scintillators for fast neutron discrimination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171588.

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Pozzi, S. Calibration of Small Plastic Scintillators for Imaging Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885841.

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Vance, Andrew L., Nicholas Mascarenhas, Greg O'Bryan, and Stanley Mrowka. Final LDRD report : advanced plastic scintillators for neutron detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/990072.

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Jordan, David V., Bruce D. Geelhood, Paul L. Reeder, Daniel L. Stephens, Richard A. Craig, and Justin I. McIntyre. Progress Report on the Advanced Large-Area Plastic Scintillators (ALPS) Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15010207.

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Barashkov, N., N. Korotkikh, T. Novikova, F. Markley, A. Pla-Dalmau, G. Foster, and M. Rivard. Design of new polymers to improve radiation stability of plastic scintillators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10133307.

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Chiang, L. G. Computation of Detection Efficiencies for NMIS Fast Plastic Scintillators Using a Thick Detector Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885836.

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Staples, P., J. Audia, Y. Bai, M. Briggs, J. K. Halbig, and K. D. Ianakiev. Evaluation of NaI(TL) and plastic scintillators for use in remote, unattended, and portal monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/319715.

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Pozzi, S. A. Analysis of Neutron and Photon Detection Position for the Calibration of Plastic (BC-420) and Liquid (BC-501) Scintillators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885588.

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Savin, N. I. Test and valuation of portal monitors of nuclear material with the use of plastic scintillators and hand-held radiation detectors. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/215807.

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Jordan, David V., Paul L. Reeder, Lindsay C. Todd, Glen A. Warren, Kathleen R. McCormick, Daniel L. Stephens, Bruce D. Geelhood, James M. Alzheimer, Shannon L. Crowell, and William A. Sliger. Advanced Large Area Plastic Scintillator Project (ALPS): Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/925718.

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