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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic Scintillators'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Min, Sujung, Hara Kang, Bumkyung Seo, JaeHak Cheong, Changhyun Roh, and Sangbum Hong. "A Review of Nanomaterial Based Scintillators." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227701.

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Recently, nanomaterial-based scintillators are newly emerging technologies for many research fields, including medical imaging, nuclear security, nuclear decommissioning, and astronomical applications, among others. To date, scintillators have played pivotal roles in the development of modern science and technology. Among them, plastic scintillators have a low atomic number and are mainly used for beta-ray measurements owing to their low density, but these types of scintillators can be manufactured not in large sizes but also in various forms with distinct properties and characteristics. However, the plastic scintillator is mainly composed of C, H, O and N, implying that the probability of a photoelectric effect is low. In a gamma-ray nuclide analysis, they are used for time-related measurements given their short luminescence decay times. Generally, inorganic scintillators have relatively good scintillation efficiency rates and resolutions. And there are thus widely used in gamma-ray spectroscopy. Therefore, developing a plastic scintillator with performance capabilities similar to those of an inorganic scintillator would mean that it could be used for detection and monitoring at radiological sites. Many studies have reported improved performance outcomes of plastic scintillators based on nanomaterials, exhibiting high-performance plastic scintillators or flexible film scintillators using graphene, perovskite, and 2D materials. Furthermore, numerous fabrication methods that improve the performance through the doping of nanomaterials on the surface have been introduced. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of the findings pertaining to nanomaterial-based scintillators to gain a better understanding of radiological detection technological applications.

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2

Hamel, Matthieu. "Progress in Fast and Red Plastic Scintillators." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020086.

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Radiological detection where Cherenkov residual background can be prominent requires scintillators with increased emission wavelength. Cherenkov residual background precludes the use of UV-emitting sensors such as plastic scintillators. However, the literature is scarce in red-emitting plastic scintillators and only one commercial scintillator is currently available (BC-430, from Saint-Gobain Crystals and Detectors). In addition, X-ray imaging or time-of-flight positron emission tomography (ToF-PET) applications are also demanding on this type (color) of scintillators, but such applications also require that the material displays a fast response, which is not particularly the case for BC-430. We present herein our latest developments in the preparation and characterization of fast and red plastic scintillators for this application. Here, ‘fast’ means nanosecond range decay time and ‘red’ is an emission wavelength shifted towards more than 550 nm. At first, the strategy to the preparation of such material is explained by decomposing the scintillator to fundamental elements. Each stage is then optimized in terms of decay time response, then the elemental bricks are arranged to give plastic scintillator formulations that are compatible with the abovementioned characteristics. The results are compared with the red-emissive BC-430 commercial plastic, and the ultra-fast, violet-emitting BC-422Q 1% plastic. In particular, the first-time use of trans-4-dimethylamino-4′-nitrostilbene in the scintillation field as a red wavelength shifter allowed preparing plastic scintillators with the following properties: λemmax 554 nm, photoluminescence decay time 4.2 ns, and light output ≈ 6100 ph/MeV. This means a scintillator almost as bright as BC-430 but at least three times faster. This new sensor might provide useful properties for nuclear instrumentation.

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3

Min, Sujung, Youngsu Kim, Kwang-Hoon Ko, Bumkyung Seo, JaeHak Cheong, Changhyun Roh, and Sangbum Hong. "Optimization of Plastic Scintillator for Detection of Gamma-Rays: Simulation and Experimental Study." Chemosensors 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090239.

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Plastic scintillators are widely used in various radiation measurement applications, and the use of plastic scintillators for nuclear applications including decommissioning, such as gamma-ray detection and measurement, is an important concern. With regard to efficient and effective gamma-ray detection, the optimization for thickness of plastic scintillator is strongly needed. Here, we elucidate optimization of the thickness of high-performance plastic scintillator using high atomic number material. Moreover, the EJ-200 of commercial plastic scintillators with the same thickness was compared. Two computational simulation codes (MCNP, GEANT4) were used for thickness optimization and were compared with experimental results to verify data obtained by computational simulation. From the obtained results, it was confirmed that the difference in total counts was less than 10% in the thickness of the scintillator of 50 mm or more, which means optimized thickness for high efficiency gamma-ray detection such as radioactive 137Cs and 60CO. Finally, simulated results, along with experimental data, were discussed in this study. The results of this study can be used as basic data for optimizing the thickness of plastic scintillators using high atomic number elements for radiation detection and monitoring.

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4

Holroyd, Caroline, Michael Aspinall, and Tom Deakin. "Pulse shape simulations for organic scintillation detectors using Geant4." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125311002.

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The accurate simulation of the temporal pulse shapes from organic scintillation detectors capable of pulse shape discrimination (PSD) presents the opportunity to assess the pulse shape discrimination of these detectors prior to fabrication. The aim of this study is the simulation of the temporal pulse shapes from EJ-276, a PSD-capable plastic scintillator developed by Eljen Technologies. PSD plastic scintillators are increasingly replacing organic liquid scintillators for the detection of neutrons in the presence of mixed radiation fields for nuclear security applications. Plastics are inexpensive, robust and can be fabricated in a variety of shapes and sizes. They offer a solid-state alternative to liquid scintillators which can be difficult to transport due to the risk of leakage. However, the PSD performance of plastic scintillators has been observed to decrease due to various factors which combine to influence the overall shape of the pulse. The Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4 has been used to simulate the temporal pulse shapes from an EJ-276 plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT). All three decay time components of EJ-276 have been modelled, utilising new methods available in the latest version of Geant4, for two different scintillator geometries. The simulated n/γ pulse shapes reproduce the features important for PSD. Future work will involve integrating the temporal response of the PMT with existing pulse shape simulations. Simulated data will then be compared with experimental measurements.

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5

Taheri, A., and M. Askari. "Monte Carlo study of plastic rod scintillators for use in industrial computed tomography." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): P01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/p01025.

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Abstract Industrial gamma-ray computed tomography systems have found different applications and have become an important tool for non-destructive testing. In this work, high aspect ratio rod plastic scintillators were assessed for use in this type of tomography system. All analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulation by geant4 toolkit. Validation of the results was done using a 50 cm rod plastic scintillator with a diameter of 5 cm. The results showed that the rod plastic scintillators can be employed in industrial tomography systems for scanning large objects. The spatial resolution of the detection system was estimated more than 1 cm. Finally, the simulated parameters of the selected rod plastic scintillator were compared with an identical NaI(Tl) rod scintillator to find a better understanding about its performance.

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6

Sehgal, R., R. Dey, S. P. Behera, P. K. Netrakanti, D. K. Mishra, D. Mulmule, V. Jha, and L. M. Pant. "A new technique to enhance the position resolution of large area plastic scinitillators to reconstruct the cosmic muon tracks." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): P02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02036.

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Abstract In this paper, we present a study to use thick plastic scintillators to reconstruct the cosmic muon tracks, that can be used for the applications like Muon Tomography. At Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), India, a plastic scintillator array — `ISMRAN (Indian Scintillator Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos),' with a total weight of 1.0 ton has been configured for neutrino physics study. Using the ISMRAN scintillators matrix, we present a technique of the position calibration of thick plastic scintillators using cosmic muons as a probe. The position resolution obtained from the cosmic muons based calibration method is compared with the one obtained from the traditional calibration method using the radioactive source. Finally, the accuracy of reconstructed cosmic muon tracks from the two position calibration techniques is compared using the χ2/ndf distribution of the fitted cosmic muon tracks.

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7

Nakamura, Hidehito, Hisashi Kitamura, and Ryuta Hazama. "Radiation measurements with heat-proof polyethylene terephthalate bottles." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2122 (May 19, 2010): 2847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0118.

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This study demonstrates that the energy resolution of a newly developed 100 per cent pure polyvinyltoluene (PVT) plate allows its use as a base material for a plastic scintillator. The energy resolution, which is a key element for high-performance radiation detectors, was Δ E / E =8.41±0.07% (full width at half maximum (FWHM)) for 976 keV K-line conversion electrons from a 207 Bi source. On the basis of results from 207 Bi and 137 Cs sources, the observed energy resolution of the PVT plate, Δ E / E =8.2/ E 1/2 % (FWHM), was slightly better than that of a typical plastic scintillator (BC-408), Δ E / E =8.7/ E 1/2 % (FWHM), with E in units of MeV. These results prompted us to search for other new base materials for plastic scintillators. In this study, we examined polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, a common source of domestic plastic waste. We demonstrated that a lump of heat-proof PET bottles is fluorescent; moreover, there is excellent compatibility of the fluorescence with the quantum efficiency of typical photomultiplier tubes. This inexpensive source of plastic appears suitable for radiation measurements and as a base material for plastic scintillators. Future studies on the radiation response of plastics should lead to the development of higher performance and more eco-friendly radiation detectors.

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8

Taylor, Gene. "Scintillators for the SEM - A Practical Guide." Microscopy Today 6, no. 6 (August 1998): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006819x.

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The scintillator Is a part of the electron collection system in most SEMs and other types of electron imaging systems. Without a properly functioning scintillator, images may be noisy, weak, or exhibit other signs of degradation.There are three types of scintillators generally used in the SEM: organic/polymeric, phosphor powder, and crystalline (single or poly).Plastic scintillators are currently used less frequently, mainly because they are subject to radiation damage (i.e., short lifetime). This type of scintillator has the shortest decay time (~2.2 - 5 ns) and very low noise. We still have many customers who prefer this type of scintillator even though they have to change it more frequently (∼2 - 6 month lifetime with average use is our experience).

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9

Nemchenok, I. B. "Plastic scintillators for thermal neutrons detection." Functional materials 20, no. 3 (September 25, 2013): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm20.03.310.

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10

Fernández, C. H. Zepeda, Hernández Aguilar Javier Efrén, and E. Moreno-Barbosa. "Study through Geant4, for Time Resolution characterization of different detectors arrays coupled with two SiPMs, as a function of: the scintillator plastic material, its volumetric dimensions and the location of the radiation emission source." Journal of Nuclear Physics, Material Sciences, Radiation and Applications 8, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jnp.2021.82028.

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The high time resolution detectors are relevant in those experiments or simulations were the particles to detect, have a very short time of flight (TOF), and due this it´s required that the detections times are ranged between ns. & ps.Using Geant4 software, it was made thirty simulations of coupled detectors to plastic scintillators with two silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) located on the scintillator’s central sides. To characterize the time resolution, it was required to quantify the optical photons that reach the Score in a certain time, which are generated by muons on the surface of the plastic scintillator. Different configurations of muon beams were simulated at energy of 1 GeV, to interact with the configuration of the scintillator material of its corresponding arrangement. The simulations were made varying three parameters: the scintillator material “BC404 & BC422”, its size, and the location of the radiation source. Fifteen simulations correspond to BC404 material & fifteen simulations to BC422 material respectively. The first five simulations consisted in varying the scintillator’s volumetric size and collocate the muons beam guided randomly distributed over it, the next five simulations differentiate from setting up a directly centered beam, and the last five simulations for guide the beam on the left lower corner of each scintillator.The best time resolution achieved was σ= 8.67 +/− 0.26 ps., reported by the detector with BC422 scintillator material which has a volume of 20x20x3 mm3.

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11

Jahan, M. S., C. Cox, D. R. Ermer, D. W. Jones, and D. W. Cooke. "Thermally stimulated optical scintillations in preheated plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 314, no. 3 (May 1992): 617–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90257-5.

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12

Koshimizu, Masanori. "Composite scintillators based on polymers and inorganic nanoparticles." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 06 (August 2020): 2030003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604720300030.

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Development of organic–inorganic nanocomposite scintillators as a new class of scintillators is reviewed. Advantages and shortcomings of polymer-based organic scintillators, i.e. plastic scintillators, are described among the desired properties of scintillators. Development of scintillators by addition of organometallic compounds in the plastic scintillators as an approach to overcome the shortcomings is introduced. In comparison to this approach, nanocomposite scintillators comprising plastic scintillators added with inorganic nanoparticles are introduced. The synthesis methods achieved their properties and their applications are reviewed. Finally, possible strategies for further improvement of the properties of the nanocomposite scintillators are presented.

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13

Kim, Dong-geon, Sangmin Lee, Junesic Park, Jaebum Son, Yong Hyun Kim, and Yong Kyun Kim. "Characteristics of 3D Printed Plastic Scintillator." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022501005.

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Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing technique can be a powerful tool to fabricate plastic scintillator with a geometrically desired shape in innovatively fast time. Plastic scintillator with the size of 30 mm × 30 mm × 10 mm was fabricated by using the plastic resin and the DLP 3D printer (ASIGA, Pico2HD). The characteristics of decay time, energy resolution, intrinsic detection efficiency were analyzed and compared between the fabricated 3D printing plastic scintillator and a commercial plastic scintillator BC408 (Saint-Gobain Crystal). Decay time profile of the tested plastic scintillators was measured for 137Cs Compton maximum electron 477 keV by using a modified time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) setup. The time profile was fitted by reconvolution function, and each decay time component and contribution was analyzed. For energy resolution of plastic scintillator, the Gaussian spectrum for 137Cs Compton maximum electron 477 keV was selectively measured by using the γ-γ coincidence experimental setup. As a result, it was confirmed that the 3D printing plastic scintillator showed average decay time 15.6 ns and energy resolution 15.4%. These characteristics demonstrates the feasibility of 3D printing plastic scintillator as a radiation detector.

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14

Kang, Hara, Sujung Min, Bumkyung Seo, Changhyun Roh, Sangbum Hong, and Jae Hak Cheong. "Preliminary Studies of Perovskite-Loaded Plastic Scintillator Prototypes for Radioactive Strontium Detection." Chemosensors 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9030053.

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Functional plastic scintillators have attracted much attention for their usefulness in on-site monitoring and detection in environments. In this study, we elucidated a highly reliable and functional plastic scintillator for detection of radioactive strontium, which means a potent perovskite-loaded polymeric scintillation material based on epoxy and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO). Moreover, Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) simulation was performed to optimize the thickness of a plastic scintillator for efficient strontium detection. A thickness of 2 mm was found to be the optimum thickness for strontium beta-ray detection. A newly developed plastic scintillator with 430 nm emission from perovskite loading could trigger scintillation enhancement employing potential indication of perovskite energy transfer into a photomultiplier (PMT) detector. Furthermore, the response to beta-ray emitter of 90Sr was compared to commercial scintillator of BC-400 by exhibiting detection efficiency in the energy spectrum with a fabricated perovskite-loaded plastic scintillator. We believe that this suggested functional plastic scintillator could be employed as a radiation detector for strontium detection in a wide range of applications including decommissioning sites in nuclear facilities, nuclear security and monitoring, nonproliferation, and safeguards.

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15

Bodmann, B., and U. Holm. "Neutron-irradiated plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 185, no. 1-4 (December 2001): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00762-5.

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16

Britvich, G. I., V. G. Vasil’chenko, V. G. Lapshin, and A. S. Solov’ev. "New heavy plastic scintillators." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 43, no. 1 (January 2000): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02758995.

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17

Aydarous, Abdulkadir, and Anthony Waker. "Depth dose determination for a mixed radiation field using a thin plastic scintillator dosimetry system." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 27, no. 1 (2012): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1201020a.

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Plastic scintillators, due to their favorable characteristics compared with other dosimetry techniques, were used as detectors to estimate dose distributions in high gradient dose fields. In this study, a thin plastic scintillator (type BC-408) was coupled to a photomultiplier tube and multichannel analyzer as a technique for real-time dose measurements. The well-defined beta, gamma, and beta-gamma emitters (137Cs, 133Ba, 22Na, 109Cd, 55Fe, and 241Am) have enabled parallel depth dose measurements with Monte-Carlo calculations to be critically compared. The measurements of doses were made for depths range of 0.1 mm to 5 mm. The MCNP dose results were comparable with the plastic scintillator detector and can be used to approximately estimate the dose rate values from mixed electron-photon fields. The minimum dose rate that can be measured by the plastic scintillator system was ~2 ?Gy/h and was for 109Cd source of activity 222 Bq.

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18

Gurkalenko, Yu A. "Radiation-hard plastic scintillators with 3-hydroxyflavone derivatives." Functional materials 23, no. 1 (March 15, 2016): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.01.040.

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19

Grynyov, Boris, Narine Gurdzhian, Olga Zelenskaya, Larisa Mitcay, and Vladimir Tarasov. "Statistical criteria for limiting the measurement of radionuclide activity by plastic scintillators." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2021.236095.

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The paper is devoted to the estimation of the characteristic limits (statistical criteria) for the detection of small amounts of ionizing radiation by a measuring device under conditions of a natural radioactivity background of the environment: the decision threshold, the detection limit, the minimum detectable activity and the confidence interval. The assessment procedures were carried out in accordance with the national harmonized standard DSTU ISO 11929-3:2009. The threshold for making a decision on the presence of 137Cs and 60Co radionuclides in objects of the external environment and the limit of their detection using a measuring device equipped with plastic scintillators manufactured by the Institute of Scintillation Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine were estimated. The influence of the energy of the detected radiation, the dimensions of the scintillators and the geometry of the irradiation on the estimation of the characteristic limits were investigated. Keywords: scintillator; decision threshold; detection limit; confidence interval; minimum detectable activity.

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20

Peralta, L. "Temperature dependence of plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 883 (March 2018): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.041.

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21

Bross, A. D., and A. Pla-Dalmau. "Radiation damage of plastic scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 39, no. 5 (1992): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.173178.

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22

Blömker, D., U. Holm, R. Klanner, and B. Krebs. "Plastic scintillators in magnetic fields." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 311, no. 3 (January 1992): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90648-n.

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23

Bottau, V., L. Tondut, P. G. Allinei, B. Perot, C. Eleon, C. Carasco, R. De Stefano, and G. Faussier. "Study of gamma-ray background noise for radioactive waste drum characterization with plastic scintillators." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022505004.

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In the framework of the radioactive waste drum characterization using neutron coincidence counting, the Nuclear Measurement Laboratory of CEA Cadarache is studying plastic scintillators as an alternative to ideal but costly 3He gas proportional counters. Plastic scintillators are at least 5 times cheaper for the same detection efficiency, and in addition, they detect fast neutrons about three orders of magnitude faster than 3He detectors. However, they are sensitive to gamma rays, which implies the necessity to identify precisely gamma background sources that may affect the useful signal. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the gamma-ray spectrum of a radioactive waste drum containing glove box filters contaminated by plutonium dioxide. Gamma emissions accompanying inelastic scattering (n,n’) and (α,n) reactions that can lead to neutron-gamma coincidences parasitizing useful coincidences from plutonium spontaneous fissions are identified. Some of these parasitic gamma rays having energies up to several MeV, we plan to reject high-energy scintillator pulses with an electronics rejection threshold above 1 MeV, which should preserve the major part of useful fission neutron pulses.

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24

McCormack, O., L. Giacomelli, G. Croci, A. Muraro, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, R. Pasqualotto, et al. "Characterization and operational stability of EJ276 plastic scintillator-based detector for neutron spectroscopy." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): P10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/10/p10002.

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Abstract A state-of-the-art EJ276 plastic scintillator-based detector for neutron spectroscopy has undergone detailed characterization both in a controlled laboratory and on-site at the SPIDER negative ion source facility in Padua. The device will be used for the spectroscopy of 2.5 MeV neutrons produced from Deuterium-Deuterium fusion reactions occurring inside the SPIDER beam dump. A plastic based scintillator with neutron/gamma discrimination has some key advantages over the commonly used organic liquid scintillators with regards economic cost and handling safety. The purpose of this characterization is to determine the operational functionality and reliability of this new breed of detector material. Several tests were performed to verify expected operation with regards to signal reproducibility, long-term stability, and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities. It was found that the detector system (EJ276 scintillator + photomultiplier tube) performed well in terms of reproducibility and PSD, however the long-term stability of the scintillator light output was seen to diminish considerably over time (>50% decrease) and must be consistently monitored in order to have an accurate conversion scale needed for energy spectroscopy.

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25

Kang, Hara, Sujung Min, Bumkyung Seo, Changhyun Roh, Sangbum Hong, and Jae Hak Cheong. "Low Energy Beta Emitter Measurement: A Review." Chemosensors 8, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors8040106.

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The detection and monitoring systems of low energy beta particles are of important concern in nuclear facilities and decommissioning sites. Generally, low-energy beta-rays have been measured in systems such as liquid scintillation counters and gas proportional counters but time is required for pretreatment and sampling, and ultimately it is difficult to obtain a representation of the observables. The risk of external exposure for low energy beta-ray emitting radioisotopes has not been significantly considered due to the low transmittance of the isotopes, whereas radiation protection against internal exposure is necessary because it can cause radiation hazard to into the body through ingestion and inhalation. In this review, research to produce various types of detectors and to measure low-energy beta-rays by using or manufacturing plastic scintillators such as commercial plastic and optic fiber is discussed. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art beta particle detectors using plastic scintillators and other types of beta-ray counters were elucidated with regard to characteristics of low energy beta-ray emitting radioisotopes. Recent rapid advances in organic matter and nanotechnology have brought attention to scintillators combining plastics and nanomaterials for all types of radiation detection. Herein, we provide an in-depth review on low energy beta emitter measurement.

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26

Velmozhnaya, E. S. "Investigation of the behavior of gadolinium complexes in plastic scintillators." Functional Materials 20, no. 4 (December 25, 2013): 494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm20.04.494.

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27

Li, Zhao, Wu Chong, Heng Yuekun, Zhao Xiaojian, Shi Feng, Sun Zhijia, Wu Jinjie, et al. "Properties of plastic scintillators after irradiation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 552, no. 3 (November 2005): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.06.075.

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28

Gierlik, M., T. Batsch, R. Marcinkowski, M. Moszyński, and T. Sworobowicz. "Light transport in long, plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 593, no. 3 (August 2008): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.05.030.

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29

Campbell, I. H., and B. K. Crone. "Efficient plastic scintillators utilizing phosphorescent dopants." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 1 (January 2007): 012117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2430683.

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30

Bertrand, Guillaume H. V., Matthieu Hamel, and Fabien Sguerra. "Current Status on Plastic Scintillators Modifications." Chemistry - A European Journal 20, no. 48 (October 21, 2014): 15660–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404093.

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31

Hansen, R. R., P. L. Reeder, A. J. Peurrung, and D. C. Stromswold. "Neutron-gamma discrimination in plastic scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 47, no. 6 (2000): 2024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.903840.

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32

Teh, K. M., D. Shapira, B. L. Burks, R. L. Varner, J. L. Blankenship, E. J. Ludwig, R. E. Fauber, and C. F. Maguire. "Some properties of slow plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 254, no. 3 (March 1987): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)90035-0.

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33

Kim, Jin Ho, Seunghyeon Kim, Siwon Song, Taeseob Lim, Jae Hyung Park, Jinhong Kim, Cheol Ho Pyeon, Sung Won Hwang, and Bongsoo Lee. "Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Using Inorganic Scintillator Coated with Reduced Graphene Oxide in Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor." Photonics 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120543.

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In this study, we developed a remote gamma-ray spectroscopy system based on a fiber-optic radiation sensor (FORS) that is composed of an inorganic scintillator coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a plastic optical fiber (POF). As a preliminary experiment, we measured the transmitted light intensities using RGO membranes of different thicknesses with different wavelengths of emitted light. To evaluate the FORS performance, we determined the optimal thickness of the RGO membrane and measured the amounts of scintillating light and gamma energy spectra using radioactive isotopes such as 60Co and 137Cs. The amounts of scintillating light from the RGO-coated inorganic scintillators increased, and the energy resolutions of the gamma-ray spectra were enhanced. In addition, the gamma-ray energy spectra were measured using different types of RGO-coated inorganic scintillators depending on the lengths of the POFs for remote gamma-ray spectroscopy. It was expected that inorganic scintillators coated with RGO in FORS can deliver improved performance, such as increments of scintillating light and energy resolution in gamma-ray spectroscopy, and they can be used to identify nuclides remotely in various nuclear facilities.

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34

Hodák, R., H. Burešová, L. Fajt, R. Pjatkan, and I. Štekl. "Advanced plastic scintillation detectors for low-background experiments." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): C02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02005.

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Abstract Many international low-background experiments are showing increasing interest in the use of different plastic scintillation detectors. Based on our experience in the field of quality improvement of the polystyrene (PS) based plastic scintillation detectors, this work is focusing on a further enhancement of the scintillator light output and the associated energy resolution crucial for the detection of a very rare nuclear processes. To produce PS scintillators from liquid styrene various stabilization additives and conditions of polymerization process are commonly used. These factors, i.e. stabilization additives and atmospheric oxygen, have a negative impact on above mentioned optical properties of the scintillation detectors. Within this study, several samples under different conditions, e.g. concentrations of luminescent additives; presence of stabilization additives; air and inert atmosphere, were prepared and tested using a unique tunable electron spectrometer providing a monoenergetic electron beam ranging from 200 keV to 1.5 MeV.

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Park, Chan Hee, Arim Lee, Rinah Kim, and Joo Hyun Moon. "Evaluation of the Detection Efficiency of LYSO Scintillator in the Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/248403.

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The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate fiber-optic sensors for the remote detection of gamma rays in areas that are difficult to access, such as a spent fuel pool. The fiber-optic sensor consists of a light-generating probe, such as scintillators for radiation detection, plastic optical fibers, and light-measuring devices, such as PMT. The (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce(LYSO:Ce) scintillator was chosen as the light-generating probe. The (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce(LYSO:Ce) scintillator has higher scintillation efficiency than the others and transmits light well through an optical fiber because its refraction index is similar to the refractive index of the optical fiber. The fiber-optic radiation sensor using the (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce(LYSO:Ce) scintillator was evaluated in terms of the detection efficiency and reproducibility for examining its applicability as a radiation sensor.

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Pöschl, Thomas, Daniel Greenwald, Martin J. Losekamm, and Stephan Paul. "Measurement of ionization quenching in plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 988 (February 2021): 164865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164865.

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Loyd, Matthew, Matheus Pianassola, Charles Hurlbut, Kyle Shipp, Natalia Zaitseva, Merry Koschan, Charles L. Melcher, and Mariya Zhuravleva. "Accelerated aging test of new plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 949 (January 2020): 162918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162918.

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Barashkov, N. N., O. A. Gunder, N. I. Voronkina, and V. K. Milinchuk. "Factors determining radiation stability of plastic scintillators." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 47, no. 11-12 (November 1996): 1557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00247-3.

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Bodmann, B., S. Göb, and U. Holm. "LET effects of neutron irradiated plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 208 (August 2003): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00664-5.

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Kuroda, Y., S. Oguri, Y. Kato, R. Nakata, Y. Inoue, C. Ito, and M. Minowa. "A mobile antineutrino detector with plastic scintillators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 690 (October 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.06.040.

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Blomker, D., U. Holm, R. Klanner, and B. Krebs. "Response of plastic scintillators in magnetic fields." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 37, no. 2 (April 1990): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.106622.

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Hajagos, Tibor Jacob, Chao Liu, Nerine J. Cherepy, and Qibing Pei. "High-Z Sensitized Plastic Scintillators: A Review." Advanced Materials 30, no. 27 (May 7, 2018): 1706956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706956.

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43

Buss, G., A. Dannemann, U. Holm, and K. Wick. "Radiation damage by neutrons to plastic scintillators." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 42, no. 4 (1995): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.467829.

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Hamel, Matthieu, Malik Soumaré, Hana Burešová, and Guillaume H. V. Bertrand. "Tuning the decay time of plastic scintillators." Dyes and Pigments 165 (June 2019): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.02.007.

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Horstmann, D., and U. Holm. "Fluorescence quenching of plastic scintillators in oxygen." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 41, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(93)90077-8.

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Gunder, O. A., N. I. Voronkina, N. N. Barashkov, V. K. Milinchuk, and G. S. Jdanov. "Factors determining radiation stability of plastic scintillators." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 46, no. 1 (July 1995): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(94)00088-2.

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Sharma, Sushil. "Time Over Threshold as a measure of energy response of plastic scintillators used in the J-PET detector." EPJ Web of Conferences 199 (2019): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919905014.

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The Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomograph (J-PET) is a multipurpose detector being developed to provide an economical alternative of commercially available PETs as well as to perform the tests on the discrete symmetries and entanglement. It is composed of 192 plastic scintillators axially arranged in three cylindrical layers. In the framework of J-PET detector, Time-Over-Threshold (TOT) approach is adopted for the signal readouts in order to utilize the excellent time resolution of the plastic scintillators. In this paper, we present a method elaborated for establishing a relation between TOT and energy loss.

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Velmozhnaya, E. S. "Mixed-ligand complexes of gadolinium carboxylates containing unsaturated bonds in plastic scintillators." Functional materials 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm22.02.274.

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Velmozhnaya, E. S. "The mechanical strength advance of radiation-hard plastic scintillators with diffusion enhancers." Functional materials 22, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm22.04.494.

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Ryzhikov, Vladimir D., Sergei V. Naydenov, Thierry Pochet, Gennadiy M. Onyshchenko, Leonid A. Piven, and Craig F. Smith. "Advanced Multilayer Composite Heavy-Oxide Scintillator Detectors for High Efficiency Fast Neutron Detection." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007010.

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We have developed and evaluated a new approach to fast neutron and neutron-gamma detection based on large-area multilayer composite heterogeneous detection media consisting of dispersed granules of small-crystalline scintillators contained in a transparent organic (plastic) matrix. Layers of the composite material are alternated with layers of transparent plastic scintillator material serving as light guides. The resulting detection medium – designated as ZEBRA – serves as both an active neutron converter and a detection scintillator which is designed to detect both neutrons and gamma-quanta. The composite layers of the ZEBRA detector consist of small heavy-oxide scintillators in the form of granules of crystalline BGO, GSO, ZWO, PWO and other materials. We have produced and tested the ZEBRA detector of sizes 100x100x41 mm and greater, and determined that they have very high efficiency of fast neutron detection (up to 49% or greater), comparable to that which can be achieved by large sized heavy-oxide single crystals of about Ø40x80 cm3 volume. We have also studied the sensitivity variation to fast neutron detection by using different types of multilayer ZEBRA detectors of 100 cm2 surface area and 41 mm thickness (with a detector weight of about 1 kg) and found it to be comparable to the sensitivity of a 3He-detector representing a total cross-section of about 2000 cm2 (with a weight of detector, including its plastic moderator, of about 120 kg). The measured count rate in response to a fast neutron source of 252Cf at 2 m for the ZEBRA-GSO detector of size 100x100x41 mm3 was 2.84 cps/ng, and this count rate can be doubled by increasing the detector height (and area) up to 200x100 mm2. In summary, the ZEBRA detectors represent a new type of high efficiency and low cost solid-state neutron detector that can be used for stationary neutron/gamma portals. They may represent an interesting alternative to expensive, bulky gas counters based on 3He or 10B neutron detection technologies.

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