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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plastic toys

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Academic literature on the topic 'Plastic toys'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plastic toys"

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Mai, Nguyen Hoang. "Investigating about Consumers’ Attitudes to Green Children's Toys Products in Vietnam." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2021.12.2.693.

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The literature on plastic watse recently focus upon products such as plastic bag and plastic straw. However, there are products that create a very huge amount of waste such as plastic children's toys, have not received proper attention. Also, the need of green products for children's toys is essential since plastic children's toys were proved that contain heavy metals which are potential sources risk to children’s health. Therefore, this research aims at pioneering in doing investigate about consumer attitudes to plastic and environmentally friendly children's toys in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Also, propose green marketing activities for children's toy companies to become the leading recognized brand in the line of environmentally friendly product. A survey was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City in December 2019 with 200 respondents to assess their attitudes towards green products, especially green products for children. Based on the rationale and survey results, the research conclude that consumers’ attitudes towards green products and their level of interest in the current environmental situation are very positive. Respondents did understand the concept of green products in detail and pay much attention to famous green campaings and products. And there are statistics prove the high consumer awareness of environmentally friendly plastic toys. This forward-looking insights can create the potential for green marketing activities of children's toy companies.

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Aurisano, Nicolò, Lei Huang, Llorenç Milà i Canals, Olivier Jolliet, and Peter Fantke. "Chemicals of concern in plastic toys." Environment International 146 (January 2021): 106194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194.

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Tran, Oanh Thi Kieu, Ton Trong Luong, Hoa Ngoc Tran, and Trang Minh Pham. "Determination of phthalate esters in children’s toys." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i3.539.

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A validated analytical method for the determination of phthalates (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP and DIDP) in plastics was described and applied to 20 toys in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Phthalates in the sample were extracted in a mixture of acetone and hexane and analyzed by GC-FID. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of the analysis method for DBP, BBP, DEHP và DNOP in the PVC plastic were from 0.0011% to 0.0014% and from 0.0028 to 0.0046%, respectively. Recoveries of DBP, BBP, DEHP và DNOP in PVC and PP at two spiked concentrations (0.1% and 0.01%) ranged from 86.6% to 91.7% with the relative standard deviation (%RSD) were from 2.5% to 8.7%. Wide ranges of linearity of standard curves were obtained from 0.5 mg/L to 100 mg/L for DBP, BBP, DEHP and DNOP and from 25 mg/L to 1000 mg/L for DINP and DIDP with R2 > 0.999. The studied method was a reliable, rapid, easy and cheap method and permitted to determine the restricted phthalates in plastic toys in compliance with European Regulation (No 1907/2006). The method was applied to determine phthalates in 20 toys in HoChiMinh city, Vietnam. Phthalates were found in almost soft PVC toys with high concentrations.

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Andjelkovic, Tatjana, Danica Bogdanovic, Ivana Kostic-Kokic, Gordana Kocic, and Radmila Pavlovic. "UV light impact on phthalates migration from children’s toys into artificial saliva." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 87, no. 1 (2022): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210928097a.

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Phthalates has been widely used in children?s toys as plastic plasticizers and softeners. Therefore, attention should be paid to plastic toys, especially those that children can put in their mouths. In this paper quantification of five phthalates: DMP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP and DnOP in plastic toys, as well as irradiation of toys with UV light was performed. After sample preparation and development of the liquid?liquid phthalate extraction method from artificial saliva phthalate quantitative determination using the GC?MS technique was performed. The mean recovery value for DEHP is 77.03?2.76 %. The determination of phthalate in the recipient models (artificial saliva and n-hexane) was performed after 6, 15 and 30 days of the migration test using the GC?MS technique. Based on the known mass % DEHP in the analyzed toys, the percentage of phthalate migration from each analyzed toy to the recipient model after 6, 15 and 30 days of the migration test was calculated. The results show that there is no significant migration of DEHP into artificial saliva, due to high polarity of the recipient (artificial saliva is polar), unlike n-hexane where the migration of DEHP is significant because it is a non-polar solvent.

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Lamontagne, Nancy D. "‘Tis the Season for More Earth-Friendly Plastic Toys." Plastics Engineering 74, no. 10 (November 2018): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/peng.20039.

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Rastogi, S. C. "Gas chromatographic analysis of phthalate esters in plastic toys." Chromatographia 47, no. 11-12 (June 1998): 724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02467461.

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Tu, Jui-Che, Ku-Hsi Chu, Ding-Ze Gao, and Chun Yang. "Analyzing Decision-Making Factors of Green Design for Kid’s Toys Based on the Concept of Product Lifecycle." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081523.

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In promoting the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), increasing attention has been given to environmental pollution and abnormal climate issues. In particular, a large number of products made of plastic materials have caused harm to the environment. Secondly, with the improvement of average spending power, many parents are more willing to buy toys for their children. However, the lifespan of kid’s toys is often short, and most materials are made of plastic, which also causes issues as they are not easy to break down and are difficult to recycle. This study investigates the concept of the product life cycle in kid’s toys and explores the decision-making factors of green design. First, analysis and induction were conducted through literature collection. Through semi-structured interviews with experts, the design dimensions related to the green design of kid’s toys and the elements that affect the willingness of consumption by consumption values and behavior were obtained. After the questionnaire survey and data analysis, the design factors and purchasing decision factors of green design for the product life cycle and consumption values and behavior of kid’s toys were obtained. Finally, combined with kid’s toy design, green design, product life cycle and consumers’ consumption values and behavior, the decision-making factors for the green design of kid’s toys were extracted, which included (1) using non-toxic materials; (2) designing for maintainability and disassembly of the toy; (3) refining the toys to be artistic and collectable; (4) upgrading the educational functions of toys; (5) improving the recycling of toys; (6) emphasizing green packing; (7) creating a green brand and increasing product visibility; and (8) advocating the value of green design for toys. In addition to supplying green design considerations for kid’s toys to designers and companies, the results can also be used as an important reference with regard to the research topics of product life cycle, toy design and development for the sustainable designs of products.

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Fatunsin, Oluwatoyin T., Temilola O. Oluseyi, Daniel Drage, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Andrew Turner, and Stuart Harrad. "Children's exposure to hazardous brominated flame retardants in plastic toys." Science of The Total Environment 720 (June 2020): 137623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137623.

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Ozbek, Nil, Gul Sirin Ustabasi, and Suleyman Akman. "Direct determination of lead in plastic toys by solid sampling high resolution-continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, no. 8 (2015): 1782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ja00185d.

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Mamatov, Dilshod. "PROJECTS OF MAKING CLAY AND PLASTIC TOYS IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION." Theoretical & Applied Science 77, no. 09 (September 30, 2019): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.09.77.51.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plastic toys"

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Karavan, Y. V. "Allergic reactions in children and formaldehyde concentration in textile and plastic toys." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18034.

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Ott, Tabitha E. "PLASTICOUTURE." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1343058175.

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Witten, Neil. "The melt inpregnation of continuous fibre tows in the processing of thermoplastic matrix composites." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294808.

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Santos, Tamires Maria Lima Gon?alves. "Mem?rias brincantes: o design de brinquedos artesanais das marisqueiras do bairro Paripe em Salvador-BA." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/314.

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Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-03-11T23:12:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TamiresLima_Mem?riasBrincantes.pdf: 2157743 bytes, checksum: 9e8d91780e75c019fe18675bf9cf4c91 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-11T23:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TamiresLima_Mem?riasBrincantes.pdf: 2157743 bytes, checksum: 9e8d91780e75c019fe18675bf9cf4c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-08
This research is an investigation about handmade toys by "marisqueiras" (female shellfish catcher) from Colony of fishermen and Aquaculture Z-67, located in Paripe, Salvador-BA. This knowledge is considered a material and immaterial patrimony. So, after made interviews with ?marisqueiras?, this research understands how such toys were built in childhood, your methods, materials and way of playing. The objective of this research is found traces of vernacular design in handmade toys; register and disseminate ancient ways of playing and consuming the toy, considering that they depend the available materials and knowledge, but mostly imaginary and cultural context. The investigation problem of this research is: What is the design of handmade toys to ?marisqueiras? of Paripe (Salvador-BA)? The methodology is based on ethnographic method was applied, using semi-structured interviews with ?marisqueiras? to learn your childhood stories and reconstruction of toys. Finally, was found that all individuals are creative and are able to create depending on your need. And just like the toys of the ?marisqueiras? of this study, handmade toys have own creative solutions vernacular design and lacks recognition and appreciation.
Esta pesquisa ? uma investiga??o sobre como eram feitos os brinquedos artesanais de marisqueiras da Col?nia de Pescadores e Aquicultores Z-67, localizada em Paripe, bairro de Salvador-BA. Esse saber artesanal ? considerado um patrim?nio material e imaterial, portanto, por meio de entrevistas com as marisqueiras, esta pesquisa compreendeu como tais brinquedos eram constru?dos na inf?ncia, seus m?todos, materiais e modos de brincar. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? afirmar que existem tra?os do design vernacular nos brinquedos artesanais; registrar e difundir antigas formas de brincar e de consumir o brinquedo, considerando que dependiam dos materiais e conhecimento dispon?veis, mas principalmente do imagin?rio e do contexto cultural pertencente a essas pessoas. O problema de investiga??o desta pesquisa ?: Qual ? o design dos brinquedos artesanais de marisqueiras do bairro de Paripe (Salvador-BA)? A metodologia ? baseada no m?todo etnogr?fico, utilizando-se de entrevistas semiestruturadas com marisqueiras, relatos da inf?ncia e reconstru??o dos brinquedos. Por fim, conclui-se que todos os indiv?duos s?o criativos e, por isso, s?o capazes de criar dependendo de sua necessidade. E, assim como os brinquedos das marisqueiras deste estudo, os brinquedos artesanais apresentam solu??es criativas pr?prias do design vernacular e necessita do reconhecimento e valoriza??o desses saberes.

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Ramos, Maristela Pessoa. "Getúlio Damado e Roger Mello: conexões entre o campo da arte e o universo lúdico infantil." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6673.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A ideia central da pesquisa foi promover uma aproximação das narrativas visuais de Getúlio Damado e Roger Mello e a partir daí evidenciar os processos cognitivos e as estratégias que envolveram a estruturação de suas identidades sociais e linguagens artísticas contemporâneas, bem como destacar o ludismo e o acesso ao universo da infância e a cultura popular que ambos ressignificam em suas obras. Além disso, buscou-se comentar e avaliar momentos específicos de desprestígio e repúdio versus consagração ocorridos com os artistas. Para tal, essas produções foram contextualizadas como produções culturais em constante processo de mutação, do qual participam tanto eventos históricos como de inovação tecnológica, em contínua construção. Essas linguagens estão submetidas a uma grande velocidade e a superposição de influências. Outro ponto destacado nas analises foi o caráter de subjetividade dessas produções, identificadas como práticas estéticas promotoras de transformação política; de mobilização; ou também por sua capacidade de operar com o uso simbólico dos brinquedos e livros infantojuvenis recuperando-lhes o uso original. Os devaneios, o ludismo infantil e a cultura popular presentes nos objetos feitos de sucata e livros ilustrados foram confrontados com práticas consoantes, ou de discursos abrangentes, correntes no mundo da arte ou outras vezes aproximados de enfoques locais. Além da possibilidade de convergência entre as produções foram destacadas também muitas diferenças, e, sobretudo evidenciadas as potencialidades que podem advir da cultura popular como campo exploratório de pesquisa, bem como de sua ressignificação
The central idea of the research was to reconcile the visual narratives of Getúlio Damado and Roger Mello and henceforth to highlight the cognitive processes and strategies involved in structuring their social identities and contemporary artistic languages, as well as to emphasize the playfulness, and access to the universe of childhood and popular culture to reframe both their works. Additionally, this paper tried to comment and evaluate specific moments of prestige and repudiation versus consecration occurred with these artists. To this end, these productions were contextualized as cultural productions in a constant process of mutation, which involved both historical events and technological innovation in continuous construction. These languages are subjected to a high speed and overlapping influences. Another point emphasized in the analysis was the character of subjectivity of these productions, aesthetic practices identified as promoters of political transformation, mobilization, or also by its ability to operate with the symbolic use of toys and childrens books recovering their original use.. Daydreams, the childish playfulness and the popular culture present in those objects made of waste and illustrated books were confronted with consonant practices or embracing speeches, currents in the world of art or sometimes familiar to local approaches. Besides the possibility of convergence between the productions of the two artists, the research also spotted many differences, and pointed out particularly the potentiality that can come from popular culture as an exploratory field of research, as well as its redefinition

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Jhong, Huei-Cih, and 鐘惠慈. "The determination of phthalate esters plasticizers in plastic toys by high performance liquid chromatography." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52665414370595354620.

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碩士
高雄醫學大學
藥學研究所
102
Phthalates esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in plastic products, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PVC products including vinyl flooring, baby toys, paints, cosmetics, food storage products, containers and medical devices, etc. However, the PAEs are only physically not chemically, bound to the polymer chain. If under high temperature and high pressure, plasticizers will release into the environment through volatilization. Some PAEs, such as butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP)、dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been studied on their metabolism and toxicity in mammals and environmental distribution. This study was based on the determination of PAEs by high performance liquid chromatography – UV detection (HPLC-UV) at 202 nm. The PAEs were separated on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 (100 x 3.0 mm, 2.6 μm) column with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: H2O (90:10, v/v) used in isocratic mode. Flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The detection range of DEHP was about 1~200 μg/mL. The limit of detection was 0.5 μg/mL (S/N = 3, injection volume = 20 μL). Application of the method to the analysis of PAEs in the plastic toys and plastic products proved feasible.

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Books on the topic "Plastic toys"

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A plastic toy. London: Franklin Watts, 2006.

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Pinkerton, Charlene. Holiday plastic novelties: The styrene toys. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. Ltd., 1999.

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Nadin, Joanna. Candy Plastic. London: Walker, 2007.

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I am plastic, too: The next generation of designer toys. New York: Abrams Books, 2010.

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A plastic toy. London: Franklin Watts, 2009.

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Plastic cameras: Toying with creativity. 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Focal Press, 2011.

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Malam, John. Journey of a toy. London: Raintree, 2013.

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Hohn, Donovan. Moby-duck: The true story of 28,800 bath toys lost at sea and of the beachcombers, oceanographers, environmentalists, and fools, including the author, who went in search of them. New York: Viking, 2011.

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author, Bruthansová Tereza 1971, ed. Libuše Niklová. Praha: Taktum, 2013.

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Moby-duck: An accidental odyssey : the true story of 28,800 bath toys lost at sea and of the beachcombers, oceanographers, environmentalists, and fools, including the author, who went in search of them. New York: Viking, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plastic toys"

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Triana Mataix, Eugenio. "Toys for the Winter." In Mare Plasticum - The Plastic Sea, 245–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38945-1_12.

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Sanchez-Martinez, Daniel, Carlos A. Jara, and Francisco Gomez-Donoso. "Approaches to Automatic Assembling of Plastic Toys." In ROBOT2022: Fifth Iberian Robotics Conference, 600–611. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21062-4_49.

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Elliott, Kim. "The Measurement of Plastic-Elastic Strains at Weld Toes Using Moiré Interferometry." In Applied Stress Analysis, 676–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0779-9_64.

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Hansen, Preben, Vesna Grujoska, and Milica Jovanoska. "Textile as Material in Human Built Environment Interaction." In Future City, 215–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_11.

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AbstractAs human population grows in number, the amount of (organic and non-organic) waste materials has grown rapidly year by year.Changes of consumption and lifestyle have generated a higher waste amount. Waste management has become a significant issue in today’s society. In 2014, the EU countries registered 2.494 million tons of generated waste, which was an increase in growth of 2.8% compared with data from 2008. Different renewable materials are ending up as waste, such as glass, paper, plastic, textile, which may be used in a recycling process. This chapter will discuss these challenges with the focus on one of these materials, textiles, as building materials.We also introduce the perspective of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) aspects, and especially Human-Built Environment Interaction which will give some specific focus on textiles used as recycled materials. The result of the critical literature review in the area of textiles as building material from an HCI point of view suggest a set of interaction design dimensions that can be considered and applied on the usage of textiles for built environments.

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Zhang, Jingliang, and Zengyang Gao. "Plastic Reconstruction of the Thumb through Transplanting Separated Second Toe with Full Dorsal Toenail Flaps Exchange between the First and the Second Toes." In Practical Microsurgery Cases, 63–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9716-9_13.

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Canales, Francisco. "Technology, Toys, and Traps." In The Business of Plastic Surgery, 277–88. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814277303_0014.

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Musser, Amber Jamilla. "Femme Aggression and the Value of Labor." In Sensual Excess, 144–66. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807031.003.0007.

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This chapter makes the question of affective labor explicit as it works through Maureen Catbagan’s video series Crush (2010–2012), which features a woman in high heels crushing plastic toys. Catbagan’s decision to feature a white woman in this critique of domestic labor brings to light the pervasiveness of discourses of white feminine misery as read through Joan Riviere’s “Womanliness as Masquerade,” while also highlighting the object-centered nature of fetishism. Catbagan’s project asks viewers to read for race and sensuality in other modes because their Filipino identity is rendered invisible. This reorientation of representation produces brown jouissance in relation to mimesis and virality, thereby upending questions of value and commodification.

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Sofi, Irfan Rashid, Javid Manzoor, Rayees Ahmad Bhat, and Rafiya Munvar. "Plastic Pollution and the Ecological Impact on the Aquatic Ecosystem." In Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution, 80–93. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch005.

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Plastic pollution in the environment is currently receiving worldwide attention. Improper dumping of disused or abandoned plastic wastes leads to contamination of the environment. Contamination by bulk plastics and plastic debris is currently the one of the most serious problems in aquatic ecosystems. In particular, small-scale plastic debris such as microplastics and nanoplastics has become a leading contributor to the pollution of marine and freshwater ecosystems. Over 300 million tons of plastic is produced annually, and around 75% of all marine litter is plastic. Plastic litter is widespread in aquatic ecosystems and comes from a variety of sources. The abundance of plastics, combined with their small size and subsequent association with plankton in the water column, allows for direct ingestion by aquatic biota at different trophic levels.

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Hassan, Sumaya, Rohaya Ali, Durdana Shah, Nasreena Sajjad, and Jasfeeda Qadir. "Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exhibit Similar Toxicogenomics and Health Effects." In Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution, 263–87. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch014.

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Bisphenol A and phthalates are most frequently detected organic pollutants found in our surroundings because of their regular use as plasticizers in daily use polymeric products. BPA is used in manufacturing baby feeding bottles, water pipes, canned food linings, and food packaging materials. Phthalates are used in polyvinyl chloride products including clothing, toys, medical devices, and food packaging. These chemicals are not bound to the matrix and leach out into the surroundings on slight change in the environment, like alteration in pH, temperature, and pressure. Humans are continuously exposed to these chemicals through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion when the leachates enter food, drinks, air, water, or soil. The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) revealed that Bisphenol A has 1932 interactions with genes/proteins and few frequently used phthalates (DEHP, MEHP, DBP, BBP, and MBP) showed 484 gene/protein interactions. Similar toxicogenomics and adverse effects of Bisphenol A and phthalates on human health are attributed to their 89 common interacting genes/proteins.

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Pettitt, Clare. "History in Miniature." In Serial Forms, 213–50. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830429.003.0007.

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Chapter 6, ‘History in Miniature’, focuses on the weekly illustrated miscellanies of the 1820s and 1830s to see how they presented the past and created a sense of virtual historicity for a new readership. Images of the geographically and historically remote were presented as novelties and ‘news’ and the chapter looks at toys and other miniature representations of historical events too. Did people understand history as a series of singular and spectacular ‘fixed’ events? Or did the gradually embedding seriality of their daily practices create instead a more pliant, plastic, and permeable idea of history as a forming and formative process in which they could participate? This chapter considers the scalar strategies by which popular print and material culture put the past ‘within reach’ and suggests how different forms of miniaturization helped people to negotiate the dizzying possibilities of a global scale.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plastic toys"

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Liu, Xia, Bisong Liu, Qian Wu, and Ya Li. "On the Hazard Identification Method of Plastic Toys." In 7th Annual Meeting of Risk Analysis Council of China Association for Disaster Prevention (RAC-2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rac-16.2016.20.

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Karpat, F., S. Ekwaro-Osire, C. Yüce, and E. Karpat. "A Virtual Tool for Wear Simulation of Plastic Gear Pairs." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65254.

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Currently plastic gears are widely used in industry, and not only for lightly loaded applications like household appliances, tools, and toys, but also in the more demanding areas of machinery in automotive applications. However there is a need to investigate important properties such as load capacity, endurance, cost, life, stiffness and wear. Tooth wear is one of the major failure modes in plastic gears just like with steel gears. This paper focuses on the simulation of wear for standard and non-standard gears using an analytical approach. A numerical model for wear prediction of gear pairs is developed. A wear model based on Archard’s equation is employed to predict wear depth. The variation of the contact load generated by the cumulative tooth profile wear is simulated and examined. A MATLAB-based virtual tool is developed to analyze wear behavior of standard and non-standard spur gears depending on various gear parameters. In this paper, this virtual tool is introduced with numerical examples.

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Vita, Aida, Verônica Kataoka, and Claudia da Silva. "Tree diagram of possibilities: analysis of its construction by blind students." In Advances in Statistics Education: Developments, Experiences, and Assessments. International Association for Statistical Education, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.15311.

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The objective of this paper was to discuss the construction of the tree diagram of possibilities by three blind students from a high school in Brazil. This activity was part of the teaching sequence “Jefferson’s Random Walks,” which deals with probabilistic basic concepts. In the diagram, the combinations of the visits of Jefferson to five friends (placed on a 3D 5x5 board), depending on four coin tosses, were presented. Two plastic trays were used (representing the coin), foam cards of two different textures (representing each face), and toys to represent the visited friend. Students identified just four out of the six visiting paths at the board’s center. The researcher helped by identifying the missing paths, and the students registered all 16 possible paths. The importance of this study is to contribute to discussions about adaptation of materials and teaching methods for probabilistic contexts for blind students.

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Usachev, Ivan, and Dmitry Solomin. "GLOBAL TRENDS IN BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/35.

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Recently, the rapid and almost uncontrollable growth in the consumption of synthetic plastics in many sectors of the economy, especially in the field of packaging, has been a serious concern. Plastic containers are used for packaging food products, medicines, electronic devices, liquids, including those with a higher hazard class, etc. [1]. According to the German Nova-Institute, the global plastic production in 2020 has reached almost 400 Mill. Tons. At the same time, the volume of biodegradable plastics obtained from renewable resources amounted to only 3.5 million tons, i.e., about 1% of the total volume production [2]. Considering that only 25% of plastic waste is recycled, the growing consumption of polymer products is forcing manufacturers to develop biodegradable polymer compositions [3]. The problem has economic and environmental aspects since it is interconnected with the growing need to protect the environment and reduce the cost of raw materials for the production of various products.

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Tsiamis, Demetra A., and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Transforming the Non-Recycled Plastics of New York City to Synthetic Oil." In 2013 21st Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec21-2727.

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New York City (NYC) annually generates an estimated 750,000 short tons of municipal plastic waste (MPW), 84% of which is landfilled. This study examined the potential of using NYC’s non-recycled plastics (NRP) as feedstock for three pyrolysis processes developed in North America: the P2O process of JBI Inc., the Agilyx process, and the Climax Global Energy process. All three processes decompose plastic waste by heating to a temperature range of 300–500°C by means of an external energy source. The P2O process requires the least amount of electricity per ton of MPW because it uses the gas product of pyrolysis to heat the continuous flow reactor. The P2O technology appears to be suitable for application in NYC and is discussed in detail in this paper.

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Chow, George. "Experimental Processes with Precious Plastics." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002016.

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According to the UN Environment Program (UNEP), 400 million tons of plastic is produced every year, but only 9% of it is recycled. More than 40% of plastic is used just once before being thrown out and at least 14 million tons of plastic enters oceans every year. To help address these enormous plastic pollution problems, an open source organization called Precious Plastic was established in 2012 with the goal of diverting plastic from waste streams, and recycling it into valuable products. They developed a series of open source, plastic processing machines which could be replicated by people with a desire to recycle plastic. Students from the University of Houston Industrial Design Program established a student chapter of Precious Plastic and obtained a plastic shredder and heat press. This paper describes some of the unique processes that a couple of students developed when challenged to design products utilizing the Precious Plastic processing machines.

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Kress, C., and M. Franchetti. "Post-Consumer Plastic Sortation With the Use of Electromagnetic Separation Methods for Recycling." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62396.

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In 2010, the United States generated over 31 million tons of plastic waste, and from that total, only 8% was recycled. With demand for lower cost plastics and public attention to environmental concerns increasing, the expanding recycling industry has provided an opportunity to lower raw material costs and create sustainable jobs. Traditionally, manual or optical methods that used infrared technologies were utilized to sort plastic wastes for recycling. Once these plastic wastes were sorted, they were cleaned, shredded, and melted into raw materials. These methods are costly and can experience high nonconformance rates during the sortation processes. This paper discussed an emerging technique that utilizes a novel process that sorts shredded plastic particles by using electromagnetic (EM) waves and Ferro fluids. The process involves placing various types of shredded plastic particles of into a tank filled with Ferro fluid. The plastic particles and Ferro fluid are then subjected to an EM wave by the use of an EM coil. The EM wave alters the viscosity of the Ferro fluid and causes the shredded plastic particles to rise and sink at different vertical levels within the Ferro fluid tank, based on their respective densities. This method allows for an efficient, accurate, and low cost method to sort plastic particles as compared to conventional technologies. Overviews of the model development, experimental design, and test results are provided that demonstrates proof-of-concept. The results of the study indicated that the EM separation method may offer significant cost, efficiency, and accuracy improvements over conventional methods.

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Brickman, Dennis B., Erik D. Power, and Wilson C. Hayes. "Toy Asparagus Spear Risk Analysis." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80089.

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A tragic accident occurred in a day care center when a 5 year old child fell face down with a plastic toy asparagus spear in his mouth, puncturing the soft palate and dissecting the internal carotid artery. Approaches utilized in the risk analysis include: literature review, safety standards research, accident statistics survey, biomechanical testing, and evaluation of alternative toy asparagus designs. The goal of this investigation is to make toy designers and users more aware of the puncture/impaling hazard and to identify design alternatives to prevent similar injuries from occurring.

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Fonseca, Icaro A., and Henrique M. Gaspar. "Fundamentals Of Digital Twins Applied To A Plastic Toy Boat And A Ship Scale Model." In 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2020-0207.

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Sonis, A. G., E. A. Stolyarov, D. G. Alekseev, and A. A. Ovchinnikova. "The usage of innovative techniques for plastic closure of wound defects of the toes and wrist’s fingers." In General question of world science. "Science of Russia", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-31-07-2020-02.

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Reports on the topic "Plastic toys"

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Brooks, Amy, Jenna Jambeck, and Eliana Mozo-Reyes. Plastic Waste Management and Leakage in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002873.

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As of 2017, 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic had been produced worldwide. Since about 40% is used in things that are thrown away relatively quickly (packaging and single use items), 6.4 billion metric tons had already become discarded materials needing to be managed. Only 9% of these discarded materials were recycled globally. The annual estimate of plastic entering our oceans globally is 5 to 13 million metric tons (MMT) per year. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has an extensive populated coast, 119,000 km of coastline and over 205 million people living within 50 km of that coastline. Waste management infrastructure is still under development in many countries. Economic growth without fully developed infrastructure can lead to increased plastic leakage. This report focuses on municipal solid waste as a source of plastic input into the environment in LAC. The reports estimates that total plastic waste available to enter the ocean in LAC in 2020 was 3.7 MMT . Under business-as-usual projections, the report anticipates that the regional quantity available to enter the oceans in 2030 will be 4.1 MMT and 4.4 MMT in 2050.

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The status and trends of riverine plastic pollution in the Lower Mekong River Basin. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52107/mrc.aqrsb2.

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This report explains the status and trends of plastic waste pollution in the Lower Mekong River Basin from the perspectives of plastic pollution itself as well as the frameworks and capacity of each Member Country to address the issues of plastic pollution. The report estimates that in 2020, its four countries had produced about 8 million tons of plastic waste – of which, some 70% to 90% were plastic bottles, plastic bags and Styrofoam. Yet this debris does more than adversely affect the Mekong and its tributaries.

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