Journal articles: 'Plastic toys'

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Mai, Nguyen Hoang. "Investigating about Consumers’ Attitudes to Green Children's Toys Products in Vietnam." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2021.12.2.693.

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The literature on plastic watse recently focus upon products such as plastic bag and plastic straw. However, there are products that create a very huge amount of waste such as plastic children's toys, have not received proper attention. Also, the need of green products for children's toys is essential since plastic children's toys were proved that contain heavy metals which are potential sources risk to children’s health. Therefore, this research aims at pioneering in doing investigate about consumer attitudes to plastic and environmentally friendly children's toys in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Also, propose green marketing activities for children's toy companies to become the leading recognized brand in the line of environmentally friendly product. A survey was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City in December 2019 with 200 respondents to assess their attitudes towards green products, especially green products for children. Based on the rationale and survey results, the research conclude that consumers’ attitudes towards green products and their level of interest in the current environmental situation are very positive. Respondents did understand the concept of green products in detail and pay much attention to famous green campaings and products. And there are statistics prove the high consumer awareness of environmentally friendly plastic toys. This forward-looking insights can create the potential for green marketing activities of children's toy companies.

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Aurisano, Nicolò, Lei Huang, Llorenç Milà i Canals, Olivier Jolliet, and Peter Fantke. "Chemicals of concern in plastic toys." Environment International 146 (January 2021): 106194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106194.

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Tran, Oanh Thi Kieu, Ton Trong Luong, Hoa Ngoc Tran, and Trang Minh Pham. "Determination of phthalate esters in children’s toys." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i3.539.

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A validated analytical method for the determination of phthalates (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP and DIDP) in plastics was described and applied to 20 toys in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Phthalates in the sample were extracted in a mixture of acetone and hexane and analyzed by GC-FID. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of the analysis method for DBP, BBP, DEHP và DNOP in the PVC plastic were from 0.0011% to 0.0014% and from 0.0028 to 0.0046%, respectively. Recoveries of DBP, BBP, DEHP và DNOP in PVC and PP at two spiked concentrations (0.1% and 0.01%) ranged from 86.6% to 91.7% with the relative standard deviation (%RSD) were from 2.5% to 8.7%. Wide ranges of linearity of standard curves were obtained from 0.5 mg/L to 100 mg/L for DBP, BBP, DEHP and DNOP and from 25 mg/L to 1000 mg/L for DINP and DIDP with R2 > 0.999. The studied method was a reliable, rapid, easy and cheap method and permitted to determine the restricted phthalates in plastic toys in compliance with European Regulation (No 1907/2006). The method was applied to determine phthalates in 20 toys in HoChiMinh city, Vietnam. Phthalates were found in almost soft PVC toys with high concentrations.

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Andjelkovic, Tatjana, Danica Bogdanovic, Ivana Kostic-Kokic, Gordana Kocic, and Radmila Pavlovic. "UV light impact on phthalates migration from children’s toys into artificial saliva." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 87, no. 1 (2022): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210928097a.

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Phthalates has been widely used in children?s toys as plastic plasticizers and softeners. Therefore, attention should be paid to plastic toys, especially those that children can put in their mouths. In this paper quantification of five phthalates: DMP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP and DnOP in plastic toys, as well as irradiation of toys with UV light was performed. After sample preparation and development of the liquid?liquid phthalate extraction method from artificial saliva phthalate quantitative determination using the GC?MS technique was performed. The mean recovery value for DEHP is 77.03?2.76 %. The determination of phthalate in the recipient models (artificial saliva and n-hexane) was performed after 6, 15 and 30 days of the migration test using the GC?MS technique. Based on the known mass % DEHP in the analyzed toys, the percentage of phthalate migration from each analyzed toy to the recipient model after 6, 15 and 30 days of the migration test was calculated. The results show that there is no significant migration of DEHP into artificial saliva, due to high polarity of the recipient (artificial saliva is polar), unlike n-hexane where the migration of DEHP is significant because it is a non-polar solvent.

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Lamontagne, Nancy D. "‘Tis the Season for More Earth-Friendly Plastic Toys." Plastics Engineering 74, no. 10 (November 2018): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/peng.20039.

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Rastogi, S. C. "Gas chromatographic analysis of phthalate esters in plastic toys." Chromatographia 47, no. 11-12 (June 1998): 724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02467461.

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Tu, Jui-Che, Ku-Hsi Chu, Ding-Ze Gao, and Chun Yang. "Analyzing Decision-Making Factors of Green Design for Kid’s Toys Based on the Concept of Product Lifecycle." Processes 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081523.

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In promoting the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), increasing attention has been given to environmental pollution and abnormal climate issues. In particular, a large number of products made of plastic materials have caused harm to the environment. Secondly, with the improvement of average spending power, many parents are more willing to buy toys for their children. However, the lifespan of kid’s toys is often short, and most materials are made of plastic, which also causes issues as they are not easy to break down and are difficult to recycle. This study investigates the concept of the product life cycle in kid’s toys and explores the decision-making factors of green design. First, analysis and induction were conducted through literature collection. Through semi-structured interviews with experts, the design dimensions related to the green design of kid’s toys and the elements that affect the willingness of consumption by consumption values and behavior were obtained. After the questionnaire survey and data analysis, the design factors and purchasing decision factors of green design for the product life cycle and consumption values and behavior of kid’s toys were obtained. Finally, combined with kid’s toy design, green design, product life cycle and consumers’ consumption values and behavior, the decision-making factors for the green design of kid’s toys were extracted, which included (1) using non-toxic materials; (2) designing for maintainability and disassembly of the toy; (3) refining the toys to be artistic and collectable; (4) upgrading the educational functions of toys; (5) improving the recycling of toys; (6) emphasizing green packing; (7) creating a green brand and increasing product visibility; and (8) advocating the value of green design for toys. In addition to supplying green design considerations for kid’s toys to designers and companies, the results can also be used as an important reference with regard to the research topics of product life cycle, toy design and development for the sustainable designs of products.

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Fatunsin, Oluwatoyin T., Temilola O. Oluseyi, Daniel Drage, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Andrew Turner, and Stuart Harrad. "Children's exposure to hazardous brominated flame retardants in plastic toys." Science of The Total Environment 720 (June 2020): 137623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137623.

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Ozbek, Nil, Gul Sirin Ustabasi, and Suleyman Akman. "Direct determination of lead in plastic toys by solid sampling high resolution-continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, no. 8 (2015): 1782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ja00185d.

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Mamatov, Dilshod. "PROJECTS OF MAKING CLAY AND PLASTIC TOYS IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION." Theoretical & Applied Science 77, no. 09 (September 30, 2019): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.09.77.51.

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Ahmed, Hafiz Omer, Attaelmanan Gaffar Attaelmanan, Fatima Ibrahim AlShaer, and Eman Mohamed Abdallah. "Determination of metals in children’s plastic toys using X-ray florescence spectroscopy." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 32 (April 12, 2021): 43970–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13838-1.

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ABE, Yukiko, Takiko SUGITA, Chiseko WAKUI, Tatsuhiro NIINO, Chikako YOMOTA, Hajimu ISHIWATA, Ken-ichi TANAMOTO, and Tamio MAITANI. "Material Labeling of Soft Plastic Toys and Plasticizers in Polyvinyl Chloride Products." Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 44, no. 3 (2003): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.44.168.

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Tsuji, K., M. Kawamata, and K. Nakano. "F-47 TXRF and Micro-XRF Analysis of Plastic Toys and Soils." Powder Diffraction 24, no. 2 (June 2009): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3175936.

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Turner, Andrew. "Concentrations and Migratabilities of Hazardous Elements in Second-Hand Children’s Plastic toys." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 5 (January 19, 2018): 3110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04685.

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Saputra, Muhamad iqbal, and Abdi Nasrullah. "ANALISA PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI LIMBAH PLASTIK SEBAGAI AGREGAT KASAR TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON." JURNAL ILMIAH BERING'S 6, no. 02 (October 7, 2019): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36050/berings.v6i02.194.

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In general, concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and additional substances if needed. But along with the development of science and technology, concrete constituent materials can also change or be combined with organic or inorganic materials such as plastic waste materials and others. HDPE Plastic (High-Density Polyethylene) Is a type of plastic that is usually used to make milk bottles, detergent bottles, shampoo bottles, moisturizing bottles, oil bottles with code No. 2., toys, and some plastic bags. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) PETE or PET is one of the plastics used for food containers, bottles of mineral water and several other wrappers. This plastic is designed for one-time use only. With the use of HDPE and PET plastic waste at a percentage of 20% for concrete compressive strength was not achieved, normal concrete = 15.88 concrete B.HDPE = 12.01, B.PET = 11.71, BC = 12.39 but for concrete weight decreasing, normal concrete = 2330 kg, m3 B.HDPE concrete = 2122 kg, m3, B.PET = 2128 kg, m3, BC = 2096 kg, m3. For the composition of the optimum concrete mixture of the three compositions (B.HDPE, B.PET, BC) obtained the composition of BC which has the most optimum value of 12.39 Mpa, but does not reach the compressive strength of the plan of 15 Mpa.

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Peeters, E., and R. Geers. "Influence of provision of toys during transport and lairage on stress responses and meat quality of pigs." Animal Science 82, no. 5 (October 2006): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc200686.

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AbstractTransport and accompanying mixing of pigs causes fights among pigs and stress resulting in decreased welfare and reduced meat quality. This study investigates the effect of toys available during transport and lairage on behaviour, stress responses, and meat quality of slaughter pigs. Cross-bred (Piétrain×Hypor) pigs (109·1±10·1 kg) were allocated to one of three treatments during transport and lairage: 1) no toys (control) 2) rubber toys and 3) balls. The rubber toy consisted of two fixed rubber sticks; the plastic ball was filled with pieces of maize, which became available for the pigs in small amounts by manipulating the ball. Per group of 11 pigs, two toys were provided. Totally, divided over 4 replicates, 144 pigs were involved, of which 72 were used for blood sampling and meat quality measurements. Five minutes scans during lairage revealed that treatment did not affect the percentage of pigs that lay (P=0·20), stood (P=0·83) or sat (P=0·12) and that in almost all scans at least one pigs was manipulating a ball, compared with half of the scans in which at least one animal was manipulating a rubber toy (P=0·02). However both toys resulted in a lower incidence of shoulder lesions compared with the control group (P=0·06; 31·1% and 28·9% of the pigs for the rubber toys and balls respectively, versus 51·1% for the control group). Blood sampling at sticking showed that pigs with the balls during transport and lairage tended to have lower cortisol concentrations (P=0·07) than pigs with the rubber toys. Also, a decrease in plasma lactate concentration was observed for these pigs in comparison with the control group (P=0·08), and a higher pH of the m. longissimus dorsi 45 min post mortem for the pigs with the balls was found than for the pigs with the rubber toys (P=0·01). These results indicate that enrichment of compartments during transport and lairage with balls reduced glycolysis in muscle resulting in a lower lactate production and a slower pH decline. The pH 45 min post mortem of the m. biceps femoris and the pH, electrical conductivity, colour, and water-holding capacity of the loin 48 h post mortem were not affected by treatment. In conclusion, environmental enrichment with toys during transport and lairage can decrease shoulder lesions and lower the pH decline 45 min post mortem, especially by provision of plastic balls filled with maize.

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Ariani, Ariani. "DESAIN KEMASAN PLASTIK SERTA MATERIAL PEMBENTUKNYA." Jurnal Dimensi Seni Rupa dan Desain 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/dim.v6i2.1143.

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AbstractPalstic Packaging Design and the Materials that are needed. In today's world and life without plastic is incomprehensible. Throughout time, plastic has been rapidly developing and growing arround us. We are constantly in contact with some shape and form of plastic no matter where we turn, from grocery stores to automobiles , parts of cellular phone and computers, to home appliances . Palstic is durable, it is universal product tha is lightweight but degrades very slowly. However , plastic often contains toxic additives, for instance, plasticizers like adipates and phtalates are often added to brittle palstic like polyvinyl chloride ( PVC) to make them easy enough to use in food packaging, children's toys and teethers, tubing , shower curtains and other items. Traces of these chemicals can leach out of the plastic when it comes into contact with food. To face this reality ,as a consumer of plastic ware product our main concern is to choose the safe product by knowing what materials it is made form AbstrakDesain Kemasan Plastik serta Material Pembentuknya. Belakangan ini, dalam kehidupan sehari-hari tanpa menggunakan plastik menjadi hal yang tidak mudah. Selama ini penggunaan plastik telah berkembang dengan cepat di sekitar kita. Hampir setiap saat manusia berhubungan dengan bermacam bentuk dan jenis plastik di mana pun berada, sebagai contoh mulai dari toko bahan makanan, perlengkapan otomotif, bagian-bagian dari telepon seluler dan komputer, hingga peralatan rumah tangga. Plastik bersifat tahan lama, produk yang universal , ringan tetapi proses penguraian./penghancurannya bersifat sanagat lambat. Di samping itu, plastik juga memiliki kandunagn beberapa jenis sat beracun. Sebagai contoh, bahanbaku plastik sperti adipate dan phthalate, biasa ditambahkan untuk membuat plastik tidak kaku dan rapuh misalnya pada polivinyl cholride (PVC) akan lebih mudah dibentuk untuk digunkan pada mainan anak-anak, dan gigitan bayi, produk-produk pi[pa, tirai kamar mandi dan produk-produk lainnya. Kandungan bahan kimia ini dapar bereaksi apabila bersentuhan langsung dengan makanan. menghadapi kenyataan ini penggunanproduk-produk dari plastik harus waspada dalam memilih produk yang aman dengan mengetahui abhan pembentuknya

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Kang, Shao Guo, and Jian Xin Zhu. "Metals Contamination and Leaching Potential in Plastic Toys Bought on the Beijing Market." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.112.

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Plastic toys may contain metals, to which children may be exposed via mouthing, ingestion or dermal contact with those items. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine total concentrations of Pb, Cr, As, Cu, Ni, Ba, Cd, Sb in plastic toys (n=35) bought on the Beijing market, and (2) to estimate leaching potential of the eight metals in selected items (n=3) in dilute HCl and the Pb leaching property via different in vitro tests. Seven of the fore-mentioned toxic metals were detected in all of the tested samples while all samples were Cd-free. For total Pb content, 7 of the 35 samples (20%) exceeded the US regulatory total limit (100 mg/kg for total Pb). However, dilute HCl leaching tests show that all the tested samples meet the migration limit of Chinese toy safety standard (90 mg/kg for dilute-HCL extractable Pb). Some samples contained Cr and As which exceeded the China migration limits. In vitro leaching tests demonstrated that Pb was more leachable in other stimulated body fluids than that in dilute HCl. Our results revealed that China need to update its toy safety standard as soon as possible.

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Haydar, Hanan, Jessica Kumar, Jennifer Cadnum, Claudia Hoyen, and Curtis Donskey. "Evaluation of Novel “No-Touch” Technologies for Decontamination of Toys in Pediatric Healthcare Settings." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.776.

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Background: Toys in playrooms are often shared among patients in pediatric healthcare settings; they can present a risk for transmission of bacterial and viral pathogens. Effective cleaning and disinfection of toys using disinfectant wipes is labor intensive and difficult due to irregular surfaces. Methods: We conducted a point-prevalence culture survey to determine the frequency of contamination of in-use toys and high-touch surfaces in playrooms in a pediatric healthcare facility with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and Clostridioides difficile. Using a variety of toys inoculated with pathogens, we evaluated efficacy and ease-of-use of 3 novel “no-touch” technologies: (1) an electrostatic sprayer, (2) a small ultraviolet-C (UV-C) box (18.9 × 9.9 × 1.8 inches) for smaller toys, and (3) a high-level disinfection cabinet using ultrasonic submicron droplets of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Test pathogens included C. difficile, MRSA, and Candida auris. Results: Of 135 items cultured in playrooms, 6 (4.4%) were contaminated with MRSA, 1 (0.7%) was contaminated with VRE, and none were contaminated with C. difficile. Each of the technologies reduced all pathogens by >4 log10 CFU on all types of toys tested (plastic, soft rubber, and tablet). The electrostatic sprayer was considered the easiest to use by all users because large numbers of toys could be processed much more quickly (ie, spray for 20 seconds and allow to air dry) than with disinfectant wipes. The disinfection cabinet required 21 minutes for cycle completion, whereas the decontamination cycle for the UV box was only 30–90 seconds but with limited capacity to hold toys. Conclusions: Three “no-touch” technologies were effective for disinfection of toys contaminated with healthcare-associated pathogens. The electrostatic spray application of disinfectant was considered the easiest to use for rapid decontamination of toys.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Aleksejeva, Viktorija, Anastasija Dovbenko, Juta Kroiča, and Ingus Skadiņš. "Toys in the Playrooms of Children’s Hospitals: A Potential Source of Nosocomial Bacterial Infections?" Children 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8100914.

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Pediatric patients are more susceptible and vulnerable to nosocomial infections, in part because of their nascent and developing immune system and in part due to certain congenital conditions. Consequently, we found limited literature that investigated and reported children’s toys in hospital playrooms as potential reservoirs of pathogenic microbes. Hence, in the present study, we aimed to investigate toys as potential vectors for nosocomial infections in children’s hospitals. Microbiological samples from 120 toys were collected between April 2018 and November 2018. The specimens were cultivated on suitable cultivation agars for 24–72 h at 37 °C and CFU/cm2 (colony forming units) was determined. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion and E-tests. Our results indicate that 84% of samples were contaminated with different microbes. Four distinct genera and thirty-seven species of bacteria were identified. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Sphingomonas paucimobilis (>603 CFU/cm2). Most of the identified microorganisms were members of normal human microbiota. Although Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii were identified, CFU/cm2 was relatively low and they were found to be sensitive to antibiotics. Additionally, plastic toys showed the highest average CFU/cm2 of 91.9. Our results bolster the need for adoption and strict enforcement of proper disinfection techniques for toys in the hospital playrooms.

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Cheng, Simin, Wenbo Cao, Xu Zhao, Ningxi Li, Zheng Ouyang, Qiang Ma, and Xiaoxiao Ma. "Fast screening of prohibited chemicals in plastic toys using ambient ionization mass spectrometry." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 444 (October 2019): 116176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2019.116176.

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Oliviero, Maria, Tania Tato, Simona Schiavo, Verónica Fernández, Sonia Manzo, and Ricardo Beiras. "Leachates of micronized plastic toys provoke embryotoxic effects upon sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus." Environmental Pollution 247 (April 2019): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.098.

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Vale, Robert. "Modernism on the Line." Architectural History Aotearoa 12 (July 13, 2022): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v12i.7689.

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The invitation to this symposium refers to "the baby boom, which "boosted the market for children's toys."" This paper explores the extent to which the toys of that era in New Zealand could be seen to have actively promoted and encouraged Modernist architecture. The particular focus will be on toy trains and model railways and how their manufacturers, both off-shore and local, produced model railway buildings that were decidedly Modern in form and quite unlike the largely nineteenth-century buildings seen by the majority of travellers on New Zealand Railways. This paper argues that 1950s New Zealand was an outpost of non-Modernism when it comes to railway buildings, both full size and toys. By tracing the history of model railways and how they engaged with Modern design it posits that the only OO scale model railway buildings that were mass produced in New Zealand were traditional in form, although made of plastic, the quintessentially modern material.

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Kutukov, Alexei Yur’evich, and N. V. Kutukova. "THE CLINICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EYE INJURIES INFLICTED BY “PLASTIC BULLETS” IN THE IN CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGE." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1993-1859-2017-12-2-91-96.

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Introduction. During the recent years, the overall structure of eye injuries in the children has been characterized by a significant proportion of damages inflicted by “plastic bullets” fired from a toy weapon. Biomechanics of “plastic bullets” syndrome has not been described in sufficient detail. Aim. The purpose of the present study was to determine the force of impact of the plastic bullets on the eyeball and the degree of elevation of intraocular pressure in the injured eyes. Material and methods. A “Chron-1” ballistic chronograph was used throughout the study. Moreover, we designed the original device that allows to make the necessary measurements in the simple and precise manner. Its application enabled us to measure the speed of the plastic bullets covering the distances much greater than it was possible to determine with the help of the ordinary ballistic chronographs. Results. The calculated data were compared with the clinical symptoms of this type of eyeball contusions in 55 children. The inflicted changes in their eyes observed in the experiments proved to be consistent with those apprehended theoretically. Both suggest a very high risk of injury to the eye created by this type of the shooting toys. Conclusion. The proposed measuring system makes it possible to simplify and improve the accuracy of the evaluation of the kinetic energy of the plastic bullets fired from a toy weapon. It has a greater potential for conducting the relevant studies compared with that provided by the standard ballistic chronographs. The results of the present experimental study are in excellent agreement with the clinical observations and give evidence of the very high risk of injury to the eye created by the shooting toys firing “plastic bullets”.

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Dean, Erin. "Button batteries, plastic toys and coins: how to treat children who ingest foreign bodies." Emergency Nurse 30, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.30.2.7.s2.

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Bozalan, Murat, Vugar Ali Türksoy, Bayram Yüksel, Gülin Güvendik, and Tülin Söylemezoğlu. "Preliminary Assessment of Lead Levels in Soft Plastic Toys by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy." Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology 76, no. 3 (2019): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2019.58234.

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Dean, Erin. "Button batteries, plastic toys and coins: how to treat children who ingest foreign bodies." Nursing Children and Young People 34, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ncyp.34.1.6.s2.

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Oleneva, E., T. Kuchmenko, E. Drozdova, A. Legin, and D. Kirsanov. "Identification of plastic toys contaminated with volatile organic compounds using QCM gas sensor array." Talanta 211 (May 2020): 120701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120701.

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Wang, Jiahui, Zefei Xu, Jingyu Yao, Maochao Hu, Yuewen Sun, Cong Dong, and Zhongming Bu. "Identification of Phthalates from Artificial Products in Chinese Kindergarten Classrooms and the Implications for Preschool Children’s Exposure Assessments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 8011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138011.

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Phthalates are typical chemical pollutants in kindergarten classrooms since numerous artificial products (e.g., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floorings, soft polymers and plastic toys) that might contain phthalates are widely distributed in kindergarten classrooms. Although Chinese preschool children spend a considerable amount of their waking hours (>8 h/day) in kindergartens, phthalate exposure in such indoor environment has not been given much attention. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in twenty-six artificial products (fifteen flat decoration materials and eleven plastic toys) commonly found in Chinese kindergarten classrooms were measured. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the most predominant compound in all materials. The emission characteristics of the DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission characteristics were used for predicting multi-phase DEHP concentrations in kindergarten classrooms by applying a mass transfer model. The modeled concentrations were comparable with those measured in the real environment, indicating that these products might be the major sources of DEHP in Chinese kindergarten classrooms. Preschool children’s exposure to DEHP was found to be 0.42 μg/kg/day in kindergartens under baseline conditions, accounting for 18% of the total exposure to DEHP in Chinese indoor environments.

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Lv, Qing, Haiyu Li, Zhijuan Wang, Hua Bai, and Qing Zhang. "Determination of Migration of Six Phthalate Esters in Plastic Toys by GC-MS/MS Coupled with Solid-Phase Extraction Using Cucurbit[n]urils as Adsorbent." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101711010053.

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Object: This paper presents a method for the determination of migration of six phthalate esters in plastic toys based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) coupled with solid phase extraction using cucurbiturils (CB6-8) as adsorbent. Method: On the base of self-made migration device, toy samples were migrated for 10 min to 24 h in simulated saliva at 37 °C. The analytes were adsorbed by cucurbiturils SPE cartridges, eluted with ethyl acetate, then determined by GC-MS/MS and quantified by external standard method. The eluting solvents as well as the type and amount of the extraction materials were carefully optimized, then the reusability of the SPE cartridges was investigated. The limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 2.5 µg/L to 12.5 µg/L. Average recoveries of target analytes (spiked at three concentration levels) were in the range of 82.7% to 94.4%. Intraday repeatability and interday repeatability of the method varied from 2.3% to 6.6% and from 5.6% to 10.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method was finally used to explore the migration behavior of phthalate esters in commercial plastic toys.

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Abdul Rahman, Haliza. "Impacts of Plastic Usage on Human Health." Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine 6, S1 (November 4, 2022): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/ajmb.2022.6.s1.509.

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To date, most of natural materials used in manufacturing such as paper, glass, and cotton, have been replaced by plastic. Global production currently exceeds 320 million tonnes (Mt) per year, over 40% of which is used as single-use packaging, resulting in plastic waste [1]. In Malaysia, plastic shopping or carrier bags are one of the main sources of plastic waste, therefore, Malaysia is tracking global trends in both the overall generation of plastic waste and the consumption of single-use plastics. Malaysia ranks second in Asia after Philippines for annual per capita plastic use and, it ranks eighth among nations worldwide that mismanage plastic waste [2]. At every stage of its lifecycle, plastic poses distinct risks to human health. However, many traders still prefer to use non-environmentally friendly plastic bags because they are cheaper than biodegradable ones [2]. Chemicals are added to plastics to give them characteristics such as plasticity, colour, malleability, durability, or the hardness that some products need. Some groups of these chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates have been identified as hazardous for human health, as they have been suspected of disrupting our hormonal system. BPA has been associated with several health problems such as ovarian chromosomal damage, decreased sperm production, rapid puberty, rapid changes in immune system, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorder, obesity etc. Some studies have also claimed that BPA increases the risk of breast cancer, prostate cancer, pains, metabolic disorders, etc. BPA in women can be associated with impaired health, including obesity, endometrial hyperplasia, recurrent miscarriages, sterility, and polycystic ovarian syndrome [4]. Moreover, substances such as POPs, benzyne, and VOCs are present, which are all proven to adversely affect human health [3]. Exposure to harmful chemicals during manufacturing, leaching in the stored food items while using plastic packages or chewing of plastic teethers and toys by children are linked with severe adverse health outcomes such as cancers, birth defects, impaired immunity, endocrine disruption, developmental and reproductive effects etc. [3]. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the impact of plastic to human health. This paper involved with secondary data collected from journals, proceedings, books, and internet sources regarding the topic. To conclude, Malaysia recycled just 24% of key plastic resins in 2019 and currently is not on track to meet the JPSPN (National Solid Waste Management Department) recycling target of 40% by 2025. Hence, removing plastic from the environment is incredibly urgent, as it creates environmental and health problems for both humans and marine life. Thus, plastics recognized to be a global contaminant of concern by policymakers, scientists, media, and public attention on the issue steadily increasing. Hence, promotion of plastics substitutes and safe disposal of plastic waste requires urgent and definitive action to take care of this potential health hazard in future [3]. One of the immediate campaigns launched was a No Plastic Bag Day (NPBD) in 2011 in raising awareness and reducing the use of single-use plastics in Malaysia. Through this campaign, free plastic bags in grocery stores were banned nationwide with a levy of 0.20 MYR was also added per plastic bag consumed in grocery stores and supermarkets to change consumer behaviour. This was followed by a nationwide ban on the use of straws in 2020 [5]. Recognizing that plastic pollution is a serious emerging issue, Malaysia’s Roadmap towards Zero Single-Use Plastics 2018–2030 was gazetted back in 2018 with the vision to take a phased, evidence-based, and holistic approach by involving all stakeholders in jointly addressing single-use plastics pollution in Malaysia [5].

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Ledwaba, Solanka Ellen, Piet Becker, Afsatou Traore-Hoffman, and Natasha Potgieter. "Bacterial Contamination of Children’s Toys in Rural Day Care Centres and Households in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162900.

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Background: Young children exhibit a high susceptibility to several diarrhoea-causing bacterial microorganisms. In this study, the prevalence of fecal contamination on children’s toys was determined using total coliform and E. coli as bacterial fecal indicators. The prevalence of diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains were used as an indication of the potential health risks. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out for 3 months in rural communities in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province of South Africa. Nonporous plastic toys (n = 137) used by children under 5 years of age in households and day care centres (DCCs) from rural villages were collected for assessment. New toys (n = 109) were provided to the households and DCCs and collected again after 4 weeks. Microbiological assessment was carried out using the Colilert® Quanti-Tray/2000 system. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains were identified using a published multiplex PCR protocol. Results: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions of the children in the households and DCCs were assessed. Statistical analysis was used to identify the relationship between fecal contamination of the existing and introduced toys. All the existing and introduced toy samples, both from DCCs and households, tested positive for total coliform counts and 61 existing and introduced toy samples tested positive for E. coli counts. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli strains identified included EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC and EAEC. Conclusions: The results indicated that water, sanitation and hygiene conditions could be responsible in the contamination of children’s toys and the transmission of diarrhoea to young children.

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Pandolfi, Pietro, Maria Pia Sammartino, Giovanni Visco, Pasquale Avino, and Virgilio Stillittano. "Release of Heavy Metals from Plastic Statuettes Used as Souvenirs and/or Toys Handled by Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010236.

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Different plastic toys are on sale in the Italian market: they are sold as souvenirs and/or as toys. Such statuettes, called Gongoli, represent a famous character (a soccer player, a politician, the Pope, etc.). In particular, these products are widely sold, but the material composition is not sufficiently defined. Further, the effect of the release of dangerous compounds on human health is not sufficiently documented. Following this hypothesis, a study on eight different statuettes was carried out both for evaluating the possible presence of heavy metals and for evidencing their release from these objects. Preliminary analysis by means of EDS spectroscopy highlighted the percentage chemical composition of different products, especially the presence of total Cr and Ni. Release tests evidenced the release of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb: Pb reached 74 mg kg−1, which is an interesting value even if it is lower than reported in the legislation. This study should be considered preliminary due to its limitations, such as the number of items investigated and the large variability found for some elements, but it highlights a serious problem related to the classification of these products which are marketed as souvenirs but manipulated by children.

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CARVALHO VITA, AIDA, and VERÔNICA YUMI KATAOKA. "BLIND STUDENTS’ LEARNING OF PROBABILITY THROUGH THE USE OF A TACTILE MODEL." STATISTICS EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 13, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/serj.v13i2.287.

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The objective of this paper is to discuss how blind students learn basic concepts of probability using the tactile model proposed by Vita (2012). Among the activities were part of the teaching sequence ‘Jefferson’s Random Walk’, in which students built a tree diagram (using plastic trays, foam cards, and toys), and pictograms in 3D (using the toys) to represent the possible ways in which Jefferson can visits his five friends and the expected frequencies of visits. The analysis of students’ answers was based on the SOLO taxonomy, and developed from initial prestructural responses to final responses that were classified at the relational level. The study suggests adaptations of materials and teaching methods for helping blind students to learn about probability. First published November 2014 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives

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Ting, Keh-Chuh, Modan Gill, and Orlando Garbin. "GC/MS Screening Method for Phthalate Esters in Children's Toys." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.3.951.

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Abstract Phthalate esters are commonly added into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as softeners to make the plastic material flexible. Phthalates are suspected cancer-causing agents and possible teratogens; they have been linked to liver and kidney damage, as well as the underdevelopment of reproductive organs in humans and animals. Public safety concerns about human exposure to phthalates are on the rise because they do not chemically bond to PVC and leach from the material over time. Following the lead of the European Union and Japan in restricting the use of certain phthalates, a legal limit of 0.1 in children's toys was established by the California State Legislature (AB-1108). In addition to its mission to protect public health and the environment from toxic harm, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) has been delegated the role of lead agency for consumer product safety. To support DTSC's Green Chemistry activities, the Environmental Chemistry Laboratory Mobile Laboratory Team has developed an on-site screening method to monitor phthalates in children's toys. This method is simple, fast, and effective, with ample sensitivity to quantify the 6 restricted phthalates in children's toys at 100 ppm (limit of quantitation = 100 g/g) which is 10 times lower than the legal allowable level of 0.1. Additionally, the method has a high throughput capability and enables testing of approximately 610 samples per day, depending on the complexity of the sample matrix and concentration. This method is designed to survey the 6 phthalates in children's toys and other consumer products for compliance with the threshold of 0.1 (1000 ppm).

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Lynnyk, I. "HANDLING OF PLASTIC WASTE IN THE CITY OF KHARKIV AND KHARKIV REGION." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 171 (October 17, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-4-171-45-52.

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The use of plastic in production began at the beginning of the 20th century. It is a cheap material, easy to manufacture, in the process of creation it acquires any form, resistant to acids and alkalis, has high water resistance, is not subject to corrosion and has many more advantages over other materials. A wide variety of products are made from plastic: from stationery, tableware, children's toys, clothes, bedding fillers, to furniture, pipes, building materials and even road surfaces, etc. At the same time, environmental problems arose due to the low rate of decomposition of plastic in the natural environment - from 20 years to 500 years, depending on the structure of the material. About 400 million tons of plastic are produced annually in the world. Improper handling of plastic waste leads to environmental pollution and negatively affects people, animals, and vegetation. Therefore, the analysis of the state in the field of plastic waste management in the city of Kharkiv and the Kharkiv region is relevant. As a result of the analysis of waste accumulation in the city of Kharkiv and the Kharkiv region, it was found that their volumes decreased by 1.8 times from 2010 to 2020. This is due to a decrease in production volumes, the closure of some enterprises, the consequences of the economic crisis of 2008-2009, and military actions in the east of Ukraine. The reduction of waste volumes is explained not only by the reduction of production volumes, but also by the economical use of material, raw materials and energy resources at the enterprises of the city and region. It was found that Kharkiv has at least seventy-five collection points for solid household waste as secondary raw materials located in all districts of the city. Enterprises that carry out collection, procurement of plastic waste as secondary raw materials, their disposal and processing were also identified. Some problems were noted and directions for further work in the field of plastic waste management were suggested. Keywords: plastic, plastic waste, accumulation of waste, collection of plastic waste, recycling and disposal of plastic waste.

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O’Meara, Sarah. "From plastic toys to Industry 4.0: How Taiwan is using science to upgrade its manufacturing." Nature 577, no. 7790 (January 2020): S1—S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00060-1.

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Vitale, Eve. "SPE Detroit Section & American Plastic Toys Team Up to Play Santa for Countless Kids." Plastics Engineering 73, no. 1 (January 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2017.tb01633.x.

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Johan, Yar, Person Pesona Renta, Dewi Purnama, Ali Muqsit, and Pinsi Hariman. "JENIS DAN BOBOT SAMPAH LAUT (MARINE DEBRIS) PANTAI PANJANG KOTA BENGKULU." JURNAL ENGGANO 4, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jenggano.4.2.243-256.

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Pantai panjang telah ditetapkan menjadi salah satu destinasi ekowisata yang ada di Kota Bengkulu. Terdapat 2 jenis marine debris (sampah organik dan sampah anorganik) yang meyebabkan permasalahan di Pantai Panjang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 13 macam marine debris yang digolongkan ke dalam sampah organik di Pantai Panjang yaitu kayu, kertas, kelapa, daun, akar, kardus, bambu, kulit durian, pinang, ketapang, serabut, pohon jagung dan mangrove. Sedangkan jenis sampah anorganik ditemukan 21 macam marine debris yaitu plastik, botol kaca, busa, kain, sepatu, pipet, sendal, tutup botol, tali, pecahan kaca, mainan plastik, karpet, pena, boneka, steorofom, karet, gabus, rem dan sikat gigi. Jenis sampah organik yang mendominasi adalah sampah kayu, sedangkan untuk sampah anorganik yang mendominasi adalah sampah plastik. Jumlah potongan sampah laut dan berat sampah laut tertinggi didominasi oleh sampah organik.TYPES AND WEIGHT OF MARINE DEBRIS IN PANJANG BEACH BENGKULU CITY. Panjang beach has been established as one of the ecotourism destinations in Bengkulu city. There were 2 types of marine debris (organic waste and inorganic waste) which cause problems at Pantai Panjang. The results showed that there were 13 types of waste classified as organic waste in Pantai Beach, namely wood, paper, coconut, leaves, roots, cardboard, bamboo, durian, areca nut, ketapang, fibers, corn and mangrove. While inorganic waste types were found 21 kinds of marine debris, namely plastic, glass bottles, foam, cloth, shoes, pipettes, sandals, bottle caps, ropes, broken glass, plastic toys, carpets, pens, dolls, steorofomes, rubber, cork, brakes and tooth brush. The dominant type of organic waste was wood waste, while for inorganic waste that dominates was plastic waste. The highest number of pieces of marine debris and the weight of marine debris was dominated by organic waste.

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Vale, Brenda, and Robert Vale. "Lott's Bricks, The Arts and Crafts movement and Arnold Mitchell." Architectural Research Quarterly 15, no. 2 (June 2011): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135511000546.

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Perhaps unexpectedly, architects are seldom talked about in terms of the building toys they once played with or what they constructed with them. Exceptions are Witold Rybczynski and Frank Lloyd Wright. The former describes John Ruskin mastering the laws of building for load-bearing towers and arches by the time he was seven or eight (around 1825) because of playing with wooden building blocks (introduced at the end of the 1700s). However, he also describes himself playing with Bayko. This was a Bakelite building set from the 1930s [1], probably modelled on Mobaco, a cardboard and wood Dutch construction toy [2]. Both of these toys are pre-dated by an 1887 English toy for house construction, the walls of which were made from wooden blocks threaded on to vertical wires. Rybczynski also describes watching his father and uncle build a real garden shed using concrete panels slipped between reinforcing bars, like the method used by the plastic toy but life-size.

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YUZAWA, Tetsuro, Chuichi WATANABE, Robert R. FREEMAN, and Shin TSUGE. "Rapid and Simple Determination of Phthalates in Plastic Toys by a Thermal Desorption-GC/MS Method." Analytical Sciences 25, no. 9 (2009): 1057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.25.1057.

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Fahs, Breanne, and Eric Swank. "Adventures with the “Plastic Man”: Sex Toys, Compulsory Heterosexuality, and the Politics of Women’s Sexual Pleasure." Sexuality & Culture 17, no. 4 (February 21, 2013): 666–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9167-4.

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OVERBEEK, SIETSE, MARIJN JANSSEN, and YAO-HUA TAN. "AN EVENT-DRIVEN ARCHITECTURE FOR INTEGRATING INFORMATION, PROCESSES AND SERVICES IN A PLASTIC TOYS SUPPLY CHAIN." International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 21, no. 04 (December 2012): 343–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843012500062.

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In global supply chains, a multitude of public and private organizations collaborate to reach the collective goal of transporting goods from the seller to the buyer. Given the dynamicity of global supply chains it is hard to predict which information is needed by whom at which point in time which often causes service delivery delays. Integrating relevant information, processes and services prevents disruptions in the supply chain and deterioration in service provisioning caused by missing information required for processes that need to be executed to supply services. In this paper, an ontology-based, event-driven architecture is designed for integrating information, processes and services that acts as a mechanism to coordinate service delivery in a global supply chain. The architecture is evaluated in the context of a global supply chain of plastic toys. This illustrates how the events facilitated by the architecture enable the availability of information in time which positively influences the delivery of a barge planning service.

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Gimeno Adelantado, J. V., V. Peris Martinez, F. Fosch Reig, M. T. Doménech Carbó, and F. Bosch Mossi. "Analysis of toxic elements in plastic components for toys. Multi-elemental determination by x-ray fluorescence." Analytica Chimica Acta 276, no. 1 (April 1993): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(93)85037-k.

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Dopico-García, M., Rosalía Noguerol-Cal, M. Castro-López, M. Cela-Pérez, Elena Piñón-Giz, Jose López-Vilariño, and M. González-Rodríguez. "Determination of polyolefin additives by reversed-phase liquid chromatography." Open Chemistry 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 585–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0001-x.

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AbstractThis article examines the contribution of liquid chromatography to the study of polyolefin additives commonly used to obtain improved environmental resistance (antioxidants, ultraviolet light stabilizers, antistatics, and so on) and appearance enhancements (e.g. colorants). Several reversed-phase liquid chromatographic methods are summarized, and a detailed description of different detectors is provided. In addition, ways of applying these methods to analyse food contact materials and plastic toys are emphasized. Finally, the potential use of these methods is addressed which complies with European health safety regulations.

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Hennebert, Pierre. "THE SUBSTITUTION OF REGULATED BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTIC PRODUCTS AND WASTE AND THE DECLARED PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTITUTES IN REACH." Detritus, no. 16 (September 30, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15122.

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Plastics containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) currently contain both “legacy” regulated and non-regulated BFR (R-BFRs and NR-BFRs), as evidenced by the increasingly lower correspondence over time between total bromine and R-BFRs content. The portion of substitutive NR-BFR present in the plastics and their toxicity and ecotoxicity properties are documented. Data relating to plastics and foam present in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), waste EEE, vehicles, textiles and upholstery, toys, leisure and sports equipment show how 88% of plastic waste contains bromine from NR-BFRs. BFR substances mentioned in the catalogs of the three main producers (Albemarle, ICL, Lanxess) and BFR on the official used list of 418 plastic additives in the EU were gathered and the toxic and ecotoxic properties of these compounds as listed in their ECHA registration dossier were compiled. Fifty-five preparations using 34 NR-BFRs substances, including polymers and blends, were found. Seventeen of these substances featured an incomplete dossier, 12 were equipped with a complete dossier, whilst 11 substances (including 2 ill-defined blends) should be reassessed. Eight substances have been notified for assessment by the ECHA as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, or as endocrine disruptors, including decabromodiphenylethane; 3 substances display functional concentrations (the concentration of additives that retards flame) exceeding the concentration limits classifying a waste as hazardous but are “reactive” (they bind to the polymer). The technical limit of 2 000 mg total Br/kg indicated for further recycling (EN 50625-3-1) relates to all brominated substances and is relevant in the sorting of all poorly classified new substances.

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Sari, Mega Mutiara, Takanobu Inoue, Regil Kentaurus Harryes, I. Wayan Koko Suryawan, Kuriko Yokota, Suprihanto Notodarmojo, and Ika Bagus Priyambada. "Potential of Recycle Marine Debris in Pluit Emplacement, Jakarta to Achieve Sustainable Reduction of Marine Waste Generation." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170111.

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Marine debris is one of the global problems due to human activities. One of the biggest loads of marine debris is in the city of Jakarta, namely the Pluit Emplacement. Emplacement Pluit is a special location for managing marine debris in Jakarta, with the largest burden of marine debris problems discharged from urban areas. This study analyses aquatic waste's generation or marine debris, composition, and recycling potential at the Pluit Emplacement. The research process starts with formulating the problem, conducting a literature review, collecting data, and analyzing it under ideal conditions and planning. This research was conducted by sampling for seven consecutive days, and load count analysis to determine the generation and composition of marine debris. The marine debris composition is grouped using a load based on the volume/volume (v/v) ratio. The generation of marine debris in the Pluit Emplacement can reach 230 m3/day or 303.6 tons/day. However, this value is higher than other areas in Jakarta and other areas in Indonesia. The composition of marine debris consists of Straw (PET), Food packaging, Drink cup, PET Bottle, Miscellaneous packaging, Plastic bags (PP), Plastic toys (HDPE), Metal, Styrofoam, biodegradable waste (wood, twigs and leaves) which is 0.1%; 3.1%; 2.2%; 22.5%; 4.0%; 0.7%; 0.8%; 0.6%; 3.1%; and 62.8%, respectively. The level of potential for recycling of Pluit's marine debris is 67.86%, with the greatest potential being from the utilization of biodegradable waste into compost or recycling of plastic waste, especially PET plastic. This considers the absence of previous sustainable marine debris processing. These findings can be one of the considerations for the government in making decisions to carry out appropriate planning according to the characteristics of marine debris, that this research can also be used as consideration for regions and even other countries in the characterization and planning of marine debris management.

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Yang, Feiwen, Jianhui Zeng, Haibo Long, Jialin Xiao, Ying Luo, Jin Gu, Wuyi Zhou, Yen Wei, and Xianming Dong. "Micrometer Copper-Zinc Alloy Particles-Reinforced Wood Plastic Composites with High Gloss and Antibacterial Properties for 3D Printing." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030621.

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In this work, micrometer copper-zinc alloy particles-reinforced particleboard wood flour/poly (lactic acid) (mCu-Zn/PWF/PLA) wood plastic composites with high gloss and antibacterial properties for 3D printing were prepared by a melt blending process. The structure and properties of the composites with different contents of mCu-Zn were analyzed by means of mechanical testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and antibacterial testing. The results showed that the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and antibacterial performance of the composites were significantly improved, as mCu-Zn was added into the wood plastic composites. When adding 2 wt.% mCu-Zn, the flexural strength of mCu-Zn/PWF/PLA composites (with 5 wt.% of particleboard wood flour) (PWF) increased by 47.1% compared with pure poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and 18.9% compared with PWF/PLA wood plastic composites. The surface gloss was increased by 1142.6% compared with PWF/PLA wood plastic composites. Furthermore, the inhibition rates of mCu-Zn/PWF/PLA composites against Escherichia coli reached 90.43%. Therefore, this novel high gloss and antibacterial wood plastic composites for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing have potential applications in personalized and classic furniture, art, toys, etc.

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Ariyani, Dwi, Niken Warastuti, and Resti Arini. "Ecobrick Method To Reduce Plastic Waste In Tanjung Mekar Village, Karawang Regency." Civil and Environmental Science 004, no. 01 (April 1, 2021): 022–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00401.3.

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According to a survey by Nova Chemicals, Indonesia is the second largest contributor to sea waste after China, which is 1.29 million metric tons / year. At present there are still many people in Indonesia who throw garbage in any place, and can caused flooding in the river. The river is polluted with a lot of waste, one of which is the Citarum River. Citarum River is a river that is very important for residents of West Java. The condition of the Citarum River which is very alarming is polluted by waste and garbage. In the world's leading survey site, the Citarum River occupies the 4th position for the dirtiest river problem. The rubbish that pollutes the Citarum River is more inorganic or unbiodegradable, for example plastic, bottles or beverage cups, plastic food wrapping, and so on. As we know plastic waste is very difficult to decompose, it takes more than 100 years to decompose the plastic decomposed or decompose completely. Plastic waste is one source of environmental pollution in Indonesia. The benefits of using plastic products must be balanced with the calculation of the negative impact produced. The nature of this plastic material makes it difficult to replace it with other materials for various applications, especially in everyday life ranging from food packaging, household appliances, children's toys, electronics to automotive components. Increased use of plastic materials has resulted in increased production of plastic waste from year to year. The destruction of plastic waste by burning will only worsen the health because of the anti-dioxy substance produced. The most appropriate method used in dealing with waste is to use the Ecobrick method. The team of Pancasila University wanted to socialize how to make an ecobrick, and how strong the compressive on the ecobrick material was made. To overcome waste, especially plastic along the Citarum river. This socialization was held in Tanjung Mekar Village, Karawang Barat sub-district, Karawang Regency. The participants coming from the community of environmentalists (Eco Village). Community of eviromentalists hope will provide direction and socialization to their about the ecobrick method to deal with plastic waste that cannot be recycled. From the results of testing carried out at the Pancasila University concrete laboratory using ecobrick materials is plastic bottles filled with pure plastic, filled with sand, and a mixture of plastic and sand compared to red brick and concrete brick sold in the market, from the compressive strength test results it is known that the material ecobrick which contains of sand shows the greatest compressive strength value is 41.2 Mpa, compared to red brick which is 27 Mpa and concrete brick is 38 Mpa ecobrick has a higher compressive strength than other materials

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Yam, Anthony Yee Kai, Kai Leung Yung, and Chi Wo Lam. "Mechanical Event Simulation of Drop Testing for Toy Product." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.993.

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Toys that are free from drop failures normally take a long time to develop. It is often time and cost consuming after the production tooling is built to detect drop test failure. This paper introduces a new drop testing analysis method for Toys. The method uses a simple approach with a local analysis that based on the linear and non linear finite element analysis. Modeling and transient drop analysis of a pre-school toy is used as a case study to demonstrate the method. The impact analysis of the product hitting the solid concrete floor after a free fall is presented. The analysis focuses on the deformation of the housing for a product with electronic circuit and mechanical mechanism inside. Experimental data has been obtained for drop simulation of the housing and its correlation with the plastic material properties. The stress and strain of the housing during drop impact tests are noted. The effects of the material properties to the housing deflection under drop/impact shock have been investigated. Numerical results are compared with experimental results to validate the method.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic toys'

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