Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plastic value-chain

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Plastic value-chain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Plastic value-chain"

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Brouwer, Marieke T., Eggo U. Thoden van Velzen, Kim Ragaert, and Roland ten Klooster. "Technical Limits in Circularity for Plastic Packages." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 10021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310021.

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The current Dutch recycling value chain for plastic packaging waste (PPW) has not reached its full circularity potential, as is apparent from two Circular Performance Indicators (CPIs): net packaging recycling rate and average polymer purity of the recycled plastics. The performance of the recycling value chain can be optimised at four stages: packaging design, collection, sorting, and recycling. This study explores the maximally achievable performance of a circular PPW recycling value chain, in case all stakeholders would implement the required radical improvement measures in a concerted action. The effects of the measures were modelled with material flow analysis. For such a utopic scenario, a net plastic packaging recycling rate of 72% can be attained and the produced recycled plastics will have an average polymeric purity of 97%. This is substantially more than the net packaging recycling rate of 37% for 2017 and will exceed the EU target of 50% for 2025. In such an ideal circular value chain more recycled plastics are produced for more demanding applications, such as food packaging, compared to the current recycling value chain. However, all stakeholders would need to implement drastic and coordinated changes, signifying unprecedented investments, to achieve this optimal circular PPW recycling value chain.
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Foschi, Eleonora, and Alessandra Bonoli. "The Commitment of Packaging Industry in the Framework of the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9010018.

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European Commission is strongly committed into issues related to plastic materials production and plastic waste management. While the Circular Economy Package has set targets generally referred to recycling rates, the European Strategy for plastics in a circular economy (and related action plan), fosters sustainability along the entire plastic value chain: from primary producers to converters, brand owners and retailers to waste collectors and recyclers. The Directive on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment (more commonly known as Directive on Single-Use-Plastics, waiting for publication in the Official Journal of the European Union) rules targets on ten plastic products most often found as littering on global beaches, directly affecting plastic industry and, consequently, market. Policy makers and industrial stakeholders are called upon to collaborate. The article aims to illustrate interactions between European Commission and all plastic value chain stakeholders on implementing measures to reach ambitious targets pursued by the recent European policy. The study shows how European Commission has robustly worked to regulate production and consumption patterns on plastic carrier bags and packaging (including food packaging) thus facilitating the achievement of specific targets provided by the recent Directive. However, additional provisions concerning market restriction have been introduced; industrial stakeholders carried on a prompt response by promoting the creation of alliances, join venture and association, as well as a more integrated plastic value chain. On the base of this purpose, a virtuous example of a closed supply chain is presented.
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Kajaste, R., and P. Oinas. "Plastics value chain - Abatement of greenhouse gas emissions." AIMS Environmental Science 8, no. 4 (2021): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2021024.

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<abstract> <p>This study focuses on the possibilities to abate greenhouse gas emissions in the value chain of plastics with special emphasis on efficiency improvements in the virgin plastics production and to recycle or reuse/regenerate plastics from waste streams. The study is restricted to the plastics and their intermediates produced in annual quantities over 20 million tons (Mt) on global scale. The chemicals and polymers considered include intermediate feedstocks ammonia, methanol, ethene and propene, polyolefins polyethylene and polypropylene, and other included polymers are polyester, polyamide and acrylic fibres, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane resin and polystyrene. Improved efficiency in the virgin plastic value chain has the potential to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 531 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>eq/y, provided that all of the current global production is upgraded to meet the European Union's best benchmarked facilities. These improvements would mean a 15.4% reduction of all global chemical sector emissions. The evaluation of probability for all global production facilities to reach the EU benchmarked values is excluded as unclear. Increasing the global recycling rate of plastics from the current 18% to 42% would reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 142.3 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>eq /a, provided that the segregation of recyclable materials is improved, and that incineration is not increased. These downstream improvements would mean a 4% reduction of all global chemical sector emissions and reduce the accumulation of plastics not only on land but also in the oceans.</p> </abstract>
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Milios, Leonidas, Lena Holm Christensen, David McKinnon, Camilla Christensen, Marie Katrine Rasch, and Mikael Hallstrøm Eriksen. "Plastic recycling in the Nordics: A value chain market analysis." Waste Management 76 (June 2018): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.034.

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Paraschiv, Maria, Radu Kuncser, Mohand Tazerout, and Tudor Prisecaru. "New energy value chain through pyrolysis of hospital plastic waste." Applied Thermal Engineering 87 (August 2015): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.070.

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Maritz, M., V. Eriksson, and V. Barnes. "PET PLASTIC IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE PACKAGING DESIGN: A REVIEW OF LEGISLATION, LITERATURE AND INDUSTRY REPORTING COMPARING EUROPEAN AND SOUTH AFRICAN INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1 (May 2020): 2049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.83.

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AbstractThis article draws inspiration from two concepts, which initially appear to be at odds with each other. The first refers to the impact that plastics use has had on the environment and human health, while the second explores the prevalence and continued increase in the use of plastic materials. The manufacturing of plastic packaging will be reviewed to identify appropriate intervention. This article focuses on the future development of PET packaging in South Africa, exploring current literature and legislation which aid in the holistic development of the plastic packaging value chain.
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Winterstetter, Andrea, Marie Grodent, Venkatesh Kini, Kim Ragaert, and Karl C. Vrancken. "A Review of Technological Solutions to Prevent or Reduce Marine Plastic Litter in Developing Countries." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 4894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094894.

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Growing global plastic production combined with poor waste collection has led to increasing amounts of plastic debris being found in oceans, rivers and on shores. The goal of this study is to provide an overview on currently available technological solutions to tackle marine plastic litter and to assess their potential use in developing countries. To compile an inventory of technological solutions, a dedicated online platform was developed. A total of 51 out of initially 75 submitted solutions along the plastics value chain were assessed by independent experts. Collection systems represent more than half of the shortlisted solutions. A quarter include processing and treatment technologies, either as a stand-alone solution (30%) or, more commonly, in combination with a first litter capturing step. Ten percent offer digital solutions. The rest focuses on integrated waste management solutions. For each stage in the source-to-sea spectrum—land, rivers, sea—two illustrative examples are described in detail. This study concludes that the most cost-effective type of solution tackles land-based sources of marine litter and combines technology with people-oriented practices, runs on own energy sources, connects throughout the plastics value chain with a convincing valorization plan for captured debris, and involves all relevant stakeholders.
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Rahman, MA, M. Islam, MM Begum, and S. Arfin. "Technical and economic feasibility of improved postharvest management practices in enhancing the eggplant value chain of Bangladesh." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v9i2.45408.

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A study was carried out to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of improved postharvest management practices (IPMP) in enhancing the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) value chain of Bangladesh. In IPMP, sorting, grading and washing of eggplants were done, and packed them in plastic crates with or without modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Traditional postharvest management practices (TPMP) existed in the value chain was used as control treatment. IPMP including the use of plastic crate with MAP reduced weight losses by 26.7 and 38.0% at wholesale and 2-days display at retail outlets. The total postharvest loss of eggplant handled with TPMP including packed in jute sack was 40.0%, whereas it was only 4.5% when followed IPMP. The reduction of postharvest losses of eggplants handled with IPMP amounted to 88.7%, and 100.0% fruit could be sold at retail outlets. The additional weekly gross income of a small trader by selling 1000 kg eggplant handled with IPMP comprising the plastic crates with MA packaging would be BDT 17,190 (USD 207). Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 9(2): 35-41, December 2019
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Kneppers, Ben Robert, and Moacyr Bartholomeu Laruccia. "NetPlus." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2021010102.

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Once seen as a miracle material, petroleum-based plastics are now arguably one of the largest sources of pollution on the planet. With 80% of land-based litter ending up in our oceans, ocean plastic is now reported to be on track to outweigh fish by 2050. Conservationists have been able to identify the most harmful form of ocean plastic pollution for marine mammals, turtles, and seabirds worldwide to be discarded fishing gear. Bureo, a company operating between Chile and California in partnership with sustainable outdoor retailer Patagonia, is addressing this issue by transforming this harmful material into high-value products. Through their shared-value business model and life cycle thinking, they have built a network of partnering fishing communities across the coast of Chile committed to return their fishing nets at their end of life in exchange for compensation towards community programs. Through their innovative supply chain and the living product challenge framework, Bureo is setting out to achieve the first plastic with a net positive impact on the environment and people.
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Lau, Winnie W. Y., Yonathan Shiran, Richard M. Bailey, Ed Cook, Martin R. Stuchtey, Julia Koskella, Costas A. Velis, et al. "Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution." Science 369, no. 6510 (July 23, 2020): 1455–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9475.

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Plastic pollution is a pervasive and growing problem. To estimate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce plastic pollution, we modeled stocks and flows of municipal solid waste and four sources of microplastics through the global plastic system for five scenarios between 2016 and 2040. Implementing all feasible interventions reduced plastic pollution by 40% from 2016 rates and 78% relative to “business as usual” in 2040. Even with immediate and concerted action, 710 million metric tons of plastic waste cumulatively entered aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To avoid a massive build-up of plastic in the environment, coordinated global action is urgently needed to reduce plastic consumption; increase rates of reuse, waste collection, and recycling; expand safe disposal systems; and accelerate innovation in the plastic value chain.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plastic value-chain"

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Braglia, Michele. "Assessment of circular economy indicators in a multi-criteria approach along the plastic packaging value chain." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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The awareness on raw material scarcity and environmental issues has globally stimulated interest into the re-design of products, processes or services, maximizing prevention, reuse and recycling rates. Within this context, plastic represents a key material. In particular, plastic packaging is a priority issue, accounting for the 40% of the European converters demand and about 60% of post-consumer plastic waste. Nowadays, less than 30% of collected plastic waste is recycled, while landfilling and incineration rates of plastic waste remain high, approximately 27% and 41% respectively. The EU Commission is currently hardly working on this issue: the recent EU Plastic Strategy sets very ambitious goals for plastics sustainability. This background topic is the key point of the master thesis. The study starts with mapping the best practices on plastic recycling and prevention, following the entire plastic packaging value chain. Adopting a multi-criteria perspective, legislative, economic and technical, technological and environmental framework of good practices and criticalities is outlined, in order to assess the current state of innovation on circular economy for plastics. The overview on levers and barriers for plastic circularity allows to design a new set of circular economy indicators suitable to be applied on plastic packaging sector. As good practices, eco-design principles are adopted in order to delineate an assessment tool able to identify plastic packaging sustainability and circularity. Moreover, the compliance with the regulatory framework and possible economic advantages are verified. Therefore, the final goal of the study is to identify practical suggestions which can be converted into a set of indicators for measuring plastic packaging circularity, delineating criticalities and possible improvements for boosting the sustainable transition of the entire sector.
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Rodriguez, Novoa Esteban Alejandro. "Expansion of the Swedish Deposit Return System for plastic packaging : Challenges and enablers along the value chain of plastics." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288406.

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Plastic materials are widely used in different applications by the industry. Given its different properties, there is a wide range of utilization opportunities. From an environmental perspective, some of these properties imply a challenge for the recycling of these materials. Over the years, Deposit Return Systems (DRS) have been formulated and developed aiming to increase recycling rates of these materials. This study aims to determine if the expansion of the DRS for plastic materials can tackle current technical and logistical challenges that hinder the recyclability of these materials in Sweden. Specifically, it maps the actors and processes involved in the plastic value chain, identifying current challenges that affect the recyclability of the materials but also opportunities to increase the rates of recycling. Finally, after studying and characterizing different DRS implemented around the world, recommendations are given on what types of DRS expansions could be suitable for the Swedish context.  Based on a literature review the current Swedish plastic value chain is studied and technical and logistical challenges are identified along it. Simultaneously the study investigates technological developments and innovations intended to improve the recyclability of the plastic materials. One of the main challenges identified is the fragmentation along the value chain, which is a barrier to utilizing the system to its full potential in terms of generating recyclable material as well as establishing well-functioning value regeneration of the materials. This information is useful to discussions on a future expansion of the DRS in Sweden.  Likewise, after describing the different DRS options studied, recommendations are given for its implementation. The analysis concludes that given the current context that includes the start-up of a large sorting facility, the most promising option would be to opt for a design & sorting incentivizing DRS that is relying on the conventional waste management and does not require major investments in infrastructure. Other options are not discarded, but it is recognized that these may be more costly or more technologically demanding, also requiring more research to give an assertive assessment.
Plastmaterial används ofta i olika applikationer av industrin med tanke på dess olika egenskaper. Miljömässigt innebär några av dessa egenskaper en utmaning för återvinning av dessa material. Under åren har pantsystem (Deposit Return Systems (DRS)) formulerats och utvecklats för att öka återvinningsgraden för dessa material. Denna studie syftar till att avgöra om expansionen av DRS för plastmaterial kan hantera nuvarande tekniska och logistiska utmaningar som hindrar återvinningsbarheten av dessa material i Sverige. Specifikt kartlägger uppsatsen de aktörer som är involverade i plastvärdekedjan och identifierar nuvarande utmaningar som påverkar materialens återvinningsbarhet, men också möjligheter att öka återvinningsgraden och slutligen efter att ha studerat olika DRS implementerade runt om i världen ges rekommendationer om huruvida vissa av dem är lämpliga för det svenska sammanhanget.  Baserat på en litteraturstudie studeras den nuvarande svenska plastvärdekedjan och tekniska och logistiska utmaningar identifieras längs den. Samtidigt undersöker studien teknisk utveckling och innovationer som syftar till att förbättra återvinningsbarheten hos plastmaterialen. En av de viktigaste utmaningarna som identifierats är fragmenteringen och underutvecklingen längs värdekedjan, särskilt återvinningssektorn. Denna information är användbar för att fastställa trender i branschen men är också viktig att tänka på i formuleringen av en expansion av DRS i Sverige.  På samma sätt, efter att ha beskrivit de olika DRS-alternativen, ges rekommendationer för dess genomförande. En slutsats är att med tanke på det nuvarande sammanhanget som inkluderar start av en stor sorteringsanläggning är det mer genomförbart att välja en modell för DRS som integreras i nuvarande kommunala avfallshantering och inte kräver större investeringar i infrastruktur. Systemet ska bygga på att skapa incitament för återvinningsbar design såväl som för ytterligare sortering. Andra alternativ avfärdas inte, men dessa kan vara mer kostsamma eller mer tekniskt utmanande och kräver mer forskning.
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Books on the topic "Plastic value-chain"

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Mofo, Liako. Future-proofing the plastics value chain in Southern Africa. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/905-1.

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Plastics are ubiquitous across the region and play an important role in multiple industries. Most plastic products are based on a value chain that is grounded in petroleum refining, posing an environmental challenge. Plastic manufacturing in South Africa suffers from the high cost of polymers as inputs. Mozambique is endowed with large natural gas deposits. This research assesses the potential for the sustainable development of a plastics value chain in Southern Africa, with the aim of future-proofing the industry against changes in the petroleum space while bolstering growth in plastics manufacture and fostering a more equitable regional distribution of plastics activities. This study found that there is strong regional value chain potential between South Africa and Mozambique, with Mozambique producing natural gas feedstock and South Africa providing labour, capital, and technology. South African plastic manufacturers could also benefit from better input prices derived from better priced natural gas from Mozambique.
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Book chapters on the topic "Plastic value-chain"

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Hopmann, Christian, and Mauritius Schmitz. "Complex Value Chain." In Plastics Industry 4.0, 221–63. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569907979.007.

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Bell, Jason, Lorenza Monaco, and Pamela Mondliwa. "Leveraging Plastics Linkages for Diversification." In Structural Transformation in South Africa, 78–99. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894311.003.0004.

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The chapter considers the role of linkages, lead firm strategies, industrial policies, and value chain governance in the performance of the South African plastic products industry. The extent to which the linkages of the plastic products sub-sector backwards with the polymers industry, and forwards to plastic automotive components, have influenced the performance of the industry is assessed. The forward linkages to the automotive industry are assessed through a comparative assessment of technological capability accumulation in South Africa with its relatively more successful upper-middle-income counterpart, Thailand. The analysis shows that vertical integration and horizontal collaborations through clusters, as well as the different roles played by multinational corporations and the state, have exerted a stronger influence on the accumulation of capabilities in Thailand, compared with South Africa. The assessment of backward linkages to polymers shows how the linkage development in South Africa has been undermined by market power in the upstream polymers industry. This is coupled with a failure of industrial policy to support diversified industries such as plastic products, including through addressing the challenges related to input prices and supporting the accumulation of capabilities.
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Lopez, Clara, Franz Jäeger, Karina Ramirez, and Mario Chong. "A Plan to Improve Recycled Raw Material Supply in a Production Company of RPET." In Handbook of Research on Industrial Applications for Improved Supply Chain Performance, 27–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0202-0.ch002.

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The world is facing a problem caused by the management of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging. In the Peruvian context, the studied company is the only local company that has a factory which is able to process post-consumer plastic bottles in order to transform them into recycled resin; this is why it performs a fundamental role. This recycled resin is used for elaborating new packages, generating a circular economy into line with the new global paradigm of switching to a model that seeks to reduce, reuse, and recycle. Finally, it was concluded that the collection center implementation will allow the recycling unit to purchase an average of 76 TN additional annual raw materials. The project would have a cost of US$ 151,383, generating a Net Present Value (NPV) of US$ 144,500 with a 25.9% of Internal Rate of Return (IRR), making it viable in a moderate scenario with a recovery period of five years.
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"maize, 1.4-2.7%; of waxy barley, 2.1-8.3%; and of waxy swell only slightly in cold water. Granules differ in size rice 0-2.3%; thus the range of amylose contents of the and shape among plants. For example, corn starch has an waxy wheats is comparable to that of other waxy cereal average diameter of about 15 1.1,M, wheat starch has a bi-grains. Biochemical features of starch from waxy wheats modal size distribution of 25-40 and 5-10 [tm, potato are similar to those of waxy maize [71]. starch has an average size of 40 WTI, and rice starch has an Starch from barley contains 22-26% amylose, the rest average size of 5µm [99]. being amylopectin [28]. However, samples of 11-26% The particle sizes of starch granules have recently re-amylose are known, and starch from waxy barley contains ceived much attention because of their important roles in only 0-3% amylose, while high-amylose starches contain determining both the taste and mouthfeel of fat substitutes up to 45%. and the tensible properties of degradable plastic films. Amylose content of rice is categorized as very low Daniel and Whistler [39] reported that small-granule (0-9%), low (9-20%), intermediate (20-25%), or high starch about 2 !um in diameter, or similar in size to the lipid (25-33%) [124]. The amylose content of long grain rice micelle, had advantages as a fat substitute. Lim et al. [117] ranges from 23 to 26%, while medium grain ranges from investigated the use of starches of different particle size in 15 to 20% and short grain ranges from 18 to 20% [103]. degradable plastic film. They reported that a linear correla-Oat amylose content (16-27%) is similar to that of tion between film thickness and particle size and an in-wheat starch, but oat amylose is more linear and oat amy-verse linear correlation between film thickness and particle lopectin is more branched than that found in wheat [121]. size. Small-granule starches may also be used as face pow-Most sorghum starch is similar in composition to corn der or dusting powder, as a stabilizer in baking powder, and contains 70-80% branched amylopectin and 21-28% and as laundry-stiffening agents. amylose [127]. However, waxy or glutinous sorghum con-The size of the wheat starch granule is 1-30 lam, the tains starch with 100% amylopectin and has unique prop-size distribution being bimodal. Such a bimodal size distri-erties similar to waxy corn [158]. Badi et al. [11] reported bution is characteristic of wheat starch, as well as of rye 17% amylose in starch from one pearl milled population. and barley starches. Wheat starch consists of two basic Gracza [69] reviewed the minor constituents of starch. forms: small spherical granules (about 5-10 wri) and larg-Cereal starches contain low levels of lipids. Usually, the er lenticular granules (about 25-4011m). The small B-gran-lipids associated with starch are polar lipids. Generally, the ules are spherical and have a diameter of less than 10 wrt; level of lipids in cereal starch is between 0.5 and 1%. Be-a mean value of about 4 lam has been reported. The large sides low levels of other minerals, starches contain phos-A-granules are lenticular and have a diameter greater than phorus and nitrogen. In the cereals, phosphorus occurs 10 lam, with a mean 14.11.1m. In reality, the granules have a mostly in the form of phospholipids. The nitrogen is gener-continuous distribution of granule size within the range ally considered to be present as protein, but it may also be designated for that starch. Amylose and amylopectin are a constituent of the lipid fraction. intermixed and distributed evenly throughout the granule. The interaction between amylose and lipids is more Many believe that the composition and properties of small powerful by far than that between amylopectin and lipids and large granules are similar, but this is a subject of some [55]. It is well established that polar lipids (e.g., mono-argument and the subject of many research studies [42]. glycerides, fatty acids, and similar compounds) form a hel-Kulp [110] evaluated the fundamental and bread-mak-ical inclusion complex with the amylose molecule, be-ing properties of small wheat starch granules and com-tween the hydrocarbon chain of the lipid and the interior of pared them with those of regular starch. Small granules the amylose helix. were found to be lower in iodine affinity, indicating differ-ences in amylose levels or some fundamental structural differences. Gelatinization temperature ranges, water-binding capacities, and enzymic susceptibilities of small Starch is laid down in the shape of particles in special amy-granules were higher than those of regular ones. loplast cells in the plant. These particles are called gran-Rice has one of the smallest starch granules of cereal ules, and they are the means by which the plant stores en-grains, ranging in size from 3 to 5 pm in the mature grain, ergy for the carbohydrate in a space-saving way, but also to although the small granules of wheat starch are almost the make the energy easily accessible when the seed germi-same size [33]. The small granule size of that starch results nates [57]. One starch granule is synthesized in each amy-in physical properties that make it useful as a dusting flour loplast, and the shape and size of a starch granule is typical in bakeries. Rice starch amyloses have degree of polymer-of its botanical origin. ization (DP) values of 1000-1100 and average chain Starch granules are relatively dense, insoluble, and lengths of 250-320. These structural properties of amylose." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 405–32. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-41.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plastic value-chain"

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Stephen, Okocha, Ebenezer Okonkwo, and Joel Ogbonna. "Completing the Value Chain for Plastic Recyclers in Nigeria: An Integration of Renewable Solar and Conventional Gas Energy Sources for Fuel Production." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/193436-ms.

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Karania, Ruchi, David Kazmer, and Christoph Roser. "Plastics Product and Process Design Strategies." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57755.

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Plastic components are vital components of many engineered products, frequently representing 20–40% of the product value. While injection molding is the most common process for economically producing complex designs in large quantities, a large initial monetary investment is required to develop appropriate tooling. Accordingly, injection molding may not be appropriate for applications that are not guaranteed to recoup the initial costs. In this paper, component cost and lead-time models are developed from industry data for an electrical enclosure consisting of two parts produced by a variety of low to medium volume manufacturing processes including fused deposition modeling, direct fabrication, and injection molding with used tooling, soft prototype tooling, and hard tooling. The viability of each process is compared with respect to the manufacturing cost and lead time for specific production quantities of one hundred, one thousand, and ten thousand. The results indicate that the average cost per enclosure assembly is highly sensitive to the production quantity, varying in range from $243 per enclosure for quantity one hundred to $0.52 per enclosure for quantity ten thousand. The most appropriate process varies greatly with the desired production quantity and cost/lead time sensitivity. As such, a probabilistic analysis was utilized to evaluate the effect of uncertain demand and market delays, the result of which demonstrated the importance of maintaining supply chain flexibility by minimizing initial cost and lead time.
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Tietze, Matthias Rolf, Frank Schladitz, Manfred Curbach, Alexander Kahnt, and Robert Zobel. "Future applications in Carbon reinforced concrete (CRC)." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0356.

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<p>The world of construction becomes smarter. New building processes, such as building information modeling (BIM), automated manufacturing (Industry 4.0) and sustainable building are an integral part of today’s industry. Also, new material combinations, like carbon reinforced concrete, capture more and more construction applications. The number of practical examples of carbon reinforced concrete has increased. However, this is only the beginning, as the development goals have not been reached yet. After the first approved systems, further questions arise, including high-temperature-resistant reinforcement, economic production processes and the vision of an integral planned, automatically produced, and sustainable smart building. In this vision, the embedded carbon reinforcement is part of the infrastructure that enables smart-home applications and pushes the research ahead. For example, pre-pregs of carbon reinforced concrete are being developed, based on well-known carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) applications. The curing process can be controlled and brought to an end at the construction side, days, or even weeks after the pre-fab production has taken place. Automated robots are capable of placing the carbon yarn in the pre-fabricated formwork. So, the typical manufacturing (value) chain is becoming outdated, as the usual rebar or grid manufacturing is omitted</p><p>– these are also part of the current developments. Also, mineral coatings for the high-temperature- resistant reinforcement are also under development, and it is showing promising results. Another niche industry revolves around multifunctional pre-cast components with integrated heating and energy storage and load-bearing functions, which are already cheaper than the classic separated components. We lead the C³ carbon concrete composite R &amp; D project and have an overview of the latest forward- looking and visionary development approaches in carbon reinforced concrete.</p>
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