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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic window'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Wang, Shu Ping, Zhi Hong Wang, Wen Juan Chen, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, and Li Ping Ma. "Comparison of Environmental Impact Analysis of Two Typical Construction Windows Production." Materials Science Forum 787 (April 2014): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.97.

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The energy consumption of window accounts for nearly half of buildings. The purpose of this study is to compare the environmental impact of plastic windows and aluminum alloy windows production, including resource and energy consumption, waste emission. The result shows that energy consumption of plastic window production is only 0.24 times of aluminum alloy window production, and the overall environmental impact of the former is 30% of the later. This study is a quantitative description of energy consumption and environmental impact of two windows production pattern, which intends to fill the blank in LCA field of windows in China.

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2

Kapalo, Peter, and Orest Voznyak. "Comparison of the Intensity of Ventilation at Windows Exchange in the Room - Case Study." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2017-0006.

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Abstract Doing the replacement of old wooden windows in a new plastic windows, in the old buildings, we get the great reducing of the building heat loss. Simpler maintenance and attendance of window is the next advantage. New windows are characterized by better tightness. The aim of the article is determination due to the performed experimental measurements, how much more are reduce the uncontrolled ventilation that is caused of the infiltration windows. In the article there is presented the experimental measurement of indoor air quality in the room in two phases. In the first phase there is the room installed by 55 year old wood window. In the second phase there is the same room installed by new plastic window. Due to the experimental measurement of indoor air quality it is calculated intensity of ventilation - infiltration. These results of ventilation intensity are reciprocally compared.

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3

Ignatova, Elena. "Automated calculation of reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window based on BIM technologies." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303018.

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The aim of this work is the development of automated methods of calculation of thermophysical characteristics of the window based on BIM technology. The structure and materials of window frames and glazing are taken into account while calculating reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window. Software Autodesk Revit was used for creating the information model of the window. As a result of current research a parametric families of windows were created. Each family contains an automatically calculated parameter of reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window. Windows with one, two and three sashes were considered in the paper. Calculations have been made for wooden and plastic frames. Russian design standards were taken into consideration. The results of the calculations of reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window are presented in the table at the end of the paper. The introduced method is universal for any window structure. Accurate calculation of heat loss of window units will allow to choose the design decisions and to predict energy costs for building maintenance.

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4

Wang, Hong Wei, Ya Dong Zheng, and Fang Wen Tu. "Influences of External Windows on Energy Consumption of Industrial Buildings in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3055.

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Shenyang is located in the cold areas and main industy city in China. The most current industrial buildings can’t meet the demand of energy-saving standard because of the thermal insulation performance of the windows.This paper aims at using DeST software to analyze industrial workshop energy consumption, according to different types of external windows and window-wall ratio of buildings to provide reference for energy saving design of industrial buildings in Shenyang area.The thermal performance of the windows has great effect on the heat load. The lower the heat transfer coefficient of windows is, the more beneficial for energy saving of the buildings. The window-wall ratio has great effect on the energy consumption, and different heat-transfer coefficients possess various sensitivity for window-wall ratio, and reflective glass varis smaller than the others.It is better for energy saving to replace the conventional windows with plastic-steel reflective glass windows.

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5

Juras, Peter. "Analysis of window model accuracy and its influence on the results compared to the measurement." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819602028.

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This paper deals with differences between modelled window sash and frame in the Therm software and comparison with measured values in the pavilion type laboratory. In this laboratory are three different windows evaluated since 2011. These windows are suitable for low-energy or passive houses. Two different plastic based windows were modelled and the temperatures were compared to the real measurement with different outdoor temperatures.

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6

Papánová, Zuzana, and Daniel Papán. "Analysis of static and dynamic parameters of the wooden window glass frame." MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300028.

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An integral part of each the window is its frame. This frame is a support of the glass panel. It is a part of window used for any load distribution to the other parts of buildings. Investigation of parameters of this member acting in the interaction system (glass-frame) is important for numerical modelling and simplified analytical solution. The main aim of the paper is to present experimental investigation of the static and dynamic parameters results of usual wooden and plastic windows.

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7

Bielek, Boris, Daniel Szabó, Jakub Čurpek, Peter Suchánek, and Pavol Panáček. "Infrared Thermography Diagnostics of Air Permeability Through Building Openings – Assessment of its Reliability." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe presented paper deals with an analysis of the reliability of a diagnostic method of air permeability through building openings (windows, doors, glass walls) by the application of infrared thermography. A test sample of a plastic double casement window was experimentally tested for air permeability and watertightness in a large pressure chamber. Different levels of the tightness were adjusted between the casement and frame part of the window. Additionally, the window test sample was measured in the large climate chamber with variant air pressure differences. Moreover, the surface temperatures were measured on the window by thermocouples and subsequently compared with images directly taken by infrared thermography. The effect of the increased air infiltration can be detected by infrared thermography but cannot quantify the overall air permeability of the window. The distribution of the exterior window surface temperature is influenced by several factors which should be taken into consideration in the final assessment of the window.

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8

Burlea, Stefan Lucian, Anamaria Ciubara, Georgeta Burlea, and Ramona Cimpoesu. "The Management of a Plastic Instrument. The way from idea to patent and final product." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.1.4784.

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The article presents the procurance of an apparatus intended for the stage of reading and writing , used both by the pre- school children and the persons who present speaking deficiencies ,obtained from plastic parts marked and processed using a laser equipment. The learning equipment of writing and reading consists in a carcass of a triangular prism which has on a lateral side two visualization windows and a magnetic plate for writing, placed one below the other, at an appropriate distance, each visualization window being equipped with several illumination sources, disposed in a lineal way along the window, having an independent performance.

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9

Pashynskyi, Victor, Stanislav Dzhyrma, and Mykola Pashynskyi. "Thermal Characteristics of Window Junctions to Brick and Reinforced Concrete Walls of Civil Buildings in the Kirovograd Region." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).200-209.

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Existing design standards require that the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosure in the zones of high thermal conductivity should not fall below the temperature of the dew point. This phenomenon can occur in a place of window framing to the wall of residential and public buildings, which were massively produced in the second half of the twentieth century. Condensation can be avoided by raising the surface temperature of the inner window jamb extensions. This can be done by adding an additional insulation or displacement of the block frame window inside the building. The aim of the work is to calculate the appropriate values of the displacement of the block frame window inside the wall of different types for the climatic conditions of the Kirovograd region. The framing of metal-plastic windows to the walls of various structures that were produced in the second half of the twentieth century are analyzed. The insulation is performed in accordance with DBN B.2.6-31-2016. The lowest design temperature of the coldest five-day period within the territory of the Kirovograd Region is -24 °С. As a safety margin, the dew point temperature for residential and public buildings for various purposes is taken to be +11 °C. Finite element modeling in the THERM program environment made it possible to construct the temperature fields of the framing of metal-plastic windows to the walls of various structures and to obtain the very temperature of the inner window jamb extensions at various positions of the window frame within the wall. For each of the nodes examined, the possibility of condensation on the inner surfaces of the walls was established taking into account the position of window frame within the wall. As a result of the studies, it was found that the nodes of the side framing of the windows to the brick and panel walls of civil buildings without additional facade insulation do not meet the requirements for thermal reliability according to the condensation criterion. Facade insulation of existing or new walls, made in accordance with the requirements of DBN B.2.6-31-2016 "Thermal insulation of buildings", in almost all cases guarantees the absence of condensation on the internal surfaces of window jambs.

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10

Palková, Adela, and Milan Palko. "Theoretical Calculation of Thermal Transmittance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (January 2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.212.

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The article is focused on the theoretical calculation of thermal transmittance for new plastic window frame. Constant making the thermos-technical requirements stricter lays higher demands on improvement of window frames which the weakest element from the point of heat engineering. One important part of the window, which is needed to be improved, is a frame profile. Assessment of newly proposed window profile system is realised based on currently effective technical norms and regulations. The main aim of the theoretical assessment and computer simulation is to define the coefficient of passage of heat of the frame construction of a new plastic profile system.

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11

Dobránsky, Jozef, Luboš Bĕhálek, and Petr Baron. "Gate Location and its Impact to Flowing Characteristics of Plastic Moldings." Key Engineering Materials 669 (October 2015): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.669.36.

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Paper deals with simulation analysis of thermoplastic flowing in plastics product. As there is a demand in plastic products, plastic industries are growing in a fastest rate. Hence plastic injection molding process begins in manufacturing of complex shapes, in this process optimum gate location is one of the important criteria in mold design. Knowledge of ideal flow properties of thermoplastic materials give us a very good starting position for design of thermoplastics products which will be made by injection molding. By simulation software Plastic Advisor was compared injection parameters for the mold with varying gate locations. Simulated thermoplastic product is made from polycarbonate and is using for the drum washing machine as console window.

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12

Рогожин, М. В., В. Е. Рогалин, and М. И. Крымский. "Комбинированные окна для газовых лазеров высокой мощности." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 11 (2020): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.11.50173.268-20.

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Based on the previously developed mathematical model of the behavior of the multi-kilowatt laser window with an unstable cavity, the case of a two-component output window is considered. The two-component window consists of a transparent polycrystalline diamond ring and a central opaque area separated by a plastic vacuum gasket. The central opaque area is equipped with a cryoaccumulator to reduce heat load. Numerical calculations of thermomechanical processes are performed for such windows used in high-power CO2 lasers. Mathematical model used for the calculations consists of three parts - thermophysical, mechanical and optical. The advantages of using a two-component design with a cryoaccumulator under the conditions of a gas laser operating in the multi-kilowatt power range are demonstrated. The dependences of the maximum output power, temperature distribution and mechanical stresses versus the thickness of the window are obtained. The optimal conditions providing maximum radiation strength and minimum beam divergence are considered.

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13

Wang, Shu Ping, Wen Juan Chen, Zhi Hong Wang, Xian Zheng Gong, Chun Zhi Zhao, and Li Ping Ma. "Life Cycle Assessment of PVC-U Plastic Window Production." Key Engineering Materials 599 (February 2014): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.599.319.

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Based on life cycle assessment (LCA), a quantitative analysis and evaluation of resources consumption, energy consumption and pollutant emissions caused by windows production were carried out. The result shows that AP, POCP and GWP are the main contributors of the total environment burden of windows production process, and the proportion is almost 97%. At the stage of windows parts production, the main environmental pressures of windows production process are from windows profiles and glass production process. The result shows that the key of the windows production energy-saving are the windows profiles and glass production process.

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14

Zhao, Fang, Wei Wang, Chang Sheng Ai, and Hui Zhang. "Research on Sawing and Milling Features and NC Programming of Plastic Door and Window." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.1152.

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In this paper, the structure of plastic door and window and the characteristics of sawing and milling machining PVC profile are introduced, and on the basis of analyzing the relationship between function and kerfs of the window parts, the feature model of machining window profile is constructed, hereby making the geometry modeling and defining the essential elements of design feature make the process of automatic NC code generation simplified and its reliability strengthened.

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15

Nakanishi, Toshiyuki, Toshiaki Kikuchi, Akio Hasegawa, and Sumio Takahashi. "Design of a three‐layer acoustic window made from plastic." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026061.

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16

Azuddin, M., Z. Taha, and Imtiaz Ahmed Choudhury. "Observation of Polypropylene (PP) Melt Flow on Macro and Micro Cavities during Filling Phase of Injection Molding." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 1273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.1273.

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The flow of plastic melt in macro and micro parts during the filling phase of injection molding is an interesting area to discover. The visualization technique is a common method used to understand the phenomena of polymer flow in mold cavity. Various shapes and sizes were fabricated on aluminum molds embedded with Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) as observation window. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) and micro mechanical machining method were employed to fabricate plastic parts shape on aluminum mold cavity. This paper focuses and discusses in detail on the Polypropylene (PP) melt flow injected using a custom made vertical injection molding machine. The PP melt flow can be clearly seen through the PMMA window and captured using high speed camera. The captured images are then compared with result from commercially available plastic injection molding software, Autodesk MoldFlow. It was found that there is good agreement for macro plastic parts but not for the micro parts. It can be concluded that, the analysis software has less capability in predicting the flow of melt plastic in micro parts.

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17

Cotofana, C., A. Bossche, P. Kaldenberg, and J. Mollinger. "Low-cost plastic sensor packaging using the open-window package concept." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 67, no. 1-3 (May 1998): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(97)01767-6.

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18

Karaś, Rafał. "The technology of designing plastic windows and their transport from Poland since 1990." Polimery 66, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2021.1.3.

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PVC window and door constructions are more and more popular in architecture. The profile manufacturing technology, structure and materials are constantly being modified. The Author analyses technological changes that have been implemented within the period of the last 20 years on the basis of Polish market experience, where the technology of PVC window and door production was hardly known, in relation to the largest producer and exporter of such products in the European Union at present. The Author also suggests that the area under investigation demands special care within material engineering, transport and ecology.

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19

GUPTA, AJAY K. "The Pioneer of Plastic Surgery – ‘Sushruta’." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 6 (July 31, 2015): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v6i0.66.

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Sushruta, one of the earliest surgeon of the recorded history (600 B.C.) is believed to be the first person to describe plastic surgery. Sushruta, who lived nearly 150 years before Hippocrates, has vividly described the basic principles of plastic surgery in his famous ancient treatise ‘Sushruta samhita'. Sushruta samhita is the oldest authentic text-book of Shalya–tantra describing the Re-constructive plastic surgical operations. Numerous re-constructive surgical techniques and some exclusive cosmetic procedures have been narrated besides other surgical maneuvers by Sushruta. This paper presents a historical window into various contributions of Sushruta towards plastic surgery and allied fields described in ‘Sushruta samhita’ around 1000 B.C.

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20

Flanagan, Dennis. "A Method to Retrieve a Displaced Dental Implant From the Maxillary Sinus." Journal of Oral Implantology 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336-35.2.70.

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Abstract Dental implants can be displaced into the maxillary sinus. Retrieval by endoscopic or Caldwell-Luc techniques have been previously reported. A modified Caldwell-Luc technique is presented here, where a small round lateral osseous window is created. A plastic surgical aspirator tip is cut and modified to fit tightly into the access window. The sinus is filled with saline, and the patient is placed in a lateral recumbent position in the dental chair with the involved sinus on the underside. The saline acts as a vehicle to bring out the implant. The festooned aspirator is then introduced into the access window, and the errant implant can be successfully brought to the window for retrieval.

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21

Kojima, Hiroharu. "Development of the Abrasion-Resistant Plastic Window Using a Plasma CVD Process." Seikei-Kakou 25, no. 8 (July 20, 2013): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.25.372.

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22

Cotofana, Carmen V. B., and Andre Bossche. "Finite element analysis of the open window plastic package for optical sensors." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 76, no. 1-3 (August 1999): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(99)00036-9.

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23

Schiavo, Lícia S. A., Pedro Q. Mantas, Ana M. Segadães, and Robinson C. D. Cruz. "From dry pressing to plastic forming of ceramics: Assessing the workability window." Construction and Building Materials 189 (November 2018): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.015.

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24

Geeves, M., and P. Knight. "A cell for X-ray diffraction in liquids under moderate hydrostatic pressure." Journal of Applied Crystallography 22, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889889008277.

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A portable cell is described which allows X-ray diffraction data to be collected from suspensions or mounted specimens in liquid under hydrostatic pressure. Pressure is applied via either an oil pump or a high-performance liquid chromatography pump. The temperature of the cell is controlled by a thermostatted baseplate. X-rays pass through the stainless steel block via windows of Kapton V plastic sheet which will withstand a pressure difference of at least 15 MPa. Distortion of the plastic under pressure increases the liquid path of the X-rays. This distortion can be reduced by stretching over dome-shaped supports. Under these conditions 10 MPa causes a reduction of intensity of between 10 and 50%, depending on window geometry. Specimens can be mounted on a removeable frame, and the solution in the sample chamber can be changed without disassembling the cell. The apparatus has been used successfully to study the low-angle diffraction from muscle.

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25

Azuddin, M., Z. Taha, and Imtiaz Ahmed Choudhury. "Micro Plastic Part Fabrication Using Custom Made Vertical Injection Molding Machine." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1337.

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This study focuses on fabrication of a micro plastic part using custom made vertical injection molding machine. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) and micro mechanical machining was used to fabricate micro shape cavity on aluminum mold. The mold was embedded with Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) window to observe the behavior of plastic melt flow during injection. The custom made vertical injection molding machine has capabilities to produce a micro plastic part. But, the filling behavior observation was contrast with MoldFlow analysis software. The flashing problem occurs at each molded micro part due to improper selection of injection molding parameter.

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26

Dahnke, Christoph, Annika Foydl, Eilina Levin, Matthias Haase, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Process Window for the Embedding of Eccentric Steel-Reinforcing Elements in the Discontinuous Composite Extrusion Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.182.

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The process of discontinuous composite extrusion offers the possibility for the centric and eccentric embedding of steel reinforcing elements into an aluminium profile. Thereby, the process is influenced by various parameters, which can lead to certain types of processes failures. Three characteristic types of process failures – cavities, local plastic deformation and rotation – have been identified. According to these influencing factors and based on the process window for the discontinuous centric embedding of cylindrical reinforcing elements in rods, a process window for the eccentric embedding of steel reinforcing elements was developed.

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27

Ze, X. B., H. Ding, H. Wang, and Xiao Qin Wang. "The Application of Numerical Control Based on Network Manufacturing in Plastic Window Production." Materials Science Forum 471-472 (December 2004): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.278.

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In this paper, the character of profile material cutting is analyzed; the dynamic alliance structure of plastic window production and its quick response to the varied and individualized requirements are introduced; the formation of network manufacturing environment and the practice of NC technology in the environment are illustrated; and then the method of improving the material utilization and the ability of flexible manufacturing are put forward.

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28

Lin, Yu-Cheng. "Dual Window Phenomenon for Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Plastic Optical Fiber." Sensors and Materials 32, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 4179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam.2020.2712.

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29

He Xinlong, 何欣龙, 陈利波 Chen Libo, 王继芬 Wang Jifen, and 桑国通 Sang Guotong. "Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Plastic Steel Window Based on K Nearest Neighbors Algorithm." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 55, no. 5 (2018): 053001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop55.053001.

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30

Chen, Glory, Yung-Hui Yeh, Ching-Chiao Chang, Jia-Chong Ho, Cheng-Chung Lee, and Janglin Chen. "17-1: Invited Paper : Foldable Touch AMOLED with Plastic Window and Optical Enhancement." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 48, no. 1 (May 2017): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.11662.

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31

Lee, Young-Sup. "Comparison of Window Functions for the Estimation of Leak Location for Underground Plastic Pipes." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 20, no. 6 (June 20, 2010): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2010.20.6.568.

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32

Lewis, Joe. "How I Use the JZs BZs Plastic Queen Cage: Featuring the Get Acquainted Window." Bee World 94, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2017.1373961.

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33

Zhang, Jun, Chi Ai, Bo Zeng, Yuwei Li, and Jia Zeng. "Study on Wellbore Stability of Shallow Sediments in Deepwater Drilling." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101701010048.

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Background: The deepwater shallow formation has low fracture pressure and narrow safe window of mud density, which results in a high risk of wellbore instability in this kind of formation. Objective: Without considering the plastic state of shallow formation around the borehole or the influence of in-situ stress difference on wellbore stability, the prediction accuracy of the traditional wellbore stability analysis models are relatively low. This paper can provide a reliable method to accurately predict the safe window of drilling fluid density. Method: In this paper, the shallow formation around the borehole is divided into plastic zone and elastic zone considering it under non-uniform in-situ stress. The collapse pressure formula of shallow formation is derived by taking the shrinkage rate of the borehole as the instability criterion. The fracturing pressure calculation model of shallow sediment under non-uniform in-situ stress is derived by combining the theory of excess pore pressure and hydraulic fracturing. Conclusion: The calculated results indicate that the horizontal in-situ stress difference has a significant effect on the shape of the plastic zone, the shrinkage rate of borehole, collapse pressure and fracturing pressure. The calculated results are in good agreement with the field test results, and the prediction accuracy of this model is higher than that of other traditional models.

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34

Dikavičius, Vidmantas, and Raimondas Bliūdžius. "AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS OF THE LABORATORY FOR MEASURING SOUND INSULATION OF BUILDING ELEMENTS/STATINIO ELEMENTŲ GARSO IZOLIACIJAI MATUOTI SPECIALIAI ĮRENGTOS LABORATORIJOS AKUSTINIŲ PARAMETRŲ TYRIMAS IR DERINIMAS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2001): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531718.

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The report deals with a task of investigating and adjusting acoustic parameters of the reverberant chambers of recently built laboratory for measuring sound insulation properties of building elements (windows, doors). The reverberation time values in the source and receiving empty rooms were measured at 16 one-third-octave frequency bands. It was determined that they significantly exceed the recommended ones. After a number of measurements the reverberation time was adjusted to the allowable limits. An optimum combination of loudspeaker positions in the source room with respect to the best acoustic field diffusivity has been experimentally found. Repeatability values r were calculated from the measurements of sound reduction index of plastic window conducted under repeatability conditions. At the 16 one-third-octave frequency bands they show a good precision of the test equipment.

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35

SUTTLES, MELISSA L., and ROBERT T. MARSHALL. "Interactions of Packages and Fluorescent Light with the Flavor of Ice Cream." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.7.622.

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Ice cream was stored under fluorescent lights and examined by sensory analyses for development of off flavors. Type of packaging material and lid design were also evaluated. Premium quality ice cream was packaged in plastic or in paperboard containers with lids that were solid or contained a window. The ice cream was hardened overnight in the dark at −25°C. Samples from each type of container were tasted on day 1 to assure there was no evidence of oxidation. Containers were then split into two groups. One group was stored at −25°C in a simulated display case under a 40-watt “cool white” fluorescent light. The second group was stored in the dark freezer at −25°C. On days 7 and 14, samples were evaluated for intensities of vanilla and oxidized flavors by a panel of trained evaluators. The experiment showed that prolonged exposure to fluorescent light can decrease the intensity of vanilla and produce oxidized flavor in ice cream. Ice cream under “windows” was most susceptible to the effects of fluorescent light. Paperboard blocked out more of the harmful light than did plain white plastic.

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36

Gao, Tianfang, Yishou Wang, and Xinlin Qing. "A New Laser Ultrasonic Inspection Method for the Detection of Multiple Delamination Defects." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092424.

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Delamination is one of the most common types of defects for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. The application of laser techniques to detect delamination faces difficulties with ultrasonic wave excitation because of its low thermal conductivity. Much of the research that can be found in the literature has only focused on the detection of a single delamination. In this study, aluminum foil was pasted onto the surface of the composite so that it was vulnerable to ablation and could acquire a usable signal. Using a fully noncontact system with laser excitation at a fixed point and a scanning laser sensor, the effects of different aluminum foil sizes and shapes on the wavefield were studied for the composites; we decided to use a rectangle with 3 mm length and 5 mm width for laser excitation experiments. Wavefield characteristics of the composite plates were analyzed with single- and multi-layered Teflon inserts. Taking the time window for standard ultrasonic testing as a reference, the algorithms for localized wave energy with appropriate time windows are presented for the detection of single and multiple defects. The appropriate time window is meaningful for identifying each delamination defect. The algorithm performs well in delamination detection of the composites with one or multiple Teflon inserts.

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Macedo, Isabel, Marta C. Oliveira, and André Cardoso. "Optimization of Deformable-Adhesive Application on the Chip-Apply Process." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.848.

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A study on the impact of batch-to-batch variability of a commercial wet adhesive on its plastic deformation behaviour is here presented. In the chip-apply process, a controlled and stable plastic deformation under thermal-mechanical compression is expected after the first of a two-step curing, named pre-cure. Wet adhesive batches rheological, mechanical and chemical characteristics are available but no information on deformation behaviour is provided. Different pre-curing recipes and oven atmospheres were tested and the plastic deformation was induced by applying pre-defined thermo-compression parameters. Results indicate that shorter pre-cure cycles at higher temperature, under air atmosphere, reduce batch-to-batch deformation variability. DSC curves support these findings. A correlation between deformation level and rheological properties could also be observed, which can be very useful in the triage of adhesive batches for specific process parameters window.

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Sinha, Arijit, and Andreja Kutnar. "Carbon Footprint versus Performance of Aluminum, Plastic, and Wood Window Frames from Cradle to Gate." Buildings 2, no. 4 (December 12, 2012): 542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings2040542.

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Cicero, Raúl, Carlos del Vecchyo, José Kuthy-Porter, and Jorge Carreño. "Open Window Thoracostomy and Plastic Surgery with Muscle Flaps in the Treatment of Chronic Empyema." Chest 89, no. 3 (March 1986): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.89.3.374.

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Li Xue-Mei, Yu Yu-Ying, Zhang Lin, Li Ying-Hua, Ye Su-Hua, and Weng Ji-Dong. "Elastic-plastic response of shocked 100 LiF and its window correction at 1550 nm wavelength." Acta Physica Sinica 61, no. 15 (2012): 156202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.156202.

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Saravanan, Somasundaram, and K. Raghukandan. "Weldability Windows for Explosive Cladding of Dissimilar Metals." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.729.

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Explosive welding is achieved by the application of pressure, released from explosives, sufficient to cause large plastic deformation at the interface of dissimilar metals being welded. This study addresses the analytical estimation of the weldability domain for Aluminium-Low carbon steel and Copper-Stainless steel combinations. The use of an interlayer is proposed for the control of kinetic energy loss to alleviate the formation of intermetallics at the interface. Welding window the analytical estimation to determine the nature of interface was formulated using empirical relations proposed by various researchers and was verified experimentally. The lower limit of weldability window in three dimensions is developed in this study. Microstructural characterization of interfaces shows a wavy morphology in concurrence with the design expectations.

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Mousavi, Seiyed Ali Asghar Akbari. "Numerical Studies of Explosive Welding of Three-Layer Cylinder Composites-Part 2." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.327.

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Finite element simulations of the experimental tests to explosively weld three layers of Al5056, Al6061 and SS304L tube composites, using various stand-off distances and explosive ratios, are presented in this study. The Williamsburg equations of state and Johnson-Cook constitutive equations were used to describe the behaviors of the explosive and the tubes, respectively. In this paper, the external parameters (dynamic angle and collision velocity) are related to the physical parameters (shear stress and plastic strain). The numerical results showed that very high localized plastic deformation was produced at the bond interface. Moreover, it was found that the shear stress magnitude and signs can provide the necessary criteria for bonding. In addition, the sufficient criterion for bonding was found to be the magnitude of the plastic strain produced at the collision point. The new welding window based on the internal parameters is proposed.

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Donnini, Riccardo, Franco Zanardi, Federico Vettore, and Giuliano Angella. "Evaluation of Microstructure Quality in Ductile Irons Based on Tensile Behaviour Analysis." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.342.

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Dislocation-density-related equations were proved to be promising tools to correlate tensile plastic behaviour and microstructure in ductile irons (DIs), revealing distinct relationships between equation parameters and microstructure features in austempered ductile irons (ADI) and isothermed ductile irons (IDI). These equations resulted to be successful also in the characterization of the austempering process through the plastic behaviour analysis of tensile tests of an ADI 1050 that was quenched at different times during austempering. The equation parameters could indeed be correlated to the time window for the best ausferrite, and could predict the precipitation of the deleterious ε' carbides for long austempering times. In the present work the results of the tensile plastic behaviour analysis of different DIs through dislocation-density-related equations are reported. The aim of the analysis was to test the capability of these equations to assess the microstructure quality of DIs and support their industrial production.

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Nishie, Gaku, and Takao Mori. "Design Methods for Window Stopper Component Strength Cushions Operating under Wind Gusts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.486.

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An evaluation of the impact forces imparted due to wind flow onto and across walls is necessary to improve the safety of stopper components in swing-type windows. A strong wind test was performed to measure the impact force imparted by wind, and the characteristics of the wind energy and resulting impact force were clarified. An impact force evaluation method based on a simple mechanical model was proposed. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the deformation of a plastic stopper component due to an impact force could be modeled via an empirical linear formula, derived experimentally using the impact force imparted in a drop weight load test. The proposed evaluation method is considered to be useful for the safety design of swing-type windows.

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Ito, Mikiya, Yoshihiro Masuda, and Kazukiyo Nagai. "Evaluation of long-term stability and degradation on polycarbonate based plastic glass." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0085.

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Abstract Polycarbonate (PC) is mainly used as plastic glass in the industrial field. PC has many advantages such as light weight and high impact strength as compared to inorganic glass. However, the long-term stability of PC through the service life has not been fully examined. The authors analyzed the degradation behavior of PC glass through long-term artificial weathering conditions. The PC glass became yellowish through artificial weathering; however, the mechanical strength, for example, the flexural strength and the impact strength, were sufficient for its use as actual window glass of the public transportation. Moreover, improved PC is expected to have a longer service life as compared to ordinary PC. In addition, the evaluation of the degradation of PC-based plastic glass was studied with use of color measurement.

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Chung, Dong Teak, Joo Yeon Lee, Tae Yeon Kim, Doo Han Jin, and Hyung Kang. "The Development of Micro Ball Supersonic Impact Test System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.536.

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A micro ball supersonic impact test system was developed for the study of dynamic fracture of ceramic materials. This system consists of (1) low pressure gas gun, (2) sabot assembly and stopper block for velocity multiplication system, (3) velocity measurement device for sabot and ball, and (4) enclosed target box for final impact test. The principle of velocity multiplication system is similar to two stage gun. The plastic sabot assembly houses steel plunger and the void filled with silicone rubber. The sabot is stopped by the stopper block then the steel plunger inside the sabot compress the silicon rubber to high pressure to rupture the plastic membrane. Then the compressive energy of the silicon rubber is transferred to the ball. More than ten times of initial speed was attained. Non-contact velocity measurement system uses two set of ribbon laser with optical array sensor to measure the supersonic speed of the micro ball. Maximum speed up to 1200m/s for plastic and 600m/s for steel ball was attained. Perforation test of plastic film laminated glass window was successfully done by the developed impact system.

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Wang, Chu, Delun Li, Bao Meng, and Min Wan. "Effect of Anisotropic Yield Functions on Prediction of Critical Process Window and Deformation Behavior for Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing of Aluminum Alloys." Metals 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040492.

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Owing to the reduction of rupture instability and the avoidance of wrinkle defect, the hydrodynamic deep drawing (HDD) process is gradually becoming attractive for fabricating lightweight and complicated products. Meanwhile, since metallic materials present anisotropic deformation behavior, it is necessary to select an appropriate constitutive model for the prediction of plastic deformation behavior of applied material with high precision. In the present research, several anisotropic yield criteria, namely, Hill’48, Yld2000-2d, and BBC2005, were implemented to investigate the effects of yield functions on the prediction accuracy of the critical process window and deformation behavior for the HDD process of 2024 and 5754 aluminum alloys. Material constants in the yield criteria were determined by applying uniaxial and equi-biaxial tension tests and optimizing an error-function using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Furthermore, the process window diagram was computed utilizing the stress analytical model combined material properties with workpiece geometrical features. Numerical simulation results of predicted material anisotropic parameters, process window, and HDD deformation for aluminum alloys were compared with the experimental data. Through the comparison of diverse yield criteria based on materials’ anisotropic coefficients, critical process window prediction, earing profile, and thickness distribution, it was revealed that the Yld2000-2d and the BBC2005 yield criteria can offer more precise models of material behavior in planar anisotropy properties for the HDD process of 2024 and 5754 aluminum alloys.

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Ikram, Javed, and Nabeel Essa. "Making an open-tray implant or abutment-level impression technique easier." Dental Update 48, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.7.592.

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Various methods exist for taking implant impressions. The open-tray or pick-up impression technique is one of the conventional methods for transferring the impression coping from the implant to the impression. In this method, a window directly above the implant is made in a stock or custom tray to allow access to the impression coping. Traditionally, the window is either left open, or closed with melted wax or foil. This technique tip describes a modification to create a stable and secure seal over the opening using rayon-based adhesive tapes. The benefits of this modification over the conventional open-tray technique are due to the enhanced adhesive quality of the materials to metal or plastic. Because there is less chance of impression material leaking from the tray window into the mouth, it is more comfortable for patients and less messy for clinicians. The benefit of this method over the closed-tray technique is the ability to feel for the head of the impression coping at the same time as making sure the impression material is in good contact with the underlying structures. It is easy to use, and efficient in terms of time and cost.

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Jie, Jing, Shiqing Dai, Beiping Hou, Miao Zhang, and Le Zhou. "Defect Detection in Composite Products Based on Sparse Moving Window Principal Component Thermography." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (February 7, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4682689.

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As a nondestructive testing (NDT) technology, pulsed thermography (PT) has been widely used in the defect detection of the composite products due to its efficiency and large detection range. To enhance the distinction between defective and defect-free region and eliminate the influence of the measurement noise and nonuniform background of the thermal image generated by PT, a number of thermographic data analysis approaches have been proposed. However, these traditional methods only consider the correlations among the pixel while leave the time series correlations unmodeled. In this paper, a sparse moving window principal component thermography (SMWPCT) method is proposed to incorporate several thermal images using the moving window strategy. Also, the sparse trick is used to provide clearer and more interpretable results because of the structure sparsity. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the defect detection experiment of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic specimens.

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Hand, Lavesta C., Kayla M. Eason, Taylor M. Randell, Timothy L. Grey, John S. Richburg, Timothy W. Coolong, and A. Stanley Culpepper. "Using Analytical Techniques and Cole Crop Field Responses to Quantify 2,4-D plus Glyphosate Removal from the Surface of Plastic Mulch." HortScience 56, no. 5 (May 2021): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15687-21.

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Planting cole crops and leafy greens in plastic mulch free of summer and winter annual broadleaf weeds is challenging. Because these crops are often grown as a second or third crop on mulch, weeds emerge in previously punched plant holes, tears in plastic, and row middles. Without the ability to use tillage and with limited herbicide options available for weed control, achieving a weed-free planting window is not often feasible. Additional herbicide options are needed, but their interaction with plastic mulch must be understood. Therefore, research has determined the persistence of preplant applications of 2,4-D tank-mixed with glyphosate applied over plastic mulch. Analytical laboratory analyses of plastic samples from field experiments, in conjunction with bioassays using broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and collard (Brassica oleracea var. viridis L.), evaluated herbicide dissipation. Analytical studies determined that 0.5 cm of irrigation after herbicide application and 1 day before planting removed 99% of 2,4-D, and 100% of glyphosate from the plastic mulch. Waiting an additional 14 days after application and irrigation further reduced the amount of 2,4-D on the plastic mulch 88% to 95%. For the field bioassay, preplant applications of 2,4-D tank-mixed with glyphosate resulted in 7% or less visual broccoli or collard injury without influencing crop growth, biomass, early season yield, or total yield as long as the mulch was washed with 0.5 cm of irrigation before planting. These studies also demonstrated there were no differences between the 1× and 2× use rates with respect to all response variables measured. Results suggest that 2,4-D and glyphosate can be effectively removed from the surface of plastic mulch with irrigation or rainfall before planting broccoli and collard.

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