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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic windows'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 May 2022

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1

Wang, Shu Ping, Zhi Hong Wang, Wen Juan Chen, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, and Li Ping Ma. "Comparison of Environmental Impact Analysis of Two Typical Construction Windows Production." Materials Science Forum 787 (April 2014): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.97.

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The energy consumption of window accounts for nearly half of buildings. The purpose of this study is to compare the environmental impact of plastic windows and aluminum alloy windows production, including resource and energy consumption, waste emission. The result shows that energy consumption of plastic window production is only 0.24 times of aluminum alloy window production, and the overall environmental impact of the former is 30% of the later. This study is a quantitative description of energy consumption and environmental impact of two windows production pattern, which intends to fill the blank in LCA field of windows in China.

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2

Kapalo, Peter, and Orest Voznyak. "Comparison of the Intensity of Ventilation at Windows Exchange in the Room - Case Study." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2017-0006.

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Abstract Doing the replacement of old wooden windows in a new plastic windows, in the old buildings, we get the great reducing of the building heat loss. Simpler maintenance and attendance of window is the next advantage. New windows are characterized by better tightness. The aim of the article is determination due to the performed experimental measurements, how much more are reduce the uncontrolled ventilation that is caused of the infiltration windows. In the article there is presented the experimental measurement of indoor air quality in the room in two phases. In the first phase there is the room installed by 55 year old wood window. In the second phase there is the same room installed by new plastic window. Due to the experimental measurement of indoor air quality it is calculated intensity of ventilation - infiltration. These results of ventilation intensity are reciprocally compared.

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3

Juras, Peter. "Analysis of window model accuracy and its influence on the results compared to the measurement." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819602028.

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This paper deals with differences between modelled window sash and frame in the Therm software and comparison with measured values in the pavilion type laboratory. In this laboratory are three different windows evaluated since 2011. These windows are suitable for low-energy or passive houses. Two different plastic based windows were modelled and the temperatures were compared to the real measurement with different outdoor temperatures.

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4

Wang, Hong Wei, Ya Dong Zheng, and Fang Wen Tu. "Influences of External Windows on Energy Consumption of Industrial Buildings in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3055.

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Shenyang is located in the cold areas and main industy city in China. The most current industrial buildings can’t meet the demand of energy-saving standard because of the thermal insulation performance of the windows.This paper aims at using DeST software to analyze industrial workshop energy consumption, according to different types of external windows and window-wall ratio of buildings to provide reference for energy saving design of industrial buildings in Shenyang area.The thermal performance of the windows has great effect on the heat load. The lower the heat transfer coefficient of windows is, the more beneficial for energy saving of the buildings. The window-wall ratio has great effect on the energy consumption, and different heat-transfer coefficients possess various sensitivity for window-wall ratio, and reflective glass varis smaller than the others.It is better for energy saving to replace the conventional windows with plastic-steel reflective glass windows.

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5

Miao, Xiang Gen, Xiang Bo Ze, Yi Bing Qu, and Meng Jie Zhang. "Research on the Application of EPC Encoding Technology for Plastic Windows Manufacturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 1527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1527.

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Problems with plastic windows manufacturing trade are shown in the bland signing,the lack of production equipment state data in the supply chain link,cannot accurately install productions with multi-specifications. plastic windows manufacturing system based on EPC encoding would contribute to confirm production lead time and manufacturing costs,help to accurately collect date in producing department and install of plastic windows. With the 96 bits EPC GID-96(96 bits universal identifier) coding scheme,from viewpoints of manufacturing and installment construction,designed of plastic windows coding scheme.

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6

Wang, Shu Ping, Wen Juan Chen, Zhi Hong Wang, Xian Zheng Gong, Chun Zhi Zhao, and Li Ping Ma. "Life Cycle Assessment of PVC-U Plastic Window Production." Key Engineering Materials 599 (February 2014): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.599.319.

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Based on life cycle assessment (LCA), a quantitative analysis and evaluation of resources consumption, energy consumption and pollutant emissions caused by windows production were carried out. The result shows that AP, POCP and GWP are the main contributors of the total environment burden of windows production process, and the proportion is almost 97%. At the stage of windows parts production, the main environmental pressures of windows production process are from windows profiles and glass production process. The result shows that the key of the windows production energy-saving are the windows profiles and glass production process.

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7

Vatin, Nikolay, and Olga Gamayunova. "Choosing the Right Type of Windows to Improve Energy Efficiency of Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.972.

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During construction or renovation of the building there is a question of choice windows. The modern market offers several kinds of windows: wooden, plastic, aluminum, and combined models. The most common and constantly competing with each other are wooden and plastic windows. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of all types of windows and offers the advice on selecting the type of windows for energy efficiency in buildings.

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8

REISCH, MARC. "Plastic car windows aim of joint venture." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 25 (June 23, 1997): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n025.p011a.

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9

Ignatova, Elena. "Automated calculation of reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window based on BIM technologies." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303018.

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The aim of this work is the development of automated methods of calculation of thermophysical characteristics of the window based on BIM technology. The structure and materials of window frames and glazing are taken into account while calculating reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window. Software Autodesk Revit was used for creating the information model of the window. As a result of current research a parametric families of windows were created. Each family contains an automatically calculated parameter of reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window. Windows with one, two and three sashes were considered in the paper. Calculations have been made for wooden and plastic frames. Russian design standards were taken into consideration. The results of the calculations of reduced resistance to a heat transfer of the window are presented in the table at the end of the paper. The introduced method is universal for any window structure. Accurate calculation of heat loss of window units will allow to choose the design decisions and to predict energy costs for building maintenance.

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Papánová, Zuzana, and Daniel Papán. "Analysis of static and dynamic parameters of the wooden window glass frame." MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300028.

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An integral part of each the window is its frame. This frame is a support of the glass panel. It is a part of window used for any load distribution to the other parts of buildings. Investigation of parameters of this member acting in the interaction system (glass-frame) is important for numerical modelling and simplified analytical solution. The main aim of the paper is to present experimental investigation of the static and dynamic parameters results of usual wooden and plastic windows.

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11

Kong, L., J. Y. H. Fuh, K. S. Lee, X. L. Liu, L. S. Ling, Y. F. Zhang, and A. Y. C. Nee. "A Windows-native 3D plastic injection mold design system." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 139, no. 1-3 (August 2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(03)00186-9.

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12

Bernat, T. P., D. N. Bittner, S. Carter, B. Lawson, B. Motta, N. Petta, and S. Phommarine. "Plastic Deformation and Helium Permeation in Thin Polyimide Windows." Fusion Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (April 2009): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst09-a6961.

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13

Burlea, Stefan Lucian, Anamaria Ciubara, Georgeta Burlea, and Ramona Cimpoesu. "The Management of a Plastic Instrument. The way from idea to patent and final product." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.1.4784.

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The article presents the procurance of an apparatus intended for the stage of reading and writing , used both by the pre- school children and the persons who present speaking deficiencies ,obtained from plastic parts marked and processed using a laser equipment. The learning equipment of writing and reading consists in a carcass of a triangular prism which has on a lateral side two visualization windows and a magnetic plate for writing, placed one below the other, at an appropriate distance, each visualization window being equipped with several illumination sources, disposed in a lineal way along the window, having an independent performance.

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14

Stavrov, Andrey. "New Algorithm for Upgrading of Portal Radiation Monitors with Plastic Detectors. Part 3. Description of the Algorithm." ANRI, no. 4 (December 4, 2021): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2021-107-4-03-17.

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New algorithm is described in the third part of the paper. It uses method of energy windows and is based on iterative scheme. Values of smoothing and thresholds are optimized in each energy window and time step during of movement of transport through control zone. Some parameters of monitor which are measured on the place of its installation or manufacturing are used as input information.

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15

Pashynskyi, Victor, Stanislav Dzhyrma, and Mykola Pashynskyi. "Thermal Characteristics of Window Junctions to Brick and Reinforced Concrete Walls of Civil Buildings in the Kirovograd Region." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).200-209.

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Existing design standards require that the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosure in the zones of high thermal conductivity should not fall below the temperature of the dew point. This phenomenon can occur in a place of window framing to the wall of residential and public buildings, which were massively produced in the second half of the twentieth century. Condensation can be avoided by raising the surface temperature of the inner window jamb extensions. This can be done by adding an additional insulation or displacement of the block frame window inside the building. The aim of the work is to calculate the appropriate values of the displacement of the block frame window inside the wall of different types for the climatic conditions of the Kirovograd region. The framing of metal-plastic windows to the walls of various structures that were produced in the second half of the twentieth century are analyzed. The insulation is performed in accordance with DBN B.2.6-31-2016. The lowest design temperature of the coldest five-day period within the territory of the Kirovograd Region is -24 °С. As a safety margin, the dew point temperature for residential and public buildings for various purposes is taken to be +11 °C. Finite element modeling in the THERM program environment made it possible to construct the temperature fields of the framing of metal-plastic windows to the walls of various structures and to obtain the very temperature of the inner window jamb extensions at various positions of the window frame within the wall. For each of the nodes examined, the possibility of condensation on the inner surfaces of the walls was established taking into account the position of window frame within the wall. As a result of the studies, it was found that the nodes of the side framing of the windows to the brick and panel walls of civil buildings without additional facade insulation do not meet the requirements for thermal reliability according to the condensation criterion. Facade insulation of existing or new walls, made in accordance with the requirements of DBN B.2.6-31-2016 "Thermal insulation of buildings", in almost all cases guarantees the absence of condensation on the internal surfaces of window jambs.

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16

Darwish, Abdalla M., Sergey S. Sarkisov, Darayas N. Patel, Paolo Mele, Giovanna Latronico, Simeon Wilson, Kyu Cho, Anit Giri, Brent Koplitz, and David Hui. "Nanocolloid simulators of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic windows." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0064.

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Abstract Transparent luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) windows with edge-attached photovoltaic (PV) cells have the potential for improving building efficiency without compromising aesthetics and comfort. Optimization of such windows requires an inexpensive simulator for experimenting with various designs. We report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the simulator of a transparent LSC window in the form of a plastic container filled with a colloid of photoluminescent nanoparticles (NPs) in an organic solvent (1-propanol). The exemplary NPs were produced by ball milling of the powder of rare earth (RE)-doped phosphor NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ synthesized by the wet method. The NPs converted the ultraviolet (UV) solar spectrum into visible/near infrared (NIR) via spectral down-shifting and down-conversion (quantum cutting). With a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the phosphor <0.4%, the LSC at a nanocolloid concentration of ∼0.1 g solids per 100 mL liquids demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 0.34% and a power concentration ratio of ∼0.022 comparable to the LSCs with RE-doped NPs with 200 times greater PLQY. At the same time, the 3 cm thick LSC window simulator had ∼90% transmittance to the sunlight. The content and concentration of the nanocolloid could be easily modified to optimize the LSC window performance without a costly window making process.

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17

Heidbreder, Lea Marie, Julia Steinhorst, and Manfred Schmitt. "Plastic-Free July: An Experimental Study of Limiting and Promoting Factors in Encouraging a Reduction of Single-Use Plastic Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114698.

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To tackle the plastic problem, the worldwide campaign ‘Plastic Free July’ aims at encouraging people to reduce single-use plastics during the month of July. To get people started with new behavior patterns, so-called ‘windows of opportunity’—periods where people become open for new experiences—are expected to matter. Therefore, the current study evaluated if an arbitrary month that is framed as an opportunity for change can interrupt people in their daily routines and reduce plastic consumption. An online survey (n = 509) with repeated measures (n = 366) was conducted including one experimental and one control group. The experimental group was invited to reduce their single-use plastic consumption during July in line with the ‘Plastic Free July’ campaign. Results revealed that, in this action period, single-use plastic consumption was slightly but significantly lower in the experimental than in the control group, which did not receive any information about ‘Plastic Free July’. The campaign seemed to be more effective for participants with low pro-environmental identity. Path analysis revealed that plastic consumption (prior to the intervention) was significantly predicted by perceived difficulty, habits, and pro-environmental identity. Policy support was predicted by problem awareness, pro-environmental identity and perceived barriers. We conclude with recommendations for plastic-free purchase and policy support.

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18

Liu, Ke, Di Tian, Xinxin Deng, Hongxia Wang, and Guang Yang. "Rapid classification of plastic bottles by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with partial least squares discrimination analysis based on spectral windows (SW-PLS-DA)." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 8 (2019): 1665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00105k.

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19

Xue, Mao Quan. "Study and Application of Plastic Construction Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.1117.

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As new building materials, plastic has light weigh, corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, thermal insulation, waterproof, energy-saving, molding convenient, high recycling characteristic, widely used in building materials. According to the research of improving its flame retardancy, strength, thermal insulation, waterproof properties, the application of plastic use in doors and windows, pipeline, building walls and roofs of buildings, etc. were reviewed, and the developing direction was discussed.

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20

Park, Jeeyin, Taekyung Lim, Keun-Hyeok Yang, Sanghyun Ju, and Sang-Mi Jeong. "Dipping-Press Coating Method for Retaining Transparency and Imparting Hydrophobicity Regardless of Plastic Substrate Type." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030403.

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Plastics are used in cover substrates for billboards, windows, large LED signboards, lighting devices, and solar panels because they are transparent and can be colored and shaped as desired. However, when plastic cover substrates installed in outdoor environments are constantly exposed to harsh conditions such as snow, rain, dust, and wind, their transparency deteriorates owing to watermarks and dust contamination. Herein, we investigated a simple dipping-press coating method that can impart hydrophobicity while maintaining the transparency, regardless of the plastic substrate type. A highly transparent and hydrophobic coating film was formed on a plastic substrate by a two-step process, as follows: (1) application of a polydimethylsiloxane–octadecylamine coating by a dipping process, and (2) embedding (1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodec-1-yl) phosphonic acid–aluminum oxide nanoparticles by a thermal press process. The plastic substrates on which the highly transparent and hydrophobic coating film was formed showed 150° or higher hydrophobicity and 80% or higher visible light transparency. The coating method proposed herein can easily impart hydrophobicity and is compatible with any plastic substrate that must maintain prolonged transparency without contamination when exposed to adverse conditions.

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21

Fan, Miao Miao, Shu Ping Wang, Zhi Hong Wang, and Yu Liu. "Environmental Impact Analysis of Typical Exterior Windows for Residential Construction." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.374.

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The energy consumption due to heat loss from exterior windows plays an important part in that of the whole building. Therefore, the environmental impact of exterior windows couldn’t be neglected. In this study, the energy consumption and environmental impact were quantified and analyzed based on life cycle assessment methodology. The results showed that both energy consumption and environmental impact of aluminum alloy windows and wood-plastic (WPC) windows mainly occurred at the production stage of aluminum alloy profile and flat glass respectively. At the stage of aluminum alloy profile production, the energy consumption and environment impact were 73.06% and 86% of whole life cycle, and for WPC windows they were 32.95% and 48% at the stage of flat glass production. In addition, the energy consumption and comprehensive environmental impact of aluminum alloy windows during the whole life cycle were 1.26 and 4.59 times more than that of WPC windows.

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22

Mitiukov, Nicholas W., Arina N. Pislegina, and Irina V. Preobrazhenkaya. "CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF CARVED TERRACE WINDOWS IN VOTKINSK." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 43 (2021): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/43/23.

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Terraced windows, along with frames, are a unique element of Russian wooden architecture. But if in the major cities of the Pre-Urals, the old wooden quarters were demolished for serial building in the middle of the 20th century, the center of Votkinsk retained its almost original appearance of the mid-19th century. As a result, the carved terraced windows are no longer so massively represented in other cities of Udmurtia and the Urals. Nevertheless, due to economic activity, the private sector of Votkinsk is actively being built up, and the owners of wooden houses that are not architectural monuments everywhere are replacing carved terraced windows with plastic windows that are more comfortable in everyday life. As a result, it is likely that in a couple of decades such an expressive element of Russian wooden architecture as the Votkinsk carved terrace windows can be lost forever. Therefore, the objective of this work consisted, firstly, in photo fixing windows still available in Votkinsk, and secondly, in their cluster analysis to identify typical signs. Their definition is necessary, for example, if, with the improvement of the production technology of serial windows, it again becomes possible to return this element of architecture, then the starting point can be not only simple imitations of preserved monuments of wooden architecture, but the existing database in all its richness of forms. In 2013-2015 the authors surveyed 35 terrace windows of Votkinsk were surveyed, mainly central streets: Kirov, May 1 and Lenin, which are presented in the appendix. During cluster analysis, it was revealed that the most common type of window consists of three modules with an arched completion with the same width of modules. As a rule, the upper part of the window consists of three elements, divided by straight partitions. The ornament of the window itself, as a rule, has axial symmetry and consists of two parts. The presence of elements that are difficult to manufacture, including semicircular and parabolic ornament lines, testifies to the high production culture and craftsmanship of the workers who made the terrace windows, the production technology of which was possible only in the workshop or artel conditions. Undoubtedly, the influence on the windows of the neo-Gothic style, which could have been brought to Votkinsk by invited foreign experts. Local culture also had a great influence. But Udmurt motifs are extremely limited, as evidenced, for example, by the lack of asymmetric parts built on the principle of rotation. In addition, obviously Orthodox motifs have been found, for example, the use of the triptychiconostasis form, ornaments in the form of a “forked” cross superimposed on the silhouette of an Orthodox church cloth. In general, Votkinsk terrace windows can be considered as a unique cultural phenomenon on the territory of Udmurtia, which is so massively not found now.

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23

Li, Hening, Ran Liao, Hailong Zhang, Guoliang Ma, Zhiming Guo, Haibo Tu, Yan Chen, and Hui Ma. "Stress Detection of Conical Frustum Windows in Submersibles Based on Polarization Imaging." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062282.

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Stress detection of the conical frustum window is a very important issue to ensure the safety of deep manned submersibles. In this paper, we propose a method based on polarization imaging to evaluate the stress accumulation and recovery in the conical frustum window. An experimental setup of Mueller matrix polarimetry is built, and the samples are made by referring to the typical conical frustum windows in submersibles. By pressurizing different pressures on the samples, we can find the changes of their Mueller matrix images and further derived polarization parameters. The results show that the polarization parameters can characterize the stress transfer process and the elastic–plastic transformation process of the window under different pressurization pressures. We also use a two-layered wave plate model to simulate the stress distribution in the window, which reveals different performances of the former and latter layers of the window under pressurization. Finally, we use a finite element model to simulate and understand some of the above experimental results. This proposed method is expected to provide new possibilities for monitoring the window stress and further ensure the safety of deep manned submersibles.

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24

Bielek, Boris, Daniel Szabó, Jakub Čurpek, Peter Suchánek, and Pavol Panáček. "Infrared Thermography Diagnostics of Air Permeability Through Building Openings – Assessment of its Reliability." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe presented paper deals with an analysis of the reliability of a diagnostic method of air permeability through building openings (windows, doors, glass walls) by the application of infrared thermography. A test sample of a plastic double casement window was experimentally tested for air permeability and watertightness in a large pressure chamber. Different levels of the tightness were adjusted between the casement and frame part of the window. Additionally, the window test sample was measured in the large climate chamber with variant air pressure differences. Moreover, the surface temperatures were measured on the window by thermocouples and subsequently compared with images directly taken by infrared thermography. The effect of the increased air infiltration can be detected by infrared thermography but cannot quantify the overall air permeability of the window. The distribution of the exterior window surface temperature is influenced by several factors which should be taken into consideration in the final assessment of the window.

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Chukwudi OBI, Ifeanyi, and Almira Khafizova. "PLASTICS AS CONTEMPORARY MATERIAL IN ARCHITECTURE FOR HEALTH AND SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i6.2018.249.

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Nowadays plastics have become one of the main construction materials with a wide range of use in product design as well as construction industry of medium or large elements including buildings. Elements like pipes’ and cables insulation, storage tanks, skylights, roofing, windows and doors, insulation and temporary structures can be made entirely, partly or as a bonding compound in new material mixes like WPCs wood plastic composites, carbon or natural fiber reinforced plastic. Material of this study has a vast application in the field of tensile structures construction or tents in smaller scale. One of the most common uses of plastic in the building construction is insulation of large surfaces such are walls, roofs or floors that can come in different forms commonly in foam which amounts can be adjusted to fit any form, in a prefabricated form like SIP panels as well as to securely insulate smaller details like pipes or cables. It is frequently used in the timing of the exterior building planes too. A rife problem is allergies from raw organic material objects and building components like down, sisal, cotton, coir, sea grass, etc. that can cause serious sequels like asthma, eyes and other mucous maladies can be completely eliminated with synthetic plastic-based materials-nylon, polyester, and polypropylene. This paper intends to stream how different plastic-based materials can help attain sustainable position in modern contemporary architecture.

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26

Sopil’nyak, A. M., V. V. Kolokhov, K. V. Shlyakhov, D. V. Senchishak, and I. I. Kobzar’. "Research of the viability of application of double glazing metal-plastic windows." Bulletin of Prydniprovs’ka State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 4 (August 27, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.231018.71.313.

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27

Geeves, M., and P. Knight. "A cell for X-ray diffraction in liquids under moderate hydrostatic pressure." Journal of Applied Crystallography 22, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889889008277.

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A portable cell is described which allows X-ray diffraction data to be collected from suspensions or mounted specimens in liquid under hydrostatic pressure. Pressure is applied via either an oil pump or a high-performance liquid chromatography pump. The temperature of the cell is controlled by a thermostatted baseplate. X-rays pass through the stainless steel block via windows of Kapton V plastic sheet which will withstand a pressure difference of at least 15 MPa. Distortion of the plastic under pressure increases the liquid path of the X-rays. This distortion can be reduced by stretching over dome-shaped supports. Under these conditions 10 MPa causes a reduction of intensity of between 10 and 50%, depending on window geometry. Specimens can be mounted on a removeable frame, and the solution in the sample chamber can be changed without disassembling the cell. The apparatus has been used successfully to study the low-angle diffraction from muscle.

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Moeck, Henry A. "A BUCKET EMERGENCE TRAP FOR CORTICOLOUS INSECTS." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 10 (October 1988): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120855-10.

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AbstractAn emergence trap for bark-inhabiting insects was constructed out of a 22.7-L plastic pail. Screened windows in the sides of the bucket provided ventilation. A plastic funnel in the bottom of the bucket held one of three sizes of container for live- or dead-trapping of emerged insects. In laboratory and field tests with lodgepole pine bolts infested with mountain pine beetle and associated insects, the traps had a trapping efficiency of 97.5%.

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29

Saravanan, Somasundaram, and K. Raghukandan. "Weldability Windows for Explosive Cladding of Dissimilar Metals." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.729.

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Explosive welding is achieved by the application of pressure, released from explosives, sufficient to cause large plastic deformation at the interface of dissimilar metals being welded. This study addresses the analytical estimation of the weldability domain for Aluminium-Low carbon steel and Copper-Stainless steel combinations. The use of an interlayer is proposed for the control of kinetic energy loss to alleviate the formation of intermetallics at the interface. Welding window the analytical estimation to determine the nature of interface was formulated using empirical relations proposed by various researchers and was verified experimentally. The lower limit of weldability window in three dimensions is developed in this study. Microstructural characterization of interfaces shows a wavy morphology in concurrence with the design expectations.

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Рогожин, М. В., В. Е. Рогалин, and М. И. Крымский. "Комбинированные окна для газовых лазеров высокой мощности." Журнал технической физики 128, no. 11 (2020): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.11.50173.268-20.

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Based on the previously developed mathematical model of the behavior of the multi-kilowatt laser window with an unstable cavity, the case of a two-component output window is considered. The two-component window consists of a transparent polycrystalline diamond ring and a central opaque area separated by a plastic vacuum gasket. The central opaque area is equipped with a cryoaccumulator to reduce heat load. Numerical calculations of thermomechanical processes are performed for such windows used in high-power CO2 lasers. Mathematical model used for the calculations consists of three parts - thermophysical, mechanical and optical. The advantages of using a two-component design with a cryoaccumulator under the conditions of a gas laser operating in the multi-kilowatt power range are demonstrated. The dependences of the maximum output power, temperature distribution and mechanical stresses versus the thickness of the window are obtained. The optimal conditions providing maximum radiation strength and minimum beam divergence are considered.

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31

Hama, Sheelan M., Alhareth M. Abdulghafor, and Mohammed Tarrad Nawar. "Fresh, Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance Behavior of Eco-Friend Self-Compacted Concrete." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 22, no. 3 (October 26, 2019): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.22030208.

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In this work, waste glass powder from broken windows and plastic fibers from waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles are utilized to produce an economical self-compact concrete. Fresh properties (slump flow diameter, slump Flow T50, V. Funnel, L–Box), mechanical properties (Compressive strength and Flexural strength) and impact resistance of self-compact concrete are investigated. 15% waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement with five percentages of polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste were adopted: 0% (reference), 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25% and 1.5% by volume. It seems that the flow ability of self-compact concrete decreases with the increasing of the amount of plastic fibers. The compressive strength was increased slightly with plastic fiber content up to (0.75%), about 4.6% For more than (0.75%) plastic fiber. The compressive strength began to decrease about 15.2%. The results showed an improvement in flexural strength and an impact on the resistance in all tested specimens’ content of the plastic fibers, especially at (1.5%) fibers.

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A. Al-Azzawi, Adel, and Mustafa S. Shalal. "Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Plastics Recycled Aggregate Concrete." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.19 (November 27, 2018): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19.28057.

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The concrete prepared with Polyvinyl chloride plastics (collected from doors and windows wastes) as recycled coarse aggregates and their concrete engineering properties are studied in the laboratory in this research. The concrete blends have an expected cylinder compressive strength of 28 MPa. In this research, the concrete blends contain plasticcoarse aggregate.The ratio of this aggregate to the total aggregate volume ranges from 0 to 1. The concrete strength properties in tension and compression are greatly affected with the plastic replacement ratio. The blends density reduces with increasing replacement ratio. For low replacement ratio, the effect is practically marginal. It is not acceptable to use ACI 318 code spilt cylinder equation for plasticaggregate concrete with higher replacement ratio

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Reid, J. B., Diana Winfeld, Isabelle Sorenson, and R. A. Petrie. "Test of the reliability of acrylic plastic windows for studies of kiwifruit roots." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 20, no. 4 (October 1992): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1992.10418066.

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Karaś, Rafał. "The technology of designing plastic windows and their transport from Poland since 1990." Polimery 66, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2021.1.3.

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PVC window and door constructions are more and more popular in architecture. The profile manufacturing technology, structure and materials are constantly being modified. The Author analyses technological changes that have been implemented within the period of the last 20 years on the basis of Polish market experience, where the technology of PVC window and door production was hardly known, in relation to the largest producer and exporter of such products in the European Union at present. The Author also suggests that the area under investigation demands special care within material engineering, transport and ecology.

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35

Dlhý, Dušan, and Peter Tomašovič. "Effects of the Sound Insulation of the Outer Structure on the Price." Applied Mechanics and Materials 820 (January 2016): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.820.472.

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Manufacturers indicate sound insulation of envelope structures of different materials. Acoustical properties of manufactured openings as windows and doors (plastic, wooden, metallic) are known. Following theoretic relations for calculation of consequential sound insulation of acoustic composite wall Rw, it is possible to work out options of walls and openings of various materials.

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Stavrov, Andrey. "New Algorithm for Upgrading of Portal Radiation Monitors with Plastic Detectors." ANRI, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2021-104-1-3-12.

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The new algorithm for portal radiation monitors with plastic detectors is discussed in the paper. It is based on optimization of the value of smoothing for count rate profiles, alarming thresholds and so called energy windows. Implementation of this algorithm provides increasing of probability of detection of the radioactive sources including those which are masked by NORM under suppression of natural background. The verification of radioactive sources and NORM on the base of analysis of count rate profiles for point and distributed sources is discussed in the first part.

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Dikavičius, Vidmantas, and Raimondas Bliūdžius. "AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ACOUSTIC PARAMETERS OF THE LABORATORY FOR MEASURING SOUND INSULATION OF BUILDING ELEMENTS/STATINIO ELEMENTŲ GARSO IZOLIACIJAI MATUOTI SPECIALIAI ĮRENGTOS LABORATORIJOS AKUSTINIŲ PARAMETRŲ TYRIMAS IR DERINIMAS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2001): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531718.

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The report deals with a task of investigating and adjusting acoustic parameters of the reverberant chambers of recently built laboratory for measuring sound insulation properties of building elements (windows, doors). The reverberation time values in the source and receiving empty rooms were measured at 16 one-third-octave frequency bands. It was determined that they significantly exceed the recommended ones. After a number of measurements the reverberation time was adjusted to the allowable limits. An optimum combination of loudspeaker positions in the source room with respect to the best acoustic field diffusivity has been experimentally found. Repeatability values r were calculated from the measurements of sound reduction index of plastic window conducted under repeatability conditions. At the 16 one-third-octave frequency bands they show a good precision of the test equipment.

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SUTTLES, MELISSA L., and ROBERT T. MARSHALL. "Interactions of Packages and Fluorescent Light with the Flavor of Ice Cream." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.7.622.

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Ice cream was stored under fluorescent lights and examined by sensory analyses for development of off flavors. Type of packaging material and lid design were also evaluated. Premium quality ice cream was packaged in plastic or in paperboard containers with lids that were solid or contained a window. The ice cream was hardened overnight in the dark at −25°C. Samples from each type of container were tasted on day 1 to assure there was no evidence of oxidation. Containers were then split into two groups. One group was stored at −25°C in a simulated display case under a 40-watt “cool white” fluorescent light. The second group was stored in the dark freezer at −25°C. On days 7 and 14, samples were evaluated for intensities of vanilla and oxidized flavors by a panel of trained evaluators. The experiment showed that prolonged exposure to fluorescent light can decrease the intensity of vanilla and produce oxidized flavor in ice cream. Ice cream under “windows” was most susceptible to the effects of fluorescent light. Paperboard blocked out more of the harmful light than did plain white plastic.

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Nishie, Gaku, and Takao Mori. "Design Methods for Window Stopper Component Strength Cushions Operating under Wind Gusts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.486.

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An evaluation of the impact forces imparted due to wind flow onto and across walls is necessary to improve the safety of stopper components in swing-type windows. A strong wind test was performed to measure the impact force imparted by wind, and the characteristics of the wind energy and resulting impact force were clarified. An impact force evaluation method based on a simple mechanical model was proposed. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the deformation of a plastic stopper component due to an impact force could be modeled via an empirical linear formula, derived experimentally using the impact force imparted in a drop weight load test. The proposed evaluation method is considered to be useful for the safety design of swing-type windows.

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Simon, James E., W. Dennis Scott, and Gerald Wilcox. "SCHEDULING MELON TRANSPLANTING TO MEET SPECIFIC HARVEST WINDOWS IN SOUTHWEST INDIANA." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1171h—1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1171h.

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A study was initiated at the Southwest Purdue Ag Center to demonstrate the effect of transplant age and transplanting date on the scheduling of melon harvests. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo cv. Superstar) was seeded into #38 growing trays with Jiffy-mix media. Seeding dates were such that 14 and 21 day old seedlings were transplanted April 25, May 9, 17 and 24. The plants were grown on black plastic with trickle irrigation Marketable fruit were harvested starting on June 28 and continuing through August 12. Neither transplant age or date had a significant effect on the number of fruit harvested or on total yield. However, each transplant date showed a distinctive harvest peak beginning June 30 for the April 26 transplant then June 7, 14 and 21 for each successive transplant date.

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Humayun, M. A., M. N. Hasan, M. A. Rashid, A. Kuwana, and H. Kobayashi. "Effect of optical fiber core diameter on Brillouin scattering loss." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, no. 04 (November 23, 2021): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.04.450.

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This paper reports the effect of core diameter of optical fiber cables on stimulated Brillouin scattering loss, which is one of the major loss characteristics of an optical fiber communication system. Analysis of this loss characteristic at three windows of the operating wavelength of a laser has been carried out through a numerical approach. Among different types of optical fiber cables, multi-mode step index silica fiber, multi-mode graded index silica fiber and plastic fibers have been considered for the numerical analysis. The numerical analysis has been performed using MATLAB in this research work. Through the comparative analysis, it has been ascertained that the Brillouin scattering loss is not only affected by the operating wavelength, but also by the core diameter of the different type of the cable. From the investigation of the comparative analysis, it is revealed that Brillouin scattering loss declines with the application of multi-mode graded index silica fiber. However, in the plastic fiber category, plastic step index fiber offers better performance.

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Bhumika, Stitipragyan, Mari Nakamura, Patricia Valerio, Magdalena Solyga, Henrik Lindén, and Tania R. Barkat. "A Late Critical Period for Frequency Modulated Sweeps in the Mouse Auditory System." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 2586–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz262.

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Abstract Neuronal circuits are shaped by experience during time windows of increased plasticity in postnatal development. In the auditory system, the critical period for the simplest sounds—pure frequency tones—is well defined. Critical periods for more complex sounds remain to be elucidated. We used in vivo electrophysiological recordings in the mouse auditory cortex to demonstrate that passive exposure to frequency modulated sweeps (FMS) from postnatal day 31 to 38 leads to long-term changes in the temporal representation of sweep directions. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decreased percentage of layer 4 parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells during this critical period, paralleled with a transient increase in responses to FMS, but not to pure tones. Preventing the PV+ cell decrease with continuous white noise exposure delayed the critical period onset, suggesting a reduction in inhibition as a mechanism for this plasticity. Our findings shed new light on the dependence of plastic windows on stimulus complexity that persistently sculpt the functional organization of the auditory cortex.

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43

Gizzi, L., D. Batani, V. Biancalana, A. Giulietti, and D. Giulietti. "X-ray emission from thin-foil laser-produced plasmas." Laser and Particle Beams 10, no. 1 (March 1992): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600004213.

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We studied X-ray emission from laser plasmas produced by irradiation of thin plastic foils with 1.064-μm Nd laser light at intensity up to 2 x 1013 W/cm2 with 3-ns pulses. The level of X-ray emission at different spectral windows was measured versus laser intensity and foil thickness. The electron temperature of the X-ray source was also measured. At intensity above 6 x 1012 W/cm2 our data showed the formation of nonthermal tails in the X-ray spectrum, which has been related to two plasmon decay instability.

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Stavrov, Andrey. "New Algorithm for Upgrading of Portal Radiation Monitors with Plastic Detectors. Part 4. Improvement of Algorithm by Using of Collimators." ANRI, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2022-108-1-36-44.

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The way of improving of new algorithm by using additional lead collimators is discussed in the fourth part of the article. The results of calculations and direct measurements of collimators of different sizes for two variants of algorithm with four and six energy windows are presented in the paper. It is shown that using of lead collimators increases efficiency of algorithm and provides detection of radioactive sources less activity.

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45

Nam, Sang-Woon, Young-Shik Kim, Gi-Hyuk Ko, and In-Mo Sung. "Analysis on the installation criteria and ventilation effect for round roof windows in single-span plastic greenhouses." CNU Journal of Agricultural Science 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7744/cnujas.2012.39.2.271.

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46

Li, Guoping, Zhenyong Huang, and Xiaohui Wang. "The FEM Simulation on End Mill of Plastic Doors and Windows Corner Cleaning Based on Deform-3D." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 272 (December 2017): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/272/1/012009.

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Gao, Tianfang, Yishou Wang, and Xinlin Qing. "A New Laser Ultrasonic Inspection Method for the Detection of Multiple Delamination Defects." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092424.

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Delamination is one of the most common types of defects for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. The application of laser techniques to detect delamination faces difficulties with ultrasonic wave excitation because of its low thermal conductivity. Much of the research that can be found in the literature has only focused on the detection of a single delamination. In this study, aluminum foil was pasted onto the surface of the composite so that it was vulnerable to ablation and could acquire a usable signal. Using a fully noncontact system with laser excitation at a fixed point and a scanning laser sensor, the effects of different aluminum foil sizes and shapes on the wavefield were studied for the composites; we decided to use a rectangle with 3 mm length and 5 mm width for laser excitation experiments. Wavefield characteristics of the composite plates were analyzed with single- and multi-layered Teflon inserts. Taking the time window for standard ultrasonic testing as a reference, the algorithms for localized wave energy with appropriate time windows are presented for the detection of single and multiple defects. The appropriate time window is meaningful for identifying each delamination defect. The algorithm performs well in delamination detection of the composites with one or multiple Teflon inserts.

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McDonald, Michele, Amy Kendall, Motomasa Tanaka, Jonathan S. Weissman, and Gerald Stubbs. "Enclosed chambers for humidity control and sample containment in fiber diffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807060803.

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A chamber and stretch frame for making fibers for diffraction is described. The chamber is made from a simple plastic cuvette with silicon nitride windows. It is suitable for maintaining constant humidity during fiber drying and data collection, and allows stretching of the fiber and exposure to magnetic fields during sample preparation. If necessary, it provides primary containment for toxic and infectious biological materials. The chamber has been used in fiber diffraction experiments with filamentous plant viruses and a yeast prion protein, and is shown to produce excellent orientation and to maintain hydration and order at the molecular level.

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Pool, R. Rossi, and G. Mato. "Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity and Reliability Optimization: The Role of Neuron Dynamics." Neural Computation 23, no. 7 (July 2011): 1768–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00140.

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Plastic changes in synaptic efficacy can depend on the time ordering of presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes. This phenomenon is called spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). One of the most striking aspects of this plasticity mechanism is that the STDP windows display a great variety of forms in different parts of the nervous system. We explore this issue from a theoretical point of view. We choose as the optimization principle the minimization of conditional entropy or maximization of reliability in the transmission of information. We apply this principle to two types of postsynaptic dynamics, designated type I and type II. The first is characterized as being an integrator, while the second is a resonator. We find that, depending on the parameters of the models, the optimization principle can give rise to a wide variety of STDP windows, such as antisymmetric Hebbian, predominantly depressing or symmetric with one positive region and two lateral negative regions. We can relate each of these forms to the dynamical behavior of the different models. We also propose experimental tests to assess the validity of the optimization principle.

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Tsai, Kuo-Ming, and Hao-Jhih Luo. "Comparison of injection molding process windows for plastic lens established by artificial neural network and response surface methodology." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 77, no. 9-12 (November 14, 2014): 1599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6366-6.

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