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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastics Compost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Huerta-Lwanga, Esperanza, Jorge Mendoza-Vega, Oriana Ribeiro, Henny Gertsen, Piet Peters, and Violette Geissen. "Is the Polylactic Acid Fiber in Green Compost a Risk for Lumbricus terrestris and Triticum aestivum?" Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050703.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) bioplastic was introduced to the market as an environmentally friendly potential solution for plastic pollution. However, the effects of bioplastic debris mixed with composts on soil macroinvertebrates, plant growth and soil conditions are still unknown. Soil macroinvertebrates are soil health indicators. A reduction in their abundance is a sign of soil degradation. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess PLA debris in greenhouse composts, and (ii) to test the ecotoxicological effects of PLA debris mixed with compost on Lumbricus terrestris, a soil organism model, and on Triticum aestevium, a plant growth model. The study was comprised of three stages: (1) determine the PLA debris size distribution in composts; (2) assess the ecotoxicological effects of real-world concentrations (0% to 5%) of PLA mixed with compost on earthworm mortality and reproduction; and (3) assess the influence of compost mixed with real-world PLA concentrations on plant growth and physicochemical soil conditions. One percent of PLA debris was found in green composts, 40% of composted PLA debris measured between 1–10 mm, with a concentration of 82.8 ± 17.4 microplastics.gram−1 compost. A concentration of 1% PLA in composts resulted in significant mortality in earthworms. No significant effects of PLA mixed with composts were observed on plant growth or soil physicochemical conditions. Further studies are required in order to test the effect of this biopolymer on different earthworm and plant’ species.

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2

van Schothorst, Benjamin, Nicolas Beriot, Esperanza Huerta Lwanga, and Violette Geissen. "Sources of Light Density Microplastic Related to Two Agricultural Practices: The Use of Compost and Plastic Mulch." Environments 8, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8040036.

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Microplastics (MPs) constitute a known, undesirable contaminant of the ecosystems. Land-based pollution is considered to be an important contributor, but microplastics in the terrestrial environment remains largely unquantified. Some agriculture practices, such as plastic mulch and compost application, are suspected to be major sources of microplastics as plastics are exposed to weathering or are present in organic fertilizers. The overall aim of this research is to bridge the terrestrial plastic contamination information gap, focusing on light density microplastics in two vegetable production systems in Southeast Spain and in the Netherlands. The selected farmer in Spain used plastic mulch for more than 12 years whereas the two farmers in the Netherlands annually applied 10 t ha−1 compost for the past 7 and 20 years. Samples from two different depths were collected: 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm. High quality compost samples originating from municipal organic waste and from garden and greenhouse waste were obtained from two Dutch compost plants. All samples from both Spanish (n = 29) and Dutch (n = 40) soils were contaminated by microplastics, containing 2242 ± 984 MPs kg−1 and 888 ± 500 MPs kg−1, respectively. Compost samples from municipal organic waste (n = 9) were more contaminated than the ones from garden and green house wastes (n = 19), with, respectively, 2800 ± 616 MPs kg−1 and 1253 ± 561 MPs kg−1. These results highlight the need for studies focusing on the effects of microplastics in the environment and the need for monitoring campaigns and the implementation of thresholds to regulate the microplastic contamination.

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3

Gilmore, David F., S. Antoun, Robert W. Lenz, Steve Goodwin, Richard Austin, and R. Clinton Fuller. "The fate of ‘biodegradable’ plastics in municipal leaf compost." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 10, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01569767.

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4

Vaverková, Magdalena, Dana Adamcová, Jana Kotovicová, and František Toman. "Evaluation of biodegradability of plastics bags in composting conditions." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0004.

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Abstract Biodegradation of plastics bags advertised as 100%-degradable or certified as compostable was tested in composting conditions. Samples were placed into frames and inserted into one clamp within the compost pile to investigate the biodegradation. The plastics bags were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. The shopping bags were made of HDPE with the TDPA additive (sample 2), PP with an addition of pro-oxidants (d2w) (samples 1, 3) and materials certified as compostable (starch, polycaprolactone) (samples 4, 5, 6, 7). Control sample (cellulose filtering paper, sample 8) was to check the potential of biological decomposition in the tested environment. At the end of the 12-week experimental period it was found that the polyethylene samples with the additive (samples 1, 2, 3) had not been decomposed, their colour had not changed and that no degradation neither physical changes had occurred (did not biodegrade). Samples certified as compostable (samples 4, 5, 6, 7) were decomposed. The results at the municipal compost facility demonstrate that the compostable plastics biodegrade and polyethylene samples with the additive did not biodegrade in compost.

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5

Johnson, Kenneth E., Anthony L. Pometto, and Zivko L. Nikolov. "Degradation of Degradable Starch-Polyethylene Plastics in a Compost Environment †." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, no. 4 (1993): 1155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.4.1155-1161.1993.

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6

Greene, Joseph. "Biodegradation of Compostable Plastics in Green Yard-Waste Compost Environment." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 15, no. 4 (October 2007): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-007-0068-1.

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7

Joo, Sang Bum, Mal Nam Kim, Seung Soon Im, and Jin San Yoon. "Biodegradation of Plastics in Compost Prepared at Different Composting Conditions." Macromolecular Symposia 224, no. 1 (April 2005): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200550631.

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8

Adamcová, Dana, Magdalena Vaverková, and František Toman. "Repeated research of biodegradability of plastics materials in real composting conditions." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 6 (2013): 1557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361061557.

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The aim of this paper was to verify information obtained by repeated research provide in 2011 and 2012 in real composting conditions and check information about biodegradability of plastics bags in real composting conditions. In both cases samples were placed into frames and inserted into one clamp within the compost pile to investigate the biodegradation. The plastics bags were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. The shopping bags were made of HDPE with the TDPA additive (sample 2), PP with an addition of pro-oxidants (d2w) (sample 1, 3) and materials certified as compostable (starch, polycaprolactone) (sample 4, 5, 6, 7). Control sample (cellulose filtering paper, sample 8) was to check the potential of biological decomposition in the tested environment. At the end of the 15-week experimental period it was found that the polyethylene samples with the additive (sample 1, 2, 3) had not been decomposed, their colour had not changed and that no degradation neither physical changes had occurred (did not biodegrade). Samples certified as compostable (sample 4, 5, 6, 7) were decomposed. The results at the municipal compost facility demonstrate that the compostable plastics biodegrade and polyethylene samples with the additive did not biodegrade in compost.

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9

Sinan, Mominul. "Bioplastics for Sustainable Development: General Scenario in India." Current World Environment 15, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.1.05.

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Plastic is a major environmental pollutant in the environment. The petroleum derived plastics are mostly non biodegradable and take long time to break down. Thus ecosystem is getting affected by this pollution. So the approach to produce plastic using microbes is a novel approach. Bio-plastics are generally bio-based, they may be or may not be biodegradable but their properties are closed to synthetic polymers. In biodegradation process micro-organisms convert plastics into water, carbon dioxide, and compost. Bioplastics are generally prepared from biomass such as polysaccharides, starch, lipids, proteins, cellulose etc. These biodegradable polymers can be used in various fields like agriculture, automotives, medicine, controlled drug release and packaging etc. That means bio-plastic is eco-friendly. Scientists around the world working for the progressive development searching for substitute of fossil fuel derived plastic for sustainable development of the future environment. They are exploring the possibility of using different waste materials to produce the bio-based polymers. India has a potential in the development of bioplastic market. Environmental awareness programs, easy availability of feedstock and government backing are boosting the bioplastic market. New products are coming in the market with the help of homemade technology.

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10

Mohamed, Rabiatul Manisah, and Kamal Yusoh. "A Review on the Recent Research of Polycaprolactone (PCL)." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.249.

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The concept of biodegradable plastics is of considerable interest with respect to solid waste accumulation. Greater efforts have been made in developing degradable biological materials without any environmental pollution to replace the traditional plastics. Among numerous kinds of degradable polymers, polycaprolactone sometimes called PCL, an aliphatic polyester and biocompatible thermoplastic, is currently a most promising and popular material with the brightest development prospect and was considered as the ‘green’ eco friendly material. The application for this biodegradable plastic includes controlled drug releases, tissue engineering, bone scaffolds, packaging and, compost bags etc. This review will provide information on current PCL development, material properties of PCL and its composites, and also its wide spectrum applications.

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11

Markowicz and Szymańska-Pulikowska. "Analysis of the Possibility of Environmental Pollution by Composted Biodegradable and Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110460.

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Composting the municipal organic fraction of waste results in a valuable product in the form of compost, which could be used instead of other forms of fertilisation. The organic waste stream may contain oxo-biodegradable and biodegradable plastics used for waste collection. Their components and decomposition residues may contaminate the compost chemically and physically. In this paper, the results of studies on the content of selected macro- and microelements in new and composted plastics have been analysed. Statistical analyses were carried out in order to determine the most characteristic components of plastics and to determine the character of chemical composition changes. The analysis of the test results showed that multidirectional changes in the content of macro- and microelements occur during composting, and they may be the source of contamination of the fertiliser produced. Contaminants in the form of microplastics may also be released into the environment, which may pose a threat to many elements of the environment, including animals and humans.

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12

Jang, Ji-Chul, Pyong-Kyun Shin, Jin-San Yoon, Ik-Mo Lee, Han-Sup Lee, and Mal-Nam Kim. "Glucose effect on the biodegradation of plastics by compost from food garbage." Polymer Degradation and Stability 76, no. 1 (January 2002): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00011-3.

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13

Yang, Hea-Sun, Jin-San Yoon, and Mal-Nam Kim. "Dependence of biodegradability of plastics in compost on the shape of specimens." Polymer Degradation and Stability 87, no. 1 (January 2005): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.016.

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Sriyapai, P., K. Chansiri, and T. Sriyapai. "Isolation and Characterization of Polyester-Based Plastics-Degrading Bacteria from Compost Soils." Microbiology 87, no. 2 (March 2018): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261718020157.

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15

Folino, Adele, Aimilia Karageorgiou, Paolo S. Calabrò, and Dimitrios Komilis. "Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics in Natural and Industrial Environments: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 6030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156030.

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The problems linked to plastic wastes have led to the development of biodegradable plastics. More specifically, biodegradable bioplastics are the polymers that are mineralized into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomass through the enzymatic action of specific microorganisms. They could, therefore, be a suitable and environmentally friendly substitute to conventional petrochemical plastics. The physico-chemical structure of the biopolymers, the environmental conditions, as well as the microbial populations to which the bioplastics are exposed to are the most influential factors to biodegradation. This process can occur in both natural and industrial environments, in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with the latter being the least researched. The examined aerobic environments include compost, soil, and some aquatic environments, whereas the anaerobic environments include anaerobic digestion plants and a few aquatic habitats. This review investigates both the extent and the biodegradation rates under different environments and explores the state-of-the-art knowledge of the environmental and biological factors involved in biodegradation. Moreover, the review demonstrates the need for more research on the long-term fate of bioplastics under natural and industrial (engineered) environments. However, bioplastics cannot be considered a panacea when dealing with the elimination of plastic pollution.

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16

Vinci, Giuliana, Roberto Ruggieri, Andrea Billi, Carmine Pagnozzi, Maria Vittoria Di Loreto, and Marco Ruggeri. "Sustainable Management of Organic Waste and Recycling for Bioplastics: A LCA Approach for the Italian Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116385.

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The collection of the organic fraction in Italy recorded significant growth in the decade 2010–2019 (+74%) due to both the increase in the spread of separate waste collection as well as the increase in the biological treatment plants of municipal waste. However, within the organic fraction there remains a share of non-compostable material (NCM) (plastic, glass, aluminum, etc.), equal to ~5% of the total, which affects the efficiency of composting practices as well as decreasing both the yield and the quality of the final compost, causing a portion of organic material to be subtracted from composting and ending up in landfills. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to evaluate how the sustainability of the organic fraction collection and the amount of compost obtained in the composting plants could improve, following the use of biodegradable and compostable bioplastic bags (shoppers), in replacement for conventional plastic ones. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Carbon Footprint (CF) methodology was used for the assessment, comparing two different scenarios based on data relating to the collection of the organic fraction in Italy in 2019. Scenario 1 relates to the composting of organic material that also contains plastics, bioplastics, and non-compostable materials, while in scenario 2 the share of plastic material in the first scenario has been entirely replaced by bioplastics. The results show that scenario 2 assumes the lowest values for 15 impact categories out of the 18 analyzed, and, among these, in three categories it assumes negative values: ozone formation-terrestrial ecosystems (−1.64 × 10−2 kg NOX eq), ozone formation-human health (−8.50 × 10−3 kg NOX eq), and fossil resource scarcity (−4.91 × 102 kg oil eq). Furthermore, scenario 2 has a negative carbon footprint (−3.80 kg CO2 eq) compared to scenario 1 (79.71 kg CO2 eq), and in general it is the most sustainable scenario as a direct consequence of the greater amount of compost obtained (307.4 kg vs. 269.2 kg).

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Yang, Hea-Sun, Jin-San Yoon, and Mal-Nam Kim. "Effects of storage of a mature compost on its potential for biodegradation of plastics." Polymer Degradation and Stability 84, no. 3 (June 2004): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.014.

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18

Simonič, Marjana, Julija Volmajer Valh, Simona Vajnhandl, Silvo Hribernik, Manja Kurečič, and Lidija Fras Zemljič. "Alternative cleaning of compost leachate using biopolymer chitosan." Fibers and Polymers 18, no. 3 (March 2017): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-6980-7.

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19

Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena, Dorota Kulikowska, and Katarzyna Bernat. "Effect of Bio-Based Products on Waste Management." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052088.

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This article focuses on the end-of-life management of bio-based products by recycling, which reduces landfilling. Bio-plastics are very important materials, due to their widespread use in various fields. The advantage of these products is that they primarily use renewable materials. At its end-of-life, a bio-based product is disposed of and becomes post-consumer waste. Correctly designing waste management systems for bio-based products is important for both the environment and utilization of these wastes as resources in a circular economy. Bioplastics are suitable for reuse, mechanical recycling, organic recycling, and energy recovery. The volume of bio-based waste produced today can be recycled alongside conventional wastes. Furthermore, using biodegradable and compostable bio-based products strengthens industrial composting (organic recycling) as a waste management option. If bio-based products can no longer be reused or recycled, it is possible to use them to produce bio-energy. For future effective management of bio-based waste, it should be determined how these products are currently being managed. Methods for valorizing bio-based products should be developed. Technologies could be introduced in conjunction with existing composting and anaerobic digestion infrastructure as parts of biorefineries. One option worth considering would be separating bio-based products from plastic waste, to maintain the effectiveness of chemical recycling of plastic waste. Composting bio-based products with biowaste is another option for organic recycling. For this option to be viable, the conditions which allow safe compost to be produced need to be determined and compost should lose its waste status in order to promote bio-based organic recycling.

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Zhao, Jian-Hao, Xiao-Qing Wang, Jun Zeng, Guang Yang, Feng-Hui Shi, and Qing Yan. "Biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) in compost." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 97, no. 6 (2005): 2273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22009.

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21

Weiland, M., and C. David. "Thermal oxidation of polyethylene in compost environment." Polymer Degradation and Stability 45, no. 3 (January 1994): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(94)90207-0.

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22

Teixeira, Stefanie, Katarzyna Morawa Eblagon, Filipa Miranda, M. Fernando R. Pereira, and José Luis Figueiredo. "Towards Controlled Degradation of Poly(lactic) Acid in Technical Applications." C 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c7020042.

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Environmental issues urge for the substitution of petrochemical-based raw materials with more environmentally friendly sources. The biggest advantages of PLA over non-biodegradable plastics are that it can be produced from natural sources (e.g., corn or sugarcane), and at the end of its lifetime it can be returned to the soil by being composted with microorganisms. PLA can easily substitute petroleum-based plastics in a wide range of applications in many commodity products, such as disposable tableware, packaging, films, and agricultural twines, partially contributing to limiting plastic waste accumulation. Unfortunately, the complete replacement of fossil fuel-based plastics such as polyethylene (PE) or poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by PLA is hindered by its higher cost, and, more importantly, slower degradation as compared to other degradable polymers. Thus, to make PLA more commercially attractive, ways to accelerate its degradation are actively sought. Many good reviews deal with PLA production, applications, and degradation but only in the medical or pharmaceutical field. In this respect, the present review will focus on controlled PLA degradation and biodegradation in technical applications. The work will include the main degradation mechanisms of PLA, such as its biodegradation in water, soil, and compost, in addition to thermal- and photo-degradation. The topic is of particular interest to academia and industry, mainly because the wider application of PLA is mostly dependent on discovering effective ways of accelerating its biodegradation rate at the end of its service life without compromising its properties.

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23

Kawashima, Nobuyuki, Tadashi Yagi, and Kouya Kojima. "Pilot-Scale Composting Test of Polylactic Acid for Social Implementation." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041654.

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The chemical industry and subsequent value chain of plastics are facing significant challenges from the viewpoints of resource conversion and environmental burden. Now is the time to explore the future direction of plastics, which will require an integrated scheme using resource circulation, carbon neutrality, and a social system to promote after-use treatment under the concept of a circular economy. Polylactic acid (PLA) should help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a biobased material and contribute to waste management after use due to its biodegradability if managed properly. That is, it will be necessary to treat biodegradable products appropriately in closed systems such as composting facilities after use and recovery. To realize the implementation of fully approved composting facilities in society, simply evaluating biodegradability in the laboratory is insufficient. In this study, a pilot-scale test using PLA under actual composting conditions was conducted in accordance with both international standards and domestic evaluation methods. The results not only confirm its biodegradability and disintegration, but also demonstrate that the presence of a biodegradable plastic product has a negligible impact on the composting process. The obtained compost did not adversely affect plant germination or growth, demonstrating its safety and high quality. Such a multifaceted perspective makes this study unique and useful for creating a social framework.

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24

Iglesias-Montes, Magdalena L., Michelina Soccio, Francesca Luzi, Debora Puglia, Massimo Gazzano, Nadia Lotti, Liliana B. Manfredi, and Viviana P. Cyras. "Evaluation of the Factors Affecting the Disintegration under a Composting Process of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PLA/PHB) Blends." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183171.

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The overall migration behavior and the disintegration under composting conditions of films based on plasticized poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PLA-PHB) blends were studied, with the main aim of determining the feasibility of their application as biodegradable food packaging materials. The role of composition in the disintegration process was evaluated by monitoring the changes in physical and thermal properties that originated during the degradation process. PLA and PHB were blended in two weight ratios with 15 wt% of tributyrin, using a Haake mixer and then compression molded into ~150 μm films. We found that the migration level of all of the studied blends was below check intended meaning retained in non-polar simulants, while only plasticized blends could withstand the contact with polar solvents. The disintegration of all of the materials in compost at 58 °C was completed within 42 days; the plasticized PHB underwent the fastest degradation, taking only 14 days. The presence of the TB plasticizer speeded up the degradation process. Different degradation mechanisms were identified for PLA and PHB. To evaluate the annealing effect separately from bacteria degradation, the influence of temperature on materials in the absence of a compost environment was also studied. With the increasing time of degradation in compost, both melting temperature and maximum degradation temperature progressively decreased, while the crystallinity degree increased, indicating that the samples were definitely degrading and that the amorphous regions were preferentially eroded by bacteria.

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Way, Cameron, Dong Yang Wu, Katherine Dean, and Enzo Palombo. "Design considerations for high-temperature respirometric biodegradation of polymers in compost." Polymer Testing 29, no. 1 (February 2010): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2009.10.004.

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Kawai, Fusako, Maho Nakajima, Hajime Nakajima, Kenji Takatori, Shun-ichi Higashi, Koichi Hayashi, and Yasumasa Miyoshi. "Degradation Behavior of Polyester Fibers in Compost." Sen'i Gakkaishi 69, no. 5 (2013): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.69.83.

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Krasowska, Katarzyna, Helena Janik, Arkadiusz Gradys, and Maria Rutkowska. "Degradation of polyurethanes in compost under natural conditions." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 125, no. 6 (February 29, 2012): 4252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.36597.

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Vaverková, Magdalena, František Toman, Dana Adamcová, and Jana Kotovicová. "Study of the Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in a Controlled Composting Environment." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10216-011-0025-8.

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Study of the Biodegrability of Degradable/Biodegradable Plastic Material in a Controlled Composting EnvironmentThe objective of this study was to determine the degrability/biodegradability of disposable plastic bags available on the market that are labeled as degradable/biodegradable and those certified as compost. The investigated materials were obtained from chain stores in the Czech Republic and Poland. Seven kinds of bags (commercially available) were used in this study. One of them was a disposable bag made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive). Another was a disposable made of polyethylene with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive). One was labeled as 100% degradable within various periods of time, from three months up to three years, and four were certified as compostable. The test was carried out in a controlled composting environment. The biodisintegration degree of the obtained pieces was evaluated following a modified version of ČSN EN 14806 Norm "Packaging - Preliminary evaluation of the disintegration of the packaging materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory scale test" and a modified version of ČSN EN ISO 20200 "Plastics - Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditions in laboratory-scale test" (ISO 20200:2004). The emphasis was put on determination whether the bags are degradable/biodegradable or not.

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Goto, Toshiharu, Mikitaka Kishita, Yin Sun, Takeshi Sako, and Idzumi Okajima. "Degradation of Polylactic Acid Using Sub-Critical Water for Compost." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112434.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is expected to replace many general-purpose plastics, especially those used for food packaging and agricultural mulch. In composting, the degradation speed of PLA is affected by the molecular weight, crystallinity, and microbial activity. PLA with a molecular weight of less than 10,000 has been reported to have higher decomposition rates than those with higher molecular weight. However, PLA degradation generates water-soluble products, including lactic acid, that decrease the pH of soil or compost. As acidification of soil or compost affects farm products, their pH should be controlled. Therefore, a method for determining suitable reaction conditions to achieve ideal decomposition products is necessary. This study aimed to determine suitable reaction conditions for generating preprocessed PLA with a molecular weight lower than 10,000 without producing water-soluble contents. To this end, we investigated the degradation of PLA using sub-critical water. The molecular weight and ratio of water-soluble contents (WSCs) affecting the pH of preprocessed products were evaluated through kinetic analysis, and crystallinity was analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry. Preprocessed PLA was prepared under the determined ideal conditions, and its characteristics in soil were observed. The results showed that the crystallization rate increased with PLA decomposition but remained lower than 30%. In addition, the pH of compost mixed with 40% of preprocessed PLA could be controlled within pH 5.4–5.5 over 90 days. Overall, soil mixed with the preprocessed PLA prepared under the determined ideal conditions remains suitable for plant growth.

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Taghipour, H., M. R. Shahmansoury, B. Bina, and H. Movahdian. "Operational parameters in biofiltration of ammonia-contaminated air streams using compost–pieces of hard plastics filter media." Chemical Engineering Journal 137, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.04.015.

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31

Unmar, G., and R. Mohee. "Assessing the effect of biodegradable and degradable plastics on the composting of green wastes and compost quality." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 15 (October 2008): 6738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.016.

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32

Gu, Ji-Dong, D. Eberiel, S. P. McCarthy, and R. A. Gross. "Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic compost environments." Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1, no. 4 (October 1993): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01458295.

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Chow, W. S., S. G. Tan, Z. Ahmad, K. H. Chia, N. S. Lau, and K. Sudesh. "Biodegradability of Epoxidized Soybean Oil Based Thermosets in Compost Soil Environment." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 22, no. 1 (July 28, 2013): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-013-0615-x.

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Chan, Wu-Chung, and Rui-Xiang Zheng. "Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Compost Composites for Biofiltration of Swine Waste Volatiles." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 13, no. 3 (July 2005): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-005-4761-7.

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Saadi, Zoubida, Aurore Rasmont, Guy Cesar, Hilaire Bewa, and Ludovic Benguigui. "Fungal Degradation of Poly(l-lactide) in Soil and in Compost." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 20, no. 2 (December 14, 2011): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0399-9.

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Altieri, Roberto, Maurizia Seggiani, Alessandro Esposito, Patrizia Cinelli, and Vitale Stanzione. "Thermoplastic Blends Based on Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) and Different Collagen Hydrolysates from Tanning Industry—II: Aerobic Biodegradation in Composting Medium." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 29, no. 10 (March 26, 2021): 3375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02124-3.

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AbstractTwo different raw hydrolyzed collagens (HCs), by-products of the Tannery industry, were investigated in blends with a bioplastic, as poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), for the production of thermoplastic items for possible applications in agriculture. Chemical characterization of selected PBSA/HC blends and phytotoxicity assays on garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum L.), used as spy species, were carried out; in addition, biodegradation and disintegration of specimens were assessed under controlled composting conditions at different temperature (58 and 25 °C). Although one of the HC investigated released sodium chloride in the aqueous extract, all PBSA/HC blends, up to 20 wt.% HC, resulted no-phytotoxic and showed considerable amounts of macro- and micro- nutrients for plants (mainly nitrogen). Regardless the amount added, HCs enhanced the biodegradation rate of PBSA/HC blends in compost at 58 °C compared to pure PBSA; lowering the temperature at 25 °C, as expected, biodegradation rate slightly lowered using the same compost. Most disintegration tests, performed on dog bone samples, corroborated the results of the biodegradation tests, thus suggesting that plastic mixtures could reasonably end their life cycle in a composting facility without decreasing the quality and the safety of the resulting compost. The outcomes achieved encourage the use of raw collagen hydrolysates from tanning industry in the production of PBSA-based thermoplastic blends to produce compostable items (mulching films and/or plant pots) for more sustainable uses in agriculture and/or plant nurseries. In addition, the use of these low-cost by-products can lower the cost of final product and give it fertilizing properties for plants given the presence of organic nitrogen in the hydrolysates.

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Jurak, Edita, Mirjam A. Kabel, and Harry Gruppen. "Carbohydrate composition of compost during composting and mycelium growth of Agaricus bisporus." Carbohydrate Polymers 101 (January 2014): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.050.

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Adamcová, Dana, Jan Zloch, Martin Brtnický, and Magdalena Daria Vaverková. "Biodegradation/Disintegration of Selected Range of Polymers: Impact on the Compost Quality." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01393-3.

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39

Melelli, Alessia, Delphin Pantaloni, Eric Balnois, Olivier Arnould, Frédéric Jamme, Christophe Baley, Johnny Beaugrand, Darshil U. Shah, and Alain Bourmaud. "Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142225.

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PLA-flax non-woven composites are promising materials, coupling high performance and possible degradation at their end of life. To explore their ageing mechanisms during garden composting, microstructural investigations were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observe that flax fibres preferentially degrade ‘inwards’ from the edge to the core of the composite. In addition, progressive erosion of the cell walls occurs within the fibres themselves, ‘outwards’ from the central lumen to the periphery primary wall. This preferential degradation is reflected in the decrease in indentation modulus from around 23 GPa for fibres located in the preserved core of the composite to 3–4 GPa for the remaining outer-most cell wall crowns located at the edge of the sample that is in contact with the compost. Ageing of the PLA matrix is less drastic with a relatively stable indentation modulus. Nevertheless, a change in the PLA morphology, a significant decrease in its roughness and increase of porosity, can be observed towards the edge of the sample, in comparison to the core. This work highlights the important role of intrinsic fibre porosity, called lumen, which is suspected to be a major variable of the compost ageing process, providing pathways of entry for moisture and microorganisms that are involved in cell wall degradation.

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Barker, Allen V., and Tara A. O'Brien. "103 EVALUATION OF COMPOSTS FOR PRODUCTION OF SOD-GROWN CROPS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 443a—443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.443a.

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An agricultural compost of chicken manure and cranberry pomace, a municipal compost of biosolids and mixed municipal solid wastes, and a compost of autumn leaves were evaluated for production of turfgrass sods and wildflower sods. Composts made during the year of the experiment and one-year-old composts were compared. The experiment was conducted outdoors with composts layered on sheets of plastic laid on the soil surface. The sheets of plastic controlled soil-borne weeds and facilitated harvest of sods. The best sods measured by stand and growth were produced with the agricultural compost, which was rich in N (avg. 1.7%) and low in NH4+ (avg. 135 mg/kg). High NH4+ (>900 mg/kg) appeared to limit stand establishment with the fresh municipal compost. The leaf compost was too low in N to support sod growth without fertilization. Aging of each compost improved its capacity to support sod production, apparently as a result of changes in the N status in the media.

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Saadi, Zoubida, Guy Cesar, Hilaire Bewa, and Ludovic Benguigui. "Fungal Degradation of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) in Soil and in Compost." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 21, no. 4 (June 14, 2013): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-013-0582-2.

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Yamawaki, Ryo, Akiyo Tei, Kengo Ito, and Jun Kikuchi. "Decomposition Factor Analysis Based on Virtual Experiments throughout Bayesian Optimization for Compost-Degradable Polymers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062820.

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Bio-based polymers have been considered as an alternative to oil-based materials for their “carbon-neutral” environmentally degrative features. However, degradation is a complex system in which environmental factors and preparation conditions are involved, and the relationship between degradation and these factors/conditions has not yet been clarified. Moreover, an efficient system that addresses multiple degradation factors has not been developed for practical use. Thus, we constructed a decomposition degree predictive model to explore degradation factors based on analytical data and experimental conditions. The predictive model was constructed by machine learning using a dataset. The objective variable was the molecular weight, and the explanatory variables were the moisture content in a compost environment, degradation period, degree of crystallinity pre-experiment, and features of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The good accuracy of this predictive model was confirmed by statistical variables. The moisture content in the compost environment was a critical factor for considering initial degradation; specific scores revealed the contribution of degradation factors. Furthermore, the optimum decomposition degree, various analytical values, and experimental conditions were predictable when this predictive model was combined with Bayesian optimization. Information obtained from virtual experiments is expected to promote the material design and development of bio-based plastics.

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Hanníbal, Brito, Viteri Rafaela, Guevara Luis, Villacrés Mario, Jara Janeth, Jiménez Silvio, Moya Paola, and Parra Carina. "“Obtención De Compost A Partir De Residuos Sólidos Orgánicos Generados En El Mercado Mayorista Del Cantón Riobamba”." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 29 (October 31, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n29p76.

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The process of obtaining compost was developed at the Agroambiental Ricpamba theme park administrated by the Autonomous Municipal Government of Riobamba (GADM, where an organic fertilizer was obtained from solid waste generated in the wholesale market of the city of Riobamba in order to be use in parks, gardens, green spaces and in agriculture, for which, a stack of 1,0 tonne was armed formed with fixed proportions in relation to weight / weight from three organic components of plant type: Organic solid waste wholesale market (600 kg), tree pruning waste of the Polytechnic School of Chimborazo (300 kg), and prunings waste of ornamental palm (Phoenix canariensis) from the city of Riobamba (100 kg) To achieve adequate carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N). The compost was performed using an open stack system and manual turning; during the process a daily control of temperature and humidity was performed, besides that during each dump material samples were taken for analysis of the most important parameters, thus controlling the process. The temperature evolution of the stack in the mesophilic phase reached 45 °C and thermophilic phase temperature was above 60 °C, which was controlled with manual turns. Once the process was finished the quality of the compost was proved by the physical-chemical analysis, chemical-biological to determine its quality. Additionally the solid waste generated in the Public Municipal Market of “San Pedro de Riobamba” (EP-EMMPA) were classified and quantified on a daily basis. The solid waste were classified in 6 groups: organic, plastics, paper, cardboard, wood and others, being organic waste the ones found in a greater amount, in an average of 95.59%. The obtained product has the right physical-chemical, chemical-biological property to be used as an organic fertilizer or soil improver by providing essential nutrients, macro and micro elements required by plants.

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Greizerstein, Hebe B., Joseph A. Syracuse, and Paul J. Kostyniak. "Degradation of starch modified polyethylene bags in a compost field study." Polymer Degradation and Stability 39, no. 2 (January 1993): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(93)90102-o.

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45

Rujnić Havstad, Maja, Ljerka Juroš, Zvonimir Katančić, and Ana Pilipović. "Influence of Home Composting on Tensile Properties of Commercial Biodegradable Plastic Films." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162785.

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In recent years biodegradable plastic films have been increasingly used for various purposes, most often as grocery bags and for collecting bio-waste. Typically, the biodegradation of these films should take place in industrial compost facilities where the biodegradation process occurs under controlled conditions. Nevertheless, many of these films are often disposed of in home composting bins, so the aim of this study was to examine the course of biodegradation of compostable plastic films under uncontrolled conditions in garden composting sites during a period of four months. Mechanical properties were tested on seven different commercially available biodegradable films and bags that were placed in a garden composting bin from February to May. Both tensile properties and tensile-impact strength showed some unexpected results in terms of increase of the properties after the first, second, and third month for some films and bags. The same unpredictability was seen in FTIR and TG analyses.

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Gu, Ji-Dong, S. Coulter, D. Eberiel, S. P. McCarthy, and R. A. Gross. "A respirometric method to measure mineralization of polymeric materials in a matured compost environment." Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 1, no. 4 (October 1993): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01458296.

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O'Brien, Tara A., and Allen V. Barker. "Evaluating Composts to Produce Wildflower Sods on Plastic." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 3 (May 1997): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.3.445.

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This research evaluated production of wildflower sods in soil and composts of mixed municipal solid waste, biosolids and woodchips, fall leaves, and mixed agricultural wastes. Soil or composts were laid on plastic sheeting in outdoor plots, and a mixture of wildflower seeds was sown in July and in September in separate experiments. Quality of sods was assessed in two growing seasons. Best sods with respect to seed germination, stand establishment, and intensity and diversity of bloom over two seasons occurred in mature biosolids compost and in agricultural waste compost. These composts were low in ammonium but rich in total N. Germination and growth of wildflowers were limited by high ammonium concentrations in immature biosolids composts. Nitrogen deficiency limited sod growth and quality in leaf composts. Poor N nutrition and weed competition restricted sod production in soil. Fertilization of soil promoted unacceptably large weed growth. Summer seeding or fall seeding resulted in good sods, but many annual flowers that appeared in the summer seeding were absent in the fall-seeded planting. Using plastic-lined plots was a convenient system for evaluating composts and other media in outdoor culture.

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Mukama, Trasias, Rawlance Ndejjo, David Musoke, Geofrey Musinguzi, Abdullah Ali Halage, David O. Carpenter, and John C. Ssempebwa. "Practices, Concerns, and Willingness to Participate in Solid Waste Management in Two Urban Slums in Central Uganda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6830163.

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Poor solid waste management is among the major challenges facing urban slums in developing countries including Uganda. Understanding community concerns and willingness towards involvement in solid waste management improvement initiatives is critical for informing interventions in slums.Methods. We used a cross-sectional study to collect quantitative data from 435 residents in two urban slums in central Uganda. A semistructured questionnaire was used which assessed waste collection practices, separation and disposal methods, concerns regarding solid wastes, and willingness to participate in waste separation and composting. Data was analysed using STATA 12.Results. Food remains (38%) and plastics (37%) formed the biggest proportion of wastes generated in households. Most households (35.9%) disposed of general wastes by open dumping while 27% disposed of plastics by burning. Only 8.8% of households conducted composting while 55% carried out separation for some decomposable wastes. Separation was carried out for only banana peelings and leftover foods for feeding animals. Respondents expressed high willingness to separate (76.6%) and compost (54.9%) solid wastes.Conclusion. Practices in waste disposal and separation were poor despite high willingness to participate in initiatives to improve waste management, highlighting a need for authorities to engage residents of slums to improve their practices.

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Mergaert, Joris, Caroline Anderson, Ann Wouters, and Jean Swings. "Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in compost." Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 2, no. 3 (July 1994): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02067443.

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V, PRABHU. "Influence of fortified in situ rice residue compost and zinc nano fertilizer on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under rice cultivation methods." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 23, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10072.

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This study was conducted during the kharif, 2020 at ICAR-Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Puducherry, India aimed to examine the effect of fortified in situ rice residue compost, zinc nano fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice under rice cultivation methods. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design; 3mainplots (TPR, DSR and AR) and eight subplots (fortified manures and nano zinc particles) with three replications. The results revealed that the TPRsignificantly improved tillers, LAI, productive tillers, panicle weight, grain and straw yield, zinc content and uptake and it was statistically on par with DSRand superior over AR. Nutrient management, fortified manure + ZnO NPs (SP+FS) significantly registered higher growth and yield attributes, Zn content and uptake of rice over to ZnO seed priming alone, ZnSO4 and control. The PGPM, humic acid and seaweed extract fortified organic manures either FYM or rice residue compost, nano zinc as seed priming and foliar spray under TPR or DSR have the potential to maximize rice production without foregoing soil sustainability

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