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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastics – Extrusion – Data processing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Limper, A., and D. Schramm. "Better Process Description for the Extrusion of Silica and Carbon Black Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 5 (2001): 899–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547660.

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Abstract In comparison to plastics processing, rubber processors handle a much more complex material. Due to active fillers used in rubber compounds, such as carbon black and silica, in some cases extraordinary filler/filler interactions occur. In general the multi-component system leads to a very complex rheological behavior. If silica compounds e.g. are processed the chemical modification of the filler surface (by organosilanes) has to be taken into account. By this the rheological behavior of the material changes dramatically. All these circumstances make rubber processing to a very complex theme. This paper presents results which are obtained within an European research project. The work is focussing on a better process description of the extrusion process of rubber compounds. It handles both applications of the extrusion process, i. e. for technical rubber goods or for making tire parts like the extrusion of tread stripes. Hence in this paper a new approach for modeling the flow in the extruder screw will be presented. Using this as a simulation tool a systematic analysis of the extrusion process is possible in reasonable time. Another field of interest in this context is the rheological characterization of rubber compounds with a so called „Extrusion-Rheometer“. The advantages of this device will be shown for the investigation of processability and gathering representative rheological data for recalculations of screw and die flow in the extrusion process.

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2

Aour, Ben, Fahmi Zaïri, M. Naït-Abdelaziz, J. M. Gloaguen, and J. M. Lefebvre. "Analysis of Polypropylene Deformation in a 135° ECAE Die: Experiments and Three-Dimensional Finite Element Simulations." Key Engineering Materials 424 (December 2009): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.424.71.

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Plastic deformation of polypropylene (PP) resulting from equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process was investigated in a 135° die. A phenomenological elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model was identified and coupled with the three-dimensional finite element (FE) method in order to predict the different processing parameters governing the deformation behaviour of PP during the extrusion. An optimal agreement between FE results and experimental data was obtained for a friction coefficient of 0.2. A detailed three-dimensional FE analysis of stress-strain field distribution was then carried out. The effects of both the number of extrusion passes and the processing routes were experimentally highlighted. The results show that the pressing force decreases with the increase of the number of extrusion passes and reaches its saturation state rapidly for routes A and C while, for routes BA and BC, it requires a high number of passes.

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3

Park, C. B., and N. P. Suh. "Rapid Polymer/Gas Solution Formation for Continuous Production of Microcellular Plastics." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 118, no. 4 (1996): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831079.

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An extrusion system that can create a polymer/gas solution rapidly for continuous processing of microcellular plastics is presented. Microcellular plastics are characterized by cell densities greater than 109 cells/cm3 and fully grown cells smaller than 10 μm. Previously these microcellular structures have been produced in a batch process by saturating a polymeric material with an inert gas under high pressure followed by inducing a rapid drop in the gas solubility. The diffusion phenomena encountered in this batch processing is typically slow, resulting in long cycle times. In order to produce microcellular plastics at industrial production rates, a means for the rapid solution formation is developed. The processing time required for completing the solution formation in the system was estimated from experimental data and the dispersive mixing theory based on an order-of-magnitude analysis. A means for promoting high bubble nucleation rates in the gas-saturated polymer via rapid heating is also discussed. The feasibility of the continuous production of microcellular plastics by the rapid polymer/gas solution formation and rapid heating was demonstrated through experiments. The paper includes not only a brief treatment of the basic science of the polymer/gas systems, but also the development of an industrially viable technology that fully utilizes the unique properties of microcellular plastics.

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4

Li, Xu Bin, and Zhi Min Zhang. "Study on Metal Flowing Law for Isothermal Extrusion Deformation of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.448.

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In this paper, rigid plastic finite element method simulation of AZ31 wrought magnesium alloy radiator isothermal extrusion is studied according to the stress - strain data of magnesium alloy obtained from isothermal compression experiments and the mathematical model of warm forming by the regression. And the paper focuses on the AZ31 magnesium alloy during isothermal extrusion, the deformation force and metal flowing law. The simulated stress field, strain field, velocity field, load changes and so on from simulation can predict the defect in deformation, and offer the reliable reference basis for such parts processing in isothermal extrusion.

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5

Hatami Sadr, M., and H. Jafarzadeh. "Characterization of AZ91 magnesium alloy processed by cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion using the experimental and micromechanical cellular automaton finite element approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 11 (2020): 1417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720944194.

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The feasibility to fabricate ultra-fine-grained AZ91 Mg alloy is investigated with a newly presented severe plastic deformation method entitled cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion. In this method, an initial cylindrical AZ91 Mg billet is placed into a die and the moving punch causes the large deformations by extruding the material in two different regions entitled contraction and extrusion. The evolution of AZ91 microstructure and mechanical properties during cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion was studied through different experimental observations. The microstructure observations showed the ultra-fine-grained structure of AZ91 at the end of the third pass where the average grain size of 600 nm obtained from the initial value of 130 µm. The tensile tests showed that the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and elongation of AZ91 cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion-processed samples are increased significantly. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization has a main role in the grain refinement of Mg alloys during hot deformations. The evolution of grains in microlevel is analyzed by the cellular automaton finite element method in the DEFORM software environment. The macroscopic flow parameters including effective plastic strain, stain rate, and temperature were calculated in finite element. By tracing these data in defined domain of cellular automaton, the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization of material is analyzed through a devised cellular automaton finite element post-processing step. The imposed plastic strain and variation of dislocation density are the two main driven forces in discontinuous dynamic recrystallization of AZ91 samples during cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion processing. The experimentally observed grains and the cellular automaton finite element predicted microstructure were reasonably in good agreement.

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6

Razeghiyadaki, Amin, Dongming Wei, Asma Perveen, and Dichuan Zhang. "A Multi-Rheology Design Method of Sheeting Polymer Extrusion Dies Based on Flow Network and the Winter–Fritz Design Equation." Polymers 13, no. 12 (2021): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121924.

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In the polymer sheet processing industry, the primary objective when designing a coat-hanger die is to achieve a uniform velocity distribution at the exit of the extrusion die outlet. This velocity distribution depends on the internal flow channels of the die, rheological parameters and extrusion process conditions. As a result, coat-hanger dies are often designed for each polymer based on its individual rheological data and other conditions. A multi-rheology method based on a flow network model and the Winter–Fritz equation is proposed and implemented for the calculation, design and optimization of flat sheeting polymer extrusion dies. This method provides a fast and accurate algorithm to obtain die design geometries with constant wall-shear rates and optimal outlet velocity distributions. The geometric design when complemented and validated with fluid flow simulations could be applied for multi-rheological fluid models such as the power-law, Carreau–Yasuda and Cross. This method is applied to sheet dies with both circular- and rectangular-shaped manifolds for several rheological fluids. The designed geometrical parameters are obtained, and the associated fluid simulations are performed to demonstrate its favorable applicability without being limited to only the power-law rheology. The two such designed dies exhibit 32.9 and 21.5 percent improvement in flow uniformity compared to the previous methods for dies with circular and rectangular manifolds, respectively.

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7

Jie, Hu, and Ji Long Yin. "Knowledge Discovery and Management from Numerical Simulation and its Application to Robust Optimization of Extrusion-Forging Processing." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.659.

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Numerical simulation technology has been used widely in plastic forming area. However, the simulation of increasingly complex forming process leads to the generation of vast quantities of data, which implies much useful knowledge. Consequently domain knowledge is very significant to product design and process development in metal plastic forming area. The paper presented a new robust optimization method based on knowledge discovery from numerical simulation. Firstly, the knowledge discovery model from numerical simulation is established. In this model, interval-based rule presentation is adopted to describe the uncertainty of design parameters quantitatively to enhance the design robustness. Secondly, the optimization process based on knowledge discovery and management is presented, and genetic arithmetic is used to obtain the robust optimization parameter. Finally, the application to robust optimization of extrusion-forging processing is analyzed to show the scheme to be effective. The proposed method can overcome the pathologies in simulation optimization and improve the efficiency & robustness in design optimization.

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8

Kallweit, Jan, Thomas Vad, Felix Krooß, Thomas Gries, Mohmmed Houri, and Christian-Alexander Bunge. "Structural Analysis of Melt-Spun Polymer-Optical Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Fibres by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Monte-Carlo Simulation." Polymers 13, no. 5 (2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050779.

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The structural properties, mainly the spatial variation of density and chain interaction, of melt-spun polymer optical fibres (POFs) are investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and compared to Monte-Carlo polymer simulations. The amorphous PMMA POFs had been subjected to a rapid cooling in a water quench right after extrusion in order to obtain a radial refractive-index profile. Four fibre samples with different processing parameters are investigated and the SAXS data analysed via Guinier approach. Distance-distribution functions from the respective equatorial and meridional SAXS data are computed to extract the fibres’ nanostructures in the equatorial plane and along the fibre axis, respectively. Temperature profiles of the cooling process are simulated for different locations within the fibre and taken as input for Monte-Carlo simulations of the polymer structure. The simulation results agree with the SAXS measurements in terms of the cooling profile’s strong influence on the structural properties of the fibre: slower cooling in the centre of the fibre leads to stronger interchain interaction, but also results in a higher density and more homogenous materials with less optical scattering.

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9

Pranoto, Hadi, Zainal Arifin, and Henry Carles. "Innovation Design and Development of PET Plastic Waste Processing Machines by Extruder Method." International Journal of Advanced Technology in Mechanical, Mechatronics and Materials 1, no. 3 (2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37869/ijatec.v1i3.32.

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According to the Ministry of Environment (KLH), Indonesia's average population produces 189 thousand tons of garbage per day. Of this amount, 15% is plastic waste or 28.4 thousand tons of plastic waste per day. The famous handling of plastic waste is 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Reduce is reducing the purchase or use of goods made from plastic, especially disposable items. Reuse is the repeated use of plastic-based items. Recycle is recycling goods made of plastic. The method used in this design study is to use SolidWorks software by combining the literature study VDI221 to obtain a variant of the design results that will be used. The study results do a plastic bench machine that is integrated to produce plastic seeds, which are PET-shaped, which are extruded in a device that has been brewed. From the results of the design in the data processing and design specifications of the PET plastic waste-processing machine with the extruder method, the construction consists of several units, namely, Shredder unit, Extruder unit, Cutter unit, and Machine frame. The shredder unit serves to destroy plastic waste that is still intact in pieces before being processed in the extruder unit. The extruder unit functions to melt PET waste to be extruded using a screw. The cutter unit operates to cut processed extrusion waste into pellet granules. The engine frame is used to support the entire engine unit. The results of the Plastic Waste Extruder Machine design process with an Autodesk inventor are summarized in the following specifications: machine dimensions are 1625 mm long, 300mm wide, and 1325mm high; screw extruder uses a metering screw type with a diameter of 50.8mm (2 inches) with a length: diameter ratio of 20: 1, so the screw length is 1016mm, estimated throughput rate = 84 lb/h (42kg / h), the motor used is 5.5 PK (4 KW) with a rotation speed of 1450.

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Marschik, Christian, Wolfgang Roland, Marius Dörner, Georg Steinbichler, and Volker Schöppner. "Leakage-Flow Models for Screw Extruders." Polymers 13, no. 12 (2021): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121919.

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Many theoretical analyses of extrusion ignore the effect of the flight clearance when predicting the pumping capability of a screw. This might be reasonable for conventional extruder screws with “normal” clearances but leads to errors when more advanced screw designs are considered. We present new leakage-flow models that allow the effect of the flight clearance to be included in the analysis of melt-conveying zones. Rather than directly correcting the drag and pressure flows, we derived regression models to predict locally the shear-thinning flow through the flight clearance. Using a hybrid modeling approach that includes analytical, numerical, and data-based modeling techniques enabled us to construct fast and accurate regressions for calculating flow rate and dissipation rate in the leakage gap. Using the novel regression models in combination with network theory, the new approximations consider the effect of the flight clearance in the predictions of pumping capability, power consumption and temperature development without modifying the equations for the down-channel flow. Unlike other approaches, our method is not limited to any specific screw designs or processing conditions.

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11

Zhilyaev, Alexandre P., Terry R. McNelley, and Oscar A. Ruano. "Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Metals and Alloys during Intense Plastic Deformation." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.51.

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ntense plastic deformation is generally effective in producing grain refinement. IPD methods include equal channel angular pressing/extrusion (ECAP/ECAE), high-pressure torsion (HPT), accumulative roll bonding (ARB), and friction stir processing (FSP), among others. In this work, we summarize the main results on grain refinement by these processing methods and present our own data on microstructure and texture evolution in metals and alloys during ECAP, HPT and FSP. Whereas ECAP and HPT are usually performed with the work piece material initially at room temperature or even at liquid nitrogen temperature to enhance refinement, FSP involves a brief but complex thermomechanical cycle with peak temperatures up to 0.7 0.9 TMelt. Apparently, materials undergo dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during FSP. DRX also occurs also in metals and alloys of low TMeltdue to adiabatic heating during HPT performed at room temperature. The paper is devoted to revisiting of previous as well as new results and a comparative analysis of microstructure and texture evolution in commercially pure aluminum and selected pure metals and alloys during ECAP, HPT and FSP in order to illustrate the limits of grain refinement.

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12

Rathner, Raffael, Wolfgang Roland, Hanny Albrecht, Franz Ruemer, and Jürgen Miethlinger. "Applicability of the Cox-Merz Rule to High-Density Polyethylene Materials with Various Molecular Masses." Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081218.

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The Cox-Merz rule is an empirical relationship that is commonly used in science and industry to determine shear viscosity on the basis of an oscillatory rheometry test. However, it does not apply to all polymer melts. Rheological data are of major importance in the design and dimensioning of polymer-processing equipment. In this work, we investigated whether the Cox-Merz rule is suitable for determining the shear-rate-dependent viscosity of several commercially available high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe grades with various molecular masses. We compared the results of parallel-plate oscillatory shear rheometry using the Cox-Merz empirical relation with those of high-pressure capillary and extrusion rheometry. To assess the validity of these techniques, we used the shear viscosities obtained by these methods to numerically simulate the pressure drop of a pipe head and compared the results to experimental measurements. We found that, for the HDPE grades tested, the viscosity data based on capillary pressure flow of the high molecular weight HDPE describes the pressure drop inside the pipe head significantly better than do data based on parallel-plate rheometry applying the Cox-Merz rule. For the lower molecular weight HDPE, both measurement techniques are in good accordance. Hence, we conclude that, while the Cox-Merz relationship is applicable to lower-molecular HDPE grades, it does not apply to certain HDPE grades with high molecular weight.

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Naguib, Hani E., Jin Wang, Chul B. Park, Anjan Mukhopadhyay, and Norbert Reichelt. "Effect of Recycling on the Rheological Properties and Foaming Behaviors of Branched Polypropylene." Cellular Polymers 22, no. 1 (2003): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930302200101.

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The effects of recycling of branched polypropylenes on their rheological properties and foamability are studied in this paper. The rheological properties and foamability of branched polypropylene are compared with those of the virgin sample. The main purpose of the study was to explore the possibility of using recycled materials to make the acceptable foam products. The recycled polypropylenes showed the lower melt strength due to the lowered molecular weight and disentanglement of molecules. However, the high-shear viscosities of the virgin and recycled resins exhibited almost the same values whereas the zero-shear rate viscosity was lower for recycled ones. The rheological behavior of the resins was correlated to the foaming behavior. It was observed that the contribution of the storage modulus (G’) was more pronounced than the loss modulus (G”). The foam morphology of recycled branched polypropylene and the virgin material was studied at various processing temperatures using a single-screw tandem foam extrusion system. The volume expansion ratio and cell population density results were correlated with the rheological data. Despite the noticeable drop in the melt strength, it was found that the foamability did not significantly deteriorate by recycling.

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Patti, Antonella, Gianluca Cicala, and Stefano Acierno. "Rotational Rheology of Wood Flour Composites Based on Recycled Polyethylene." Polymers 13, no. 14 (2021): 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142226.

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In this paper, we study the effect of the addition of wood flour as a filler in a recycled polyethylene (r-PE) in view of its potential applications in 3D printing. The composites, prepared by melt mixing, are characterized with torque measurements performed during the compounding, dynamic rotational rheology, and infrared spectroscopy. Data show that the introduction of wood results in increased viscosity and in sensible viscous heating during the compounding. The r-PE appear to be stable at temperatures up to 180 °C while at higher temperatures the material shows a rheological response characterized by time-increasing viscoelastic moduli that suggests a thermal degradation governed by crosslinking reactions. The compounds (with wood loading up to 50% in wt.) also shows thermal stability at temperatures up to 180 °C. The viscoelastic behavior and the infrared spectra of the r-PE matrix suggests the presence of branches in the macromolecular structure due to the process. Although the addition of wood particles determines increased viscoelastic moduli, a solid-like viscoelastic response is not shown even for the highest wood concentrations. This behavior, due to a poor compatibility and weak interfacial adhesion between the two phases, is however promising in view of common processing technologies as extrusion or injection molding.

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Fakhari, Ahmad, Željko Tukovic, Olga Sousa Carneiro, and Célio Fernandes. "An Effective Interface Tracking Method for Simulating the Extrudate Swell Phenomenon." Polymers 13, no. 8 (2021): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081305.

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The extrudate swell, i.e., the geometrical modifications that take place when the flowing material leaves the confined flow inside a channel and moves freely without the restrictions that are promoted by the walls, is a relevant phenomenon in several polymer processing techniques. For instance, in profile extrusion, the extrudate cross-section is subjected to a number of distortions that are motivated by the swell, which are very difficult to anticipate, especially for complex geometries. As happens in many industrial processes, numerical modelling might provide useful information to support design tasks, i.e., to allow for identifying the best strategy to compensate the changes promoted by the extrudate swell. This study reports the development of an improved interface tracking algorithm that employs the least-squares volume-to-point interpolation method for the grid movement. The formulation is enriched further with the consistent second-order time-accurate non-iterative Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) algorithm, which allows for efficiently simulating free-surface flows. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed solver is illustrated through the simulation of the steady planar and asymmetric extrudate swell flows of Newtonian fluids. The role of inertia on the extrudate swell is studied, and the results that are obtained with the newly improved solver show good agreement with reference data that are found in the scientific literature.

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Jóźwicki, Mateusz Łukasz, Mateusz Gargol, Małgorzata Gil-Kowalczyk, and Paweł Mergo. "Commercially available granulates PMMA and PS - potential problems with the production of polymer optical fibers." Photonics Letters of Poland 12, no. 3 (2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i3.1036.

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The aim of the study was to verify the usefulness of commercially available granulates of PMMA (poly (methyl methacrylate) and PS (polystyrene) for the production of polymer optical fibers by extrusion method. Samples were subjected to thermal processing in various conditions (different temperatures and exposure time). Thermal (TG/DTG) and spectroscopic (ATR/FT-IR) analyses were carried out to analyze changes in the samples. Based on FT-IR analysis of liquid monomers and granulates the conversion of double bonds was calculated, which gave us a picture of the degree of monomers conversion, crucial information from the technological point of view. Full Text: PDF ReferencesO. Ziemann, J. Krauser, P.E. Zamzow, W. Daum, POF Polymer Optical Fibersfor Data Communication (Berlin: Springer 2008). DirectLink P. Stajanca et al. "Solution-mediated cladding doping of commercial polymer optical fibers", Opt. Fiber Technol. 41, 227-234, (2018). CrossRef K. Peters, "Polymer optical fiber sensors—a review", Smart Mater. Struct., 20 013002 (2011) CrossRef J. Zubia and J. Arrue, "Plastic Optical Fibers: An Introduction to Their Technological Processes and Applications", Opt. Fiber Technol. 7 ,101-40 (2001) CrossRef M. Beckers, T. Schlüter, T. Gries, G. Seide, C.-A. Bunge, "6 - Fabrication techniques for polymer optical fibres", Polymer Optical Fibres, 187-199 (2017) CrossRef M. Niedźwiedź , M. Gil, M. Gargol , W. Podkościelny, P. Mergo, "Determination of the optimal extrusion temperature of the PMMA optical fibers", Phot. Lett. Poland 11, 7-9 (2019) CrossRef

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Zhao, Xiaoying, Katrina Cornish, and Yael Vodovotz. "Synergistic Mechanisms Underlie the Peroxide and Coagent Improvement of Natural-Rubber-Toughened Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Mechanical Performance." Polymers 11, no. 3 (2019): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030565.

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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a promising bio-based and biodegradable thermoplastic with restricted industrial applications due to its brittleness and poor processability. Natural rubber (NR) has been used as a toughening agent, but further physical improvements are desired. In this study, rubber toughening efficiency was significantly improved through the synergistic use of a trifunctional acrylic coagent and an organic peroxide during reactive extrusion of PHBV and NR. The rheological, crystallization, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of PHBV/NR blends with 15% rubber loading were characterized. The peroxide and coagent synergistically crosslinked the rubber phase and grafted PHBV onto rubber backbones, leading to enhanced rubber modulus and cohesive strength as well as improved PHBV–rubber compatibility and blend homogeneity. Simultaneously, the peroxide–coagent treatment decreased PHBV crystallinity and crystal size and depressed peroxy-radical-caused PHBV degradation. The new PHBV/NR blends had a broader processing window, 75% better toughness (based on the notched impact strength data), and 100% better ductility (based on the tensile elongation data) than pristine PHBV. This new rubber-toughened PHBV material has balanced mechanical performance comparable to that of conventional thermoplastics and is suitable for a wide range of plastic applications.

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18

Sagar, Ambuj D., and Edward W. Merrill. "Starch fragmentation during extrusion processing." Polymer 36, no. 9 (1995): 1883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(95)90935-u.

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Fasulo, Paula D., William R. Rodgers, Robert A. Ottaviani, and Douglas L. Hunter. "Extrusion processing of TPO nanocomposites." Polymer Engineering and Science 44, no. 6 (2004): 1036–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20097.

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SIKORA, ROBERT, EMIL SASIMOWSKI, and JANUSZ W. SIKORA. "Dihelicoidal extrusion. Principles and processing." Polimery 56, no. 07/08 (2011): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2011.591.

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Kalambur, Sathya B., and Syed SH Rizvi. "Starch-based nanocomposites by reactive extrusion processing." Polymer International 53, no. 10 (2004): 1413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1478.

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Sikora, Janusz, Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties: Part I." Materials 13, no. 8 (2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081986.

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This paper presents a characterization of a plastic extrusion process and the selected properties of three biodegradable plastic types, in comparison with LDPE (low-density polyethylene). The four plastics include: LDPE, commercial name Malen E FABS 23-D022; potato starch based plastic (TPS-P), BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C), BioComp®BF 01HP; and a polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA), BioComp®BF 7210. Plastic films with determined geometric parameters (thickness of the foil layer and width of the flattened foil sleeve) were produced from these materials (at individually defined processing temperatures), using blown film extrusion, by applying different extrusion screw speeds. The produced plastic films were tested to determine the geometrical features, MFR (melt flow rate), blow-up ratio, draw down ratio, mass flow rate, and exit velocity. The tests were complemented by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and chemical structure analysis. It was found that the biodegradable films were extruded at higher rate and mass flow rate than LDPE; the lowest thermal stability was ascertained for the film samples extruded from TPS-C and TPS-P, and that all tested biodegradable plastics contained polyethylene.

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23

Wolf, Bettina. "Polysaccharide functionality through extrusion processing." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 15, no. 1-2 (2010): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2009.11.011.

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Kloppenburg, H., D. Hardy, A. Lucassen, T. Groß, J. Kroll, and A. Lissy. "Processing Behaviour of High-cis Polybutadiene in Rubber Compounds." International Polymer Science and Technology 37, no. 6 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1003700601.

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Compounding and extrusion are critical steps in the production of rubber compounds of a reliable quality within a given timeframe and hence at a reasonable cost. The materials used - including the rubber types -are varied in order to obtain improvements in product performance. One of the most important of the synthetic rubbers is neodymium polybutadiene (NdBR) which, because of its exceptional microstructure and macrostructure, offers outstanding properties. Through the use of high-cis NdBR, marked improvements have been obtained in end products in terms of dynamic performance and good fatigue and wear characteristics. At the same time, however, the processing behaviour of this type of rubber requires adjustments to be made at the compounding and extrusion stage. This can lead to problems in the handling of the milled sheet and profiles, resulting for example in severe surface roughness or die swell. In extreme cases the benefits of NdBR can be masked altogether if no adjustments are made to the processing stages. This paper presents countermeasures to improve the processability of NdBR by adapting the compounding and extrusion conditions to its specific requirements. The ratio of viscosity and elasticity is specific to each type of rubber and therefore requires individual adjustment of the processing conditions. We show that under appropriately adjusted conditions, even using NdBR grades with the highest molecular weights (e.g. Buna CB22), short compounding times and smooth milled sheets and extrusion profiles with a glossy surface can be obtained. Under these conditions neodymium polybutadiene rubbers provide a basis for an ideal combination of excellent material properties and improved processing behaviour. The positive characteristics of NdBR are retained when it is used in blended rubbers such as an SSBR/BR blend. The rules regarding the optimisation of process conditions for pure NdBR systems apply here too.

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Thuwall, Mats, Antal Boldizar, and Mikael Rigdahl. "Extrusion processing of high amylose potato starch materials." Carbohydrate Polymers 65, no. 4 (2006): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.033.

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Selling, Gordon W. "The effect of extrusion processing on Zein." Polymer Degradation and Stability 95, no. 12 (2010): 2241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.09.013.

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Kulikov, Oleg. "Novel processing aids for extrusion of polyethylene." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 11, no. 3 (2005): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20048.

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28

Covas, J. A., and P. Costa. "A miniature extrusion line for small scale processing studies." Polymer Testing 23, no. 7 (2004): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.04.005.

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29

Rauwendaal, Chris. "Elongational Mixing in Foam Extrusion." Cellular Polymers 22, no. 2 (2003): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930302200203.

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This paper describes the development of elongational mixing technology from the early inception of the basic ideas behind the technology, the first commercial applications, subsequent developments, to the current status. Future developments currently underway will be described with a discussion on how these developments will likely impact the polymer processing industry.

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30

Guo, Shaoyun, Yuntao Li, Guangshun Chen, and Huilin Li. "Ultrasonic improvement of rheological and processing behaviour of LLDPE during extrusion." Polymer International 52, no. 1 (2003): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1005.

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31

Shishuang, Gao, Zhang Ying, Zheng Anna, and Huining Xiao. "Polystyrene prepared by reactive extrusion: kinetics and effect of processing parameters." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 15, no. 4 (2004): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.436.

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32

Иванов, Афанасий, and Afanasiy Ivanov. "COMBINING OF MATERIAL STRAIN PROCESSING METHODS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 10 (2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5db95e85a4a413.79050731.

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The purpose of the work consists in the investigation of stress-strain properties and destruction mechanism of low-alloy steel 09G2S subjected to extrusion and uniformly channel angular pressing (UCAP). The combined method of  Strain processing consists in the successive use of extrusion methods and UCAP. There is shown an example of low-alloy steel 09G2S strengthening with the use of extrusion and UCAP. There are presented data on stress-strain properties and destruction mechanism of steel 09G2S samples at uniaxial tension at the state of delivery and after strengthening. Strength increase and steel plasticity decrease is shown. On the basis of the results of fractal graphics analysis a viscous character of steel 09G2S destruction at the state of delivery and after extrusion and UCAP is defined.

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33

Mohebbi, Abolfazl, Frej Mighri, Abdellah Ajji, and Denis Rodrigue. "Effect of Processing Conditions on the Cellular Morphology of Polypropylene Foamed Films for Piezoelectric Applications." Cellular Polymers 36, no. 1 (2017): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248931703600102.

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In this work, continuous extrusion-calendering was used to produce polypropylene (PP) foam films for piezoelectric applications. The setup is based on physical foaming using supercritical nitrogen (SC-N2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as nucleating agent. In particular, the extrusion parameters (screw design, temperature profile, blowing agent and nucleating agent content) and post-extrusion conditions (calendaring temperature and speed) were optimized to achieve a specific stretched eye-like cellular structure with uniform cell size distribution. The morphology in both machine and transverse directions, as well as tensile properties were characterized. The results show that a cellular structure with a higher cell aspect ratio has a lower Young's modulus, which is appropriate for piezoelectric cellular films. Generally, the developed foam morphology presents high potential for the production of ferroelectret PP films used in different piezoelectric applications.

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34

Russell, B. D., J. Lasenby, S. Blackburn, and D. I. Wilson. "Characterising paste extrusion behaviour by signal processing of pressure sensor data." Powder Technology 132, no. 2-3 (2003): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(03)00076-7.

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35

Crevecoeur, G., and G. Groeninckx. "Sheet extrusion of in-situ composites: Influence of processing parameters." Polymer Engineering and Science 33, no. 15 (1993): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760331502.

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36

Cui, Kunpeng, Yanping Liu, Lingpu Meng, et al. "A novel apparatus combining polymer extrusion processing and x-ray scattering." Polymer Testing 33 (February 2014): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.11.004.

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37

Yip, Franky, Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos, and Thomas M. Clere. "A new processing aid for the extrusion of polyolefins." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 6, no. 2 (2000): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10234.

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38

Wagner, John R., Mark A. Spalding, and Sam L. Crabtree. "Data Analysis of an Extrusion Experiment." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 24, no. 2 (2008): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087908096401.

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39

Gaspar-Cunha, A., A. Poulesquen, B. Vergnes, and J. A. Covas. "Optimization of Processing Conditions for Polymer Twin-Screw Extrusion." International Polymer Processing 17, no. 3 (2002): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.1701.

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40

Nam, Sehyun. "Mechanism of Fluoroelastomer Processing Aid in Extrusion of LLDPE**." International Polymer Processing 1, no. 2 (1987): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.870098.

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41

Gendron, Richard, Michel Huneault, Jacques Tatibouët, and Caroline Vachon. "Foam Extrusion of Polystyrene Blown with HFC-134a." Cellular Polymers 21, no. 5 (2002): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930202100501.

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There is much interest in developing industrial processes to manufacture extruded polystyrene foam that do not involve ozone depleting blowing agents. A popular alternate candidate is HFC-134a. It has a zero ozone depletion factor and is nearer in chemical structure to standard blowing agents (CFC-22 and HCFC-142b) than carbon dioxide. Although exhibiting main good features, HFC-134a is not used widely as a blowing agent as low foam density is not readily achieved and extruder operation is difficult. A review of past and on-going works on the use of HFC-134 will be addressed first. Then attention will be paid mainly on some processing aspects, with emphasis on the plasticization behavior of polystyrene (PS) by HFC-134a and the effect of screw design on dynamic dissolution of HFC-134a in PS during foam extrusion. Solubility efficiency during extrusion processing has been assessed for different screw configurations by an in-line ultrasonic technique. These results have also been correlated to off-line solubility and diffusivity properties.

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42

Sikora, Janusz W., Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II." Materials 14, no. 10 (2021): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102523.

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Four different plastics were tested: potato starch based plastic (TPS-P)–BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C)–BioComp BF 01HP; polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA)—BioComp BF 7210 and low density polyethylene, trade name Malen E FABS 23-D022; as a petrochemical reference sample. Using the blown film extrusion method and various screw rotational speeds, films were obtained and tested, as a result of which the following were determined: breaking stress, strain at break, static and dynamic friction coefficient of film in longitudinal and transverse direction, puncture resistance and strain at break, color, brightness and gloss of film, surface roughness, barrier properties and microstructure. The biodegradable plastics tested are characterized by comparable or even better mechanical strength than petrochemical polyethylene for the range of film blowing processing parameters used here. The effect of the screw rotational speed on the mechanical characteristics of the films obtained was also demonstrated. With the increase in the screw rotational speed, the decrease of barrier properties was also observed. No correlation between roughness and permeability of gases and water vapor was shown. It was indicated that biodegradable plastics might be competitive for conventional petrochemical materials used in film blowing niche applications where cost, recyclability, optical and water vapor barrier properties are not critical.

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43

Northcutt, Lily A., Sara V. Orski, Kalman B. Migler, and Anthony P. Kotula. "Effect of processing conditions on crystallization kinetics during materials extrusion additive manufacturing." Polymer 154 (October 2018): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.018.

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44

Karahaliou, E. K., and P. A. Tarantili. "Stability of ABS compounds subjected to repeated cycles of extrusion processing." Polymer Engineering & Science 49, no. 11 (2009): 2269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21480.

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45

Nakajima, N., W. J. Shieh, and Z. G. Wang. "Processing aids for mixing and extrusion of silica-natural rubber compounds." Polymer Engineering and Science 32, no. 15 (1992): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760321502.

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46

La Mantia, F. P., and A. Correnti. "Effect of Processing Conditions on the Degradation and on the Recycling of Polycarbonate." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 19, no. 3 (2003): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060301900301.

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Polycarbonate, like other polycondensation polymers, can be easily recycled without significant loss of properties only with careful drying. Indeed, the presence of humidity strongly decreases the molecular weight of the polymer by hydrolytic chain scission. In this paper, the degradation and the recycling of an extrusion grade polycarbonate sample has been investigated considering mainly the effect of the humidity. Some degradation is observed also for the material reprocessed in dry conditions and due to the thermomechanical stress acting on the melt. The chain scission is strongly reduced if the processing is carried out under nitrogen flow. In these conditions less degradation effects are also observed for the dry material. Similar results are obtained in extrusion steps if the extrusion is carried out with degassing.

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47

Krasnov, K. V., N. M. Chalaya, V. S. Osipchik, and A. E. Kazanchyan. "Investigating the Influence of Different Types of Thermoplastic Elastomer on the Properties of Highly Filled Composites." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (2017): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400903.

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The influence of the types of polyolefin elastomer (TPE-O) on the processing, physicomechanical, and service properties of composites with a high filler (fireproofing agent) content was investigated. These composites are used to produce products by extrusion.

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48

Stephan, M., S. Groβe, M. Stintz, and U. Blankschein. "Microphotometric inline determination of polymer blend morphologies during extrusion processing." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 103, no. 1 (2006): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25235.

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49

Englund, Karl, and Lee-Wen Chen. "The rheology and extrusion processing performance of wood/melamine composites." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 3 (2013): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39858.

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50

Achilleos, E. C., G. Georgiou, and S. G. Hatzikiriakos. "Role of processing aids in the extrusion of molten polymers." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 8, no. 1 (2002): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10340.

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