Journal articles: 'Plastics – Extrusion'

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Schall, Christoph, Matthias Altepeter, Volker Schöppner, Sven Wanke, and Marina Kley. "Material-Preserving Extrusion of Polyamide on a Twin-Screw Extruder." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041033.

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In the context of plastics recycling, plastics are processed several times. With each new melting and extrusion the plastic is damaged, which can have a negative effect on product properties. To counteract material damage, special additives such as chain extenders can be used, which are intended to lead to post-polymerization during processing. A linear chain extension is important here, as branching and crosslinking can lead to uncontrolled changes in the plastic’s properties. To investigate the suitability of specialized linear chain extenders for polyamides, a polyamide-6 was processed several times and the molar mass distribution was evaluated after each extrusion cycle. Three series of tests were carried out. First, the plastic was regranulated five times without additives and twice with different concentrations of chain extenders on a twin-screw extruder. The results of the study show that not only can molar mass degradation be prevented with the appropriate additive, it is even possible to achieve a material buildup during processing. In our experiments, the polydispersity of the molar mass distribution remained nearly identical despite multiple extrusions. Thus, reactive extrusion makes it possible for the corresponding plastics to be processed several times without the molar mass decreasing. If a sufficiently pure material flow can be ensured during recycling, the number of possible reprocessings of the plastic can be significantly increased without the need to add virgin material.

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Robinson, J. S. "Plastics patents: Extrusion." Advances in Polymer Technology 2, no. 4 (1993): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1993.060020402.

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Nastaj, Andrzej, and Krzysztof Wilczyński. "Optimization for the Contrary-Rotating Double-Screw Extrusion of Plastics." Polymers 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061489.

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A novel computer optimization system for the contrary-rotating double-screw extrusion of plastics was developed in this study. The optimization was based on the process simulation performed with the use of the global contrary-rotating double-screw extrusion software TSEM. The process was optimized using the GASEOTWIN software developed for this purpose using genetic algorithms. Several examples of optimization of the contrary-rotating double screw extrusion process parameters, i.e., the extrusion throughput, and minimize the plastic melt temperature and the plastic melting length.

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Jiang, Qifeng, Ramdane Boulahia, Fahmi Zaïri, Iurii Vozniak, Zhengwei Qu, Jean-Michel Gloaguen, and Xiaobing Liu. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Severely Deformed Polypropylene in ECAE (Equal Channel Angular Extrusion) via Routes A and C." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 5287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235287.

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Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is a solid-state extrusion process for modifying microstructures via severe plastic deformation without modifying the specimen cross section. In this study, changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of polypropylene resulting from extrusion orientation route A (no rotation between extrusions) and extrusion orientation route C (a rotation of 180° between extrusions) are investigated using a 90° die-angle tooling outfitted with back pressure. Important differences are reported for the ECAE-induced deformation behavior between the two processing routes. A focus is made on the occurrence of heterogeneous plastic deformations (periodic shear banding and warping) for both routes and the control and inhibition of the plastic instabilities via regulated back pressure and ram velocity. Wide-angle X-ray scattering is carried out to characterize the structural evolution as a function of the processing conditions including route, extrusion velocity and BP application. The mechanical properties of the specimens machined from the ECAE pieces are examined under different loading paths including uniaxial tension/compression and simple shear. Full-field displacements converted to volumetric strains revealed the profound impacts of the processing route on the deformation mechanisms during tensile deformation.

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Sikora, Janusz, Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties: Part I." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081986.

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This paper presents a characterization of a plastic extrusion process and the selected properties of three biodegradable plastic types, in comparison with LDPE (low-density polyethylene). The four plastics include: LDPE, commercial name Malen E FABS 23-D022; potato starch based plastic (TPS-P), BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C), BioComp®BF 01HP; and a polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA), BioComp®BF 7210. Plastic films with determined geometric parameters (thickness of the foil layer and width of the flattened foil sleeve) were produced from these materials (at individually defined processing temperatures), using blown film extrusion, by applying different extrusion screw speeds. The produced plastic films were tested to determine the geometrical features, MFR (melt flow rate), blow-up ratio, draw down ratio, mass flow rate, and exit velocity. The tests were complemented by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and chemical structure analysis. It was found that the biodegradable films were extruded at higher rate and mass flow rate than LDPE; the lowest thermal stability was ascertained for the film samples extruded from TPS-C and TPS-P, and that all tested biodegradable plastics contained polyethylene.

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Phanthong, Patchiya, Yusuke Miyoshi, and Shigeru Yao. "Development of Tensile Properties and Crystalline Conformation of Recycled Polypropylene by Re-Extrusion Using a Twin-Screw Extruder with an Additional Molten Resin Reservoir Unit." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041707.

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Plastic mechanical recycling is an attractive method for reducing the amounts of waste plastics. However, the alterations in the mechanical properties (degradation) in recycled plastics is a limitation to the material’s mechanical recycling. In this study, the mechanical recycling was enhanced by the addition of a “molten resin reservoir” unit at the end of the twin-screw extruder. Recycled polypropylene (RPP) obtained from a household was re-extruded with this developed extrusion unit. The tensile properties, type of crystalline, and conformation of polypropylene polymorphs were evaluated and compared for virgin polypropylene (VPP), recycled polypropylene (RPP) without extrusion (RPP-original), and RPP with extrusion by using a new type of extruder (RPP-extrusion). It could be found that the tensile properties of RPP-extrusion were improved, so as to be similar to those of VPP. In addition, the conformation of RPP-extrusion was similar to that of VPP by increasing the ratio between the helix and parallel band. This study succeeded in regenerating the tensile properties and inner structures in recycled PP, which could prolong the used lifetime and decrease the amount of waste from single-use plastic.

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SATO, Norio. "Reactive Extrusion for Plastics Recycle." Kobunshi 45, no. 7 (1996): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.45.474.

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Ekimenko, A. N. "Ram extrusion of reactive plastics." Russian Engineering Research 33, no. 5 (May 2013): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x13050043.

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9

Poungthong, Pongthep, Chanyut Kolitawong, Chaimongkol Saengow, and Alan Jeffrey Giacomin. "Plastic pipe solidification in extrusion." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 6 (July 26, 2018): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2017-0164.

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AbstractIn plastic pipe extrusion, hot molten extrudate emerges from an annular. This highly viscous liquid is then cooled and solidified, calledquenching, in a quench tank. In this paper, we focus on the external cooling system. We use an adiabatic inner wall and differing outer wall boundary conditions: isothermal and convection. The solid-liquid interface, at the solidification temperature, moves inward with deceleration. We adimensionalize the energy balance and solve for the interface speed in terms of the solidifcation coefficient,λ. We arrive at the exact solutions for the evolving solidified thickness. Finally, we use the residual stress model developed by Jansen [Int. Polym. Proc. 1994, 9, 82–89]. to predict the compressive residual stress at the outer pipe surface. Our new exact solution for the solidification time agrees well with the data from the plastic pipe industry. The goals of this paper are to help plastics engineers calculate the solidification time, to design the cooling chamber and to predict the residual quenching stress.

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Kimura, Takeyoshi, Takumitsu Kida, and Masayuki Yamaguchi. "Viscoelastic Properties of Fully Biomass-Based Transparent Plastic Comprising Cellulose Acetate and Citrate Ester." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093038.

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Viscoelastic properties including melt processability were evaluated for a fully biomass-based glassy plastic comprising cellulose acetate (CA) and triethyl citrate (TEC). The TEC exerted an excellent plasticizing effect without dissolving the CA crystals. Pure CA has poor melt processability. In contrast, the TEC-plasticized CA had good melt-processability at 205 °C, which is lower than the degradation temperature of CA. Extrusion was possible even at 1000 s−1 without any flow instabilities, similar to conventional plastics showing good processability at extrusion. Furthermore, there was marked strain-hardening behavior in the transient elongational viscosity, suggesting that various processing operations are possible, such as a long-chain branched polymer. This biomass-based plastic can be used as a substitute for conventional glassy plastics because it is highly transparent and its softening temperature is above 100 °C.

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Zhang, Xiaohui, Xingyuan Huang, Bin Liu, and Shuiquan Chen. "Study on the Melt Rheological Characterization of Micro-Tube Gas-Assisted Extrusion Based on the Cross-Scale Viscoelastic Model." Polymers 16, no. 7 (April 3, 2024): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16070973.

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In the micro-tube gas-assisted extrusion process, flow theories ignoring cross-scale viscoelastic variations fail to effectively characterize the rheological state of the melt. To investigate the impact of cross-scale viscoelastic variation on the quality of the micro-tube gas-assisted extrusion, a 3D multiphase flow extrusion model incorporating a double gas-assisted layer was developed. Subsequently, we modified the DCPP constitutive equations based on the cross-scale factor model. Both the traditional and gas-assisted extrusions were simulated under macroscale and cross-scale models using the Ansys Polyflow. Finally, using the established gas-assisted extrusion platform, extrusion experiments were conducted. The results indicate that, owing to the reduced melt viscosity under the cross-scale model, the deformation behavior of the melt is more pronounced than in the macroscale model. The cross-scale model’s numerical results more closely match the experimental outcomes under the same parameters, thereby confirming the feasibility of the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Moreover, the predictive capability of the cross-scale model for the micro-tube gas-assisted extrusion is further validated through numerical and experimental analyses with varying parameters. It is demonstrated that the cross-scale viscoelastic variation is a critical factor that cannot be overlooked in the gas-assisted extrusion.

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12

Sakai, Tadamoto. "Report on Plastics Extrusion Asia 2008." Seikei-Kakou 20, no. 5 (May 20, 2008): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.20.303.

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13

BIAŁASZ, Sebastian, and Ramon PAMIES. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE DESIGN OF EXTRUSION PROCESS OF POLYMERIC MINI-TUBES." Applied Computer Science 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2018-23.

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In this paper we represent a study reporting the numerical simulation of small-diameter pipes extrusion process. Polypropylene and low density polyethylene were chosen as plastics and a selected transverse head as a tool in the simulations. The aim of the study is to examine the distribution of temperature in the individual sections of the bagasse and tools, in order to optimize the parameters and process flow extrusion and validate the implementation tools, by simulating the flow of plastic by the head.

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14

Sikora, Janusz W., and Tomasz Garbacz. "The effect of the geometry of extrusion head flow channels on the adiabatic extrusion of low density polyethylene." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 6 (August 1, 2015): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0276.

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Abstract Plastics extrusion can be divided into the following types: conventional extrusion (run at low speed of the rotating screw), adiabatic extrusion (screw speed is relatively high, yet the process requires the use of heaters) and high speed extrusion (extruder barrel requires cooling due to very high screw speeds). This paper presents the results of a study undertaken to investigate the adiabatic extrusion of low density polyethylene using heads with circular cross-section nozzles and different geometries of flow channels. In the experiments, we examined the temperature and pressure of the polymer in the plasticizing unit, as well as the relationships between the output, thermal power conveyed by the plastic, total power supplied to the extruder, extrusion efficiency, unit consumption of the total energy supplied to the extruder as well as the rotational speed of the screw and the extruder’s head geometry. It was found that the most favorable energy conditions, i.e., the highest efficiency of the adiabatic extrusion of low density polyethylene in the whole range of the tested screw speeds, are ensured when the head with the highest diameter and length nozzle is applied.

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15

Gao, Hua, Qing Wen Wang, Hai Gang Wang, and Yong Ming Song. "Properties of Highly Filled Wood Fiber-Maleic Anhydride Grafted Thermoplastic Blends Composites." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1856.

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In order to make high performance wood-plastic composites (WPCs) from wood-fiber and mixed plastic wastes, virgin resins were compounded to simulate mixed plastic wastes, which included polypropylene, polyethylene and/or polystyrene, then grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH) by reactive extrusion. Highly filled WPCs were prepared by extruding. Mechanical testing results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites based on grafted virgin and waste plastics both significantly enhanced. The compatibility between the different plastics in the blend system and the interfacial adhesion between wood fibers and the blends were both improved with the modification of the blends, as evidenced by SEM. For the composites based on MAH grafted plastics, the water absorption and thickness swell decreased, which is true for the composite made from both virgin and recycled plastics. This blending-grafting modification method can be considered as a feasible approach to use mixed plastic wastes in the manufacture of high performance WPCs.

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Kovba, Anastasiia, Mykola Shved, and Dmytro Shved. "Features of cascading disk-gear extrusion of plastics." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.3.2021.241027.

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The relevant task of today is to improve the installations for thermostat extrusion, in order to increase the indicators of resource/energy efficiency. The study of the features peculiar to the loading and melting area (LMA) and the elimination of shortcomings can significantly reduce the energy costs of the process. To achieve high-quality results in cascading disk-gear extrusion, the main methods of the dispersion melting of thermoplastic granules are analyzed, taking into account all the features of the physical model of the extrusion process. The dispersion model of melting is achieved by observing a limited supply of raw materials to the loading area. This ensures the intensification of the process and significantly reduces the total length of the LMA. In this case, the length of the area with the most filled channel directly depends on the resistance of the disk zone. With increasing resistance, the polymer stopper moves to the loading neck. The polymer is gradually compacted, and each leakage of the LMA is periodically filled. From the rotating disk heated to 107 oC, samples of the polymer were removed and cut into separate sections. Previously, to facilitate the process of visual research, the polymer was colored with 0.5% blue pigment. The results of the analysis confirmed the performance of the proposed physical model for the processes occuring in the disk-gear extruder. As a result, it is possible to calculate the time over which the granules stay in the LMA and the length of the screw cutting in this area, depending on the performance. Taking into account all the features of the disk-gear extrusion process allows creating an upgraded productive, resource-efficient installation and implementing it into practice.

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17

Hornsby, P. R. "Extrusion dies for plastics and rubber (second edition)." Composites Manufacturing 3, no. 2 (January 1992): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(92)90126-f.

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18

Gander, Jesse D., and A. Jeffrey Giacomin. "Review of die lip buildup in plastics extrusion." Polymer Engineering & Science 37, no. 7 (July 1997): 1113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11756.

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Manley, T. R. "Polymer extrusion." Polymer 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87)90335-1.

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Garofalo, Emilia, Leonardo Taurino, Luciano Di Maio, Heinz C. Neitzert, and Loredana Incarnato. "Assessment of Melt Compounding with Zeolites as an Effective Deodorization Strategy for Mixed Plastic Wastes and Comparison with Degassing." Polymers 15, no. 8 (April 13, 2023): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15081858.

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The emission of off-odors from mechanically recycled plastics severely limits their re-introduction into the market for the production of new objects, for the same use or even for less demanding applications, thus hindering the implementation of an effective circular economy for plastics. The addition of adsorbing agents during the extrusion of polymers represents one of the most promising strategy to reduce the odorous emissions of plastics, due to its characteristics of cost-effectiveness, flexibility and low energy consumption. The novelty of this work lies in the assessment of zeolites as VOC adsorbents during the extrusion of recycled plastics. They appear more suitable than other types of adsorbents, due to their ability to capture and “hold” the adsorbed substances at the high temperatures of the extrusion process. Moreover, the effectiveness of this deodorization strategy was compared with the traditional degassing technique. Two types of mixed polyolefin wastes, coming from completely different collection and recycling processes, were tested: Fil-S (Film-Small), deriving from post-consumer flexible films of small size, and PW (pulper waste), which is the residual plastic waste obtained from the paper recycling process. The melt compounding of the recycled materials with two micrometric zeolites (zeolite 13X and Z310) resulted as more effective in the off-odors removal with respect to degassing. In particular, the highest reduction (−45%) of the Average Odor Intensity (AOI) was measured for both PW/Z310 and Fil-S/13X systems at 4 wt% of the zeolites’ amount, compared with the corresponding untreated recyclates. Finally, by combining degassing and melt compounding with zeolites, the best result was obtained for the composite Fil-S/13X, whose Average Odor Intensity resulted as quite close (+22%) to the one of the virgin LDPE.

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Ji, Liang Bo, and Qin Xiang Xia. "Forming Compound Parts of Metal / Plastics by Rolling-Extrusion." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.346.

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The technology of forming metal / plastics compound parts combined metal rolling, plastics extrusion and the bonding of metal and plastics were introduced. On compound forming, the principle on adhesion interface and the purpose and method of surface treatment on sheet metal were analyzed. The experiments on compound forming of zincked sheet metal / TPO were progressed as a example.

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Okubo, Hikaru, Haruka Kaneyasu, Tetsuya Kimura, Patchiya Phanthong, and Shigeru Yao. "Effects of a Twin-Screw Extruder Equipped with a Molten Resin Reservoir on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Recycled Waste Plastic Polyethylene Pellet Moldings." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071058.

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Each year, increasing amounts of plastic waste are generated, causing environmental pollution and resource loss. Recycling is a solution, but recycled plastics often have inferior mechanical properties to virgin plastics. However, studies have shown that holding polymers in the melt state before extrusion can restore the mechanical properties; thus, we propose a twin-screw extruder with a molten resin reservoir (MSR), a cavity between the screw zone and twin-screw extruder discharge, which retains molten polymer after mixing in the twin-screw zone, thus influencing the polymer properties. Re-extruded recycled polyethylene (RPE) pellets were produced, and the tensile properties and microstructure of virgin polyethylene (PE), unextruded RPE, and re-extruded RPE moldings prepared with and without the MSR were evaluated. Crucially, the elongation at break of the MSR-extruded RPE molding was seven times higher than that of the original RPE molding, and the Young’s modulus of the MSR-extruded RPE molding was comparable to that of the virgin PE molding. Both the MSR-extruded RPE and virgin PE moldings contained similar striped lamellae. Thus, MSR re-extrusion improved the mechanical performance of recycled polymers by optimizing the microstructure. The use of MSRs will facilitate the reuse of waste plastics as value-added materials having a wide range of industrial applications.

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Mu, Bing Song, Zhi Xin Fan, and D. C. Barton. "Study on Polymer Powder Solid Extrusion Forming." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.13.

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Engineering plastics has many uses, such as national defence, communication and scientific research. In this paper a new experiment plan was proposed in order to get a new engineering plastics forming method. Through the compressive test of polyoxymethylene powder, the process parameters such as temperature, stress and velocity are obtained.Based on the parameters got from compressive test polyoxymethylene powder solid extrusion forming was studied by self-made device. Microscopic analysis and mechanical properties test show that the process parameters are reasonable, the crystallinity increase and molecular chain is oriented along the extrusion direction, as a result the tensile strength and modulus increase greatly.

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Hu, Xiao Hong, Dong Fang Li, Ji Hang Hu, and Li Li. "Influence of EVA Content on the Properties of Extrusion Molding WPCS." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1378.

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EVA was tried to improve the compatibility between wood flour and plastics substrate as a new kind of coupling agent. Infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was applied to examine the changes in surface groups. The influence of the EVA content on the mechanical properties of WPCs was investigated and the morphologies of fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows that the EVA reduced the polarity of the wood flour. When the content of EVA is increased the mechanical properties of WPCs also increased. The SEM showed that EVA can help improve the interface compatibility between the fiber and plastic by aiding in the bonding of more plastic to the wood fiber. The comprehensive performance of the WPCs reached its maximum potential when the EVA level was at 15%.

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Buj, I., D. Vidal, A. Tejo, F. Fenollosa, J. El Mesbahi, and A. El Mesbahi. "Recent advances in the extrusion methods for ceramics." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1193, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1193/1/012030.

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Abstract In recent years, extrusion 3D printing processes have undergone an important development. They allow obtaining complex shapes in an easy way and relatively low cost. Different plastic materials can be 3D printed with the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. Bioinert ceramics such as alumina or zirconia have excellent physical and mechanical properties (high melting point, high strength…) that make them appropriate in different fields: medicine, electronics, etc. However, 3D printing of ceramics is by far less developed than 3D printing of plastics or metals. A possible application for 3D printing of ceramics is the manufacture of prostheses, which usually have complex shapes with porous structures. Ceramic prostheses have several advantages over the use of other materials: they generate low debris, they are hard and they are inert and corrosion-resistant. In the present work the recent advances about extrusion 3D printing of ceramic materials are presented, with a special focus on the manufacture of prostheses.

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Antonets, Yuri, Alina Shurupova, Lesia Shchebeniuk, and Oksana Holyk. "The mechanical strength of which in operation directly of the introduction into highly filled halogen-free plastics production." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 2 (10) (December 17, 2023): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2023.2.08.

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With the introduction into highly filled halogen-free plastics production, the mechanical strength of which in operation directly depends on the flame retardant content and application technology, it becomes important to control the cable sheath mechanical characteristics in a fireproof design. Polymeric materials and their compositions are viscoelastic materials for which the mechanical properties depend on the technological process of extrusion. The results of estimating the elongation at break of samples from the uniaxial stretching. It is shown that the inner and outer layers of the halogen-free plastic cable sheath have significantly different values of the plasticity normative parameter: differences evidence in the polymer structure in the inner and outer layers of the sheath due to the forced deformation process during extrusion, which is forced polymer structure orientation. It is shown that the inner and outer layers of the halogen-free plastic cable sheath have significantly different values of the relative change in specific mass of polymer samples. Analysis of the statistical covariance of the relative elongation at break and of the relative change in specific mass of polymer samples different in structure similar filled halogen-free polymers. With the introduction into highly filled halogen-free plastics application technology, it becomes important to control the cable sheath mechanical characteristics in fireproof design for the inner and outer layers

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Chua, Bih-Lii, Sun-Ho Baek, Keun Park, and Dong-Gyu Ahn. "Numerical Investigation of Deposition Characteristics of PLA on an ABS Plate Using a Material Extrusion Process." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123404.

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Three-dimensional prototypes and final products are commonly fabricated using the material extrusion (ME) process in additive manufacturing applications. However, these prototypes and products are limited to a single material using the ME process due to technical challenges. Deposition of plastic on another dissimilar plastic substrate requires proper control of printing temperature during an ME process due to differences in melting temperatures of dissimilar plastics. In this paper, deposition of PLA filament on an ABS substrate during an ME process is investigated using finite element analysis. A heat transfer finite element (FE) model for the extrusion process is proposed to estimate the parameters of the ME machine for the formulation of a heat flux model. The effects of printing temperature and the stand-off distance on temperature distributions are investigated using the proposed FE model for the extrusion process. The heat flux model is implemented in a proposed heat transfer FE model of single bead deposition of PLA on an ABS plate. From this FE model of deposition, temperature histories during the ME deposition process are estimated. The results of temperature histories are compared with experiments. Using the calibrated FE model, a proper heating temperature of ABS for deposition of PLA is evaluated.

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Li, Zheng Jeremy. "Design and Development of a New Automated and High Speed Cap Sealing System." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.489.

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Plastic welding is a technical process of welding plastic component together and it is one of the primary processes of joining plastics. There are several types of techniques in the plastic welding including hot gas welding, extrusion welding, contact welding, hot plate welding, injection welding, and friction welding, To increase the plastic welding speed and sealing capacity, this research introduces a new automated and high speed cap sealing system applied to cartridge filled with gas product. The computer-aided modeling analysis and prototype testing show that this automated and high speed welding system has high production rate, good sealing quality, reliable function, and cost-effective manufacturing process.

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Buccella, M., A. Dorigato, F. Rizzola, M. Caldara, and L. Fambri. "Effects of the extrusion processes on the rheological, chemical, and coloration properties of a copper phthalocyanine-based masterbatch." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 50, no. 4 (July 5, 2017): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244317718597.

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The production process of a monodispersed blue masterbatch for the coloration of the carpet filaments, constituted by a polyamide 6 (PA6) resin and a copper blue phthalocyanine pigment, was investigated and optimized. It was found that a compounding process based on three extrusions without any subsequent filtration was the best way to achieve a fine pigment dispersion within the PA6 matrix, with a filter pressure value reduction of 50% and a relative color strength increase of about 10% with respect to the standard production process (i.e. a single extrusion). Rheological tests, viscosity measurements and end groups analyses were used to determine the thermal stability of the prepared compounds. It was found that the triple extrusion promoted thermo-oxidative reactions. This innovative process setup can reduce the production waste, increasing the productivity and the quality of the final product without compromising the rheological properties of the monodispersed masterbatches.

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Su, Jian, Zhiwei Jiang, Changqing Fang, Mannan Yang, Linlin Wu, and Zhigang Huang. "The Reinforcing Effect of Waste Polyester Fiber on Recycled Polyethylene." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 3109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153109.

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To improve the performance and application value of recycled plastics, filling modification has been widely used in waste plastic reinforcement. In this study, recycled polyethylene (RPE) was reinforced via extrusion blending using waste polyester fiber (WPF) from a waste silk wadding quilt as a reinforcer. The effects of the amount of WPF on the mechanical properties, the thermal stability of RPE and the microstructure of the RPE/WPF composite were studied. The result shows that extrusion blending can evenly disperse WPF in RPE matrix and that WPF can clearly improve the tensile strength, flexural modulus, storage modulus and thermal stability of RPE. The tensile strength and flexural modulus almost achieved the maximum when the addition of WPF was 20 wt%. The storage modulus under this condition is also higher than that of other samples. This study provides a cheap and effective reinforcement method for waste plastics as well as a new idea for the reuse of WPF, which is of great significance to the reuse of waste and environmental protection. However, how to enhance the interface adhesion between WPF and RPE to further improve the enhancement effect needs further research.

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Kumar, Sagar, R. Sooraj, and M. V. Vinod Kumar. "Design And Fabrication Of Extrusion Machine For Recycling Plastics." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1065, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1065/1/012014.

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32

Chan, G. S. H., and K. K. B. Hon. "Integration of computing techniques for plastics extrusion die design." Computer-Aided Engineering Journal 7, no. 2 (1990): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cae.1990.0010.

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Salazar, Carlos A. Guerrero. "Process simulation and training: the case of plastics extrusion." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 3 (May 1, 1994): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/2/3/010.

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34

Musil, Jan, and Martin Zatloukal. "Historical Review of Die Drool Phenomenon in Plastics Extrusion." Polymer Reviews 54, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 139–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2013.860987.

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35

Ivanov, George K. "Some aspects of a plastics pulverization technology by extrusion." Polymer Engineering & Science 40, no. 3 (March 2000): 676–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.11198.

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36

Chan, T. W. David, and L. James Lee. "Stress development in plastic sheet extrusion." Polymer Engineering and Science 29, no. 11 (June 1989): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760291106.

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37

Kolitawong, Chanyut, A. Jeffrey Giacomin, and Udomkiat Nontakaew. "Viscous dissipation in plastic pipe extrusion." Polymer Engineering & Science 53, no. 10 (March 8, 2013): 2205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23464.

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38

Sikora, Janusz W., Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102523.

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Four different plastics were tested: potato starch based plastic (TPS-P)–BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C)–BioComp BF 01HP; polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA)—BioComp BF 7210 and low density polyethylene, trade name Malen E FABS 23-D022; as a petrochemical reference sample. Using the blown film extrusion method and various screw rotational speeds, films were obtained and tested, as a result of which the following were determined: breaking stress, strain at break, static and dynamic friction coefficient of film in longitudinal and transverse direction, puncture resistance and strain at break, color, brightness and gloss of film, surface roughness, barrier properties and microstructure. The biodegradable plastics tested are characterized by comparable or even better mechanical strength than petrochemical polyethylene for the range of film blowing processing parameters used here. The effect of the screw rotational speed on the mechanical characteristics of the films obtained was also demonstrated. With the increase in the screw rotational speed, the decrease of barrier properties was also observed. No correlation between roughness and permeability of gases and water vapor was shown. It was indicated that biodegradable plastics might be competitive for conventional petrochemical materials used in film blowing niche applications where cost, recyclability, optical and water vapor barrier properties are not critical.

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Maraveas, Chrysanthos, Ioannis Vasileios Kyrtopoulos, and Konstantinos G. Arvanitis. "Evaluation of the Viability of 3D Printing in Recycling Polymers." Polymers 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2024): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081104.

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The increased use of plastics in industrial and agricultural applications has led to high levels of pollution worldwide and is a significant challenge. To address this plastic pollution, conventional methods such as landfills and incineration are used, leading to further challenges such as the generation of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, increasing interest has been directed to identifying alternative methods to dispose of plastic waste from agriculture. The novelty of the current research arose from the lack of critical reviews on how 3-Dimensional (3D) printing was adopted for recycling plastics, its application in the production of agricultural plastics, and its specific benefits, disadvantages, and limitations in recycling plastics. The review paper offers novel insights regarding the application of 3D printing methods including Fused Particle Fabrication (FPF), Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) to make filaments from plastics. However, the methods were adopted in local recycling setups where only small quantities of the raw materials were considered. Data was collected using a systematic review involving 39 studies. Findings showed that the application of the 3D printing methods led to the generation of agricultural plastics such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which were found to have properties comparable to those of virgin plastic, suggesting the viability of 3D printing in managing plastic pollution. However, limitations were also associated with the 3D printing methods; 3D-printed plastics deteriorated rapidly under Ultraviolet (UV) light and are non-biodegradable, posing further risks of plastic pollution. However, UV stabilization helps reduce plastic deterioration, thus increasing longevity and reducing disposal. Future directions emphasize identifying methods to reduce the deterioration of 3D-printed agricultural plastics and increasing their longevity in addition to UV stability.

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Andreuccetti, C., T. Galicia-García, R. González-Nuñez, F. Martínez-Bustos, and C. R. F. Grosso. "Native and Modified Gelatin Films Produced by Casting, Extrusion, and Blowing Extrusion Processes." Polymers from Renewable Resources 8, no. 1 (February 2017): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/204124791700800102.

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41

Marinelli, J. M., and L. James Lee. "Experimental analysis of plastic sheet extrusion." Advances in Polymer Technology 5, no. 4 (1985): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1985.060050402.

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Li, Yang, and Yu Wang. "Embedded Technology Parameter Scheduling Optimization Expert System on the Plastic Extruder Applications in Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.442.

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In this paper, based on the status quo of plastics extrusion production process at the present stage in China, put forward on the basis of general embedded industrial control scheduling expert system for optimizing the process parameters is established. Structures of the expert system, user interface, the establishment of a knowledge base, reasoning machine design, the learning machine design and so on are introduced. System can according to customer's production goal reasoning out the required process parameter values, and has good portability, instead of the professional engineers for plastics extrusion production process parameters manually, save the human cost, improve the intelligent level of automation and production efficiency.

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Fabijański, Mariusz. "Study of the Single-Screw Extrusion Process Using Polylactide." Polymers 15, no. 19 (September 25, 2023): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15193878.

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This study presents the extrusion process while using a single-screw extruder and polylactide (PLA). This material belongs to the so-called biodegradable plastics, and is characterized by a higher density compared to typical polymeric materials used to manufacture products in this technology. Various polyethylenes and polypropylenes and their derivatives are commonly used. An evaluation of the extrusion process was carried out for various extruder operating parameters. The rotational speed of the screw and the process temperature were changed. For each rotational speed of the screw, the following readings were made: changes in temperature, active power, current intensity, pressure, and mass of extruded plastics each time.

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Vasco Costa Delgado, Carolina, Gabriela Alexandra Da Cunha Santos Forman, and Rebecca Louise Antoinette Breuer. "Organic Waste Bio-Based Materials for 3D Extrusion." Convergences - Journal of Research and Arts Education 15, no. 29 (May 31, 2022): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53681/c1514225187514391s.29.133.

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This study explores bioplastics fabrication based on alginate polymer with added glycerine as a plasticizer, creating flexibility, and organic waste was used as a filler avoiding shrinkage. Exploratory, observational and experimental, Literature Review, amongst other methods, were used within a Qualitative and Quantitative Methodology by Design through practice. The research material was documented through an open-source FabLab platform and shared with a community of researchers and future designers who want to design innovative and environmentally friendly materials to replace synthetic plastics. Fifteen different bio-based materials resulted from this experiment, applicable for varied applications. Results show that different fillers added to sodium alginate and glycerine present ample opportunities for sustainable bio-ceramics, bio-composites and bio-plastics.

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Signoret, Charles, Pierre Girard, Agathe Le Guen, Anne-Sophie Caro-Bretelle, José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta, Patrick Ienny, and Didier Perrin. "Degradation of Styrenic Plastics during Recycling: Accommodation of PP within ABS after WEEE Plastics Imperfect Sorting." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091439.

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With the development of dark polymers for industrial sorting technologies, economically profitable recycling of plastics from Waste Electrical and Electronical Equipment (WEEE) can be envisaged even in the presence of residual impurities. In ABS extracted from WEEE, PP is expected to be the more detrimental because of its important lack of compatibility. Hence, PP was incorporated to ABS at different rates (2 to 8 wt%) with a twin-screw extruder. PP was shown to exhibit a nodular morphology with an average diameter around 1–2 µm. Tensile properties were importantly diminished beyond 4 wt% but impact resistance was decreased even at 2 wt%. Both properties were strongly reduced as function of the contamination rate. Various potential compatibilizers for the ABS + 4 wt% PP system were evaluated: PPH-g-MA, PPC-g-MA, ABS-g-MA, TPE-g-MA, SEBS and PP-g-SAN. SEBS was found the most promising, leading to diminution of nodule sizes and also acting as an impact modifier. Finally, a Design Of Experiments using the Response Surface Methodology (DOE-RSM) was applied to visualize the impacts and interactions of extrusion temperature and screw speed on impact resistance of compatibilized and uncompatibilized ABS + 4 wt% PP systems. Resilience improvements were obtained for the uncompatibilized system and interactions between extrusion parameters and compatibilizers were noticed.

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Nastaj, Andrzej, and Krzysztof Wilczyński. "Computational Scale-Up for Flood Fed/Starve Fed Single Screw Extrusion of Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020240.

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A novel scaling-up computer system for single screw extrusion of polymers has been developed. This system makes it possible to scale-up extrusion process with both starve feeding and flood feeding. Each of the scale-up criteria can be an objective function to be minimized, represented by single values or functional dependencies over the screw length. The basis of scaling-up is process simulation made with the use of the GSEM program (Global Screw Extrusion Model). Scaling-up is performed using the GASES program (Genetic Algorithms Screw Extrusion Scaling) based on Genetic Algorithms. Scaling-up the extrusion process has been performed to increase extrusion output according to the scaling-up criteria defined by the single parameters of unit energy consumption, polymer plasticating rate and polymer temperature, as well as by the process parameters profiles of the temperature and plasticating. The global objective function reached the lowest value for the selected process parameters, and extrusion throughput was significantly increased.

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Wei, Yunbo, Jiangeng Bai, Haitao Zhao, Rui Wang, and Hongxia Li. "Study on the Extrusion Molding Process of Polylactic Acid Micro Tubes for Biodegradable Vascular Stents." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 4790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224790.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in the field of medical devices. However, few studies have been conducted on the extrusion molding of PLA micro tubes for the preparation of biodegradable vascular stents. In this paper, the extrusion die for PLA single-cavity micro tubes was designed and manufactured by micro-extrusion theory. Taking the outer diameter, wall thickness, wall thickness uniformity and ovality of micro tubes as the evaluation index, the influence of the main extrusion process parameters on the evaluation index was studied. The experimental results show that the outer diameter and wall thickness are significantly affected by screw speed, pulling speed and gas flow rate; extrusion process parameters have little influence on wall thickness uniformity and ovality within a certain range, which mainly depends on the processing accuracy and assembly accuracy of the extrusion die. However, excessively high screw speed and low gas flow rate have significant effects on ovality. Finally, according to the influence of extrusion process parameters on the evaluation index, a series of micro tubes that meet the design requirements are extruded and carved into vascular stent structures.

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Wang, Bo, Yong Gang Zou, and Bing Zhang. "Mechanism Research on Self-Cleaning Filtration of Mixed Plastics in Remanufacture Extrusion Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.45.

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In most cases, recycled plastics include lots of impurities that can not be separated in operation steps of separation and washing. Normally, these impurities should be filtrated in extrusion process with filter plate and single or twin screw extruder. In extrusion process, it is easily for impurities to block the holes of filter plate. So how to improve the performance of self-cleaning can be regarded as a very important requirement for design of filter equipment. Based on FEM simulation, this paper discusses mechanism of filter plate’s blocking, the pressure distribution and deformation of two direct flow filtrations. Specially, a side stream filtration including how to clean itself has been introduced.

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Storm, Birgit Kjærside. "From Fishing Gear to Granulates and Recycled Steel – An Eco Innovation Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 1585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.1585.

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Plastix A/S, a cleantech company located in Lemvig, Denmark, received in August 2014 funding for the project Retrawl2, which is a part of the EU initiative ECO-Innovation project. Retrawl2 is co-funded by the European Union with the CIP ECO-Innovation initiative of the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme, CIP. The aim of the RETRAWL is to upscale an innovative recycling technology, which transforms used maritime waste into plastic and steel commodities. The plastics are mainly polyamides and polyethylene from nets and trawls, and the steel are mainly carbon steel from taifun wires as parts of the nets and trawls.The suppliers of the used maritime equipment are Danish and other European fishing harbours, where equipment are stored, because it can be a challenge for the fishermen to dispose it. Also ghost nets are collected and delivered for recycling. In order to recycle nets to commodity plastics considerations of the quality of the product has been taken. The nets are made of materials of a high quality, because the abrasion resistance, the tension strength and the chemical resistance need to be high for the use of them in trawl. The quality of the recycled plastics will be high, when they are gently treated under the cutting, separation, washing and extrusion processes. In the processes the gently handling of the polymers is in focus to keep the degree of polymerisation of the polymers, since the strength of the plastics depends on the chain length of the polymers. The quality and the identity of the recycled plastics are verified through infrared spectroscopi, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, measuring the tensile strength and the elongation to break, measuring the melt flow index and the distribution of the grain size. The used fishing nets may have a significant smell of fish from trimethyl amine and rancid smell from oxidized fatty acids. The smell will disappear under the production mainly because of the volatility of trimethyl amine. The fatty acids will be partly degraded under the production, and if there is a remaining part, they will act as plastisizers in polyethylene and polyamide with a minor influence on the strength of the product. In the steel plant the plastic covers of taifun wires are melted off with energy supply from an induction technology. The steel will afterwards be cut in pieces with length up to 1 meter. The capacity of the extrusion line is planned to be 24 ton per day 7 days per week, and on the steel line the capacity is planned to be 8 – 10 ton steel per day 5 days per week. The amount of used fishing equipment for that production will be approximately 40 ton per day. During 2015 another extrusion line will be ready allowing the doubling of the production.

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Vaneker, T. H. J. "Material Extrusion of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Plastics Using Commingled Yarn." Procedia CIRP 66 (2017): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.367.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastics – Extrusion'

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