Journal articles: 'Plate Count Agar'

1

Day, N. B., B. J. Skura, and W. D. Powrie. "Comparison of three media used for the enumeration of heat-injured Botrytis cinerea." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-036.

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The efficacy of three media (antibiotic-supplemented plate count agar (3 days, 21 °C); antibiotic–pyruvate–supplemented plate count agar (3 days, 21 °C); and trypticase soy agar (16 h, followed by 2.5 days on antibiotic-supplemented plate count agar, 21 °C)) for recovery of heat-injured Botrytis cinerea spores was compared using hydrophobic grid membrane filters. The filters restrict spreading of fungal colonies and facilitate the transfer of fungal spores from pre-enrichment trypticase soy agar to antibiotic-supplemented plate count agar. Counts obtained from pre-enrichment on trypticase soy agar were significantly larger than counts obtained from the other media (α = 0.05). Addition of sodium pyruvate to antibiotic-supplemented plate count agar did not increase spore recovery (α = 0.05). The use of trypticase soy agar as a pre-enrichment medium should be considered for use when antibiotic-supplemented plate count agar is employed in the enumeration of heat-stressed fungi.

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Souto, Luís I. M., Clarice Y. Minagawa, Evelise O. Telles, Márcio A. Garbuglio, Marcos Amaku, Priscilla A. Melville, Ricardo A. Dias, Sonia T. Sakata, and Nilson R. Benites. "Correlation between mastitis occurrence and the count of microorganisms in bulk raw milk of bovine dairy herds in four selective culture media." Journal of Dairy Research 77, no. 1 (November 26, 2009): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909990409.

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Milk is the normal secretion of the mammary gland, practically free of colostrum and obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy animals. Mastitis is an inflammatory process of the mammary gland and it may cause alterations in the milk. The present work aimed to verify whether it is possible, by means of the counts of microorganism in the bulk raw milk in four selective culture media, to establish a correlation with the occurrence of mastitis and therefore, to monitor this disease in bovine dairy herds. The following selective culture media were used: KF Streptococcus Agar, Edwards Agar, Baird-Parker Agar, Blood Agar plus potassium tellurite. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated in order to compare the occurrence of mastitis (percentage) in each herd with respective selective culture media counts of microorganisms in bulk raw milk. Thirty-six possibilities were analysed (Tamis and CMT-positive rates were compared with the log-transformed count in four selective culture media) and there was a negative correlation between Tamis 3 and the Baird-Parker Agar plate count. The total results of microbiological tests showed that there were three correlations of the counts in selective culture media. Fifty-two possibilities were analysed and there was a negative correlation between no-bacterial-growth mastitis rates and log10 of KF Streptoccocus Agar plate count and there were two positive correlations between coagulase-positive staphylococci and log10 of Baird-Parker Agar plate count and Blood Agar plus potassium tellurite plate count.

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TING, WEI-TSYI, and GEORGE J. BANWART. "Enumeration of Enterococci and Aerobic Mesophilic Plate Count in Dried Soup Using Three Reconstitution Methods." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.9.770.

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A naturally contaminated dried soup sample was reconstituted by three different methods (1:1 swirl, 1:9 soak and 1:9 rapid rehydration) and analyzed for enterococci on m-enterococcus agar and aerobic mesophilic plate count on plate count agar. The enterococcal counts obtained by the 1:1 swirl and the 1:9 soak methods were 41.6% and 26.5%, respectively, higher than that of the commonly used 1:9 rapid rehydration method. The aerobic mesophilic plate counts for the three systems were not significantly different.

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Roth, Jonathan N. "Temperature-Independent Pectin Gel Method for Aerobic Plate Count in Dairy and Nondairy Food Products: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 2 (March 1, 1988): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.2.343.

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Abstract Ten laboratories participated in a collaborative study to compare the pectin-based plate count (PC) Redigel method with the aerobic plate count and standard plate count agar-based standard methods for the estimation of total bacterial counts in 9 different nondairy food and dairy food products. The foods were cream, homogenized milk, raw milk, cheese, raw chicken, raw oysters, frozen broccoli, flour, and spices. Each laboratory analyzed 6 samples (3 sample pairs) of each food group. Counts obtained by the pectin-based plate count and agarbased plate count methods differed significantly (P 0.05) only for homogenized milk, where the pectin gel method resulted in higher counts. The actual counts were higher in the pectin gel method in 8 of the 9 food groups. The log means for pectin gel and agar-based media, respectively, for the 9 food groups were: cream 8.106 and 7.844; homogenized milk 8.642 and 8.231; raw milk 8.711 and 8.423; chicken 7.654 and 7.645; oysters 7.201 and 7.180; broccoli 7.102 and 6.798; cheese 8.045 and 8.055; flour 4.112 and 3.988; spice 5.379 and 5.314. The repeatability standard deviations favored the pectin gel method in 6 of the 9 foods tested. The reproducibility standard deviations favored the pectin gel method in 7 of the 9 foods tested. These results strongly support the suitability of the pectin gel method as an alternative to agar-based plate count and other methods for total bacterial counts in nondairy and dairy food products. The pectin gel method has been adopted official first action.

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Vulindlu, M., A. Charlett, S. Surman, and J. V. Lee. "Comparison of agar-based methods for the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria with the new Multidose IDEXX(tm) SimPlate method." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0067.

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Pour and spread plates are the conventional methods of choice for the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic microorganisms in treated water supplies. The tests are performed at 22°C and 37°C for 72 h and 48 h respectively. Counts at 22°C are associated with pollution of water systems from external sources, while counts at 37°C are used as an indication of treatment plant performance and the deterioration of the general quality of water. Conventional methods using Yeast Extract Agar for a pour plate and R2A agar for a spread plate were compared with the multidose IDEXXTM SimPlate method for the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria in water. SimPlate gave a significantly higher count on average than the conventional methods. The R2A method showed the next highest count, being significantly higher than Yeast Extract Agar. In addition, unlike the pour and spread plate methods, SimPlate was easier to use, reduced labour, and the test results were far easier to read.

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Townsend, David E., and Ali Naqui. "Comparison of SimPlate TotalTM Plate Count Test with Plate Count Agar Method for Detection and Quantitation of Bacteria in Food." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.563.

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abstract The SimPlateTM Total Plate Count (TPC) test, developed by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., detects and quantitates total bacterial concentration in food after 24 h of incubation. The performance of SimPlate TPC was compared with that of the plate count agar (PCA) method for enumerating total bacterial concentration of 255 food samples representing 15 different food matrixes. Total bacterial counts on SimPlate TPC were measured after 24 h of incubation and plotted against values obtained from PCA after 48 h. Simple regression analysis of the data showed strong correlation between the methods (r = 0.95); the sensitivity of SimPlate TPC for foodborne bacteria was 96% relative to PCA (slope = 0.96). It was concluded that SimPlate TPC is a suitable alternative for the detection and quantitation of foodborne bacteria. The method has been granted Performance Tested Certification by the AOAC Research Institute.

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Jackson, R. Wayne, Karen Osborne, Gary Barnes, Carol Jolliff, Dianna Zamani, Bruce Roll, Amy Stillings, David Herzog, Shelly Cannon, and Scott Loveland. "Multiregional Evaluation of the SimPlate Heterotrophic Plate Count Method Compared to the Standard Plate Count Agar Pour Plate Method in Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.453-454.2000.

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ABSTRACT A new SimPlate heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine) was compared with the pour plate method at 35°C for 48 h. Six laboratories tested a total of 632 water samples. The SimPlate HPC method was found to be equivalent to the pour plate method by regression analysis (r = 0.95;y = 0.99X + 0.06).

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SMITH, LORRAINE B., TERRANCE L. FOX, and F. F. BUSTA. "Comparison of a Dry Medium Culture Plate (Petrifilm SM Plates) Method to the Aerobic Plate Count Method for Enumeration of Mesophilic Aerobic Colony-Forming Units in Fresh Ground Beef." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.12.1044.

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Mesophilic aerobic microbial populations in fresh ground beef were enumerated with a new system, Petrifilm™ SM Plates (PSM), and with the conventional aerobic plate count (APC) method using standard methods agar (SMA). Total colony-forming units were determined in 119 fresh ground beef samples (29 extra-lean, 30 lean and 60 regular) purchased at nine different retail markets over a period of 6 wk. Linear regression analysis of PSM vs. APC counts gave a slope of 0.963, an intercept of −0.027, and a correlation coefficient of 0.951. Mean log10 counts on PSM were 5.86 compared to 6.11 on SMA (P<0.01) or a mean log10 difference of −0.25. These analyses indicate that the Petrifilm SM method would be a possible alternative for the aerobic plate count method.

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COOK, DAVID W. "Refrigeration of Oyster Shellstock: Conditions Which Minimize the Outgrowth of Vibrio vulnificus." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.4.349.

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The multiplication of Vibrio vulnificus in summer harvest oyster shellstock held without refrigeration was followed over a 14 h postharvest period. Mean (n = 7) increases were 0,75, 1.30, 1.74, and 1.94 log units at 3.5 h, 7 h, 10.5 h, and 14 h postharvest, respectively. Aerobic plate counts (spread plates on plate count agar [PCA] containing 1% NaCl, 25°C) but not standard plate counts (pour plates, PCA, 35°C) showed a similar trend in increase. Reducing the time oyster shellstock remains outside refrigeration can decrease consumer exposure to high numbers of V. vulnificus, but shellstock must be cooled immediately after harvest to eliminate postharvest growth of this bacterium.

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10

ENTIS, PHYLLIS, and PETER BOLESZCZUK. "Use of Fast Green FCF with Tryptic Soy Agar for Aerobic Plate Count by the Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.4.278.

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A hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) method for aerobic plate count using Tryptic Soy Agar with fast green FCF was evaluated against a conventional pour plate method on 250 food samples, representing 25 product categories. The HGMF method yielded counts equivalent to or significantly higher than the pour plate method for 24 of the 25 product categories (t-test for paired data).

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DOMINGUEZ, SILVIA A., and DONALD W. SCHAFFNER. "Survival of Salmonella in Processed Chicken Products during Frozen Storage." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 2088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2088.

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Frozen chicken products have been identified recently as a cause of salmonellosis. At least eight salmonellosis outbreaks from 1998 to 2008 have implicated undercooked frozen chicken nuggets, strips, and entrees as infection vehicles. Thus, the presence of Salmonella in frozen products may pose an infection risk if the product is improperly cooked. The objective of this study was to assess the survivability of Salmonella during frozen storage (−20°C) when inoculated in processed chicken products. Four Salmonella strains originally isolated from poultry were inoculated into frozen chicken nuggets (fully cooked) and frozen chicken strips (containing raw poultry) at initial populations of 104 to 105 CFU/g. Survival was assessed during storage at −20°C for 16 weeks by measuring bacterial growth on minimal, selective, and nonselective agars. Results indicate that cell populations measured in nonselective agars (plate count agar and plate count agar supplemented with tetracycline) and minimal (M9) agar remained relatively constant during the entire −20°C storage period studied (16 weeks) for both chicken nuggets and strips. However, cell populations were significantly (P < 0.05) lower when measured in selective agar (XLT4) during the 16 weeks of frozen storage for both chicken nuggets and strips, suggesting that these cells were structurally injured. The data presented in this study indicate that Salmonella can survive frozen storage when inoculated in frozen, processed chicken products and confirm that microbial counts on selective agar are not representative of the total population of samples subject to freezing.

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ROGERS, JOANNA H., and PHILIP S. GUARINO. "Comparison of Antibiotic-Containing Media and Media Supplemented with Dichloran and Rose Bengal for Isolation and Enumeration of Fungi in Spices." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 815–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.10.815.

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Yeast and mold counts of various spice products were determined using Dichloran Rose Bengal agar, Phytone Yeast Extract agar with added Dichloran and Rose Bengal, and Antibiotic Plate Count agar. Media containing the added Dichloran and Rose Bengal proved superior to media without Dichloran and Rose Bengal in controlling mold overgrowth, and promoting distinct colony morphology. Results were obtained 2 d earlier using Phytone Yeast Extract agar with added Dichloran and Rose Bengal.

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KOBURGER, J. A., F. C. CHANG, and C. I. WEI. "Evaluation of Dichloran-Rose Bengal Agar for Enumeration of Fungi in Foods1." Journal of Food Protection 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.7.562.

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Samples of flour, corn meal, ground meat and carrots were analyzed by standard procedures for presence of fungi using both Dichloran-Rose Bengal (DRBC) and Plate Count agar with antibiotics. Bacterial contamination was so extensive with ground meat and carrot samples on DRBC that meaningful fungal counts could not be obtained. Therefore, DRBC is not recommended for routine enumeration of fungi in foods.

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GOLDBERG, JOHN J., JOSEPH W. PANKEY, PEGGY A. DRECHSLER, PATRICIA A. MURDOUGH, and DIANTHA B. HOWARD. "An Update Survey of Bulk Tank Milk Quality in Vermont." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.7.549.

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Quality of Vermont bulk tank milk was first surveyed in 1985 as part of a statewide milk quality enhancement program. In a second survey conducted in 1990, bulk tank milk from 1,971 farms was sampled and tested for standard plate count, bacterial type and species distribution, and somatic cell count. Test results from 1,203 duplicate bulk tank milk samples were compared between five Vermont milk processors and the University of Vermont Quality Milk Research Laboratory. Arithmetic mean standard plate count conducted by processors was 2.3 × 104 CFU/ml in 1990 compared with 3.0 × 104 CFU/ml in 1985 (Geometric mean went from 1.3 × 104 CFU/ml in 1985 to 1.1 × 104 CFU/ml in 1990). Trypticase blood-esculin agar was used at the Quality Milk Research Laboratory to determine distribution of bacteria types and species. Comparison of results with a 1985 survey appeared to demonstrate a reduction in the percentage of farms with Streptococcus agalactiae from 47% to 32%. Frequency of other organisms increased with the majority being environmental organisms. Arithmetic mean total raw bacteria count on blood agar was 1.9 × 104 CFU/ml. Correlation between standard plate count and blood agar raw bacteria count was low. Arithmetic mean somatic cell count appeared to decline from 5.4 × 105 cells/ml in 1985 to 3.4 × 105 cells/ml in 1990 (Geometric mean went from 4.1 × 105 cells/ml in 1985 to 2.9 × 105 cells/ml in 1990). Correlation between somatic cell counts conducted by milk processors and the Quality Milk Research Laboratory was high.

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Angelia, Ika Okhtora. "PENGGUNAAN METODE CAWAN TUANG TERHADAP UJI MIKROBA PADA TEPUNG KELAPA." Journal Of Agritech Science (JASc) 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30869/jasc.v4i1.571.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari metode terbaik dalam menguji kandungan mikroba yang terdapat pada tepung kelapa. Metode Cawan Tuang (Pour Plate) merupakan teknik lain yang dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan koloni murni mikrooganisme. Kelemahan metode ini adalah membutuhkan waktu dan bahan yang lama dan banyak, akan tetapi tidak memerlukan keterampilan tinggi. Biarkan campuran diencerkan dengan menggunakan medium agar yang telah dicairkan dan didinginkan. Adapun prinsip pengujian deteksi yaitu: Pembuatan media serta Isolasi dan identifikasi hasil. Dalam metode ini bakteri yang di uji adalah bakteri TPC (Total Plate Count) dengan menggunakan Obat PCA (Plate Count Agar) yang memberikan hasil berwarna kuning jika sudah terbentuk menjadi media agar sedangkan Enterobacteriaceae dan Coliform menggunakan Obat VRBA (Violet Red Bile Agar) dengan hasil akhir berwarna merah jika sudah terbentuk menjadi media agar.

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Buchanan-Mappin, J. M., P. M. Wallis, and A. G. Buchanan. "Enumeration and identification of heterotrophic bacteria in groundwater and in a mountain stream." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-020.

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Populations of heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated from stream and groundwater samples taken from an undisturbed catchment basin in southwestern Alberta. Direct counts using epifluorescence microscopy were compared with total viable counts using standard plate count methods, the iodonitrotetrazolium formazan method (reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitro phenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan), the nalidixic acid method, and the slide culture method. The nalidixic acid method gave the highest results, with total viable counts as high as 34.6% of the total direct count. Attempts to enumerate bacteria on media made from decaying leaves and algal–bacterial slime gave lower values, approximately 10% of the numbers obtained on enriched media. Stream waters were found to be dominated by Pseudomonas spp. and groundwaters were dominated by Bacillus spp. No differences were found in either numbers or species identified between tryptone – glucose – yeast extract agar, brain–heart infusion agar, nutrient agar, or casein–peptone–starch agar.

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FOONG, SALLY C. C., and JAMES S. DICKSON. "Survival and Recovery of Viable but Nonculturable Listeria monocytogenes Cells in a Nutritionally Depleted Medium." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.8.1641.

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Survival of a desiccated five-strain Listeria monocytogenes mixture during storage in sand at 4°C for 2 months was determined using the acridine orange direct count method with novobiocin and plate counts. Samples of inoculated sand were taken every 2 weeks, incubated at 37°C for 6 h, stained with acridine orange, and then examined with a fluorescence microscope. Elongated viable but nonculturable cells were most frequently observed during weeks 2 and 4. At weeks 6 and 8, most of the cells either remained viable or were dead. In each microscopic field, only one or two viable but nonculturable cells were observed among hundreds of other viable culturable cells, indicating that L. monocytogenes does not generally become viable but nonculturable. Therefore, viable but nonculturable cells are not a concern when plating environmental samples or desiccated L. monocytogenes cells on nonselective media. Tryptic soy agar with 0.6% (wt/vol) yeast extract (TSAYE) and Columbia agar were used as nonselective plate count media. Modified Oxford agar and TSAYE + 5% (wt/vol) sodium chloride were used as the selective plate count media. The effects of aerobic or anaerobic incubation and media supplementation with0.1% or 1% (wt/vol) sodium pyruvate were tested to optimize recovery of desiccated cells. Nonselective media showed better recovery when TSAYE and Columbia agar contained 0.1% (wt/vol) pyruvate and were incubated aerobically. These two culture methods were equally effective (P > 0.05) for recovering desiccated L. monocytogenes cells.

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Tanaka, Tomohiro, Kosei Kawasaki, Serina Daimon, Wataru Kitagawa, Kyosuke Yamamoto, Hideyuki Tamaki, Michiko Tanaka, Cindy H. Nakatsu, and Yoichi Kamagata. "A Hidden Pitfall in the Preparation of Agar Media Undermines Microorganism Cultivability." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 24 (October 3, 2014): 7659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02741-14.

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ABSTRACTMicrobiologists have been using agar growth medium for over 120 years. It revolutionized microbiology in the 1890s when microbiologists were seeking effective methods to isolate microorganisms, which led to the successful cultivation of microorganisms as single clones. But there has been a disparity between total cell counts and cultivable cell counts on plates, often referred to as the “great plate count anomaly,” that has long been a phenomenon that still remains unsolved. Here, we report that a common practice microbiologists have employed to prepare agar medium has a hidden pitfall: when phosphate was autoclaved together with agar to prepare solid growth media (PT medium), total colony counts were remarkably lower than those grown on agar plates in which phosphate and agar were separately autoclaved and mixed right before solidification (PS medium). We used a pure culture ofGemmatimonas aurantiacaT-27Tand three representative sources of environmental samples, soil, sediment, and water, as inocula and compared colony counts between PT and PS agar plates. There were higher numbers of CFU on PS medium than on PT medium usingG. aurantiacaor any of the environmental samples. Chemical analysis of PT agar plates suggested that hydrogen peroxide was contributing to growth inhibition. Comparison of 454 pyrosequences of the environmental samples to the isolates revealed that taxa grown on PS medium were more reflective of the original community structure than those grown on PT medium. Moreover, more hitherto-uncultivated microbes grew on PS than on PT medium.

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JAY, J. M. "A Review of Aerobic and Psychrotrophic Plate Count Procedures for Fresh Meat and Poultry Products." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1200–1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.7.1200.

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This is a review of reports that employed aerobic plate counts on fresh meat and poultry products since 1985; it lists synopses of 100 applications. A total of 15 different plating media were used, with 48 (48%) being either plate count agar (PCA) or tryptone glucose yeast extract agar. The temperature-time relations ranged from a low temperature of 20°C for 120 h to 37°C for 24 h. Some 29 different temperature-time combinations were used among the total of 109, with 21 (19.3%) being 35°C/48 h, followed by 12 (11.0%) at 32°C/48 h, 11 (10.1%) at 25°C/48 h, and 9 (8.3%) at 25°C/72 h. Fifty-four (49.5%) plate count applications employed incubation temperatures of 30°C and below. From the 26 reports that employed psychrotrophic counts, 16 (61.5%) used PCA; 18 different temperature-time combinations were used, with 7°C/10 d employed by only four. Twenty-one (80.8%) employed an incubation temperature at or <10°C, and five employed an incubation temperature >10°C. There is a serious need for some consensus on methodologies for aerobic and psychrotrophic counts on fresh meat and poultry products.

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Mutiarasari, Nonie Olivia Adia, Nenny Harijani, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Dadik Raharjo, Agnes Theresia Soelih Estoepangestie, and Didik Handijatno. "Total Plate dan Total Staphylococcus aureus pada Daging Di Pasar Tradisional Kecamatan Mulyorejo Surabaya." Journal of Basic Medical Veterinary 9, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbmv.v9i2.28584.

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This study aimed to evaluate the Total Plate Count and total Staphylococcus aureus count of beef sold in wet markets in Mulyorejo sub-district below the National Standard Indonesia (SNI 7388:2009) about maximum limit of microbial contamination in food or not. Total of twenty four samples of beef purchased from traditional markets of Tempurejo, Krempyeng Yamuri, Pacar Keling, and Menur in Mulyorejo sub-district Surabaya were examined by Total Plate Count using pour plate method. The sample was also cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar. The colony suspected to be S. aureus were taken for identification. The identification of S. aureus consists of isolation in Mannitol Salt Agar, Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Total plate count result showed that four samples were exceeding the National Standard of Indonesia SNI 7388:2009 or 1x106 CFU/g and the rest were below the maximum Total Plate Count in SNI. The highest Total Plate Count result was 1,9x106 CFU/g and the lowest was 7,8x104 CFU/g. The result of identification showed that 100% samples examined were contaminated by S. aureus with the highest result was 2,9x104 CFU/g and the lowest result was 4,3x103 CFU/g or exceeding the SNI 7388:2009.

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Curiale, Michael S., Therese Sons, J. Sue Mcallister, Barbara Halsey, and Terrance L. Fox. "Dry Rehydratable Film for Enumeration of Total Aerobic Bacteria in Foods: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.242.

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Abstract A rehydratable dry-film plating procedure for aerobic plate counts has been compared to the standard agar plate method (966.23B and C, 15th ed.; 46.014-46.015, 14th ed.) in a collaborative study by 12 laboratories. Each laboratory analyzed the normal microflora of 3 samples in duplicate for 6 products. The aerobic plate counts ranged from 1.0 X 103 to 1.0 X 108 cfu/g. The products were flour, nuts, frozen raw shrimp, spice, frozen raw ground turkey, and frozen and refrigerated vegetables. Repeatability standard deviations of the 2 methods did not differ significantly for 13 of 18 test samples. For 1 shrimp and 2 turkey samples, the dry-film method had lower repeatability variances (P < 0.05) and for 1 spice sample the agar method had lower repeatability variances (P < 0.05). Relative standard deviations of repeatability were between 1.7 and 15.5% for the dry-film method and 1.2 and 16.0% for the agar method. Relative standard deviations of reproducibility ranged from 2.4 to 23.4 % for the dry-film method and 2.3 to 18.8% for the agar method. The dry rehydratable film method has been adopted official first action for determination of the aerobic plate count.

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Nur, Farjahan, Ummay Kulsum Libra, Prova Rowsan, Md Abul Kalam Azad, and Kohinur Begum. "Assessment of Bacterial Contamination of Dried Herbs and Spices Collected from Street Markets in Dhaka." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21, no. 2 (August 15, 2018): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v21i2.37919.

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Crude plant parts used as a source of medicine is an ancient practice and important for health care system worldwide. In Bangladesh, a large number of population depends on the traditional medicine using crude drugs. In traditional systems, street sellers collect powered plant parts or dried plant parts from whole sale markets locally or from various parts of Bangladesh. Favorable environmental condition for microbial growth and handling with unhygienic conditions may result in microbial contamination. The present study was performed to assess the total bacterial count and presence of coliform bacteria from 33 powdered plant part samples collected from street markets, Dhaka. Bacterial count was performed using pour plate technique in nutrient agar according to microbiological standard USP method. Bacterial growth was done by streak plate technique on MacConkey and EMB agar plates. Results showed that, 13 out of 33 samples exceeded permissible limit of bacterial count (>105 cfu/gm). However, 20 samples showed bacterial count ranging from 3.1×102 to 2×103 cfu/gm. About 48.5% samples contained Escherichia coli indicating the presence of coliform bacteria and 21.2% samples contained other enteric bacteria (unidentified) which was confirmed by bacterial growth on MacConkey and EMB agar plates. Therefore, from this study, it may be concluded that crude herbal products contain a high level of bacteria that may be associated with health risk.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(2): 96-100, 2018

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RIPABELLI, GIANCARLO, MICHELA LUCIA SAMMARCO, and GUIDO MARIA GRASSO. "Evaluation of Immunomagnetic Separation and Plating Media for Recovery of Salmonella from Meat." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.2.198.

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Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was compared with selective enrichment in selenite cystine (SC) broth for isolation of Salmonella from 86 artificially contaminated ground beef samples. Both Rambach agar (RA) and Hektoen enteric (HE) agar were used as selective plating media. The highest count of Salmonella colonies per plate was obtained after enrichment in SC broth and plating on RA (mean value: 111.1 ± 58.1 CFU per plate); the lowest count was obtained after IMS and plating on HE agar (mean value: 65.4 ± 36.6 CFU per plate). Salmonella in preenrichment was concentrated 1.7-fold by IMS and represented 31% of the microbial population captured by the beads, but nonspecific binding was high. As a result of the large numbers of competing bacteria, isolations on both RA and HE agar following IMS were quite difficult (mean value for Salmonella colonies: 79.9 ± 42.7 CFU per plate; mean value for non-Salmonella colonies: 144.1 ± 75.7 CFU per plate; ratio of Salmonella to non-Salmonella colonies: 0.8). This study indicates that SC broth is superior to IMS in the isolation of Salmonella from raw ground meat.

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IBEAWUCHI, J. A., and D. M. DALYOP. "COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF FRESH COW MILK OFFERED FOR SALE IN PARTS OF PLATEAU STATE OF NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i1.2038.

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The gross composition and quality of fresh cow milk purchased from Fulani milk vendors in three locations of Plateau State were investigated. Milk quality was assessed by the methylene blue reduction test while bacterial contamination was by the agar plate count and the direct microscopic count. The mean contents of total solids, butterfat, protein and ash of a total of 100 samples from Barkin Ladi, Jos and Bukuru markets were 12.45, 4.77, 3.90, 0.92; 12.85, 4.50, 3.68, 0.93; and 12.41, 5.26, 3.72, 0.91% respectively. The proximate constituents did not differ significantly between locations. The methylene blue test indicated that only 23.5% of the sample were of good quality while 41.2 and 35.3% were rated fair and poor respectively. No sample merited excellent rating. The agar plate count showed a range of 1.97 x 106 for Bukuru to 2.54 x 106 cells/ml for Jos market. The direct microscopic count showed the highest mean bacteria value for Barkin Ladi samples. The high bacterial counts as observed were probably indicative of poor milking hygiene and handling. It is suggested that such milk should be properly pasteurized before consumption and delivered/marketed early at source to reduce the time for microbial multiplication.

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SMITH, C. F., and D. E. TOWNSEND. "A New Medium for Determining the Total Plate Count in Food." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 1404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.12.1404.

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SimPlate for Total Plate Count–Color Indicator (TPC-CI, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Me.) is a new medium that incorporates the redox dye resazurin to detect and quantify bacteria in food. Enumeration is achieved by the most probable number method using a SimPlate device. Viable bacteria are detected in each well of the SimPlate device by the biochemical reduction of resazurin, which is blue, to the pink resorufin or the clear dihydroresorufin indicators. Results after 24 h of incubation for TPC-CI are highly correlated with standard plate count agar after 48 h of incubation. Correlation coefficients from studies conducted at five laboratories ranged from 0.94 to 0.98 in side-by-side comparisons against standard plate count agar. Four additional test sites, using alternative methods for determining the aerobic plate count in food, reported similar results in comparison studies (r = 0.91 to 0.97). The slopes from linear regression analysis at all sites ranged from 0.91 to 0.98, with y intercepts ranging from 0.11 to 0.84. Samples used for the validation of TPC-CI included raw food products (i.e., liver and grains), which may contain natural enzymes that interfere with enzyme-based detection methods. No interference was seen from the foods tested. These results suggest that TPC-CI is a suitable alternative to existing plate count methods and has reduced incubation time.

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CHUNG, K. S., C. N. KIM, and K. NAMGOONG. "Evaluation of the Petrifilm Rapid Coliform Count Plate Method for Coliform Enumeration from Surimi-Based Imitation Crab Slurry." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.1.123.

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The 3M Petrifilm rapid coliform count (RCC) plate method was compared with two conventional methods, namely violet red bile agar (VRBA) and desoxycholate lactose agar (DLA), for enumerating coliforms. The VRBA plating method is a reference method in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual and the DLA plating method is the method recommended by the Food Sanitation Law of Korea for enumeration of coliforms. Serratia sp., a coliform that was isolated from frozen surimi, was incubated in surimi-based imitation crab (SBIC) slurries and enumerated on the Petrifilm RCC, VRBA, and DLA plates. Results from the Petrifilm RCC plate were not significantly different from results from VRBA or DLA plates at P < 0.05 level. The correlation coefficient for Petrifilm RCC plates versus the VRBA method and for Petrifilm RCC plates versus the DLA method were 0.994 and 0.996, respectively. With the Petrifilm RCC plate method, we were able to estimate presumptive coliforms (except Serratia sp.) after 14 h and to enumerate confirmed coliforms (including Serratia sp.) after 24 h.

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THUNBERG, RICHARD L., TONY T. TRAN, REGINALD W. BENNETT, ROGER N. MATTHEWS, and NEGASH BELAY. "Microbial Evaluation of Selected Fresh Produce Obtained at Retail Markets." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.4.677.

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The microbial quality of five types of fresh produce obtained at the retail level was determined by standard quantitative techniques. These techniques included aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform counts, Escherichia coli counts, and yeast and mold counts. Three different methods were used to determine total coliform counts, which consisted of MacConkey agar plate counts, Colicomplete most probable number counts, and Petrifilm E. coli (EC) plate counts. The mean APCs for sprouts, lettuce, celery, cauliflower, and broccoli were 8.7, 8.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 6.3 log10 CFU/g, respectively. MacConkey agar counts indicated that 89 to 96% of the APCs consisted of gram-negative bacteria. Yeast and mold counts were in a range expected of fresh produce. Fresh produce was also analyzed for human pathogens. Samples were analyzed for Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Campylobacter spp. One isolate of Staphylococcus was found to be enterotoxigenic, and one species of Bacillus was also toxigenic. Neither Salmonella spp. nor Campylobacter spp. were detected in any of the produce samples. A variety of Listeria spp., including Listeria monocytogenes, were found in fresh produce.

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BEUCHAT, L. R., B. V. NAIL, R. E. BRACKETT, and T. L. FOX. "Comparison of the Petrifilm™ Yeast and Mold Culture Film Method to Conventional Methods for Enumerating Yeasts and Molds in Foods." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.6.443.

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Petrifilm™ Yeast and Mold (YM) plates were compared to acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and chloramphenicol-supplemented plate count agar (CPCA) for its suitability to enumerate yeasts and molds in 13 groups of food products. These products consisted of beans (dry and frozen, green), corn meal, flour (wheat), fruit (apple), a meat/vegetable entree (chicken pot pie), a precooked meat (beef), milk (dehydrated, nonfat), nuts (pecans), pasta, potatoes (dehydrated), precooked sausage, and a spice (black pepper). Correlation coefficients of Petrifilm™ YM plates versus APDA and CPCA pour plates for recovering total yeasts and molds from a composite of the thirteen test foods were, respectively, 0.961 and 0.974. Individually, Petrifilm™ YM plate counts were equivalent or higher than APDA and CPCA for some food groups and lower for other food groups. Because food particle interference can make enumeration of yeast and mold colonies on Petrifilm™ YM plates difficult for some food groups, potential food interference will need to be evaluated for each food group tested.

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GREENE, ANNEL K., THOMAS G. REYNOLDS, and EMILY M. SOUTHERLAND. "Sanitary Evaluation of Target Flowmeter Used in a Dairy Processing Plant." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.12.966.

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A target flowmeter, used to measure raw milk flow, was examined for sanitary conditions in a university dairy plant 10 times over a period of eight weeks. The flowmeter connection was swabbed at four different locations along the dairy plant connection at four different times during the work day: i) after chlorine sanitization, before product; ii) after product, before cleaning in place (CIP); iii) after CIP, before acid sanitization; and iv) after acid sanitization, at end of day. Samples were plated in duplicate on standard plate count agar and on violet red bile agar. After routine CIP cleaning and sanitization procedures, bacterial counts were low. Additionally, no finished product contamination problems were detected over the 7 months of flowmeter use as shown by routine quality control tests on pasteurized milk which had flowed past the in-line meter as raw milk. These results indicate that normal cleaning and sanitization procedures were adequate for the in-line flowmeter.

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KHAYAT, F. A., J. C. BRUHN, and G. H. RICHARDSON. "A Survey of Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus in Cheese Using Impedimetric and Plate Count Methods1." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.1.53.

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A total of 256 cheese samples were analyzed for coliform plate count using violet red bile agar and for an impedance count using BactometerR Coliform Medium with a correlation coefficient between methods of R=−.91. Fifty-four percent of the samples contained 102 to 107 colony forming units/gram (CFU/g). The highest counts were in cream and fresh cheese products. When 27 Cheddar cheese samples were inoculated with from 102 to 107 CFU of Escherichia coli/g a correlation of R=−.97 was found between methods. Two hundred of the cheese samples were analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus using Baird-Parker medium and impedance count using BactometerR S.aureus Medium. Five samples (2%) contained over 103 CFU/g. The strains isolated were coagulase-positive. When 34 samples of cheese were inoculated with 102 to 107 CFU of staphylococci/g, the correlation between the plate and impedance method was R=0.98.

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Woolfrey, B. F., R. T. Lally, M. N. Ederer, and M. Gresser-Burns. "Oxacillin killing curve patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates by agar dilution plate count method." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.31.1.16.

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van Wyk, Sanelle, and Filipa V. M. Silva. "Enumeration of Brettanomyces in Wine Using Impedance." Applied Microbiology 1, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol1020024.

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Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a wine spoilage concern in wineries around the world. In order to maintain wine quality during storage and ageing, it is imperative to control and monitor this yeast. Being a fastidious slow growing yeast, which requires 5 to 14 days of incubation for visible growth in agar plates, it is difficult to detect growth (colonies) by conventional agar plate count method. Yeast enumeration by impedance was investigated because previous research using other microorganisms has shown that it is potentially faster than plate counting. The relationship between plate counting and impedance detection times was investigated for Brettanomyces inoculated in red wine samples. A linear relationship between log plate count concentrations and impedance detection times was found. Incubation time was reduced from 120 h down to 0.9 and 57.7 h for samples with 6.7 × 107 and 1.8 × 102 cfu/mL, respectively, using the ‘indirect’ impedance method. The ‘direct’ method also reduced the incubation times to 9.5 and 81.9 h, for the same concentrations. The ‘indirect’ impedance method has the potential to be used by the wine industry to control and monitor the Brettanomyces numbers in wines.

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BYRNE, R. D., and J. R. BISHOP. "Evaluation of a Dry Medium Culture Plate (3M Petrifilm AC) for Laboratory Pasteurized Counts." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.4.308.

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In this study Petrifilm AC was evaluated for its ability to enumerate thermoduric bacteria in raw milk by the laboratory pasteurized count (LPC). LPC's were conducted on agar pour plates and Petrifilm plates. Both plating techniques were conducted immediately following laboratory pasteurization, and plating was also conducted after incubations of 2 and 4 h at room temperature. Uninoculated raw milk samples, raw milk inoculated with Bacilluscereus, Micrococcus luteus, and raw milk isolates (Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Micrococcus species) were enumerated. A total of 270 samples was analyzed. Uninoculated raw milk samples and raw milk samples inoculated with B. cereus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, and some Micrococcus species showed no significant difference between agar pour plates and Petrifilm AC. Other Micrococcus species were recovered at lower numbers on the Petrifilm after laboratory pasteurization. Some of these were comparable to the agar plates after a 4-h incubation at room temperature. This study indicates that Petrifilm AC could be used in place of agar pour plates to conduct the LPC.

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Olu-Taiwo, Michael, Baakwa Miah De-Graft, and Akua Obeng Forson. "Microbial Quality of Sliced Pawpaw (Carica papaya) and Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Sold on Some Streets of Accra Metropolis, Ghana." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (January 26, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695957.

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In most African countries, street vending of fruits is prevalent and the likelihood of predisposing consumers to microbial contamination is very high. This study aimed to determine various bacteria and risk factors that are associated with fruits sold by street vendors in Accra. Sliced watermelons and pawpaws were randomly purchased from selected suburbs in Greater Accra Region of Ghana. One gram (1 g) of each watermelon and pawpaw was homogenized in 9 ml of sterile peptone water, and 0.1 ml from each serial dilutions of each fruit was spread on plate count agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates for total aerobic counts and coliform counts. Agar plates were incubated at 33–37°C for 18–24 h. Bacterial identification was done by standard bacteriological methods. Additionally, questionnaires were administered to the vendors to gather data on food hygiene and knowledge on foodborne illness. The study revealed that although some of the fruit vendors were educated on food hygiene, most sold fruits were contaminated with mean total aerobic plate counts of 2.6 × 105–8.1 × 105 CFU g−1 and 3.7 × 104–7.1 × 104 CFU g−1 for watermelon and pawpaw. The mean coliform counts for pawpaw and watermelon ranged between 1.2 × 103–8.1 × 103 CFU g−1 and 1.6 × 104–3.1 × 104 CFU g−1, respectively. Overall, mean aerobic counts and mean coliform counts were not significantly different among vendors in selected locations p > 0.05 . However, predominant bacteria isolated included Enterobacter species (33.3%), Citrobacter sp. (20.0%), and Klebsiella sp. (15.9%). The study revealed that watermelon and pawpaw sold on the streets in Accra could be possible source of foodborne illness. Therefore, street food vendors must be educated on food hygiene protocols and measures to improve microbial quality of street vended fruits.

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Edi, Syahmi, and Roro Shofiyah Nur Rahmah. "PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN DAGING AYAM PADA SUHU RUANG DAN REFRIGERATOR TERHADAP ANGKA LEMPENG TOTAL BAKTERI DAN ADANYA BAKTERI Salmonella sp." JURNAL BIOSAINS 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v4i1.9452.

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The purpose of this research is to understand the existence of bacteria contamination as an indicator of consumption feasibility in chicken meat. The research used 100 grams of chicken meat sample from on of the traditional market in Medan. Each sample was grown on Nutrient Agar and Salmonella Shigella Agar media. If the colony grows on SSA media that appear convex and clear yellow, it will followed by biochemical tests including Triple Sugar Iron Agar and Simmons Citrate Agar. The results showed that chicken meat storage at room temperature for 9 hours and 12 hours above maximum value of SNI (above 1 x 106), that is 173 x 104 and 354 x 104. The results of analysis of variance samples of chicken meat stored at room temperature showed the value of Fcount (101,356) > Ftable (2,866), storage duration of chicken meat at the room temperature have a significant effect to the total plate bacteria count. The results of analysis of variance samples of chicken meat stored at refrigerator temperature showed the value of Fcount (21,443) > Ftable (2,866), storage duration of chicken meat at the refrigerator temperature have a significant effect to the total plate bacteria count. Based on the results of further tests using BNT test obtained that the storage duration of chicken meat at room temperature for 3 hours have a very significant effect on the total plate bacteria count. The results of further tests using BNT test, that chicken meat storage at room temperature have a very significant effect between treatment for 0 hours and 3 hours of storage to total plate bacteria count. While at refrigerator temperature have a very significant effect between treatment for 9 hours and 12 hours of storage to total bacterial plate number. The results showed that 2 samples from 10 samples tested were positive contaminated by Salmonella sp. This indicates that the quality of chicken meat that has been stored for more than 9 hours at room temperature does not accord suit to the standards based on Indonesian Nasional Standard. Keywords: Chicken Meat, Storage Duration, Total Plate Bacteria Count, Salmonella sp.

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Bugno, Adriana, Adriana Aparecida Buzzo Almodóvar, and Tatiana Caldas Pereira. "Enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria in water for dialysis: comparison of the efficiency of Reasoner'2 agar and plate count agar." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 1 (March 2010): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822010000100003.

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PARK, YONG HO, KEUN SEOK SEO, JONG SAM AHN, HAN SANG YOO, and SANG PIL KIM. "Evaluation of the Petrifilm Plate Method for the Enumeration of Aerobic Microorganisms and Coliforms in Retailed Meat Samples." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1841–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1841.

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This study was designed to compare the effectiveness and applicability of the Petrifilm plate method with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists' (AOAC) standard aerobic count method and violet red bile agar method for meat products. The comparison was carried out using 303 meat samples collected from various retailers: 110 pork samples, 87 chicken samples, and 107 beef samples. In the comparison of the correlation coefficient (R) between the conventional method and the Petrifilm plate method by a linear regression analysis, the correlation coefficient in total microorganisms was 0.99, 0.95, and 0.94 in pork, beef, and chicken samples, respectively. The correlation coefficient in coliform count was 0.83, 0.96, and 0.81 in pork, beef, and chicken samples, respectively. Based on the high correlation in the total microorganism count, it might be possible to replace the conventional methods with the Petrifilm plate method. For coliform counts, the Petrifilm plate method also showed a generally high correlation coefficient, except for pork samples, which are more subject to contamination. The Petrifilm plate method was simpler and less time-consuming in sample preparation and, in procedures, faster than the conventional method. These results suggested that the 3M Petrifilm plate method could replace the conventional methods in the analysis of microorganism contamination measurement in meat products.

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Schade, M., and H. Lemmer. "Counting Bacteria of Selected Metabolic Groups in Activated Sludge – An Assessment of Methods." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0312.

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For counting bacteria of selected metabolic groups in activated sludge several methods such as the MPN-method, the pour plate method, the surface plate method, and the membrane filter technique are available. Population densities of heterotrophic saprophytes were assessed with the MPN-method, the pour plate and the surface plate method. The surface plate method yielded higher bacterial counts compared to the pour plate method. The MPN-method is not suitable because of the ambiguity of results leading to large statistical errors. The membrane filter technique yielded significantly higher counts of ammonifying bacteria compared to the MPN-method. The population density of nitrate reducing bacteria was estimated by the MPN-method and the membrane filter technique. Higher counts were found with the MPN-method. However, both methods are not satisfactory for determining nitrate reducers. Methodological problems are discussed. For counting coliform bacteria the MPN-method has to be preferred over plate count methods for MacConkey agar-medium selects aeromonads instead of enterobacteria.

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BYRNE, R. D., J. R. BISHOP, and J. W. BOLING. "Estimation of Potential Shelf-life of Pasteurized Fluid Milk Utilizing a Selective Preliminary Incubation." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.11.805.

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Selective preliminary incubation, followed by bacterial enumerations or detection techniques, was used to indicate potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. Commercial whole milk samples, stored at 7°C, were analyzed for bacterial and biochemical parameters and potential shelf-life using daily organoleptic evaluation. Prior to analysis, each sample was subjected to the following preliminary incubations: milk alone, milk with benzalkonium chloride, milk and broth, milk and broth with benzalkonium chloride, and milk and a dairy gram-negative broth. The following bacterial enumerations were conducted: Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count, modified Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count (Petrifilm and agar methods), and Moseley Keeping Quality test (Petrifilm and agar methods). Catalase detection (headspace pressure and flotation time) and impedance detection times were also determined. Initial Standard Plate and Coliform counts (Petrifilm and agar methods) were conducted on each fresh sample but were not used for shelf-life prediction. Many of the preliminary incubations, in conjunction with enumeration or detection combinations, (especially modified Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count and impedance microbiology) gave good correlations to shelf-life (−0.89 and 0.91, respectively). Thus, these methods could be used to indicate the potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk.

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BEUCHAT, L. R., F. COPELAND, M. S. CURIALE, T. DANISAVICH, V. GANGAR, B. W. KING, T. L. LAWLIS, et al. "Comparison of the SimPlate™ Total Plate Count Method with Petrifilm™, Redigel™, and Conventional Pour-Plate Methods for Enumerating Aerobic Microorganisms in Foods." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.1.14.

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The SimPlate™ Total Plate Count (TPC) method, developed by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., is designed to determine the most probable number of aerobic microorganisms in foods. The 24-h test was compared to the conventional plate count agar (PCA) method, the Petrifilm™ Aerobic Count plates, and the Redigel™ Total Count procedure for enumerating microflora in 751 food samples. Results using the SimPlate™ TPC method were highly correlated (r ≥ 0.96) with results from other test methods. Slopes (0.96–0.97) were not significantly different from 1, and y intercepts (−0.03–0.08) were not different from 0. The SimPlate™ has a high counting range (> 1600 most probable number per single dilution), thus requiring fewer dilutions of samples compared to other methods evaluated. Some foods, e.g., raw liver, wheat flour, and nuts, contain enzymes that gave false-positive reactions on SimPlates™. Overall, however, the SimPlate™ TPC method is a suitable alternative to conventional PCA, Petrifilm™, and Redigel™ methods for estimating populations of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms in a wide range of foods.

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VALIASILL, Razieh, Majid AZIZI, Maasome BAHREINI, and Hossein AROUIE. "The Survey of Microbial Quality of the Dry Sample, Extract and Brewing of some Medicinal Plants." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb649286.

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Medicinal plants may be exposed to a wide range of microbial contamination during pre- and post- harvest stages and they can present high microbial counts. In this study, the microbial quality of 44 samples of dry herbs namely: mint (Menthaspp.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), summer savory (Satureja hortensis), zataria (Zataria multiflora), Indian valerian (Valeriana wallichii), their brewing and extracts were analyzed. Total count using plate count agar medium (PCA), coliform count by Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBL), Enterobacteriacea by Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) were evaluated. Medium Baird-Parker agar (BP) medium and Tryptone Bile X-Gluc (TBX) medium were used for the isolation and enumeration of Staphylococcus aurous and E. coli spp. respectively. Furthermore, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar medium (XLD) and Bismuth Sulfite Agar medium(BSA) were used for detection of Salmonella spp. Fungal and mold contamination was assessed using yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar. The results showed that the contamination of the samples with total count (100%) and Enterobacteriaceae (85%), total coliform (83%), mold and yeast (98%) and E. coli ssp. (2.27) were detected, including in the study samples the absence of pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aurous, Salmonella spp. Moreover, the extract had a lower microbial load in comparison to dry herb samples. Also, the lowest and the highest of contamination rates were observed for Indian valerian and zataria, respectively. According to the results, there is a need to control the environmental conditions and improve hygiene in the production process; even more, it is recommended to choose a suitable decontamination method for disinfection during packing medicinal plants and during post-packing manipulation and transport.

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Hasan, Md Kamrul, Md Mostafizer Rahman, Md Shahidur Rahman Khan, and Farzana Afroz. "Determination of Bacterial Loads of Ice cream in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh." Microbes and Health 4, no. 2 (December 9, 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v4i2.30560.

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The present study was conducted for the determination of bacterial loads of ice cream. A total of nine samples of three brands-Igloo, Polar and Kwality were collected from local market from Dinajpur during the period from July to December, 2012. Thereafter, microbiological attribute were analyzed and studied comparatively. Total viable count (TVC), total Escherichia coli counts (TEC) and total Staphylococcal counts (TSC) were performed according to the American Public Health Association, using plate count agar medium for TVC and Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar media for total E. coli count and Staphylococcus agar no. 110 for total Staphylococcal count. The average TVC counts/ml of Igloo, Polar and Kwality were 1.19 x 104 CFU/ml (log 4.1), 1.39 x 104 CFU/ml (log 4.1) and 8.53 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.9) respectively. It was found that the highest extent of microbial contamination and proliferation of viable bacteria occurred in Polar ice cream The average E. coli counts obtained from the study was in Igloo 9.26 x 103 CFU/ml (log 4.0), in Polar 1.14 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.0) and in Kwality 7.95 x 102 CFU/ml (log 2.9). The presence of numbers of E. coli in Igloo ice cream was little bit high indicated the poor hygienic practices during manufacture, post process contamination and unsatisfactory transportation. Statistically the E. coli were more closely related to total viable counts than the Staphylococcal counts. The average Staphylococcal counts in the samples of Igloo, Polar and Kwality were 2.60 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.4), 0.0 CFU/ml (log 0.0), and 0.0 CFU/ml (log 0.0), respectively. The results demonstrated that kwality ice creams are of the superior quality product in respect of sanitary condition.

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PAULSEN, P., E. SCHOPF, and F. J. M. SMULDERS. "Enumeration of Total Aerobic Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Minced Meat and on Carcass Surface Samples with an Automated Most-Probable-Number Method Compared with Colony Count Protocols." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2500–2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2500.

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An automated most-probable-number (MPN) system for the enumeration of total bacterial flora and Escherichia coli was compared with plate count agar and tryptone-bile-glucuronide (TBX) and ColiID (in-house method) agar methodology. The MPN partitioning of sample aliquots was done automatically on a disposable card containing 48 wells of 3 different volumes, i.e., 16 replicates per volume. Bacterial growth was detected by the formation of fluorescent 4-methylumbilliferone. After incubation, the number of fluorescent wells was read with a separate device, and the MPN was calculated automatically. A total of 180 naturally contaminated samples were tested (pig and cattle carcass surfaces, n = 63; frozen minced meat, n = 62; and refrigerated minced meat, n = 55). Plate count agar results and MPN were highly correlated (r = 0.99), with log MPN =−0.25 + 1.05·log CFU (plate count agar) (n = 163; range, 2.2 to 7.5 log CFU/g or cm2). Only a few discrepancies were recorded. In two samples (1.1%), the differences were ≥1.0 log; in three samples (1.7%), the differences were ≥0.5 log. For E. coli, regression analysis was done for all three methods for 80 minced meat samples, which were above the limit of detection (1.0 log CFU/g): log MPN = 0.18 + 0.98·log CFU (TBX), r = 0.96, and log MPN =−0.02 + 0.99·log CFU (ColiID), r = 0.99 (range, 1.0 to 4.2 log CFU/g). Four discrepant results were recorded, with differences of >0.5 but <1.0 log unit. These results suggest that the automated MPN method described is a suitable and labor-saving alternative to colony count techniques for total bacterial flora and E. coli determination in minced meat or on carcass surfaces.

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SILBERNAGEL, KAREN M., and KATHRYN G. LINDBERG. "Evaluation of the 3M Petrifilm Enterobacteriaceae Count Plate Method for the Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in Foods." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.9.1452.

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Results of the 3M Petrifilm Enterobacteriaceae Count (EB) plate method were compared with those of the standard violet red bile glucose agar (VRBG) method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae. Studies involving 107 bacterial strains demonstrated that the Petrifilm EB plate method is as sensitive as and more selective than the VRBG method. Sixty of the 62 pure Enterobacteriaceae cultures were recovered by both methods. In addition, 38 of the 45 non-Enterobacteriaceae organisms did not grow on the Petrifilm EB plate, while 28 of the 45 non-Enterobacteriaceae organisms did not grow on the VRBG plate. Colony counts from 174 naturally contaminated and 120 artificially inoculated dairy and nondairy food samples showed that the Petrifilm EB plate method performed as well as or better than the standard VRBG method for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae.

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Theofanny, Michael Jordi, Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam, and Ni Putu Suwariani. "Uji Angka Lempeng Total dan Kontaminan Koliform pada Susu Kedelai Bermerek yang Beredar di Kota Denpasar." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2021.v09.i01.p14.

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This research aimed to testing total plate count and coliform contaminant on legal product soy milk sold in Denpasar city is qualified to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and safe to consumption. Soy milk has high nutrition and good for growth microorganisms. Microorganisms in soy milk is good for health but be worried have a dangerous microorganisms. Samples of soy milk based on purposive method, tested with total plate count agar with pour plate method and contaminant coliform with most probable number method. The result of testing total plate count, all samples is under maximum of SNI 5 × 104CFU/g. After that soy milk sample testing of coliform contaminant, the result is all samples has negative coliform contaminant. Conclusion of the research is all of the legal product soy milk sold in Denpasar qualified to SNI No. 01-3830-1995 and safe to consumption. Keyword: coliform, Denpasar city, Indonesian national standard, soy milk, total plate count.

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SILK, TODD M., ELLIOT T. RYSER, and CATHERINE W. DONNELLY. "Comparison of Methods for Determining Coliform and Escherichia coli Levels in Apple Cider†." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.11.1302.

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The main objective of this research was to determine the easiest and most reliable media for enumerating coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli levels in apple cider. During the autumn of 1994 a total of 59 apple cider samples were collected directly from 12 cider producers and were assessed for bacterial levels and pH. Plate count agar was used to determine heterotrophic bacteria levels. Coliform levels were determined using three different media: violet red bile agar (VRBA), Petrifilm High Sensitivity Coliform Count Plates (PHSCCP), and Trypticase soy agar with a VRBA overlay (TSA/VRBA) for attempted recovery of coliforms injured by the low pH of the apple cider. Eosin methylene blue agar (EMBA) and Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates were used to screen cider samples for E. coli. Apple cider had an average pH of 3.34 ± 0.08. Heterotrophic bacterial levels ranged from 2.30 to 7.11 log CFU/ml. All cider samples contained coliform bacteria with levels varying greatly; on the different media, we found the following: on VRBA, <1.00 to 4.37 log CFU/ml; on TSA/VRBA, 1.20 to 4.40 log CFU/ml; and on PHSCCP, < 1.00 to 4.56 log CFU/ml. Coliform levels were most easily determined in apple cider by using PHSCCP. However TSA/VRBA proved to be more reliable; coliform detection was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. EMBA was ineffective for screening apple cider for E. coli, with the low pH of the cider producing many false-positive results. E. coli was only recovered by using Petrifilm E. coli Count Plates with one of the 59 samples positive for E. coli (non-O157:H7) at a level of 10 CFU/ml.

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Ortolani, Maria BT, Gabriela N. Viçosa, Vanerli Beloti, and Luís A. Nero. "Screening and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria in milk using three different culture media in Petrifilm™ Aerobic Count plates and conventional pour plate methodology." Journal of Dairy Research 74, no. 4 (July 9, 2007): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202990700266x.

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This study aimed to compare Petrifilm™ Aerobic Count (AC) plates and the conventional pour plate methodology using de Mann-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS), Kang-Fung (KF) and Kang-Fung-Sol (KFS) culture media for screening and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in milk. Suspensions of 10 LAB species in reconstituted powder skim milk and 30 raw milk samples, without experimental inoculation, were tested. For selective enumeration, all samples were previously diluted in MRS, KF and KFS broths and then plated in Petrifilm™ AC and conventional pour plate methodology, using the same culture media with added agar. All plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h in anaerobic conditions. Differences in the counts were observed only for raw milk samples using KFS in conventional methodology, when compared with the counts obtained from MRS and KF (P⩽0·05). The results showed excellent correlation indexes between both methodologies using the three culture media for LAB suspensions (r=0·97 for MRS, KF and KFS). For raw milk samples, the correlation indexes were excellent (r=0·97, for MRS) and good (r=0·84 for KF, and r=0·82 for KFS), showing some interference in Petrifilm™ AC when supplements were added, especially lactic acid. These results indicate the possibility of using Petrifilm™ AC plates for enumeration of LAB in milk, even with the use of selective supplements.

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Janssen, Peter H., Penelope S. Yates, Bronwyn E. Grinton, Paul M. Taylor, and Michelle Sait. "Improved Culturability of Soil Bacteria and Isolation in Pure Culture of Novel Members of the Divisions Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2391-2396.2002.

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ABSTRACT The culturability of bacteria in the bulk soil of an Australian pasture was investigated by using nutrient broth at 1/100 of its normal concentration (dilute nutrient broth [DNB]) as the growth medium. Three-tube most-probable-number serial dilution culture resulted in a mean viable count that was only 1.4% of the mean microscopically determined total cell count. Plate counts with DNB solidified with agar and with gellan gum resulted in viable counts that were 5.2 and 7.5% of the mean microscopically determined total cell count, respectively. Prior homogenization of the soil sample with an ultrasonic probe increased the viable count obtained by using DNB solidified with gellan gum to 14.1% of the mean microscopically determined cell count. A microscopic examination of the cell aggregates that remained after sonication revealed that the potential CFU count was only 70.4% of the total cell count, due to cells occurring as pairs or in clumps of three or more cells. Staining with SYTO 9 plus propidium iodide indicated that 91.3% of the cells in sonicated soil samples were potentially viable. Together, these findings suggest that the maximum achievable CFU count may be as low as 64.3% of the total cell count. Thirty isolates obtained from plate counting experiments performed with DNB as the growth medium were identified by comparative analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. A large proportion of these isolates represent the first known isolates of globally distributed groups of soil bacteria belonging to novel lineages within the divisions Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia.

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Gibbs, R. A., J. E. Scutt, and B. T. Croll. "Assimilable Organic Carbon Concentrations and Bacterial Numbers in a Water Distribution System." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0340.

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A three year study was conducted to investigate bacterial growth in a drinking water distribution system in the UK. Bacterial numbers were estimated using Yeast Extract Agar plate counts. Plate counts in the distribution system showed patterns of spatial and seasonal variation. The spatial pattern was that plate counts increased through the distribution system until approximately 30 to 40 hours retention time and remained constant further through the distribution system. The seasonal pattern was that plate counts were low in the winter and had large peaks in the summer and autumn. Assimi able organic carbon (AOC) concentrations were measured in the second and third years of the study using an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. There appeared to be no relationship tietween AOC concentrations and the spatial and seasonal variation in plate counts. The lack of correlation may have been caused by a lack of sensitivity in the AOC technique. Another explanation is that the increase in plate counts through the distribution system was due to an increase in the culturability of bacteria on plate count media, rather than an increase in bacterial numbers. Bacteria may not have grown through the distribution system and therefore not utilised the AOC.

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BISHOP, J. RUSSELL, and JIA-YING JUAN. "Improved Methods for Quality Assessment of Raw Milk." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 955–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.12.955.

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Raw milk samples (203) were obtained from locations throughout Virginia for the purpose of evaluating the presently available techniques, used as is or modified, for enumeration of psychrotrophic bacteria as indicators of the actual quality of milk. Each of the samples was split into two sub-samples, one being tested by various bacterial enumeration methods on the fresh sample, and the other subjected to a preliminary incubation of 13°C or 21°C for 18 h prior to bacterial enumeration. Agar pour plates and Petrifilm dry medium culture plates were both used. Results indicated that the Petrifilm technique was not significantly different from agar pour plate methods as evidenced by correlation values, mean log differences, slopes, and Y-intercepts. The Petrifilm method for the modified (rapid) Psychrotrophic Bacteria Count (mPBC) produced similar overall results (0.96, −0.283, 1.016, −0.340, respectively) to the pour plate method (0.94, 0.272, 0.865, 0.684, respectively) when compared to the standard PBC, and enumeration of colonies on the Petrifilm plates was easier due to the incorporated TTC. A modified Preliminary Incubation Count (mPIC) yielded results not significantly different from those of the PIC (0.94, 0.044, 0.991, 0.169, respectively), and was conducted in less time - 2 d vs. 3 d.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plate Count Agar'

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