Academic literature on the topic 'Plate loading test'

Repetitive plate-loading test is intended to identify the elastic modulus of a target structure subjected to dynamic loading; such tests are mainly applied to railway roadbeds. The repetitive plate-loading test uses the same equipment as the plate-loading test but different loading methods. The plate-loading test derives the subgrade reaction modulus (k30), while the repetitive plate-loading test derives the strain modulus (Ev2). The former considers the scale effect of the loading-plate size, whereas the latter does not, thereby reducing the reliability of the results. Therefore, numerical analysis was conducted to propose a scale effect that can applied to field tests. First, to verify the 50-mm loading plate, a previous study comparing the results of the 300-mm loading plate in a field test was simulated by a numerical analysis, and the results were compared and analyzed. Next, the strain modulus was investigated according to the loading-plate size under subgrade conditions. An equation to estimate the scale effect applicable to loading plates with diameters of less than 762 mm was derived. The relationship between the calculated strain and elastic moduli was additionally analyzed.

An experimental investigation of 15 cyclically loaded extended end plate connections was undertaken to assess the significance of some design parameters. The parameters investigated were beam size, bolt layout, end plate thickness, use of extension stiffeners, welding process, and weld preparation. Eleven of the 15 full-scale test specimens were designed to confine failure to the end plate and four were designed to develop the plastic moment capacity of the beam. Of the beam sizes tested (W360×51, W460×97, and W610×125) the W460×97 beam connections provided the most ductility. The relaxed bolt configuration provided more energy dissipation and connection ductility. The use of extension stiffeners improved the ability of the end plates to dissipate energy and increased the connection rotation at yield. An increase in end plate thickness results in an increase in the connection flexural strength. No significant difference in behaviour was observed between the connections fabricated using the shielded metal arc welding process and those fabricated using the flux-cored arc welding process. Bolt bending and loss of preload were observed in all the test specimens. End plate thickness prediction equations proposed by various researchers were evaluated by comparing predicted plate thickness with plate thickness used for the test specimens. New prediction equations that use yield lines in close agreement with those observed in the test specimens are proposed. The proposed prediction equations are able to predict the thickness of the end plate to within 13%. The proposed prediction equations are applicable to stiffened and unstiffened end plate moment connections with various bolt layouts. Extended end plate moment connections showed good potential for use in seismic zones.Key words: cyclic loading, energy absorption, extended end plates, moment connections, steel, yield line.

Reinforced concrete panels were tested explosion for reinforced concrete slab in the dynamic response under blast loading. Dimensions of 1300mm×1300mm×50mm plates under different reinforcement ratio were designed. Explosion test was carried out for three different batches of reinforcement ratio reinforced concrete slab in the explosion simulator. The load was calculated using empirical formulas. Blast loading time curve was obtained by the explosion test and the correctness of the numerical simulation method was verified. The results indicate that reinforced concrete slab under blast loading is different from static damage destruction. Diagonal cracks appear on plat under the blast loading destroyed. When the peak load is large, a large square cracks plate was appeared in the middle of the plate and accompanied diagonal cracks. When the peak load is small, diagonal cracks develop fully, square cracks were smaller.

Accurate determination of rock mass deformation modulus is very important in rock engineering projects. The plate loading test (PLT) is a method that is generally used in dam construction projects to determine rock mass modulus. Numerical simulation was used to investigate the mechanisms involved in this test. The first objective of the paper was to employ 3D modeling in the interpretation of plate load tests conducted at the Bazoft dam site in Iran. Additionally, a parametric study of the effects of key parameters such as displacement measuring depth and loading plate diameter on the test results was another objective of the study. The moduli values determined numerically were compared against actual filed testing data determined from in-situ test data conducted at the Bazoft dam site, and the values determined from the ISRM suggested formula. The analysis showed that the optimum measurement depth for rock mass modulus calculation is approximately equal to the loading plate diameter and the data determined from measurement depths beyond one plate diameter can be unrealistic. Moreover, the plate diameter can have a significant effect on test results. As the measurement depth increases, the determined modulus values increase at a much more rapid pace when employing smaller size loading plates.

Post-tensioned (PT) flat plate frames are commonly used to support gravity load in connections in high seismic regions. But test results of many studies indicated that PT flat plate connections were possessed of later-resisting capacity for lateral load though this capacity is not enough to be used by itself in high seismic regions. So this study evaluated the cyclic behavior of PT flat plate connections and developed an analytical model for predicting nonlinear behavior of those to estimate the seismic performance of PT flat plate frames accurately. For this purpose, the test results of static pushover test and shaking table test of 2 story PT flat plate frame were used to evaluate the characters of failure mode for PT flat plate connections and to compare with analysis results. The test results indicated two failure modes which are classified the shear failure mode or the moment failure mode as for shear strength of PT connections to resist lateral loads acted on the specimens. So the analytical model was designed to consider these failure modes of PT connections and the results of comparing with test results predict the nonlinear behavior of PT connections.

This paper presents the results of an experimental test conducted on the blast resistance of a steel plate. A supporting steel frame on a concrete foundation was designed for testing a steel plate target against blast loading. A 1220 mm × 2140 mm × 10 mm steel plate was tested and subjected to the explosion of 50 kg of TNT (tri-nitro toluene) at a stand-off distance of 20 m. Data collected from the specimen included the strain and deflection of the steel plate. The test data were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the plate. The test results were compared with the results of Autodyn, which is a finite element method-based commercial software. The analytical results showed minor differences from the test results when the boundary conditions of the steel plate assumed that the upper and lower sides were fixed and the other sides were free.

A numerical investigation of the monotonic and cyclic behaviour of steel gusset plate connections is conducted using a nonlinear finite element model. Successive versions of the model, which include the effects of framing member stiffness, nonlinear material behaviour, initial imperfections, and bolt slip, are formulated and validated by comparison with test results. A parametric study is then conducted to examine the effects of the load sequence and the interaction between the gusset plate and the brace member under cyclic loading. This investigation demonstrates that the cyclic behaviour of gusset plate connections can be modelled accurately using a simplified finite element model. Gusset plate – brace member subassemblies, wherein the gusset plate is designed as the weak element in compression rather than the brace member, are shown to have stable behaviour under cyclic loading and better energy absorption characteristics than similar subassemblies with the brace member designed as the weak element in compression.Key words: steel, connections, gusset plates, cyclic loading, concentric bracing, buckling.

To investigate the passive force-displacement relationships provided by a transitional zoned backfill consisting of cement treated aggregate (CTA) and compacted gravel, a series of full-scale lateral abutment load tests were performed. The transitional zoned backfill was designed to minimize differential settlement adjacent to bridge abutments for the California High Speed Rail project. Tests were performed with a 2-D or plane strain backfill geometry to simulate a wide abutment. To investigate the effect of skew angle on the passive force, lateral abutment load tests were also performed with a simulated abutment with skew angles of 30º and 45º. The peak passive force developed was about 2.5 times higher than that predicted with the California HSR design method for granular backfill material with a comparable backwall height and width. The displacement required to develop the peak passive force decreased with skew angle and was somewhat less than for conventional granular backfills. Peak passive force developed with displacements of 3 to 1.8% of the wall height, H in comparison to 3 to 5% of H for conventional granular backfills.The skew angle had less effect on the peak passive force for the transitional backfill than for conventional granular backfills. For example, the passive force reduction factor, Rskew, was only 0.83 and 0.51 for the 30º and 45º skew abutments in comparison to 0.51 and 0.37 for conventional granular backfills. Field measurements suggest that the CTA backfill largely moves with the abutment and does not experience significant heave while shear failure and heaving largely occurs in the granular backfill behind the CTA backfill zone.

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Os solos não saturados são materiais multifásicos e de comportamento complexo que podem ser encontrados em depósitos de grande espessura onde são construídas as obras de engenharia civil. O entendimento do comportamento tensão-deformação/fluxo desses solos tem sido aprimorado com o desenvolvimento de experimentos e modelos constitutivos que são aplicados para a previsão de comportamentos e análises de desempenho das obras geotécnicas. Tais modelos têm sido utilizados para simular diversos resultados de ensaios de laboratório de solos não saturados compactados, porém, simulações de resultados de ensaios de campo em solos não saturados naturais ainda têm sido pouco exploradas. A proposta deste trabalho é simular numericamente o comportamento Hidro-Mecânico de um solo arenoso não saturado via método de elementos finitos em ensaios de prova de carga em placa. Os parâmetros constitutivos do solo são provenientes de resultados de ensaios de laboratório realizados com controle de sucção. O programa de elementos finitos Code_Bright foi utilizado para a simulação dos resultados dos ensaios das provas de carga em placa realizadas em campo. Os resultados obtidos numericamente demonstraram a capacidade do modelo constitutivo mecânico em reproduzir adequadamente os resultados dos ensaios. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se que os recalques são fortemente afetados pela variação da sucção, demonstrando o comportamento colapsível do solo diante de aplicação de tensões e mudanças de umidade e sucção. O parâmetro constitutivo mecânico po*, tensão de pré-adensamento isotrópica do solo saturado, influencia significativamente o comportamento do solo, assim como a magnitude do colapso por inundação. Os resultados demonstraram a importância da condição não saturada na previsão de comportamento e o quanto tal condição pode afetar o dimensionamento de fundações diretas em solo não saturado de comportamento colapsível. O trabalho oferece informações básicas no tocante à estimativa da tensão admissível considerando a variabilidade sazonal decorrente da sucção no solo.
Unsaturated soils are multiphase materials with complex behavior that can be found in large thickness deposits where civil engineering works are built. The understanding of the stress-strain/flow behavior of these soils has been improved with the development of experiments and constitutive models that are applied to behavior predictions and performance analysis of geotechnical works. Such models have been used to simulate several laboratory test results on compacted unsaturated soils, however, simulation of field test results on natural unsaturated soils have been little explored. This work aims to simulate numerically the Hydro-Mechanical behavior of an unsaturated sandy soil by finite element method in plate loading tests. Constitutive parameters of the soil come from the laboratory test results performed with controlled soil suction. The program Code_Bright was used to simulate plate loading test results. The results showed the capacity of the constitutive mechanical model to reproduce the test results. The settlements are strongly affected by the soil suction variation, demonstrating the collapsible behavior for stress, moisture content or soil suction changes. The constitutive mechanical parameter po*, preconsolidation stress for saturated condition, affected significantly the soil behavior, as well as the magnitude of the collapse by wetting. The results presented the great importance of the unsaturated status of the soil in prediction behavior and how this condition can affect the design of foundations in unsaturated soils with collapsible behavior. This study provides basic information concerning the estimation of admissible stress, taking the seasonal variability due to the soil suction.

Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes in order to safely transmit the structural load to the ground without exceeding the bearing capacity of the ground and causing excessive settlement. They are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. While designing foundations, two requirements need to be satisfied: complete failure of the foundation must be avoided with adequate margin of safety (bearing capacity) and relative settlement should be within limits that can be tolerated by superstructure. Foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct contact with soil and involves the footing and the ground influenced by the footing. The master thesis aims to back-calculate the load tests using advanced soil models in PLAXIS 2D in order to gather experience on soil behavior and constitutive models. For this, extensive study of literature with full-scale load tests was carried out. Both tests on clay and sand were the theme interest.To examine the plate-load tests, three case studies were selected. In this report, the load-settlement responses of vertically loaded footings placed on both sands and clay were analysed using the finite element method. The numerical analysis was performed using PLAXIS 2D. The soil profiles and parameters used in the analysis were based on either in situ tests or laboratory tests. The Hardening Soil model was used as a material model to analyse the soil behavior. Finally, the load-settlement curves obtained from finite element analysis were compared with those from plate-load tests and see whether they are well fitted.The first case study was on clay till from Sweden. In this case, the back-calculated results showed that c_ref^' = 11.45 to 14.45 kPa and ɸ = 300. The second case was in saprolitic soil from Portugal. In this case, c_ref^' = 8 to 13 kPa and ɸ = 370 to 380. The third case was on sand from USA. In this case, sand shows some varying behavior in stiffness. The stiffness from laboratory tests and back-calculated vary by a factor of 3 to 8. The angle of friction was from 360 to 390.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einer Methode zur Bestimmung von realistischeren Steifemoduln für eine genauere Setzungsprognose von Flachgründungen in sehr „laborfeindlichen“ veränderlich festen Gesteinen. Die vergleichenden Laboruntersuchungen an teilverwitterten Keuperböden ergaben, dass die Steifemoduln aus den K0-Triaxialversuchen um den Faktor zwei bis drei größer sind als die Moduln aus den Standardoedometerversuchen. Durch, sowohl analytische, wie auch numerische, Nachrechnungen der durchgeführten Feldversuche und der Setzungsmessungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass mit Moduln aus K0-Triaxialversuchen deutlich zutreffendere Setzungsprognosen im Keuper möglich sind, als mit Moduln aus den Oedometerversuchen. Es konnte eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Entwicklung des Steifemoduls von der Belastungsgeschichte, insbesondere im Übergangsbereich von der „echten“ Wiederbelastung zur Erstbelastung, gefunden werden. Für grobe Näherungen, z.B. für Vorbemessungen, werden Abhängigkeiten zwischen Auflastspannungen und Steifemoduln für die Erst- und für die Wiederbelastung angegeben. So lassen sich Moduln für beliebige Spannungen direkt abschätzen. Aus den abgeleiteten Moduluszahlen m des untersuchten Spannungs-Verformungsverhaltens von Böden, können, insbesondere unter Einbeziehung von Daten aus der internationalen Literatur, Korrelationsgleichungen in Abhängigkeit von Anfangsporenzahl bzw. Anfangsporenanteil mit guten bis sehr guten Regressionen angegeben werden. Da der Steifeexponent a nur geringfügig vom Anfangsporenanteil n abhängt und an den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Böden weder sinnvolle Korrelationen mit R > 0,8 zwischen a und n, noch Abhängigkeiten von a zur Korngröße gefunden wurden, werden für die Steifeexponenten Mittelwerte angegeben.

In recent years, widespread application of low-rise masonry construction, including post-disaster buildings like fire halls, has become limited in seismic regions of Canada. This is because the Canadian Masonry Design Standard (CSA S304.1-04) [Canadian Standard Association 2004] mandates stringent requirements on the design of ductile reinforced masonry (RM) shear walls, especially with regard to their height-to-thickness (h/t) ratios, which were restricted to ensure against out-of-plane instability. This failure mechanism has been observed in the end zones of reinforced concrete shear walls loaded in-plane in experimental research and in past earthquakes. However, there is a lack of similar evidence for RM shear walls; this is a motivation for the research program described in this thesis. The research consists of several major tasks. First, a review of the literature on previous experimental research studies on RM shear walls was conducted, followed by comprehensive investigation into the parameters affecting out-of-plane instability of RM shear walls,. Based on the results of this literature review, the first phase of the experimental program was designed with a focus on modeling the RM wall end zone and understanding the mechanism of lateral instability. Five full-scale specimens representing the wall end zones were constructed and subjected to reversed cyclic axial tension and compression until failure. The effect of varying h/t ratios of the plastic hinge zone, as well as level of axial tensile strain on the out-of-plane instability was examined. Based on the results of the experimental study, it was concluded that the level of applied tensile strain in the wall end zone is one of the critical factors governing its lateral instability. Therefore, the maximum tensile strain that may be imposed on a moderately ductile RM wall end-zone is determined based on a kinematic relationship between the axial strain and the out-of-plane displacement. A preliminary mechanic model has been proposed to predict the maximum tensile strain before instability takes place. The model can be incorporated into design provisions related to the thickness of shear walls of a given height. A comparison with the experimental results showed that the model offers conservative prediction of the maximum tensile strain.

Ce travail décrit une étude expérimentale sur des tôles en Ni-Ti à température ambiante en cisaillement plan simple, et pour des vitesses de déformation de 10-4 à 103/s. En quasi-statique (10-4-10-2/s), la mesure optique du champ de déplacement est indispensable à cause du faible déplacement (0.3mm). Des essais à vitesse de déformation intermédiaire (10-1-101/s) ont été réalisés avec la Machine MTS modifiée, capable d'aller à 300mm/s. Une caméra rapide est nécessaire pour suivre ces tests. Enfin, des barres de Hopkinson sont utilisées pour les essais à haute vitesse (102-103/s).Les efforts se sont concentrés sur la méthodologie afin d'explorer les limites expérimentales. Au niveau mécanique, des efforts ont été apportés sur la conception des montages des mors pour combiner des exigences contradictoires. Au niveau mesure, des caméras optiques fonctionnant jusqu'à 5M images/s ont été utilisées. La texture des images, la peinture, la lumière, la taille d'élément et l'incertitude sont analysées. De plus, la caméra infrarouge est utilisée pour confirmer l'observation optique sous faibles vitesses de déformation.Finalement, des essais ont été réalisés pour 7 ordres de grandeurs de la vitesse de déformation, avec identification de la relation contrainte-déformation et observation de l'évolution de la bande de transformation. On observe : (i) Une augmentation de la contrainte avec la vitesse de déformation. (ii) Un champ de déformation non homogène, même en faible vitesse, avec une bande à 10 degrés par rapport à la direction de cisaillement. (iii) Deux bandes séparées à haute vitesse (102/s), ce qui indique que la bande de localisation dépend de la vitesse de chargement
This work describes an experimental study on a NiTi alloy at the ambient temperature (Pseudoelastic behavior) under the double in-plane shear loading over strain rates from 10-4 to 103/s. Under quasi-static loadings (10-4-10-2/s), the optical full-field measurement is necessary because of the very small displacement (0.3mm). The intermediate loading rates (10-1-101/s) are realized with a modified MTS machine able to load at 300mm/s. Moreover, a high-speed camera is needed to follow such tests. Finally, the Split Hopkinson bars are used to perform tests at impact loading rates (102-103/s).The main effort has been made on the methodological study to explore the experimental possibility. For the mechanical level, the attention has been paid on the design of the clamping system to cope with the contradictory requirements. For the measuring level, different optical cameras with sampling rate till to 5M frames/second are used. The texture, the painting, the lightening, the element size and the uncertainty are analyzed. Furthermore, an infrared camera was used at lower loading rates to confirm the DIC measurement.The tests are continually performed over 7 decades of the strain rate. The nominal stress-strain curves and the detailed observation of the transformation band evolution are measured. The main findings are as follows: (i) Regular stress increase with the strain rate; (ii) an inhomogeneous strain field under in-plane shear condition, even at very low strain rates, with a band at 10 degrees from the shear direction under lower strain rates. (iii) Two separated bands at the strain rate of 102/s, which suggests that the localized transformation bands are rate dependent

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Versuchskonzept für zweiaxiale Zug-Zug-Versuche an textilbewehrten Betonscheiben behandelt. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag leisten, die Kenntnisse aus dem Maschinenbau, der Mechanik in den Bereich der Bauingenieure und Baustoffe umzusetzen, um alle Effekte, die vom Versuchstand verursacht werden, öffentlich zu machen. Es ist ein Versuchskonzept zu erarbeiten, wie ein experimenteller Zug-Zug-Versuch optimal zu gestalten ist, um das Tragverhalten des textilbewehrten Betons genau zu ermitteln. Die Arbeit ist hauptsächlich in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der erster Teil befasst sich mit dem Thema „Versuchsvorbereitung“. Es beinhaltet folgende Hauptpunkte: • Der erste Punkt beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung durchgeführter Versuche und deren Versuchsaufbauten. Hier werden Aspekte von der konstruktiven Auslegung der Rahmen bis zur Steuerung der Prüfmaschine behandelt. Es wird diskutiert, welche Effekte auf das Versuchsergebnis vom gewählten Hydrauliksystem bzw. von den Hydraulikzylinder und der Steuerung des Öldrucks ausgehen können. • Im zweiten Punkt wird eine Finite–Element–Simulationen durchgeführt, um die zweiaxialen Zug-Zug-Versuchskörper zu konzipieren. Mit Hilfe von einem Finite–Element– Programm, hier ATENA, wird die Probengeometrie mit den Randbedingungen des Versuchs nachgebildet und optimiert. • Der dritte Punkt beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Lasteinleitung“. Ein Konzept für die Verbindung und Kraftübertragung von Stahlplatten (Stahllasche) zur Lasteinleitung in „Beton“ soll entwickelt werden. • Der vierte Punkt beschreibt die gewählte Messmethode der Versuchsdurchführung, und wertet deren Potenzial und Möglichkeiten . Der zweiter Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschreibt detailliert die fünf durchgeführten zweiaxialen Zug–Zug–Versuche an mit AR-Glas textilbewehrten Betonscheiben. Die textilbewehrten Betonscheiben werden am Rahmen der zweiaxialen Prüfmaschine eingehängt und zweiaxial mit jeweils konstantem Verhältnis der Beanspruchung in Zug–Zug Richtung belastet, um den Versuchstand zu erproben und auszutesten. Die Gedanken, Ergänzungen und Erkenntnisse der Autorin im Zusammenhang mit dem textilbewehrten Beton und die hier auftretenden Effekte werden auch in diesem Kapitel behandelt. Das Schlusskapitel der Arbeit beinhaltet die Zusammenfassung und den weiteren Ausblick. Aus diesem Anlass werden die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst
This doctoral thesis pertains to the conception for Bi–axial Tension–Tension Tests of thin textile reinforced concrete plates. This dissertation contributes to the application of mechanical engineering knowledge into the specific area of Material–Construction Engineering; all results obtained from experimental conditions will be released to the public. The conception of this testing regime is presented, as well as the manner in which an experimental Tension–Tension Test can optimally ascertain and accurately predict and describe load-bearing behaviour of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). This thesis is generally subdivided into two parts –“Test Preparation” and the detail of Bi-axial Tension-Tension testing on AR-Glass TRC plates. The “Test Preparation” component of this document includes the following four principal points. The first point is concerned with the assembly of testing equipment. Problems stemming from framework or lack of control over the testing machine are examined here. Negative effects on test results induced by the Hydraulic cylinder and related oil pressure are investigated and complemented in this section. The second point focuses on the numerical simulation used in order to determine the Bi–axial Tension–Tension Test samples. The specimen geometry given the testing boundary conditions was copied and optimized by means of a Finite–Element–Program (ATENA). The third point is concerned with the notion of “load application”. It was necessary to develop a premise for the loading transmission and connection between steel plates (steel mounting plates) and concrete cogs. The final point takes into account the methods used for measuring the Bi–axial Tension–Tension–test of this work. The second component present in this thesis describes in detail the five Bi–axial Tension–Tension–Tests conducted on AR–Glass TRC plates utilized to prove and ensure the accuracy of the experimental equipment. The TRC plate was built on frame of the bi-axial testing machine and received tensile loading in both directions. This loading relationship was held constant in both directions during the test. Furthermore, the author presents her own thoughts, as well as supplemental commentary, associated with textile reinforced concrete and the resulting experimental outcomes. The last chapter closes this doctoral thesis and includes the abstract of and further prospects for this study. All scientific cognitions are summarised in this chapter

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Versuchskonzept für zweiaxiale Zug-Zug-Versuche an textilbewehrten Betonscheiben behandelt. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag leisten, die Kenntnisse aus dem Maschinenbau, der Mechanik in den Bereich der Bauingenieure und Baustoffe umzusetzen, um alle Effekte, die vom Versuchstand verursacht werden, öffentlich zu machen. Es ist ein Versuchskonzept zu erarbeiten, wie ein experimenteller Zug-Zug-Versuch optimal zu gestalten ist, um das Tragverhalten des textilbewehrten Betons genau zu ermitteln. Die Arbeit ist hauptsächlich in zwei Teile gegliedert. Der erster Teil befasst sich mit dem Thema „Versuchsvorbereitung“. Es beinhaltet folgende Hauptpunkte: • Der erste Punkt beschäftigt sich mit der Auswertung durchgeführter Versuche und deren Versuchsaufbauten. Hier werden Aspekte von der konstruktiven Auslegung der Rahmen bis zur Steuerung der Prüfmaschine behandelt. Es wird diskutiert, welche Effekte auf das Versuchsergebnis vom gewählten Hydrauliksystem bzw. von den Hydraulikzylinder und der Steuerung des Öldrucks ausgehen können. • Im zweiten Punkt wird eine Finite–Element–Simulationen durchgeführt, um die zweiaxialen Zug-Zug-Versuchskörper zu konzipieren. Mit Hilfe von einem Finite–Element– Programm, hier ATENA, wird die Probengeometrie mit den Randbedingungen des Versuchs nachgebildet und optimiert. • Der dritte Punkt beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema „Lasteinleitung“. Ein Konzept für die Verbindung und Kraftübertragung von Stahlplatten (Stahllasche) zur Lasteinleitung in „Beton“ soll entwickelt werden. • Der vierte Punkt beschreibt die gewählte Messmethode der Versuchsdurchführung, und wertet deren Potenzial und Möglichkeiten . Der zweiter Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschreibt detailliert die fünf durchgeführten zweiaxialen Zug–Zug–Versuche an mit AR-Glas textilbewehrten Betonscheiben. Die textilbewehrten Betonscheiben werden am Rahmen der zweiaxialen Prüfmaschine eingehängt und zweiaxial mit jeweils konstantem Verhältnis der Beanspruchung in Zug–Zug Richtung belastet, um den Versuchstand zu erproben und auszutesten. Die Gedanken, Ergänzungen und Erkenntnisse der Autorin im Zusammenhang mit dem textilbewehrten Beton und die hier auftretenden Effekte werden auch in diesem Kapitel behandelt. Das Schlusskapitel der Arbeit beinhaltet die Zusammenfassung und den weiteren Ausblick. Aus diesem Anlass werden die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zusammengefasst.
This doctoral thesis pertains to the conception for Bi–axial Tension–Tension Tests of thin textile reinforced concrete plates. This dissertation contributes to the application of mechanical engineering knowledge into the specific area of Material–Construction Engineering; all results obtained from experimental conditions will be released to the public. The conception of this testing regime is presented, as well as the manner in which an experimental Tension–Tension Test can optimally ascertain and accurately predict and describe load-bearing behaviour of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). This thesis is generally subdivided into two parts –“Test Preparation” and the detail of Bi-axial Tension-Tension testing on AR-Glass TRC plates. The “Test Preparation” component of this document includes the following four principal points. The first point is concerned with the assembly of testing equipment. Problems stemming from framework or lack of control over the testing machine are examined here. Negative effects on test results induced by the Hydraulic cylinder and related oil pressure are investigated and complemented in this section. The second point focuses on the numerical simulation used in order to determine the Bi–axial Tension–Tension Test samples. The specimen geometry given the testing boundary conditions was copied and optimized by means of a Finite–Element–Program (ATENA). The third point is concerned with the notion of “load application”. It was necessary to develop a premise for the loading transmission and connection between steel plates (steel mounting plates) and concrete cogs. The final point takes into account the methods used for measuring the Bi–axial Tension–Tension–test of this work. The second component present in this thesis describes in detail the five Bi–axial Tension–Tension–Tests conducted on AR–Glass TRC plates utilized to prove and ensure the accuracy of the experimental equipment. The TRC plate was built on frame of the bi-axial testing machine and received tensile loading in both directions. This loading relationship was held constant in both directions during the test. Furthermore, the author presents her own thoughts, as well as supplemental commentary, associated with textile reinforced concrete and the resulting experimental outcomes. The last chapter closes this doctoral thesis and includes the abstract of and further prospects for this study. All scientific cognitions are summarised in this chapter.

碩士
中華科技大學
土木防災與管理碩士班
101
Using excavator as reaction facility in field Plate Load Test (PLT) is wildly used in domestic area. Gravity loading of excavator parking on test position can provide the reaction force for PLT. The nearing area of excavator shoes will bear huge preload due to its massive body weight. Preload will synchronizing strengthen the soil stratum and stress-strain behavior of PLT. This research attempts simulate the phenomenon of PLT in cohesive soil stratum by numerical analysis. The analysis cases include excavator preload and free surface loading test scenarios. The ultimate and allowable bearing capacities of soil stratum are corresponding to 25.4 and 10mm settlement for geotechnical engineering, respectively. Compare the analysis scenarios, research results showed that using excavator as reaction facilities for PLT test will overestimate about 6% of ultimate bearing capacity than free surface conditions. For allowable bearing capacity, using excavator as reaction facilities for PLT test will overestimate about 35%.Minimum size of influence area is 4 times of testing plate diameter in existing specification to plate loading test. The research results also showed that it should be a necessary review.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einer Methode zur Bestimmung von realistischeren Steifemoduln für eine genauere Setzungsprognose von Flachgründungen in sehr „laborfeindlichen“ veränderlich festen Gesteinen. Die vergleichenden Laboruntersuchungen an teilverwitterten Keuperböden ergaben, dass die Steifemoduln aus den K0-Triaxialversuchen um den Faktor zwei bis drei größer sind als die Moduln aus den Standardoedometerversuchen. Durch, sowohl analytische, wie auch numerische, Nachrechnungen der durchgeführten Feldversuche und der Setzungsmessungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass mit Moduln aus K0-Triaxialversuchen deutlich zutreffendere Setzungsprognosen im Keuper möglich sind, als mit Moduln aus den Oedometerversuchen. Es konnte eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Entwicklung des Steifemoduls von der Belastungsgeschichte, insbesondere im Übergangsbereich von der „echten“ Wiederbelastung zur Erstbelastung, gefunden werden. Für grobe Näherungen, z.B. für Vorbemessungen, werden Abhängigkeiten zwischen Auflastspannungen und Steifemoduln für die Erst- und für die Wiederbelastung angegeben. So lassen sich Moduln für beliebige Spannungen direkt abschätzen. Aus den abgeleiteten Moduluszahlen m des untersuchten Spannungs-Verformungsverhaltens von Böden, können, insbesondere unter Einbeziehung von Daten aus der internationalen Literatur, Korrelationsgleichungen in Abhängigkeit von Anfangsporenzahl bzw. Anfangsporenanteil mit guten bis sehr guten Regressionen angegeben werden. Da der Steifeexponent a nur geringfügig vom Anfangsporenanteil n abhängt und an den in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Böden weder sinnvolle Korrelationen mit R > 0,8 zwischen a und n, noch Abhängigkeiten von a zur Korngröße gefunden wurden, werden für die Steifeexponenten Mittelwerte angegeben.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS KURZFASSUNG………………………………………………………………………..VI ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………..………..VII VERWENDETE BEZEICHNUNGEN, ABKÜRZUNGEN UND INDIZES……………..….. VIII TABELLENVERZEICHNIS…………………………………………………………........ X BILDVERZEICHNIS……………………………………………………………....… XIII 1. EINLEITUNG UND AUFGABENSTELLUNG ………………………………………… 1 2. GLIEDERUNG, AUFBAU UND ZIEL DER ARBEIT ……………………...…………... 3 3. ZUR GEOLOGIE DES GIPSKEUPERS ……………………….…………………….... 8 3.1 Übersicht über die geologische Situation …………….…………………...… 8 3.2 Entstehung und heutiger Zustand des Gipskeupers als Baugrund ……… 11 3.2.1 Einleitung ……………………………………….…………………..… 11 3.2.2 Entstehung der vorbelasteten Böden …………………………………..12 3.2.3 Geologische Vorbelastung……………….….………………………… 13 3.2.4 Bodenkennwerte und bodenmechanische Eigenschaf-ten……….……...14 3.2.5 Heutiger Zustand als Baugrund (Verwitterungsgrad)……………..…... 14 3.2.6 Verwitterung und Entfestigung der Keuperböden…………………….. 18 3.2.7 Entfestigung durch Entlastung………………………………………… 19 3.2.8 Entfestigung durch Verwitterung…………………………………..…. 20 3.2.9 Keupermechanik im Überblick………..………………………………. 21 3.2.9.1 Horizontale Vorspannung und K0-Wert………………..…….. 23 3.2.9.2 Vergleich und Bewertung der heutigen Baugrundsituation….. 24 3.2.10 Abschließende Bewertung zu Kapitel 3.2……………………….……. 25 4. STAND DER FORSCHUNG UND ENTWICKLUNG………………………………….. 26 4.1 Grundlagen der eindimensionalen Kompression………………………….. 26 4.1.1 Spannungen………………………………………………………...….. 26 4.1.2 Verformungen……………………………………………….……..….. 27 4.2 Spannungs-Verformungsbeziehungen der eindimensionalen Kompression…………………………………………………………….…… 29 4.2.1 Allgemeines…………………………………………………………… 29 4.2.2 Steifemodul nach DIN 18135………………………………………..... 30 4.2.3 Kompressions- und Schwellindex nach TERZAGHI……………….… 30 4.2.4 Verdichtungszahl nach OHDE……………………………………...…. 32 4.2.5 Tangentenmodul nach JANBU………………………………………... 33 4.2.6 Steifemodul in Abhängigkeit der Belastungsgeschichte nach RUDERT und FRITSCHE….................................................................. 33 4.2.7 Steifemodul in Abhängigkeit der Belastungsgeschichte nach BIAREZ und HICHER………………………………………………... 35 4.3 Literaturübersicht zur eindimensionalen Kompression verschiedener Böden………………………………………………………… 36 4.3.1 Steifemodul als Sekantenmodul nach DIN 18135 für Keuperböden…. 36 4.3.2 Kompressions- und Schwellindex nach TERZAGHI für alle Böden…. 47 4.3.3 Kompressions- u. Schwellindex für Keuperböden und vgl. Böden…... 51 4.3.4 Tangentenmodul nach JANBU (1963) für alle Böden………………… 52 4.3.5 Tangentenmodul für Keuperböden und für vergleichbare Böden…..… 55 5. UNTERSUCHTE BÖDEN UND PROBENNAHME………………………………….... 59 5.1 Gipskeuper aus Sindelfingen………………………………………………... 59 5.2 Gipskeuper aus Stuttgart-West……………………...…………………...… 60 5.3 Lößlehm……………………………………………………………………… 62 5.4 Filderlehm………………………………………………………………….… 62 5.5 Opalinuston……………………………………………………………..…… 63 5.6 Sand-Opalinuston…………………………………………………………… 63 6. LABORVERSUCHE ZUR BESCHREIBUNG DES GIPSKEUPERS……………………. 64 6.1 Natürliche Wassergehalte, Konsistenzen und Trockendichten…………... 64 6.2 Körnungslinien…………………………………………………………….… 64 6.3 Korndichten……………………………………………………………..…… 66 6.4 Wasseraufnahmevermögen……………………………………………...….. 66 6.5 Quellversuche……………………………………………………………….. 67 6.6 Mineralogie……………………………………………………………...…… 67 6.7 Scherparameter……………………………………………………………… 67 6.8 Vergleich der eigenen Scherparameter mit Werten aus vorliegenden Veröffentlichungen………………………………………………………….. 68 7. LABORVERSUCHE ZUR ERMITTLUNG DES SPANNUNGS-VERFORMUNGSVERHALTENS……………………………………………………. 69 7.1 Einflüsse bei Kompressionsversuchen……………………………….....….. 69 7.2 Versuchmethoden……………………………………………………...…..… 70 7.2.1 Standard-Oedometer nach DIN 18135………………………….…….… 70 7.2.1.1 Gerätebeschreibung und Versuchsprinzip…………………...…. 70 7.2.1.2 Datenerfassung und bezogene Setzung………………………… 71 7.2.2 Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung………………………... 71 7.2.2.1 Gerätebeschreibung und Versuchsprinzip…………………….... 72 7.2.2.2 Datenerfassung und bezogene Setzung………………………… 73 7.2.3 K0-Triaxialversuche im computergesteuerten Versuchsstand GDS…….. 73 7.2.3.1 Gerätebeschreibung und Versuchsprinzip…………………….... 74 7.2.3.2 Datenerfassung und bezogene Setzung………………………… 75 7.3 Vorversuche an zur Ermittlung der Eigenverformungen der Geräte….... 76 7.3.1 Aluminiumdummys im Standard-Oedometer…………………………... 76 7.3.1.1 Versuchsdurchführung………………………………………… 76 7.3.1.2 Darstellung und Beschreibung der Versuchsergebnisse………. 76 7.3.2 Aluminiumdummys im Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung. 78 7.3.2.1 Versuchsdurchführung………………………………………... 78 7.3.2.2 Darstellung und Beschreibung der Versuchsergebnisse……… 78 7.3.3 Stahldummys im GDS-Dreiaxialgerät………………………………….. 79 7.3.3.1 Versuchsvorbereitung und Versuchsdurchführung…………….. 80 7.3.3.2 Darstellung und Beschreibung der Versuchsergebnisse…….…. 80 7.3.4 Weitere Einflüsse bei K0-Triaxialversuchen……………………….……81 7.4 Auswertemethoden………………………………………………………….. 82 7.4.1 Steifemodul als Sekantenmodul nach DIN 18135…………………….... 82 7.4.1.1 Standardoedometer nach DIN 18135…………………………... 82 7.4.1.2 Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung……………...… 83 7.4.1.3 K0-Versuche im GDS-Triaxialgerät……………………………. 84 7.4.2 Kompressions- und Schwellindex nach TERZAGHI …………………... 84 7.4.2.1 Standardoedometer nach DIN 18135……………………….….. 84 7.4.2.2 Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung………………... 85 7.4.2.3 K0-Tiaxialversuch………………………………………….…… 87 7.4.3 Steifemodul als Tangentenmodul nach JANBU……………………........ 87 7.4.3.1 Standardoedometer nach DIN 18135………………………....... 87 7.4.3.2 Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung……………...… 89 7.4.3.3 K0-Versuche im GDS-Triaxialgerät……………………………. 91 7.4.4 Steifemodul in Abhängigkeit der Belastungsgeschichte nach RUDERT und FRITSCHE……………………………………………… 92 7.4.4.1 Standardoedometer nach DIN 18135………………………...… 92 7.4.4.2 Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung……………...… 93 7.4.4.3 K0-Versuche im GDS-Triaxialgerät……………………………. 94 7.5 Probeneinbau und Versuchsdurchführung ungestörter Gipskeuperproben…………………………………………………………... 94 7.5.1 Standardoedometer…………………………………………………….... 94 7.5.2 Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung……………………….... 95 7.5.3 K0-Versuche im GDS-Triaxialgerät…………………………………..… 95 7.6 Vergleichsversuche an homogenen, normalkonsolidierten Proben…….... 96 7.6.1 Allgemeines……………………………………………………………... 96 7.6.2 Herstellung der aufbereiteten Proben……………………………….…... 96 7.6.2.1 Herstellung der Proben aus Lößlehm…………………………... 96 7.6.2.2 Herstellung der Proben aus Opalinuston nach GÜNTSCHE….. 97 7.6.2.3 Herstellung der Probe aus Sand und Opalinuston nach RUPP…. 98 7.6.3 Kompressionsversuche im Standard-Oedometer……………………….. 99 7.6.4 Kompressionsversuche im Oedometer mit kontinuierlicher Laststeigerung…………………………………………………………... 99 7.6.5 K0-Versuche im GDS-Triaxialgerät…………………………………..… 99 7.7 Darstellung und Diskussion der Versuchsergebnisse……………….…… 99 7.7.1 Einbaukennwerte……………………………………………….……… 100 7.7.1.1 Gipskeuper im Oedometer……………………………………. 100 7.7.1.2 Gipskeuper im K0-Tiaxialversuch…………………………….. 100 7.7.1.3 Vergleichsböden im Oedometer………………………………. 101 7.7.1.4 Vergleichsböden im K0-Tiaxialversuch………………………. 101 7.7.2 Steifemodul als Sekantenmodul nach DIN 18135…………………….. 101 7.7.2.1 Gipskeuper……………………………………………………. 101 7.7.2.2 Vergleichsböden………………………………………………. 106 7.7.3 Kompressions- und Schwellindex nach TERZAGHI………………..... 112 7.7.3.1 Gipskeuper…………………………………………................. 112 7.7.3.2 Vergleichsböden……………………………………………..... 114 7.7.4 Steifemodul als Tangentenmodul nach JANBU………………………. 116 7.7.4.1 Gipskeuper……………………………………………………. 116 7.7.4.2 Vergleichsböden………………………………………………. 118 7.7.5 Steifemodul in Abhängigkeit der Belastung nach RUDERT u. FRITSCHE…………………………………………….… 120 7.7.5.1 Gipskeuper………………………………………………..…... 120 7.7.5.2 Vergleichsböden……………………………………………..... 124 8. FELDVERSUCHE…………………………………………………………...….… 130 8.1 Allgemeines…………………………………………………………………. 130 8.2 Plattendruckversuche……………………………………..……………….. 130 8.2.1 Beschreibung der Versuchseinrichtung………………………………... 130 8.2.2 Versuchsdurchführung, Darstellung und Beschreibung der Ergebnisse…………………………………………………………. 131 8.3 Fundamentprobebelastung……………………………………..……….… 132 8.3.1 Vorüberlegungen……………………………………………………..... 132 8.3.2 Versuchsaufbau und Messgeräte………………………………………. 133 8.3.3 Versuchsdurchführung und Messwerterfassung…………………...….. 136 8.3.4 Störungen und Fehlerquellen………………………………………….. 137 8.3.5 Darstellung und Beschreibung der Versuchsergebnisse…………….… 138 8.4 Bewertung und Vergleich der Versuchsergebnisse……………………… 141 9. BAUWERKSMESSUNGEN………………………………………………………... 145 9.1 Allgemeines……………………………………………………………...…. 145 9.2 Messungen des Spannungs-Verformungsverhaltens von Fundamenten…………………………………………………….……. 145 9.2.1 Beschreibung der Messungen…………………………………………. 145 9.2.2 Störungen und Fehlerquellen………………………………………….. 146 9.2.3 Darstellung der Messergebnisse………………………………...……... 147 9.3 Bewertung und Vergleich der Messergebnisse………………………...... 147 10. NACHRECHNUNG DER FELDVERSUCHE UND DER BAUWERKSMESSUNGEN…...149 10.1 Nachrechnungen mit Standardverfahren nach DIN 4019………...…... 149 10.1.1 Allgemeines………………………………………………………… 149 10.1.2 Berechnungsbeispiele………………………………………………. 150 10.2 Nachrechnungen mit numerischen Verfahren…………………………. 154 10.2.1 Allgemeines………………………………………………………… 154 10.2.2 Rechenprogramm…………………………………………………… 155 10.2.3 Verwendete Stoffmodelle……………………………………........... 155 10.2.4 Berechnungsbeispiele………………………………………………. 156 10.3 Bewertung und Vergleich der eigenen Berechnungsergebnisse……….. 161 11. ZUSAMMENFASSENDER VERGLEICH MIT GESAMTBEWERTUNG UND EMPFEHLUNGEN FÜR DIE BAUPRAXIS ……………………………………...…. 162 11.1 Laborversuche…………………………………………………….…….. 162 11.1.1 Steifemodul als Sekantenmodul nach DIN 18135………………… 162 11.1.2 Steifemodul als Tangentenmodul nach JANBU…………………... 168 11.1.3 Steifemodul in Abhängigkeit der Belastungsgeschichte nach RUDERT und FRITSCHE…………………………………... 171 11.2 Nachrechnungen der Feldversuche und der Setzungsmessungen…….175 11.2.1 Berechnungen mit herkömmlichen Verfahren (DIN 4019)….......... 176 11.2.2 Berechnungen mit numerischen Verfahren mit FEM………..……. 180 11.3 Empfehlungen für die Baupraxis aus den erzielten Erkenntnissen...... 181 12. AUSBLICK UND WEITERER FORSCHUNGSBEDARF…………………………….. 183 13. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG…………………………………………………………... 185 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS………………………………………………………..… 188 VERZEICHNIS DER ANHÄNGE……………………………………………….……... 201

The objective of the present study is to evaluate fatigue strength of a perforated plate at an elevated temperature of 550°C under displacement-controlled loading. Specimens having two circular holes have stress concentrations near the hole sides. The two holes in the specimen made of SUS304 stainless steel are placed at an angle of 30°, 60° and 90° measured from the loading direction. Stress concentration factors of these specimens, having the complicated stress pattern distribution, were estimated by the finite element method (FEM). Based on the stress concentration factor, the inelastic strain was estimated by the simplified equation of the Stress Redistribution Locus (SRL) method, and the estimated strain was compared to the experimental Best Fit Fatigue (BFF) curve. Crack initiation cycles were determined from graph showing the crack propagation process, which were measured by a CCD camera at a regular interval cycle. Crack initiation cycles were smaller than failure cycles of 75% load decreasing point. By using these inelastic local strain and crack initiation cycles, the experimented results were predicted well by the present complicated structures.

The present paper presents the experimental results for fatigue crack propagation of SUS304 steel perforated plate at an elevated temperature of 550°C. (1) The specimens have two holes placed at an angle of 30°, 60° and 90°. Crack initiation cycle is determined from the pictures showing crack propagation process, which are measured with a CCD camera at a regular interval cycle. The stress concentration is larger in the order of 60°, 90° and 30°, the number of cycles to failure Nf follows this order. By using the inelastic strain amplitude, cycles to crack initiation for each specimen can be predicted. Hereafter, multiple cracks at different sites propagate according to the strain concentration contours. (2) The effect of high temperature on fatigue strength is also investigated for temperature from 500°C to 700°C. Cracks occurring at hole sides are measured by a CCD camera and the crack growth is calculated from photographs. Some specimens show the multiple small cracks at hole-side. (3) This paper also discusses fatigue evaluation of the circular notched plate under the inter-laminar shear loading at elevated temperature. FEM analysis of a specimen shows the distribution of stress under inter-laminar shear loading. Fatigue tests were conducted, and compared with results of analysis. The stress distribution under the inter-laminar shear loading shows unique distributions compared with those under the tensile loading, which is consistent with experimental results.

There are some components subjected to compressive and bending loading in ship and offshore structures and fatigue cracks were fond in compressive side of these components caused by fluctuation loadings, during their service. For better understanding the fatigue behavior of these components subjected to compressive to compressive loading, plate specimens with center crack (CCP) and plate specimens with double edge crack (DECP) have been designed for the experiment for examining the fatigue crack growth under axial compressive fluctuation loading. In this paper, a high strength steel plate was used as the test material. Fatigue test has been performed using MTS810 material testing system. Experimental results show that cracks can be propagated under compressive to compressive loading. It also shows that the cracks propagated to a certain length and then arrested completely. The experimental procedure and the phenomena are described. The stress-strain and the residual stress during a cycle were simulated by FEA. The stress intensity factor of the crack by residual stress and its propagation life were estimated and compared with the test data. The residual stress plays a very important role in crack growth under compression to compression fluctuation load.

Abstract Offshore pipelines are generally subjected to variable amplitude (VA) loading in service due to waves or ocean currents. Welded joints often represent the most critical locations for fatigue cracking. Use of the current fatigue design guidance, for example, BS 7608, to assess fatigue performance of the welded joints in such structure may lead to inaccurate estimates depending on the nature of the VA loading spectrum. Further studies on the effect of VA loading spectra on fatigue performance of welded joints are needed. In this research, both uniaxial and 3-point bending fatigue tests were performed on non-load carrying fillet welded plates under VA loading spectra to investigate the effects of mean stress and the type of VA loading spectra. The influence of plate thickness was also investigated. Test results suggest that the spectrum with a high constant maximum tensile stress (cycling-down) could significantly degrade fatigue performance of welded joints, with the damage parameter D only at around 0.5. The severity of this type of loading spectrum depends on the mean stress level and the plate thickness. An analytical model has been developed to predict fatigue crack propagation (FCP) by considering the interaction of stresses in the loading spectrum. The model considers the impact of the mean stress generated by the preceding load on FCP in the subsequent cycles. FCP predicted by the model shows a good agreement with the experimental data.

This paper shows the concepts for creep test machine. Designed creep machine can be used for tensile dead loading or compressive dead loading for the specimens of plate-type and round-bar types. Applied temperature is up to 1000°C. The developed creep test machine can be applied under the action of dead loading, so that long time measurement is possible. The firm measurement stock shelf is used as the framework of keeping right angle maintenance. The obtained creep test machine is also expected to have the rigidity of long term use. The necessary devises are for general purpose to reduce the cost.

The present paper shows the two experimental results for creep-fatigue interaction effects of perforated plate at elevated temperature. (1) The loading history is assumed to be triangle form in fatigue tests, and that in creep-fatigue loading history, the loading rate from compressive strain to tensile strain is assumed to be constant, which vary from fast rate to slow rate in 5 types of strain rate. The slow strain rate loading includes the creep effects to reduce the life span, which is shown to be predicted if the constant loading assumption is assumed. (2) The holding time effect is also investigated. The tensile strain is held to be constant, and holding time is elongated in the present experiments, which is investigated by the fracture analysis.

For cracks under mode-I loading, it has been demonstrated that a general weight function expression with three unknown parameters can be used to approximate a variety of crack configurations under mode-I loading. For a given crack geometry, the unknown parameters can be determined from reference stress intensity factors (SIFs) together with characteristic properties of the weight functions. It is demonstrated in this paper that a general weight function expression also exists for cracks under mode II loading. The determination of weight functions for cracks in mode II can then also be conducted using reference stress intensity factors (SIFs) together with characteristic properties of the weight functions. This method is used to obtain the mode II weight functions for test specimens including single edge cracked plate, internal center cracked plate and double edge cracked plate. These derived weight functions were further used to calculate the SIFs for the above cracks subjected to several linear and non-linear shear loads and were compared to available SIF solutions.

In structures having stress concentration under cyclic loading, a small crack initiates and it grows and propagates. The present paper shows the experimental results of the perforated plate having the different diameters and the prescribed different strain amplitude. In the specimens having a circular hole, a crack initiates at the hole side having the most severe stress concentration in the specimen, and then the other crack also starts to initiate at the opposite hole side. Growth of both cracks is observed from the photographs taken at each cycle to study the relation between crack growth and load decrease. The feature of crack growth initiating from multiple origins will be discussed for fatigue test. The crack initiation is evaluated by referring to the accumulation law using the simplified estimation scheme, and the crack growth is evaluated by referring the increment of J-Integral. The agreement for crack initiation and propagation with these test results will be discussed.

The Press-in-Place (PIP) gasket is a static face seal with self-retaining feature, which is used for the mating surfaces of engine components to maintain the reliability of the closed system under various operating conditions. Its design allows it to provide enough contact pressure to seal the internal fluid as well as prevent mechanical failures. Insufficient sealing pressure will lead to fluid leakage, consequently resulting in engine failures. A test fixture was designed to simulate the clamp load and internal pressure condition on a gasket bolted joint. A Sensor pad using TEKSCAN equipment was used to capture the overall and local pressure distribution of the PIP gasket under various engine loading conditions. Then, the Sensor pad test results were compared with simulated CAE results from computer models. Through the comparisons, it is found that the gasket sealing pressure of test data and CAE data show good correlation for bolt load condition 500N when compared to internal pressure side load condition of 0.138 MPa & 0.276 MPa. Moreover, the gasket cross-sectional pressure distribution obtained by experimental tests and CAE models correlated very well with R2 ranging from 90 to 99% for all load cases. Both CAE and Sensor pad test results shows increase in sealing pressure when internal side pressure is applied to the gasket seal.

To investigate the mechanical behavior and catenary action of restrained steel beam under fire, experiments were performed on five H-section restrained steel beams exposed to ISO-834 standard fire. At first, mechanical property tensile tests were performed on 3 room-temperature specimens and 8 high-temperature specimens, and variation laws of the material properties of steel materials with temperature rising were investigated by the high-temperature steady-state tests. Through the fire experiments, the temperature data, mid-span deflections and failure modes of all specimens were obtained. The experimental results show that: (1) a restrained steel beam is prone to in-plane buckling failure under fire; (2) the loading ratio n and axial restraint stiffness Kx have great influences on the catenary action of restrained steel beam under fire; (3) when the loading ratio n is constant, the greater the axial restraint stiffness Kx, the later the catenary action occurs; when the axial restraint stiffness Kx is constant, the greater the loading ratio n, the earlier the catenary action occurs.