Relevant bibliographies by topics / Platinum group metals (PGEs)

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Platinum group metals (PGEs)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Platinum group metals (PGEs)"

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O’Connor, Cyril, and Tatiana Alexandrova. "The Geological Occurrence, Mineralogy, and Processing by Flotation of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) in South Africa and Russia." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010054.

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Russia and South Africa are the world’s leading producers of platinum group elements (PGEs). This places them in a unique position regarding the supply of these two key industrial commodities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative high-level overview of aspects of the geological occurrence, mineralogy, and processing by flotation of the platinum group minerals (PGMs) found in each country. A summary of some of the major challenges faced in each country in terms of the concentration of the ores by flotation is presented alongside the opportunities that exist to increase the production of the respective metals. These include the more efficient recovery of minerals such as arsenides and tellurides, the management of siliceous gangue and chromite in the processing of these ores, and, especially in Russia, the development of novel processing routes to recover PGEs from relatively low grade ores occurring in dunites, black shale ores and in vanadium-iron-titanium-sulphide oxide formations.
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O’Connor, Cyril, and Tatiana Alexandrova. "The Geological Occurrence, Mineralogy, and Processing by Flotation of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) in South Africa and Russia." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010054.

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Russia and South Africa are the world’s leading producers of platinum group elements (PGEs). This places them in a unique position regarding the supply of these two key industrial commodities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative high-level overview of aspects of the geological occurrence, mineralogy, and processing by flotation of the platinum group minerals (PGMs) found in each country. A summary of some of the major challenges faced in each country in terms of the concentration of the ores by flotation is presented alongside the opportunities that exist to increase the production of the respective metals. These include the more efficient recovery of minerals such as arsenides and tellurides, the management of siliceous gangue and chromite in the processing of these ores, and, especially in Russia, the development of novel processing routes to recover PGEs from relatively low grade ores occurring in dunites, black shale ores and in vanadium-iron-titanium-sulphide oxide formations.
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Frazzoli, Chiara, Roberta Cammarone, and Sergio Caroli. "Uptake of platinum-group elements with the diet: A preliminary investigation." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678010069.

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Over the past decade, the increasing use of car catalytic converters based on platinum-group elements (PGEs) has been raising more and more concern. Human exposure to these metals occurs indirectly also through the diet. Thus, a pilot investigation was undertaken in order to ascertain the actual intake of PGEs through bread and cow milk. All manipulations were performed in a Class-100 clean room so as to minimize the risk of sample contamination. Digestion of samples was achieved by means of a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2 with the assistance of microwave irradiation.Determinations were performed by sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) to quantify Pd, Pt, and Rh. The isotopes 105Pd+, 103Rh+, and 195Pt+ were used for the quantification. Major interferences were caused by 40Ar65Cu+ on 105Pd+, 179Hf16O+ on 195Pt+, and 87Rb16O+ and 87Sr16O+ on 103Rh+. Both physical and mathematical approaches for the interference correction were used. The mean values for PGEs were found to be as follows (in ng kg-1): full-cream milk: Pd, 3790; Pt, 83.2; Rh, 1680; skim milk: Pd, 12 400; Pt, 83.6; Rh, 1090; wholemeal bread: Pd, 3210; Pt, 171; Rh, 139; white bread: Pd, 27 400; Pt, 257; Rh, 2230. The preliminary data obtained in this study are probative of the significant portion of the total exposure to PGEs, which is due to the diet.
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Liu, Si Qing, Bao Xu Song, Quan Jun Liu, and Wan Ping Wang. "Process Mineralogy of a Low Grade Cu-Ni-PGM Sulphide Ore and its Implications for Mineral Processing." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1023.

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Based on process mineralogical study of a low-grade Cu-Ni-platinum group metal(PGM) sulfide ore in SW China, the occurrence of Cu and Ni, the distribution of platinum group minerals (PGMs) and their relationships with other minerals are determined in detail, which provides scientific reference for forthcoming mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. The mineralogical results show that 18 individual PGMs containing all the 6 platinum group elements (PGEs) are investigated, and it can be concluded that the PGMs in the ores mainly occur as individual minerals. SEM images show that the PGMs are mainly disseminated in sulphides, most occur as inclusions or semi-inclusions, and part are inlayed along the other minerals to form coarse compound grains. Due to the the complex mineral composition and texture, processing the Cu-Ni-PGM ores by traditional flotation may be difficult to get a good processing performance.
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Yang, Sai-Hong, Ben-Xun Su, Xiao-Wen Huang, Dong-Mei Tang, Ke-Zhang Qin, Yang Bai, Patrick Sakyi, and Melesse Alemayehu. "Platinum-Group Mineral Occurrences and Platinum-Group Elemental Geochemistry of the Xiadong Alaskan-Type Complex in the Southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt." Minerals 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110494.

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Alaskan-type complexes commonly contain primary platinum-group element (PGE) alloys and lack base-metal sulfides in their dunite and chromite-bearing rocks. They could therefore host PGE deposits with rare sulfide mineralization. A detailed scanning electron microscope investigation on dunites from the Xiadong Alaskan-type complex in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt revealed: various occurrences of platinum-group minerals (PGMs) that are dominated by inclusions in chromite grains containing abundant Ru, Os, S and a small amount of Pd and Te, indicating that they mainly formed prior to or simultaneously with the crystallization of the host minerals; A few Os–Ir–Rurich phases with iridium/platinum-group element (IPGE) alloy, anduoite (Ru,Ir,Ni)(As,S)2−x and irarsite (IrAsS) were observed in chromite fractures, and as laurite (RuS2) in clinopyroxene, which was likely related to late-stage hydrothermal alteration. The rocks in the Xiadong complex display large PGE variations with ∑PGE of 0.38–112 ppb. The dunite has the highest PGE concentrations (8.69–112 ppb), which is consistent with the presence of PGMs. Hornblende clinopyroxenite, hornblendite and hornblende gabbro were all depleted in PGEs, indicating that PGMs were likely already present at an early phase of magma and were mostly collected afterward in dunites during magma differentiation. Compared with the regional mafic–ultramafic intrusions in Eastern Tianshan, the Xiadong complex show overall higher average PGE concentration. This is consistent with the positive PGE anomalies revealed by regional geochemical surveys. The Xiadong complex, therefore, has potential for PGE exploration.
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POPOOLA, A. I., and J. E. LOWTHER. "COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF PLATINUM GROUP SUPERALLOYS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 28, no. 09 (March 5, 2014): 1450066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979214500660.

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Various properties of substitutional alloys formed from aluminium and the platinum group metals (PGMs) are examined using density functional (D-F) theory and show strong variations depending on metal type. A similar pattern for the binary alloys is observed using molecular dynamics modeling employing Sutton Chen potentials. All results suggest that several of the PGMs could have superior properties to the presently used Ni 3 Al alloy for high temperature applications. Some phases are predicted to be stable with extremely high melting temperatures (MTs).
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Odularu, Ayodele T., Peter A. Ajibade, Johannes Z. Mbese, and Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji. "Developments in Platinum-Group Metals as Dual Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (November 6, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5459461.

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Platinum-group (PG) complexes have been used as antibacterial and anticancer agents since the discovery of cisplatin. The science world still requires improvement on these complexes because of multidrug and antineoplastic resistances. This review observes discoverers and history of these platinum-group metals (PGMs), as well as their beneficial applications. The focus of this study was biological applications of PGMs in relation to human health. Sandwich and half-sandwich PGM coordination compounds and their metal nanoparticles give improved results for biological activities by enhancing efficient delivery of both antibacterial and anticancer drugs, as well as luminescent bioimaging (biomarkers) for biological identifications.
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Yan, Li, and Ji Shou Zhao. "Study Pressure-Cyanide Dissolution Different of Metal Palladium and Platinum Powder." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 2514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.2514.

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s: A research study has been undertaken to develop the fundamentals of a method for the direct dissolution of platinum group metals (PGMs). At room temperature and pressures, the reaction between sodium cyanide and platinum group metals (PGMs) does not occur because of poor kinetics. However, at elevated temperatures between 120-180 °C, PGMs can be leached by sodium cyanide like the reaction of gold. In this work, the dissolution of Palladium and Platinum powder were measured in pressure clear cyanide solution. The cyanide leaching reaction mechanism is also discussed.The data at different cyanide concentrations, different temperature and different oxygen pressure are obtained. The dissolution rate off metal Palladium and Platinum powder were found to be a function of the cyanide and oxygen level.
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Matthey, Johnson, and Alfa Aesar. "PGMs in the Lab: Platinum Group Metals in Polyoxometalates." Platinum Metals Review 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106713x675787.

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Chaumba, Jeff B., and Caston T. Musa. "Formation of the main sulfide zone at Unki Mine, Shurugwi Subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: Constraints from petrography and sulfide compositions." Geosphere 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 685–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02150.1.

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Abstract The major platinum group element (PGE) occurrence in the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, the main sulfide zone, is a tabular stratabound layer hosted in pyroxenites, and it is broadly similar in form throughout the length of the Great Dyke. We conducted a petrographic and sulfide composition study on a sulfide-enriched zone from the contact of the mafic sequence–ultramafic sequence through the main sulfide zone at Unki Mine in the Shurugwi Subchamber to its underlying footwall rocks to place some constraints on the origin of the rocks. Pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite are the base metal sulfides that were encountered during the study. Pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite typically occurred as inclusions in both primary (orthopyroxene, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene) and secondary (amphibole and chlorite) silicate phases, whereas pyrite was observed in only three samples, where it occurred in association with pyrrhotite. The concentrations of PGEs in the base metal sulfides were nearly all at or below minimum detection limits. The intercumulus nature of some of these sulfides in the investigated sequence suggests that they were likely formed during the crystallization history of these rocks. The occurrence of pyrite, which we interpret to be an alteration phase, suggests that a late-stage event, likely formed during hydrothermal alteration, helped to concentrate the mineralization at Unki Mine. In some cases, however, these sulfides occur partially surrounding some chromite and silicate phases. Thus, some sulfides in the Unki Mine area were likely formed early in the crystallization history of the Great Dyke, whereas others were formed late during hydrothermal processes. Low concentrations of PGEs such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) in base metal sulfides imply that the PGEs in the main sulfide zone and Unki Mine are hosted either in silicates and/or platinum group minerals. Very low Co contents in pentlandites in the rocks under investigation are interpreted to imply that very limited Fe substitution by Co, and also of Ni by Co, occurred. Broadly comparable trends, with minor variations of Fe in pyrrhotite, of Co and Ni in pentlandite, and of Cu in chalcopyrite, for example, likely reflect magmatic processes. The concentrations of these metals in base metal sulfides vary sympathetically, indicating that their original magmatic signatures were subsequently affected by hydrothermal fluids. The spiked pattern displayed by the variations in the percent modal proportions of the base metal sulfides across the entire investigated stratigraphic section is interpreted to reflect remobilization of the sulfides during hydrothermal alteration. Depletions in some elements, which occur near the base and at the top of the investigated succession, are likely a result of this hydrothermal alteration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Platinum group metals (PGEs)"

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Alshana, Usama Ahmed. "Separation And Quantitation Of Some Platinum Group Metals By Rp-hplc." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605760/index.pdf.

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In this study, a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed to separate and determine Pt and Pd after formation of their chelates with N,N-diethyl-N'
-benzoylthiourea (DEBT). With the aim of reducing the number of steps in treating the samples, the method developed does not require the elimination of excess chelating reagent before the analysis of metal chelates. The different physical and chemical parameters affecting separation were examined in details. The whole analysis was completed on a C18 column in 16 min at 280 nm, with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-methanol-water (80:10:10, v:v:v) containing 0.20 mol l-1 pH 5.0 acetate buffer at a flow rate of 0.8 ml min-1. Detection limits of the method, based on 3s, were found as 14.2 ug l-1 for Pd and 0.77 mg l-1 for Pt using a 20-ul sample loop. Reproducibility of the method for ten repeated measurements was found as 2.36 % for 0.60 mg l-1 Pd and 2.58 % for 10.0 mg l-1 Pt as % RSD. The proposed method is a rapid, simple and highly selective method for the simultaneous determination of Pt and Pd by HPLC without the need for any interference elimination process.
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Aiglsperger, Thomas Hans. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of the platinum group elements (PGE), rare earth elements (REE) and scandium in nickel laterites." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396340.

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Ni laterites are considered worthy targets for critical metals (CM) exploration as rare earth elements (REE), Sc and platinum group elements (PGE) can be concentrated during weathering as a result of residual and secondary enrichment. In this investigation geochemical and mineralogical data of CM from two different nickel laterite types (i) from the Moa Bay mining area in Cuba (oxide type) and (ii) from the Falcondo mining area in the Dominican Republic (hydrous Mg silicate type) are presented. Emphasis is given on examining their potential to accumulate CM and on processes involved. Results show that CM are concentrated towards the surface in specific zones: (i) REE in clay minerals rich horizons and within zones composed of secondary Mn oxide(s) (ii) Sc within zones rich in secondary Fe and Mn bearing oxide(s) and (iii) PGE in zones with high concentrations of residual chromian spinel and secondary Fe and Mn bearing oxide(s) at upper levels of the Ni laterite profiles. Concentration factors involve (i) residual enrichment by intense weathering (ii) mobilization of CM during changing Eh and pH conditions with subsequent reprecipitation at favourable geochemical barriers (iii) interactions between biosphere and limonitic soils at highest levels of the profile (critical zone) with involved neoformation processes. Total contents of CM in both Ni laterite types are low when compared with conventional CM ore deposits but are of economic significance as CM have to be seen as cost inexpensive by-products during the Ni (+Co) production. Innovative extraction methods currently under development are believed to boost the significance of Ni laterites as future unconventional CM ore deposits. Two Ni laterite profiles from the Falcondo mining area have been compared for their platinum group element (PGE) geochemistry and mineralogy. One profile (Loma Peguera) is characterized by PGE-enriched (up to 3.5 ppm total PGE) chromitite bodies incorporated within the saprolite, whereas the second profile is chromitite-free (Loma Caribe). Total PGE contents of both profiles slightly increase from parent rocks (36 and 30 ppb, respectively) to saprolite (-50 ppb) and reach highest levels within the limonite zone (640 and 264 ppb, respectively). Chondrite-normalized PGE patterns of saprolite and limonite reveal rather flat shapes with positive peaks of Ru and Pd. Three types of platinum group minerals (PGM) were found by using an innovative hydroseparation technique: (i) primary PGM inclusions in fresh Cr-spinel (laurite and bowieite), (ii) secondary PGM (e.g., Ru-Fe-Os-Ir compounds) from weathering of preexisting PGM (e.g., serpentinization and/or laterization), and (iii) PGM precipitated after PGE mobilization within the laterite (neoformation). Results provide evidence that (i) PGM occurrence and PGE enrichment in the laterite profiles is independent of chromitite incorporation; (ii) PGE enrichment is residual on the profile scale; and (iii) PGE are mobile on a local scale leading to in situ growth of PGM within limonite, probably by bioreduction and/or electrochemical metal accretion. Free grains of PGM with delicate morphologies were discovered in limonite hosted chromitite samples (“floating chromitites”) from highest levels in the Falcondo Ni laterite deposit (Dominican Republic). Textural and chemical evidence obtained via SEM and EMP analysis points to a multistage formation: (i) primary PGM formation at magmatic stage; (ii) transformation to highly porous secondary Os-Ru PGM during serpentinization; (iii) neoformation of Ir-Fe-Ni-(Pt) mineral phases during early stages of lateritization; (iv) neoformation of Pt-(Ir) mineral phases within the critical zone of the profile resulting in nugget shaped accumulation of rounded particulates during late stages of lateritization. The observation of accumulations of most likely biogenic mediated in situ growth of Pt rich nanoparticles in supergene environments could help to explain (i) why Pt bearing nuggets are the most abundant PGM found in surface environments, (ii) why Pt nuggets from placer deposits generally surpass the grain sizes of Pt grains found in parent rocks by several orders of magnitude (few micrometers vs. several millimeters) and (iii) how anthropogenic PGE contamination may affect our biosphere. Osmium chromitite, saprolite and limonite (Falcondo mining area), suggest that serpentinization of the Loma Caribe peridotite has not significantly affected the Re-Os system in Os-rich PGM. This is noted by the fact, that primary PGM formed at magmatic stage and secondary Ru-Os-Mg- isotope characteristics from primary and secondary PGM, separated from Si PGM formed due desulphurization of primary PGM with significant incorporation of Mg silicates, have almost identical Os isotope characteristics, typical of the mantle. However, the Re-Os system can be significantly disturbed during stages of lateritization when porous secondary PGM react with Fe-rich fluids, thus forming hexaferrum and magnetite in the 187 188 interstices of secondary PGM. Here presented data indicate that more radiogenic ratios in higher levels of the weathering profile are linked to steady mobilization of PGE within secondary PGM resulting in subsequent loss of Os counterbalanced by the incorporation of Fe. Os/ Os In this investigation presented data clearly states that PGE are neither noble nor inert in surface environments, at least in those related to tropical Ni laterites from the Northern Caribbean.
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Van, der Horst Charlton. "Development of a bismuth-silver nanofilm sensor for the determination of platinum group metals in environmental samples." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4451.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Nowadays, the pollution of surface waters with chemical contaminants is one of the most crucial environmental problems. These chemical contaminants enter rivers and streams resulting in tremendous amount of destruction, so the detection and monitoring of these chemical contaminants results in an ever-increasing demand. This thesis describes the search for a suitable method for the determination of platinum group metals (PGMs) in environmental samples due to the toxicity of mercury films and the limitations with methods other than electroanalytical methods. This study focuses on the development of a novel bismuth-silver bimetallic nanosensor for the determination of PGMs in roadside dust and soil samples. Firstly, individual silver, bismuth and novel bismuth-silver bimetallic nanoparticles were chemically synthesised. The synthesised nanoparticles was compared and characterised by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis to interrogate the electrochemical, optical, structural, and morphological properties of the nanomaterials. The individual silver, bismuth, and bismuth-silver bimetallic nanoparticles in the high resolution transmission electron microscopy results exhibited an average particle size of 10-30 nm. The electrochemical results obtained have shown that the bismuth-silver bimetallic nanoparticles exhibit good electro-catalytic activity that can be harnessed for sensor construction and related applications. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy results confirmed the structural properties of the novel bismuth-silver bimetallic nanoparticles. In addition the transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction morphological characterisation confirmed the nanoscale nature of the bismuth-silver bimetallic nanoparticles. Secondly, a sensitive adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure for palladium, platinum and rhodium determination was developed in the presence of dimethylglyoxime (DMG) as the chelating agent at a glassy carbon electrode coated with a bismuth-silver bimetallic nanofilm. The nanosensor further allowed the adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of PGMs without oxygen removal in solution. In this study the factors that influence the stripping performance such as composition of supporting electrolyte, DMG concentration, deposition potential and time studies, and pH have been investigated and optimised. The bismuth-silver bimetallic nanosensor was used as the working electrode with 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH = 4.7) solution as the supporting electrolyte. The differential pulse adsorptive stripping peak current signal was linear from 0.2 to 1.0 ng/L range (60 s deposition), with limit of detections for Pd (0.19 ng/L), Pt (0.20 ng/L), Rh (0.22 ng/L), respectively. Good precision for the sensor application was also obtained with a reproducibility of 4.61% for Pd(II), 5.16% for Pt(II) and 5.27% for Rh(III), for three measurements. Investigations of the possible interferences from co-existing ions with PGMs were also done in this study. The results obtained for the study of interferences have shown that Ni(II) and Co(II) interfere with Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(III) at high concentrations. The interference studies of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) showed that these metal ions only interfere with Pd(II) and Pt(II) at high concentrations, with no interferences observed for Rh(III). Phosphate and sulphate only interfere at high concentrations with Pt(II) and Rh(III) in the presence of DMG with 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH = 4.7) solution as the supporting electrolyte. Based on the experimental results, this bismuth-silver bimetallic nanosensor can be considered as an alternative to common mercury electrodes, carbon paste and bismuth film electrodes for electrochemical detection of PGMs in environmental samples. Thirdly, this study dealt with the development of a bismuth-silver bimetallic nanosensor for differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) of PGMs in environmental samples. The nanosensor was fabricated by drop coating a thin bismuth-silver bimetallic film onto the active area of the SPCEs. Optimisation parameters such as pH, DMG concentration, deposition potential and deposition time, stability test and interferences were also studied. In 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH = 4.7) solution and DMG as the chelating agent, the reduction signal for PGMs ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 ng/L. The detection limit for Pd(II), Pt(II) and Rh(III) was found to be 0.07 ng/L, 0.06 ng/L and 0.2 ng/L, respectively. Good precision for the sensor application was also obtained with a reproducibility of 7.58% for Pd(II), 6.31% for Pt(II) and 5.37% for Rh(III), for three measurements. In the study of possible interferences, the results have shown that Ni(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Na+, SO42- and PO43- does not interfere with Pd(II) in the presence of DMG with sodium acetate buffer as the supporting electrolyte solution. These possible interference ions only interfere with Pt(II) and Rh(III) in the presence of DMG with 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH = 4.7) as the supporting electrolyte solution.
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Sýkora, Jiří. "Využití iontoměničů pro prekoncentraci platinových kovů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295670.

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The aim of this thesis is the elaboration of a detailed literature review on the use of ion exchangers for the preconcentration of platinum group metals. This work contains an actual literature review on this issue. In this work you will find information about the current occurrence of platinum metals in the environment, their impact on health, properties, resources and the use. There are also described ways of decomposition, extraction and use of ion exchangers. In the experimental part this thesis deals with optimization of ion exchangers and following application of real samples from the city of Brno.
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Roberts, Yvonne V. "Macrocyclic complexes of platinum group metals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11897.

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A series of half-sandwich complexes, [M([9]aneS3)*XY]n+ have been synthesised from MCl2 [M = Pd, Pt,X = Y = Cl-(n = 0), PPh30.5dppm, 0.5dppe,0.5x2, 2'-bipy(n = 2), X = Cl-, Y = PPh3(n&61 1); M = Pd, X = Y = 0.5oxytriphos, 0.5x1, 10-phen(n = 2), X = Cl-, Y = PCy3(n = 1)]. All but one of the crystal structures [M = Pd, X = Y = Cl-, PPh3, 0.5dppm, 0.5oxytriphos, 0.5x2,2'-bipy, 0.5x1,10-phen, X = Cl-, Y&61 PPh3; M = Pt, X = Y&61 PPh3, 0.5dppm] solved show the metal in a square-planar, S2XY co-ordination set, with a long-range apical interaction to the remaining S-atom of [9]aneS3; [Pt([9]aneS3)(PPh3)2]2+ is trigonal bipyramidal. The reductive electrochemistry of the Pd complexes shows the stabilisation of Pd(I) species by bidentate, π-acceptor X,Y ligands. A series of complexes [Ru([9]aneS_3)XYZ]^+ (X-Cl^-, Y = CO or PCy_3, Z&61 H or MeCN; X = H, Y = Z = 0.5x1,5-COD) and [Ru([n]aneS_4)*XY]^m+ (X = Cl^-, Y = PPh_3, n = 12,14,16, m&61 1; X = McCN, Y = PPh_3, n = 12,14, m&61 2; X = Y = McCN, n = 16, m = 2) have also been prepared. The crystral structures of [Ru([9]aneS_3)XYZ]^+ (X = Cl^-, Y = CO, Z&61 McCN; X = H, Y = Z = 0.5x1,5-COD) show the metal to be octahedrally co-ordinated. Such is also the case for [Ru([n]aneS_4)XY]^m+ (n = 14,16, X = Cl^-, Y&61 PPh_3; n = 16, X = Y = MeCN), with the non-macrocyclic ligands mutually cis. A study by nmr spectroscopy of the mechanism of formation of [Ru([9]aneS_3)Cl(PPh_3)(C_4H_3O)H^+ ]^- from [Ru([9]aneS_3)Cl_2(PPh_3)] and Et_2O/THF was undertaken. The former complex, and the dimeric intermediates [Ru([9]aneS_3)(PPh_3)Cl]_2^2+ and [Ru([9]aneS_3(PPh_3)(μ2-Cl)Tl(μ3-Cl)]_2^2+ were characterised by X-ray crystallography. Finally, the novel agostic species [Pd(H[9]aneN_3)Cl_2]_2(PF_6)_2.2([Pd(H[9]aneN_3)Cl_2]_2) is described. The X-ray structure of the dimer shows an unsupported Pd-Pd bond with mutally cis-Cl^- ligands. Only one of the two metal ions in the dimer forms an agostic M-H-N bond. The metal in each of the monomers also forms on M-H-N agostic bond. *[9]aneS_3 = 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane, [14]aneS_4 = 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane [12]aneS_4 = 1,4,7,10-tetrathiacyclododecane, [16]aneS_4 = 1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane.
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Tooze, R. P. "Organometallic compounds of platinum group metals." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37880.

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Isbilir, Amina. "Tridentate ligands with platinum group metals." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42777.

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In this thesis, a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical pincer ligands are synthesised and explored as supports for platinum group metals, such as palladium, platinum and ruthenium. In Chapters 2 and 3, the synthesis and characterisation of novel pyridine-based dianionic aryl-containing [C,NPy,O] and phenol-containing [O,NPy,O] pincer pro-ligands and their reactivity towards palladium(II) and ruthenium(II) metal precursors is described. [C,NPy,O]-type pincer pro-ligands have been shown to promote sp2 C-H activations upon reaction with palladium(II) and ruthenium(II) metal salts. Phenol-containing [O,NPy,O] pincer pro-ligands demonstrated deprotonation of the phenolic oxygen, resulting in a tridentate coordination upon binding to palladium(II) and ruthenium(III) metal centres. In Chapter 4, six novel paramagnetic ruthenium(III) pincer complexes developed from aryl-containing [C,NPy,O] and phenol-containing [O,NPy,O] pincer pro-ligands, have been employed as efficient catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones. Chapter 5 describes the synthesis of mono(imino)pyridyl [N,NPy,O] pincer pro-ligands incorporating an ethyl ester group at 6-position and their ability to undergo hydrolysis to a carboxylic acid upon coordination to palladium. Use of platinum(II) metal precursor, on the contrary, did not promote hydrolysis resulting in a bidentate coordination mode in the corresponding complexes. Chapter 6 explores the reactivity of two dien [N,N,N] pincer pro-ligands towards palladium(II) salts. Preliminary investigations demonstrated the ability of the amine-NH donor moieties to promote NH···A (acceptor) hydrogen bond interactions with the acceptor atoms on their corresponding anions in the solid state.
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Shams, Leyla. "Accumulation of platinum group elements by the marine microalga, Chlorella stigmatophora." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/309.

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Very little information exists on the marine biogeochemistry of Rh, Pd and Pt, or the platinum group elements (PGE), an emerging group of contaminants whose principal emissions are associated with the abrasion of the catalytic converter in motor vehicles and chemotherapy drugs discharged in hospital wastes. In this study, Rh(III), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) were added individually and in combination to cultures of the marine microalga, Chlorella stigmatophora, maintained in coastal seawater at 15oC and under fluorescence lighting both in the presence and absence of trace nutrients (e.g. Fe, Co, Zn and EDTA). The accumulation of PGE was established under varying conditions (pH, algal biomass, PGE concentration, time) by ICP-MS analysis of seawater and nitric acid digests and EDTA washes of the alga, the latter giving a measure of PGE adsorption by C. stigmatophora. Under all conditions the extent of accumulation was in the order: Rh > Pd >> Pt. In short-term (24-h) exposures, accumulation isotherms were quasi-linear up to PGE concentrations of 30 ug L-1, although Pd displayed convexity, hence saturation of available binding sites, at greater concentrations. The pH, adjusted between about 5.5 and 9.5 by addition of acid or base, did not have a great impact on PGE accumulation, with Rh displaying a moderate increase in accumulation and Pd a moderate reduction with increasing pH. More important, all PGE displayed a significant reduction in accumulation on a weight-normalized basis with increasing concentration of algae, an effect not reported for metal-marine algal interactions previously in the literature. Longer-term experiments showed that the rates of both overall accumulation and internalization were greatest for Pd and least for Pt. Consistent with this observation, the toxicity to C. stigmatophora evaluated by both pigment content and growth rate, was significantly greater for Pd than for Pt. Differences in the biogeochemical behaviours among the PGE are attributed to differences in their aqueous speciation in seawater, different affinities for the algal surface, different tendencies to cross the cell membrane, and especially with regard to Pd and Pt, differences in the rates of these interactions. Thus, although the equilibrium chemistries of Pd and Pt are very similar, their differential biogeochemistries are the result of kinetic constraints on reactions involving the latter. Because the environmental concentrations of PGE are predicted to increase with increasing emissions from vehicles and hospitals, the results of this study make an important contribution to an improved understanding of the likely effects and fates of these emerging contaminants in the marine environment. The results are also more generally important to an improved understanding of the interactions of trace metals with microalgae in seawater.
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Fotheringham, John David. "Heterobimetallic complexes of the platinum group metals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10906.

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Kriek, R. J. "Leaching of selected PGMs : a thermodynamic and electrochemical study employing less aggressive lixiviants." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5611.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-79).
Historically the platinum group metals (PGMs) have been, and are still being dissolved by means of rather aggressive methods, e.g. aqua regia. Limited research has been conducted into the dissolution of the PGMs using different oxidizing agents. The dissolution of gold on the other hand has been afforded extensive research, and numerous papers and review articles have been published on the subject. The last number of years has seen the biggest application by volume of the PGMs as part of autocatalysts towards the degradation of harmful motor vehicle exhaust gases. This has subsequently sparked research into the recovery of specifically platinum, palladium, and rhodium from spent autocatalysts. Currently pyrometallurgical recovery of PGMs is being employed predominantly. A hydrometallurgical process on the other hand is, based on current technology, still a rather aggressive process that makes for high maintenance costs and an unpleasant environment. Gold has traditionally been dissolved by making use of cyanide, which is still the major route for gold dissolution. Due to environmental concerns lixiviants such as thiosulphate (S2O3 2-), thiourea (H2NCSNH2), and thiocyanate (SCN-) are gaining acceptance due to them being more environmentally friendly and giving good recoveries. These ‘softer’ alternatives have however not been tested on the PGMs. It is therefore the aim of this study to obtain an improved understanding of the leaching of the PGMs using lixiviants less aggressive than aqua-regia. These lixiviants include (i) SCN-, (ii) S2O3 2-, (iii) H2NCSNH2, and (iv) AlCl3/HCl. A thermodynamic study highlighted the fact that thermodynamic data for platinum-, palladium- and rhodium complexes are basically non-existent. To therefore obtain a clearer thermodynamic understanding of the leaching of the platinum group metals by means of these alternative lixiviants, future detailed speciation and thermodynamic investigations need to be conducted. An exploratory electrochemical investigation focusing on open circuit potentials and potentiodynamic scans, showed AlCl3 / HCl / NaOCl to be a good candidate for the leaching of the platinum group metals followed by SCN- / Fe3+ and CS(NH2)2 / Fe3+. Actual leach results, employing virgin autocatalysts as sample material, again highlighted the potential of AlCl3 / HCl / NaOCl as being a good lixiviant system. The surprise package, however, has been SCN- / Fe3+ that rendered very good results for Pd and Pt.
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Books on the topic "Platinum group metals (PGEs)"

1

Loebenstein, J. Roger. Platinum-group metals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985.

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Loebenstein, J. Roger. Platinum-group metals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985.

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Loebenstein, J. Roger. Platinum-group metals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985.

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Loebenstein, J. Roger. Platinum-group metals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985.

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Loebenstein, J. Roger. Platinum-group metals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1985.

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Fogg, Catharine T. Availability of platinum and platinum-group metals. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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The international platinum group metals trade. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999.

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Athayde, P. Platinum-group metals in Manitoba: An inventory. Winnipeg, Man: Manitoba Energy and Mines, Mines Branch, 1989.

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Athayde, P. Platinum-group metals in Manitoba: An inventory. Winnipeg: Manitoba Energy and Mines, Mines Branch, 1989.

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Sutphin, David M. International strategic minerals inventory summary report--platinum-group metals. [Washington]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Platinum group metals (PGEs)"

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Panda, Rekha, Manis Kumar Jha, and D. D. Pathak. "Commercial Processes for the Extraction of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)." In Rare Metal Technology 2018, 119–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72350-1_11.

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Gunn, Gus. "Platinum-group metals." In Critical Metals Handbook, 284–311. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118755341.ch12.

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Gasparrini, Claudia. "Platinum Group Elements." In Gold and Other Precious Metals, 193–203. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77184-2_10.

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Bernfeld, G. J., A. J. Bird, R. I. Edwards, Hartmut Köpf, Petra Köpf-Maier, Christoph J. Raub, W. A. M. te Riele, Franz Simon, and Walter Westwood. "High Purity Platinum-Group Metals." In Pt Platinum, 24–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10278-7_2.

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Ivo, Iavicoli, and Leso Veruscka. "Biomonitoring of Platinum Group Elements (PGEs) in Occupational Medicine." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 419–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44559-4_26.

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Bernfeld, G. J., A. J. Bird, R. I. Edwards, Hartmut Köpf, Petra Köpf-Maier, Christoph J. Raub, W. A. M. te Riele, Franz Simon, and Walter Westwood. "Electrodeposition of the Platinum-Group Metals." In Pt Platinum, 66–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10278-7_3.

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Bernfeld, G. J., A. J. Bird, R. I. Edwards, Hartmut Köpf, Petra Köpf-Maier, Christoph J. Raub, W. A. M. te Riele, Franz Simon, and Walter Westwood. "Platinum-Group Metals, Alloys and Compounds in Catalysis." In Pt Platinum, 92–317. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10278-7_4.

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Hochfeld, C., and W. Jenseit. "Screening life cycle inventory of PGEs and its influence on the overall emission balance of cars fitted with catalytic converters." In Anthropogenic Platinum-Group Element Emissions, 293–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59678-0_29.

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Bernfeld, G. J., A. J. Bird, R. I. Edwards, Hartmut Köpf, Petra Köpf-Maier, Christoph J. Raub, W. A. M. te Riele, Franz Simon, and Walter Westwood. "Review on the Recovery of the Platinum-Group Metals." In Pt Platinum, 1–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10278-7_1.

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Mafukata, Mavhungu Abel. "The Impact of the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis on Employment Creation and Retention in the Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) Mining Sub-sector in South Africa." In Contributions to Economics, 569–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47021-4_39.

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Conference papers on the topic "Platinum group metals (PGEs)"

1

Pokhitonov, Yu, V. Romanovski, and P. Rance. "Distribution of Palladium During Spent Fuel Reprocessing." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4766.

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The principal purpose of spent fuel reprocessing consists in the recovery of the uranium and plutonium and the separation of fission products so as to allow re-use of fissile and fertile isotopes and facilitate disposal of waste elements. Amongst the fission products present in spent nuclear fuel of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs,) there are considerable quantities of platinum group metals (PGMs): ruthenium, rhodium and palladium. Given current predictions for nuclear power generation, it is predicted that the quantities of palladium to be accumulated by the middle of this century will be comparable with those of the natural sources, and the quantities of rhodium in spent nuclear fuel may even exceed those in natural sources. These facts allow one to consider spent nuclear fuel generated by NPPs as a potential source for creation of a strategic stock of platinum group metals. Despite of a rather strong prediction of growth of palladium consumption, demand for “reactor” palladium in industry should not be expected because it contains a long-lived radioactive isotope 107Pd (half-life 6,5·105 years) and will thus be radioactive for a very considerable period, which, naturally, restricts its possible applications. It is presently difficult to predict all the areas for potential use of “reactor” palladium in the future, but one can envisage that the use of palladium in radwaste reprocessing technology (e.g. immobilization of iodine-129 and trans-plutonium elements) and in the hydrogen energy cycle may play a decisive role in developing the demand for this metal. Realization of platinum metals recovery operation before HLW vitrification will also have one further benefit, namely to simplify the vitrification process, because platinum group metals may in certain circumstances have adverse effects on the vitrification process. The paper will report data on platinum metals (PGM) distribution in spent fuel reprocessing products and the different alternatives of palladium separation flowsheets from HLW are presented. It is shown, that spent fuel dissolution conditions can affect the palladium distribution between solution and insoluble precipitates. The most important factors, which determine the composition and the yield of residues resulting from fuel dissolution, are the temperature and acid concentration. Apparently, a careful selection of fuel dissolution process parameters would make it possible to direct the main part of palladium to the 1st cycle raffinate together with the other fission products. In the authors’ opinion, the development of an efficient technology for palladium recovery requires the conception of a suitable flow-sheet and the choice of optimal regimes of “reactor” palladium recovery concurrently with the resolution of the problem of HLW partitioning when using the same facilities.
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Doran, Richard K., and John H. Medinger. "Platinum Group Metals: A U.S. Producer's Perspective." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880124.

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Steel, M. C. F. "Changing Patterns of Platinum Group Metals Use in Autocatalyst." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/880127.

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Hanaki, Yasunari, Misaki Fujimoto, and Junji Itou. "Alternative Technology for Platinum Group Metals in Automobile Exhaust Gas Catalysts." In SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0930.

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McGill, Jeannette. "Strategic and tactical determinants for South African platinum-group-metals supply." In Fourth International Seminar on Strategic versus Tactical Approaches in Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1108_23_mcgill.

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Antonov, Andrey, Nikolay Samotaev, Grigory Tsarev, Andreas Tietz, and Andrey Kirichenko. "Method for Platinum Group Metals Extraction from SiC Based Catalyst Carrier." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eexpolytech.2019.8906798.

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Murakami, H., T. Honma, Y. Koizumi, and H. Harada. "Distribution of Platinum Group Metals in Ni-Base Single-Crystal Superalloys." In Superalloys. TMS, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2000/superalloys_2000_747_756.

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Sikorova, Lucie. "PLATINUM�GROUP�METALS�FROM�AUTOCATALYSTS�IN�SOILS�OF�OSTRAVA�CITY,�CZECH�REPUBLIC." In SGEM2012 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2012/s16.v4019.

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Alonso, Elisa, Frank R. Field, and Randolph E. Kirchain. "The Dynamics of the availability of platinum group metals for electronics manufacturers." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (ISEE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isee.2008.4562861.

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Sikorova, Lucie. "PLATINUM GROUP METALS IN AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER OF OSTRAVA CITY, CZECH REPUBLIC." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on ENERGY AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bd4/s19.030.

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Reports on the topic "Platinum group metals (PGEs)"

1

Sinclair, W. D., I. R. Jonasson, R. V. Kirkham, and A. E. Soregaroli. Rhenium and other platinum-group metals in porphyry deposits. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/247485.

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Resource appraisal map for porphyry molybdenum-tungsten, platinum-group metals, and epithermal silver deposits in the Wallace 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Montana and Idaho. US Geological Survey, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i1509h.

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