Journal articles: 'Platinum ores'

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Chen, Ci Yun, Shu Ming Wen, Qi Cheng Feng, and He Fei Zhao. "Comprehensive Utilization Status of Low Grade and Refractory Platinum-Palladium Ores from Jinbaoshan of Yunnan." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2309.

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It is difficult to handle platinum-palladium ores in Jinbaoshan due to low grade ores, kinds of mineral resources, complex mineral structure, fine-grained dissemination, which is a typical refractory complex ores. Based on the research of lots of correlative literature, this article analyses refractory reasons of platinum-palladium ores in Jinbaoshan, and provides an overview of comprehensive utilization status of low grade and refractory platinum-palladium ores on behalf of single flotation process, stage grinding-stage sorting and the combined process of flotation and magnetic separation, microwave pretreatment-leaching-replacement process, and the activation of acid leaching-extracting magnesium and iron-leaching residue to flotation process and so on.

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O’Connor, Cyril, and Tatiana Alexandrova. "The Geological Occurrence, Mineralogy, and Processing by Flotation of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) in South Africa and Russia." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010054.

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Russia and South Africa are the world’s leading producers of platinum group elements (PGEs). This places them in a unique position regarding the supply of these two key industrial commodities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative high-level overview of aspects of the geological occurrence, mineralogy, and processing by flotation of the platinum group minerals (PGMs) found in each country. A summary of some of the major challenges faced in each country in terms of the concentration of the ores by flotation is presented alongside the opportunities that exist to increase the production of the respective metals. These include the more efficient recovery of minerals such as arsenides and tellurides, the management of siliceous gangue and chromite in the processing of these ores, and, especially in Russia, the development of novel processing routes to recover PGEs from relatively low grade ores occurring in dunites, black shale ores and in vanadium-iron-titanium-sulphide oxide formations.

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O’Connor, Cyril, and Tatiana Alexandrova. "The Geological Occurrence, Mineralogy, and Processing by Flotation of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) in South Africa and Russia." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010054.

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Russia and South Africa are the world’s leading producers of platinum group elements (PGEs). This places them in a unique position regarding the supply of these two key industrial commodities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparative high-level overview of aspects of the geological occurrence, mineralogy, and processing by flotation of the platinum group minerals (PGMs) found in each country. A summary of some of the major challenges faced in each country in terms of the concentration of the ores by flotation is presented alongside the opportunities that exist to increase the production of the respective metals. These include the more efficient recovery of minerals such as arsenides and tellurides, the management of siliceous gangue and chromite in the processing of these ores, and, especially in Russia, the development of novel processing routes to recover PGEs from relatively low grade ores occurring in dunites, black shale ores and in vanadium-iron-titanium-sulphide oxide formations.

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Oberthür, Thomas, Frank Melcher, Simon Goldmann, and Fabian Fröhlich. "High grade ores of the Onverwacht platinum pipe, eastern Bushveld, South Africa." Canadian Mineralogist 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 1397–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100031.

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ABSTRACT The platiniferous dunite pipes are discordant orebodies in the Bushveld Complex. The Onverwacht pipe is a large body (>300 m in diameter) of magnesian dunite (Fo80–83) that crosscuts a sequence of cumulates in the Lower Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex. In a pipe-in-pipe configuration, the main dunite pipe at Onverwacht hosts a carrot-shaped inner pipe of Fe-rich dunite pegmatite (Fo46–62) which comprises the platinum-bearing orebody. The latter was ca. 18 m in diameter and a mining depth of about 320 m was reached. In the present work, a variety of ore samples were studied by whole-rock geochemistry, including analyses of platinum group elements, ore microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Olivine of the ore zone displays considerable chemical variation (range 46–62 mol.% Fo) and may represent either a continuum, or different batches of magma, or vertical or horizontal zonation within the ore zone. Chromite is principally regarded to be a consanguineous component of the pipe magma that crystallized in situ and simultaneously with olivine. The Onverwacht mineralization is Pt-dominated (>95% of the platinum group elements) and the ore is virtually devoid of sulfides. Platinum-dominated platinum group minerals predominate, followed by Rh-, Pd-, and Ru-species. Pt-Fe alloys are most frequent, followed by Pt-Rh-Ru-arsenides and -sulfarsenides, platinum group element antimonides, and platinum group element sulfides. Our hypothesis on the genesis of the Onverwacht pipe and its mineralization is as follows: After near-consolidation of the layered series of the Critical Zone, the magnesian dunite pipe of Onverwacht was formed by upward penetration of magmas that replaced the existing cumulates initially by infiltration, followed by the development of a central channel where large volumes of magma flowed through. Fractional crystallization of olivine within the deeper magma chamber and/or during ascent of the melt resulted in the formation of a consanguineous, residual, more iron-rich melt. This melt also contained highly mobile, supercritical, water-bearing fluids and was continuously enriched in platinum group elements and other incompatible elements. In several closing pulses, the platinum group element-enriched residual melts crystallized and sealed the inner ore pipe. Crystallization of the melt resulted in the coeval formation of Fe-rich olivine, chromite, and platinum group minerals. The non-sulfide platinum group element mineralization was introduced in the form of nanoparticles and small droplets of platinum group minerals, which coagulated to form larger grains during evolution of the mineralizing system. The suspended platinum group minerals acted as collectors of other platinum group elements and incompatible elements during generation and ascent of the melt. With decreasing temperature, the platinum group mineral grains annealed and recrystallized, leading to the formation of composite platinum group mineral grains, complex intergrowths, or lamellar exsolution bodies. On further cooling, platinum group minerals overgrowing Pt-Fe alloys formed by reaction of leached elements and ligands like Sb, As, and S mobilized by supercritical magmatic/hydrothermal fluids. Redistribution of platinum group elements/platinum group minerals apparently only occurred on the scale of millimeters to centimeters. Finally, surface weathering led to the local formation of platinum group element oxides/hydroxides by oxidation of reactive precursor platinum group minerals.

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Korges, Maximilian, Malte Junge, Gregor Borg, and Thomas Oberthür. "Supergene mobilization and redistribution of platinum-group elements in the Merensky Reef, eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Canadian Mineralogist 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 1381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100023.

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ABSTRACT Near-surface supergene ores of the Merensky Reef in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, contain economic grades of platinum-group elements, however, these are currently uneconomic due to low recovery rates. This is the first study that investigates the variation in platinum-group elements in pristine and supergene samples of the Merensky Reef from five drill cores from the eastern Bushveld. The samples from the Richmond and Twickenham farms show different degrees of weathering. The whole-rock platinum-group element distribution was studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and the platinum-group minerals were investigated by reflected-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. In pristine (“fresh”) Merensky Reef samples, platinum-group elements occur mainly as discrete platinum-group minerals, such as platinum-group element-sulfides (cooperite–braggite) and laurite as well as subordinate platinum-group element-bismuthotellurides and platinum-group element-arsenides, and also in solid solution in sulfides (especially Pd in pentlandite). During weathering, Pd and S were removed, resulting in a platinum-group mineral mineralogy in the supergene Merensky Reef that mainly consists of relict platinum-group minerals, Pt-Fe alloys, and Pt-oxides/hydroxides. Additional proportions of platinum-group elements are hosted by Fe-hydroxides and secondary hydrosilicates (e.g., serpentine group minerals and chlorite). In supergene ores, only low recovery rates (ca. 40%) are achieved due to the polymodal and complex platinum-group element distribution. To achieve higher recovery rates for the platinum-group elements, hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processing of the bulk ore would be required, which is not economically viable with existing technology.

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Liu, Si Qing, Bao Xu Song, Quan Jun Liu, and Wan Ping Wang. "Process Mineralogy of a Low Grade Cu-Ni-PGM Sulphide Ore and its Implications for Mineral Processing." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1023.

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Based on process mineralogical study of a low-grade Cu-Ni-platinum group metal(PGM) sulfide ore in SW China, the occurrence of Cu and Ni, the distribution of platinum group minerals (PGMs) and their relationships with other minerals are determined in detail, which provides scientific reference for forthcoming mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. The mineralogical results show that 18 individual PGMs containing all the 6 platinum group elements (PGEs) are investigated, and it can be concluded that the PGMs in the ores mainly occur as individual minerals. SEM images show that the PGMs are mainly disseminated in sulphides, most occur as inclusions or semi-inclusions, and part are inlayed along the other minerals to form coarse compound grains. Due to the the complex mineral composition and texture, processing the Cu-Ni-PGM ores by traditional flotation may be difficult to get a good processing performance.

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Cramer, Larry A. "The extractive metallurgy of south africa’s platinum ores." JOM 53, no. 10 (October 2001): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-001-0048-1.

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Radomskii, S. M., and V. I. Radomskaya. "Features of noble metals at Pioneer gold deposit." Earth sciences and subsoil use 45, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2022-45-1-50-59.

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The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the mass fractions of the group of noble metals (gold, silver, platinum, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, rhodium) in the ores and host rocks of the Pioneer deposit (the Upper Amur Region, Russia) and to determine their migration activity and hydrochemical classification of ore metals by sizes. The object of the study is primary and oxidized ores, as well as rocks hosting this mineralization. The study employs the method of quantitative chemical analysis, micro assay melting with an error of correctness, accuracy and reproducibility of the results of ≤30 %. Pioneer is a near surface hydrothermal deposit with oxidized and sulfide types of ores, which are processed both by the open method of alkaline heap cyanide leaching, and by the closed pressure method, respectively. A gold concentration plant was built to implement these processing methods. The main recoverable component of this technology is gold, whereas silver and platinum group metals are present in industrial products as impurities. The technology is highly profitable, which allows cost-effective processing of ores with the mass fractions of 1–4 ppm of gold. The performed hydrochemical classification of the sizes of native gold minerals has showed that the bulk of the nuggets (74– 78 %) of primary, sulfide, and oxidized ores accounts for the fraction with the sizes of 160–1000 μm and 11–13 % account for the fraction with sizes of 16–40 μm. Fine gold of the deposit provides its complete dissolution during the cyanidation process.

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Sluzhenikin, S. F. "Platinum-copper-nickel and platinum ores of Norilsk Region and their ore mineralization." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 81, no. 6 (June 2011): 1288–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363211060351.

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10

Vokhidov, B. R. "NEW HORIZONS PROCESSING OF TECHNOGENIC WASTE OF THE COPPER INDUSTRY." American Journal of Applied sciences 04, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume04issue05-03.

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At the present time, in the mining and metallurgical industry, there are trends in the processing of man-made waste that have accumulated over the course of many years. Since the world's reserves of ore deposits with a high initial content of non-ferrous metals and easily processed ores are currently practically depleted. This is due to a decrease in the volume of processing of conditioned ores and the involvement in the development of industrial waste, refractory ores and off-balance from low-grade dumps. High prices for metals on the world market create a favorable environment for the development of technologies for the extraction of precious metals involving the processing of mineral resources of technogenic origin. The work studies the mineralogical composition of industrial waste from the copper industry in the conditions of JSC "Almalyk MMC", determined the effectiveness of methods for the selective extraction of platinoids and paid attention to the methods of dissolution, reduction of platinum metals and methods of their purification from various impurities. Based on the study of this topic and the analysis of the results of the research, the authors proposed an optimal technology and complex methods for extracting platinum, palladium and rhodium from industrial waste using selective methods suitable for each metal separately using hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgical methods have been developed for the purification of palladium, platinum and rhodium with treatment, respectively, with formic, citric and nitric acids. As a result of the developed technologies, the possibility of complex extraction of platinum group metals from industrial waste has been achieved. In this case, the end-to-end extraction of all platinoids is over 80%.

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Vokhidov, B. R., A. S. Khasanov, B. M. Nemenenok, and G. F. Mamaraimov. "New directions processing of technogenic waste of the copper industry." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-3-101-107.

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At the present time, in the mining and metallurgical industry there are trends in the processing of man-made waste that have accumulated over the course of many years. Since the world’s reserves of ore deposits with a high initial content of non-ferrous metals and easily processed ores are currently practically depleted. This is due to a decrease in the volume of processing of conditioned ores and the involvement in the development of industrial waste, refractory ores and off-balance from low-grade dumps. High prices for metals on the world market create a favorable environment for the development of technologies for the extraction of precious metals involving the processing of mineral resources of technogenic origin. The work studies the mineralogical composition of industrial waste from the copper industry in the conditions of JSC “Almalyk MMC”, determined the effectiveness of methods for the selective extraction of platinoids and paid attention to the methods of dissolution, reduction of platinum metals and methods of their purification from various impurities. Based on the study of this topic and the analysis of the results of the research, the authors proposed an optimal technology and complex methods for extracting platinum, palladium and rhodium from industrial waste using selective methods suitable for each metal separately using hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgical methods have been developed for the purification of palladium, platinum and rhodium with treatment, respectively, with formic, citric and nitric acids. As a result of the developed technologies, the possibility of complex extraction of platinum group metals from industrial waste has been achieved. In this case, the end-to-end extraction of all platinoids is over 80 %.

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12

Amdur, A., E. Selivanov, S. Fedorov, V. Pavlov, and S. Krasikov. "Behavior of platinum in the system of the matte-slag in the processing of copper-nickel materials." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 57, no. 2 (2021): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200312016a.

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Copper-nickel sulfide ores are one of the main sources of platinum. One of the ways to extract precious metals from such ores involves melting of a concentrate in electric ore smelting furnaces, where the melt is divided into matte and slag. Platinum is generally concentrated in matte; however, some of it remains in the slag, thus leading to metal losses. In order to reduce platinum losses, the forms of platinum in these phases should be studied. It was found that during the melting of this ore, iron, nickel, and copper are reduced. The mineral composition of matte was studied. Platinum in matte is present in the form of intermetallics with Fe and Ni. The PtFe intermetallic is a dispersed needle formation with a length of 20 to 500 ?m and a thickness of up to 10 ?m. The size effect is revealed: the content of platinum in the PtFe intermetallic decreases with decreasing the thickness of needle formations. The decreases in the content of platinum in dispersed needle formations can be explained by an increase in the thermodynamic activity and changing properties of the dispersed substance and a corresponding increase in solubility. It was found that matte drops, together with their associated platinumcontaining particles of no more than 5-7 ?m in size, were carried into the slag by gas bubbles using flotation. The conditions for the rise of a matte drop, together with a bubble in the slag, consist in the fact that the adhesive force of the drop with the bubble and the buoyancy force acting on the bubble must be greater than the gravity of the drop.

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Oberthür, Thomas, Frank Melcher, Tobias Fusswinkel, Alfons M. van den Kerkhof, and Graciela M. Sosa. "The hydrothermal Waterberg platinum deposit, Mookgophong (Naboomspruit), South Africa. Part 1: Geochemistry and ore mineralogy." Mineralogical Magazine 82, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 725–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.073.

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ABSTRACTThe Waterberg platinum deposit is an extraordinary example of a vein-type hydrothermal quartz-hematite-PGE (platinum-group element) mineralization. This study concentrates on the geochemical character of the ores and the platinum-group mineral (PGM) assemblage by application of reflected-light and scanning electron microscopy followed by electron probe microanalysis.The PGM-bearing quartz veins show multiple banding indicating numerous pulses of fluid infiltration. Mineralization was introduced contemporaneously with the earliest generation of vein quartz and hematite. High oxygen and low sulfur fugacities of the mineralizing fluids are indicated by hematite as the predominant opaque mineral and the lack of sulfides.The ‘Waterberg type’ mineralization is characterized by unique metal proportions, namely Pt>Pd>Au, interpreted as a fingerprint to the cradle of the metals, namely rocks and ores of the Bushveld Complex, or reflecting metal fractionation during ascent of an oxidized, evolving fluid. The PGM assemblage signifies three main depositional and alteration events. (1) Deposition of native Pt and Pt–Pd alloys (>90% of the PGM assemblage) and Pd–Sb–As compounds (Pt-rich isomertieite and mertieite II) from hydrothermal fluids. (2) Hydrothermal alteration of Pt by Cu-rich fluids and formation of Pt–Cu alloys and hongshiite [PtCu]. (3) Weathering/oxidation of the ores producing Pd/Pt-oxides/hydroxides.Platinum-group element transport was probably by chloride complexes in moderately acidic and strongly oxidizing fluids of relatively low salinity, and depositional temperatures were in the range 400–200°C. Alternatively, quartz and ore textures may hint to noble metal transport in a colloidal form and deposition as gels.The source of the PGE is probably in platiniferous rocks or ores of the Bushveld Complex which were leached by hydrothermal solutions. If so, further Waterberg-type deposits may be present, and a prime target area would be along the corridor of the Thabazimbi-Murchison-Lineament where geothermal springs are presently still active.

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Zhirnov, A. M. "PRODUCTION OF STEEL AND PRECIOUS METALS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE INTEGRATED IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN JEWISH AUTONOMOUS REGION AS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR OF THE ECONOMY RISE IN THE FAR EAST." Regional problems 25, no. 3 (2022): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/2618-9593-2022-25-3-115-117.

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The iron ore deposits in the Jewish Autonomous region are characterized by large reserves of ores (3bn. tons) and super-large resources of precious metals (1500–2500 tons). The newly created Kimkan-Sutarsky GOK is focused only on dry ore dressing, instead of the previously planned metallurgical plant for steel production. The state directive documents provide for the complete processing of natural raw materials on site and obtain the final product. The presence of large resources of gold and platinum in iron ores, exceeding the value of the iron ore containing them makes it necessary and obligatory to build a metallurgical plant with complete processing of ores. That would dramatically increase the efficiency of the enterprise and ensure the breakthrough development of the entire economy of the Far East.

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15

Deglon, D. A. "The effect of agitation on the flotation of platinum ores." Minerals Engineering 18, no. 8 (July 2005): 839–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.01.024.

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Ryabov, V. V., and A. A. Lapkovsky. "Native iron (–platinum) ores from the Siberian Platform trap intrusions." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 6 (August 2010): 707–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120091003739056.

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Aleksandrova, Tatyana, and Cyril О’Connor. "Processing of platinum group metal ores in Russia and South Africa: current state and prospects." Journal of Mining Institute 244 (July 30, 2020): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2020.4.9.

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The presented study is devoted to a comparative review of the mineral raw material base of platinum group metals (PGMs) and technologies of their processing in South Africa and Russia, the largest PGM producers. Mineralogical and geochemical classification and industrial value of iron-platinum and platinum-bearing deposits are presented in this work. The paper also reviews types of PGM ore body occurrences, ore processing methods (with a special focus on flotation processes), as well as difficulties encountered by enterprises at the processing stage, as they increase recovery of the valuable components. Data on mineralogical features of PGM deposits, including the distribution of elements in the ores, are provided. The main lines of research on mineralogical features and processing of raw materials of various genesis are identified and validated. Sulfide deposits are found to be of the highest industrial value in both countries. Such unconventional PGM sources, as black shale, dunites, chromite, low-sulfide, chromium and titanomagnetite ores, anthropogenic raw materials, etc. are considered. The main lines of research that would bring into processing non-conventional metal sources are substantiated. Analysis of new processing and metallurgical methods of PGM recovery from non-conventional and industrial raw materials is conducted; the review of existing processing technologies for platinum-bearing raw materials is carried out. Technologies that utilize modern equipment for ultrafine grinding are considered, as well as existing reagents for flotation recovery; evaluation of their selectivity in relation to platinum minerals is presented. Basing on the analysis of main technological processes of PGM ore treatment, the most efficient schemes are identified, i.e.,gravity and flotation treatment with subsequent metallurgical processing.

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Lavrik, Natalya, Natalya Litvinova, Tatyana Aleksandrova, Valentina Stepanova, and Alexandra Lavrik. "Platinum mineralization comparative characteristics of the some Far East deposits." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185604017.

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In this article shown platinum mineralization comparative characteristics for three deposits: Kondoer-traditional unique deposit and other two probably alternative source of platinum: the Poperechnoe ironmanganese deposit and the Malmyzh copper-porphyry deposit. Platinoids of the Kondoer deposit are the chain Pt>>Ir>Os>Ru=Rh>Pd. The presences of platinum crystals are characteristic, there are over 50 rare and new platinoids minerals in different combinations. There are gold and silver. Platinoids from the iron-manganese ore of Poperechnoe are as Pt>>Rh≈Ir>Ru≈Os>Pd. A scattered dissemination of arsenide sulfate and sulfides of Rh, Ir, Ru, Os are noted in the platinum. Palladium is present as impurities in gold and platinum. The gold content is different-with admixtures Ag, Pb, Cd, Fe. At this stage the platinoids content in oxidized ores of the Malmyzh gold-copper porphyry deposit is Pt ≈ Pd. The gold is present as electrum. There is native silver cadmium.

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V. Petrov, G., S. B. Fokina, A. Y. Boduen, I. E. Zotova, and B. F. Fidarov. "Arsenic behavior in the autoclave-hydrometallurgical processing of refractory sulfide gold-platinum-bearing products." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.2 (March 5, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.2.9897.

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Among various types of gold-bearing ores a special place belongs to the ores, which contain gold finely-dispersed in sulphide minerals, mostly in arseno-pyrite and pyrite. Autoclave-hydrometallurgical processing technologies for such raw materials seem to be of a particular interest for study. However, autoclave oxidation of sulfide-arsenic material results in significant amounts of technological solutions with high concentrations of arsenic, iron and sulfuric acid.This article represents the studies of how arsenic behaves in autoclave oxidative leaching of a refractory sulphide gold-platinum-bearing concentrate. We studied how the composition of arsenic-bearing solutions in autoclave leaching (acidity, concentration of iron and arsenic) influences the depth of arsenic precipitation when neutralized with calcium-containing reagents, which allows converting the maximum amount of arsenic together with iron in the form of iron arsenate into a stable long-term storable precipitation.

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Fu, Yong, and Tao Sun. "PGE Geochemical Characteristics of the Huangshanxi Magmatic Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposit, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, and its Significance for the Mineralization." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.164.

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The Huangshanxi sulfide-bearing intrusion, is located in the centre segment of Tudun-Huangshan-Jing`erquan-Tulargen mafic-ultramafic rock belt, the eastern part of the North Tianshan, controlled by the Kangurtag-Huangshan ductile sheer zone, and it is a multiple intrusion which composes of lherzolite, amphibole peridotite, wehrlite, pyroxenite, norite, gabbro, and diorite. The disseminated sulfides and sideronitic sulfides are the mainly ore types, the scale of the ore body is large and the grade is stable relatively. The total concentration of platinum-group elements (PGEs) in rocks and ores is very low, which average value is 0.93ppb and 8.8ppb respectively and it increases with sulfur content increases in ores. The PGE concentration appeared two peaks in the range of 200~300m and 880~980m depth in the drill core, consistent with the content of the sulfides. Rocks and ores samples have similar mantle-normalized PGE patterns which are shown as the PGE flat and slightly fall to the left, and the lower fractionation between IPGE and PPGE. The primitive magma may be the high MgO tholeiitic magma which should be undepleted in PGE and derived from partial melting of a metasomatized mantle source. Compared with continental tholeiite, simulating result reveals that the parental magma is visibly depleted in PGE, possibly duing to the sulfide pre-segregation of initial magma in deep crust. The platinum-group elements geochemical characteristics and petrochemical data show that the crustal contamination and the fractionation of olivine and pyroxene may be the main factors leading to S-saturation and sulfide segregation in deep crust.

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Sluzhenikin, Sergey F., Marina A. Yudovskaya, Stephen J. Barnes, Vera D. Abramova, Margaux Le Vaillant, Dmitry B. Petrenko, Antonina V. Grigor’eva, and Valeriya D. Brovchenko. "Low-Sulfide Platinum Group Element Ores of the Norilsk-Talnakh Camp." Economic Geology 115, no. 6 (September 1, 2020): 1267–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4749.

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Abstract Low-sulfide platinum group element (PGE) mineralization of the Norilsk-type intrusions is located within the Upper Gabbroic Series, which comprises rocks heterogeneous in texture and composition. The highest grade of 10 to 50 g/t PGEs is confined primarily to chromitiferous taxitic gabbrodolerite, which forms irregular lens- and vein-like bodies that interfinger with contact gabbrodolerite, intrusion breccia, leucogabbro, and gabbrodolerite variably enriched in olivine, from olivine free up to picritic compositions. The abundant amygdules and pegmatoidal textures in Upper Gabbroic Series taxitic rocks, as well as the high enrichment of halogen in minerals (e.g., ≤4.6 wt % Cl in apatite), indicate a higher volatile content of the local magma compared to the magma that precipitated the Main Series. The observed diversity in spinel compositions, which evolve from chromite to Cr magnetite as well as toward hercynite, titanomagnetite, and ulvöspinel, is also indicative of crystallization from a fluid-saturated mush that subsequently reacted, to varying degrees, with contaminated trapped melt and immiscible fluid. The high PGE/S ratio is a primary feature of this mineralization style, albeit the ratio partly increased during sulfide replacement and resorption. The PGE tenor of bulk sulfides calculated as ΣPGE (g/t) in 100% sulfides exceeds 160 and may reach up to 1,400 to 2,500 in low-S ores (0.2–3 wt % S), whereas the value does not exceed 42 in the Talnakh disseminated ore and ranges from 35 to 120 in the Norilsk disseminated ore (1–10 wt % S). Several PGE peaks in the vertical sections correlate well with Cu, Ni, S, and Cr peaks, as well as with observed elevated proportion of amygdules. Low-sulfide ores are composed of two primary sulfide assemblages of pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite and pentlandite + pyrrhotite. The primary sulfides are depleted in the heavier 34S isotope relative to sulfides of the corresponded main orebodies (e.g., mean δ34S = 8.9‰ versus δ34S = 12.3‰, respectively, in the Kharaelakh intrusion). A secondary pyrite + millerite + chalcopyrite assemblage has isotope composition enriched in 34S by 2 to 6‰ δ34S with respect to primary sulfides. The directly measured PGE content in sulfides (e.g., 11–2,274 g/t Pd in pentlandite and 0.10–33.3 g/t Rh in pyrrhotite) is within the range of the typical Norilsk-type magmatic sulfide compositions. The textural setting and diversity of platinum group minerals (PGMs) favor the hypothesis of fluid-controlled crystallization. However, the distinct PGM assemblages in Norilsk 1 and Talnakh-Kharaelakh low-sulfide ores are comparable with those of the corresponding presumably magmatic disseminated and massive orebodies. The most remarkable characteristic is the widespread Pt-Fe alloys in Norilsk 1 and their absence in Talnakh-Kharaelakh, which is interpreted to reflect better preservation of the high-temperature PGMs in Norilsk 1 in contrast to their substantial replacement in more oxidized fluid-enriched environments in Talnakh-Kharaelakh.

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Burlakovs, Juris, Zane Vincevica-Gaile, Maris Krievans, Yahya Jani, Mika Horttanainen, Kaur-Mikk Pehme, Elina Dace, et al. "Platinum Group Elements in Geosphere and Anthroposphere: Interplay among the Global Reserves, Urban Ores, Markets and Circular Economy." Minerals 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2020): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060558.

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Industrial and strategic significance of platinum group elements (PGEs)—Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt—makes them irreplaceable; furthermore, some PGEs are used by investors as “safe heaven” assets traded in the commodity markets. This review analyzes PGEs from various aspects: their place in the geosphere, destiny in the anthroposphere, and opportunity in the economy considering interactions among the exploration, recycling of urban ores, trade markets, speculative rhetoric, and changes required for successful technological progress towards the implementation of sustainability. The global market of PGEs is driven by several concerns: costs for extraction/recycling; logistics; the demand of industries; policies of waste management. Diversity of application and specific chemical properties, as well as improper waste management, make the recycling of PGEs complicated. The processing approach depends on composition and the amount of available waste material, and so therefore urban ores are a significant source of PGEs, especially when the supply of elements is limited by geopolitical or market tensions. Recycling potential of urban ores is particularly important in a long-term view disregarding short-term economic fluctuations, and it should influence investment flows in the advancement of innovation.

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Dzingai, T., B. McFadzean, M. Tadie, and M. Becker. "Decoupling the effects of alteration on the mineralogy and flotation performance of Great Dyke PGE ores." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 121, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1487/2021.

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Ores from a single deposit may exhibit extensive variability in their mineralogy and texture. The ability to quantify this variability and link it to mineral processing performance is one of the primary goals of process mineralogy. This study focuses on the effect of alteration in three platinum group element ore samples from the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe - two of which were more pristine compared to the third, which was locally classified as 'oxidized' ore. These ores are known to be characterized by varying degrees of alteration, resulting in numerous challenges in flotation and affecting both grade and recovery. Alteration, by near-surface oxidation, of the valuable base metal sulphides and platinum group minerals resulted in lower flotation recoveries of Cu, Ni, Pt, and Pd. Evidence of incipient oxidation was more readily observed in the base metal sulphide assemblage than the platinum group mineral assemblage, even though the loss in recovery (because of oxidation) was most significant for Pd. Alteration through hydration resulted in a significant increase in mass pull and dilution of concentrate grade through the inadvertent recovery of naturally floating gangue comprising composite orthopyroxene and talc particles. In this study, the amount of naturally floating gangue was more strongly correlated with the talc grain size distribution than the grade of talc in the flotation feed. The oxidation and hydration alteration reactions are not necessarily mutually exclusive, although one may be more dominant than the other, giving rise to ore variability.

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Chashchin, V. V., and V. N. Ivanchenko. "Sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni and Low-Sulfide Pt–Pd Ores of the Monchegorsk Ore District (Arctic Western Sector): Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20214410.

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Abstract During the recent exploration of the Monchegorsk ore district (MOD) in the Arctic western sector, the platinum potential of known Cu–Ni deposits (Nittis-Kumuzhya-Travyanaya (NKT), Nyud, Ore Horizon 330 (OH330), and Terrasa) has been assessed, and new sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni deposits (Western Nittis) and manifestations (Moroshkovoe Ozero, Poaz, and Arvarench), and low-sulfide Pt–Pd deposits (Loipishnyun, Southern Sopcha, and Vuruchuaivench) have been discovered. All of them are confined to Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.5 Ga) layered intrusions (the Monchegorsk pluton (Monchepluton) and the Monchetundra massif) and are divided into two types according to their structural position: basal, located in the marginal parts of intrusions, and reef-type (stratiform). All types of ores show Pd specialization. Platinum group minerals (PGM) have a limited composition in sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni ores and are represented by predominant Pt and Pd compounds with Bi and Te and subordinate PGE arsenides and sulfides. Low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores are characterized by a significant variety of PGM, with a predominance of PGE sulfides, bismuthide-tellurides, and arsenides. Sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni deposits and manifestations (Western Nittis, NKT, Nyud, Moroshkovoe Ozero, Poaz, and Arvarench) formed through the accumulation of base metal sulfides and PGE in immiscible sulfides and their subsequent segregation in commercial contents. The reef-type OH330 deposit and Terrasa manifestation resulted from the injection of additional portions of sulfur-saturated magma. The basal-type low-sulfide Pt–Pd deposits (Loipishnyun and Southern Sopcha) formed from residual melts enriched in ore components and fluids separated and crystallized during long-term oreforming processes. The reef-type Vuruchuaivench deposit is the result of deep fractionation of the parental magma with the formation of a sulfide liquid enriched in Cu and PGE. Significant reserves and large predicted resources of sulfide PGE–Cu–Ni and low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores are a reliable mineral resource base for the development of the mining industry in the Kola region of the Arctic western sector.

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Molchanov, V. P. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Metal-Bearing Formations Associated with the Sikhote-Alin Ultrabasites (Primorye)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 022033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022033.

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Abstract A new promising type of multimetal ores and placers, spatially and genetically associated with the intrusion of the ultrabasites of the Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt has been discovered. The features of mineralogy and geochemistry of ore-placer occurrences of gold-ilmenite and gold-antimonite ores belonging to the Ariadnoye massif of ultrabasic rocks have been studied. The composition of the major industrial (economic) minerals has been revealed, the complex of associated high-technology metals being determined. The obtained data confirm the participation of these ore bodies (motherlodes) in the formation of the placers. The occurrences of titanium mineralization were the suppliers of ilmenite, platinum, copper and mercury gold, as well as of associated strategic metals. The antimonite-quartz veins were another power supply source for the placers.

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Rakhimov, I. R., D. E. Saveliev, and A. V. Vishnevskiy. "PLATINUM METAL MINERALIZATION OF THE SOUTH URALS MAGMATIC COMPLEXES: GEOLOGICAL AND GEODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATIONS, PROBLEMS OF THEIR GENESIS, AND PROSPECTS." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 12, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-2-0531.

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In the South Urals, we have identified and investigated two platinum-bearing formations – ophiolite chromitebearing complexes, and the Khudolaz differentiated mafic-ultramafic complex with sulfide Cu-Ni mineralization. The ophiolite chromite-bearing complexes include fragments of the upper mantle and lower crust of the Paleouralian Ocean, which were induced by collision onto the edge of the East European platform. The origin of the Khudolaz complex is related a mantle plume activity. Here, we review and compare the main features of platinum-metal mineralization (PMM) in these two formations.The article presents the results of mineralogical and geochemical studies of PMM associated with chromite and sulfide Cu-Ni ores. In association with chromitites, two types of PMM are distinguished: (1) predominating refractory platinoids in chromitites of the mantle unit of the section, and (2) predominating platinum and palladium in chromitites of the transitional wehrlite-clinopyroxenite complex. Compositions of platinum group minerals (PGM) and relations between their elements and host minerals suggest that the minerals of the ophiolite chromite-bearing complexes are of a restite origin, while the Khudolaz complex results from a combination of magmatic processes and solid-phase redistribution of material. Palladium (michenerite, froodite, merenskyite, borovskite, sudburyite) and platinum (sperrylite, moncheite) minerals are found in magmatic sulfide ores of the Khudolaz complex, which were subjected to hydrothermal metasomatization. Texture observations using electron microscope and optical (reflected light) images, as well as LA ICP MS analyses of sulfides suggest late- and post-magmatic crystallization of PMM in three phases: (1) immiscible metalloid or highly fractionated residual sulfide melts trapped in sulfides; (2) segregation of isomorphic impurities of platinum group elements (PGE) and chalcogenide elements from sulfide solid solutions; and (3) interaction of hydrothermal fluids with soluble sulfides.Prospective for PMM are extended bodies of disseminated chromitites in marginal dunites of the Kraka and Nurali massifs, and wehrlite-clinopyroxenite complexes of the same massifs containing PGE (above 500 ppb). In the Khudolaz complex, promising PMM bodies are low-metasomatized parts of sulfide ore bodies (1 ppm of ΣPGE and above) located in the largest massifs, Severny Buskun and Zapadny Karasaz. Exocontact zones of these intrusions are also promising for PMM.

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Genkin, A. D., and T. L. Evstigneeva. "Associations of platinum-group minerals of the Noril'sk copper-nickel sulfide ores." Economic Geology 81, no. 5 (August 1, 1986): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.5.1203.

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Uçurum, A., P. J. Lechler, and L. T. Larson. "Platinum-group element distribution in chromite ores from ophiolite complexes, western Turkey." Applied Earth Science 109, no. 2 (August 2000): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/aes.2000.109.2.112.

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Khanchuk, A. I., I. Yu Rasskazov, V. G. Kryukov, N. M. Litvinova, and B. G. Saksin. "Finds of economic platinum in ores from the South Khingan Mn deposit." Doklady Earth Sciences 470, no. 2 (October 2016): 1031–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x1610024x.

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Dubenskiy, A. S., M. A. Bol’shov, and I. F. Seregina. "Sorption–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Platinum Metals in Basic Rocs and Ores." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 74, no. 1 (January 2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934819010064.

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Becker, M., G. Yorath, B. Ndlovu, M. Harris, D. Deglon, and J. P. Franzidis. "A rheological investigation of the behaviour of two Southern African platinum ores." Minerals Engineering 49 (August 2013): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.05.007.

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Van Tonder, E., D. A. Deglon, and T. J. Napier-Munn. "The effect of ore blends on the mineral processing of platinum ores." Minerals Engineering 23, no. 8 (July 2010): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.02.008.

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Sluzhenikin, S. F., and N. A. Krivolutskaya. "Pyasino–Vologochan intrusion: Geological structure and platinum–copper–nickel ores (Norilsk Region)." Geology of Ore Deposits 57, no. 5 (September 2015): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701515050050.

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Kryukov, Viktor G., Natalya A. Lavrik, Natalya M. Litvinova, and Valentina F. Stepanova. "Typomorphic minerals oxidation zone of gold-copper porphyry ore of the Malmyzh deposit (Svoboda)." Georesursy 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.3.91-98.

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The Malmyzh gold-copper porphyry deposit located in the central part of the Khabarovsk region has a rather developed oxidation zone. The object was identified during the exploration and evaluation work in the 70s, but received a negative assessment in terms of prospects for ore gold. LLC “Amur-Minerals” began to geological study of Malmyzh zone in 2005. Exploration work continues at the present time. The mineral composition of primary ore deposits is well studied. While the common minerals like a limonite and goethite are marked for the oxidation zone the most of minerals that may have a typomorphic meaning in solving genetic and other issues are beyond the purview of researchers. The study relevance of the mineral composition of the oxidation zone are due to the fact that its share and intensively oxidized ores account for up to 7% of gold and copper. The authors carried out a mineralogical and technological composition research of the oxidation zone of one of the sites of the Malmyzh deposit using small technological samples. The main part of samples is kaolinized and limonitized diorite porphyrites. In the oxidized ores, there are: limonite, goethite, magnetite, pyrite, less often – arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and developed on copper and iron sulfides, covelline, bornite, azurite and malachite. Visible grains (0,2-0,7 mm) were established using mineralogical analysis including instrumental. They are: native gold, platinum, platinum zirconium intermetallic, copper, aluminum, zinc; diamonds are typomorphic minerals of both practical and theoretical importance. Blast tube consisting magmatic-hydrothermal breccias was opened in the northwestern part of site. Thus, the association of the listed minerals is unique and allows to restore the conditions of formation of the oxidation zone and the genesis of primary ores.

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Diac, Cornelia, Florentina Iuliana Maxim, Radu Tirca, Adrian Ciocanea, Valeriu Filip, Eugeniu Vasile, and Serban N. Stamatin. "Electrochemical Recycling of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Catalytic Converters." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060822.

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Platinum group metals (PGMs: Pt, Pd, and Rh) are used extensively by the industry, while the natural resources are limited. The PGM concentration in spent catalytic converters is 100 times larger than in natural occurring ores. Traditional PGM methods use high temperature furnaces and strong oxidants, thus polluting the environment. Electrochemical studies showed that platinum can be converted to their chloride form. The amount of dissolved PGM was monitored by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and the structure was identified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. An electrochemistry protocol was designed to maximize platinum dissolution, which was then used for a spent catalytic converter. A key finding is the use of potential step that enhances the dissolution rate by a factor of 4. Recycling rates as high as 50% were achieved in 24 h without any pretreatment of the catalyst. The method developed herein is part of a current need to make the PGM recycling process more sustainable.

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Saveliev, Dmitry E., and Ivan A. Blinov. "Noble metal mineralization in apatite titanomagnetite ores of the Suroyam massif (Middle Urals)." Georesursy 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2020.4.98-100.

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The mineralogical composition of apatite-titanomagnetite clinopyroxenites of the Suroyam massif, characterized by stable elevated contents of platinum group elements with the leading role of palladium, has been studied. In association with accessory chalcopyrite, palladium and silver minerals have been identified – mertieite, merenskyite, hessite. It has been suggested that the presence of intrinsic mineral phases of palladium, represented by tellurides and arsenides-antimonides, allows us to consider the Suroyam massif as a promising deposit of complex Pd-P-Fe ores.

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Tolstykh, Nadezhda, Valeriya Brovchenko, Viktor Rad’ko, Maria Shapovalova, Vera Abramova, and Jonathan Garcia. "Rh, Ir, and Ru Partitioning in the Cu-Poor IPGE Massive Ores, Talnakh Intrusion, Skalisty Mine, Russia." Minerals 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12010018.

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Pyrrhotite (or Cu-poor) massive ores of the Skalisty mine located in Siberia, Russia, are unique in terms of their geochemical features. These ores are Ni-rich with Ni/Cu ratios in the range 1.3–1.9 and contain up to 12.25 ppm Ir + Rh + Ru in bulk composition, one of the highest IPGE contents for the Norilsk–Talnakh ore camp. The reasons behind such significant IPGE Contents cannot simply be explained by the influence of discrete platinum-group minerals on the final bulk composition of IPGE because only inclusions of Pd minerals such as menshikovite, majakite, and mertieite II in Pd-maucherite were observed. According to LA-ICP-MS data obtained, base metal sulfides such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite contain IPGE as the trace elements. The most significant IPGE concentrator being Py, which occurs only in the least fractionated ores, and contains Os up to 4.8 ppm, Ir about 6.9 ppm, Ru about 38.3 ppm, Rh about 36 ppm, and Pt about 62.6 ppm. High IPGE contents in the sulfide melt may be due to high degrees of partial melting of the mantle, interaction with several low-grade IPGE impulses of magma, and (or) fractionation of the sulfide melt in the magma chamber.

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Krivolutskaya, Nadezhda A. "Foundations of the theory of magmatic ore formation in works by M. N. Godlevsky and their modern development." Ores and metals, no. 4 (January 11, 2023): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2022-10025.

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On the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the birth of Mikhail Nikolayevich Godlevsky, an outstanding geologist and researcher of magmatic sulfide deposits, a book about the life of this remarkable man “From the depths of the Norilsk ores. Mikhail Godlevsky” is being prepared at the Central Research Geological Prospecting Institute for Base and Precious Metals, where he worked in 1961-1984. The material published below is based on the article “The theory of magmatic ore formation in works by M. N. Godlevsky and its modern aspects” from the anniversary edition and contains minor editorial changes. The article considers the principal theoretical provisions of the magmatic genesis of the Norilsk platinum-copper-nickel deposits, that were developed by M. N. Godlevsky in his works. Particular attention is paid to his still unpublished doctoral dissertation that covers all aspects of the genesis of the unique Norilsk ores: from the formation conditions of the ore-bearing magmas in the northwest Siberian Platform and their crystallization in the upper zones of the earth's crust, to the formation of disseminated and veined ores of the Norilsk 1 and Zub-Marksheiderskoe deposits. Modern views are presented on the origin of ore deposits of the Norilsk region, which were characterized in the works by M. N. Godlevsky.

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39

Oberthür, Thomas. "The Fate of Platinum-Group Minerals in the Exogenic Environment—From Sulfide Ores via Oxidized Ores into Placers: Case Studies Bushveld Complex, South Africa, and Great Dyke, Zimbabwe." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2018): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120581.

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Diverse studies were performed in order to investigate the behavior of the platinum-group minerals (PGM) in the weathering cycle in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa and the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. Samples were obtained underground, from core, in surface outcrops, and from alluvial sediments in rivers draining the intrusions. The investigations applied conventional mineralogical methods (reflected light microscopy) complemented by modern techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral liberation analysis (MLA), electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), and LA-ICPMS analysis). This review aims at combining the findings to a coherent model also with respect to the debate regarding allogenic versus authigenic origin of placer PGM. In the pristine sulfide ores, the PGE are present as discrete PGM, dominantly PGE-bismuthotellurides, -sulfides, -arsenides, -sulfarsenides, and -alloys, and substantial though variable proportions of Pd and Rh are hosted in pentlandite. Pt–Fe alloys, sperrylite, and most PGE-sulfides survive the weathering of the ores, whereas the base metal sulfides and the (Pt,Pd)-bismuthotellurides are destroyed, and ill-defined (Pt,Pd)-oxides or -hydroxides develop. In addition, elevated contents of Pt and Pd are located in Fe/Mn/Co-oxides/hydroxides and smectites. In the placers, the PGE-sulfides experience further modification, whereas sperrylite largely remains a stable phase, and grains of Pt–Fe alloys and native Pt increase in relative proportion. In the Bushveld/Great Dyke case, the main impact of weathering on the PGM assemblages is destruction of the unstable PGM and PGE-carriers of the pristine ores and of the intermediate products of the oxidized ores. Dissolution and redistribution of PGE is taking place, however, the newly-formed products are thin films, nano-sized particles, small crystallites, or rarely µm-sized grains primarily on substrates of precursor detrital/allogenic PGM grains, and they are of subordinate significance. In the Bushveld/Great Dyke scenario, and in all probability universally, authigenic growth and formation of discrete, larger PGM crystals or nuggets in the supergene environment plays no substantial role, and any proof of PGM “neoformation” in a grand style is missing. The final PGM suite which survived the weathering process en route from sulfide ores via oxidized ores into placers results from the continuous elimination of unstable PGM and the dispersion of soluble PGE. Therefore, the alluvial PGM assemblage represents a PGM rest spectrum of residual, detrital grains.

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Spiridonov, E. M. "Vysotskite holotype as metamorphogenic-hydrothermal vysotskite (Pd,Ni)S from the Norilsk-I deposit." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology 1, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2021-2-79-86.

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Vysotskite is developed in Co-Ni-Cu sulphide massive and disseminated (“amygdaloid”) ores of the Norilsk-I deposit, entrained by post-trap low-grade metamorphism in the conditions of prehnite-pumpellyite and zeolite (lomontite) facies. Vysotskite associates with ferrian chlorite, cummingtonite, grünerite, prehnite, corrensite, ilvaite, babingtonite, pumpellyite, grinalite, millerite NiS, polydymite Ni3S4, galenite and chalcopyrite. This facies of metamorphosed sulphide ores were formed in the conditions of low oxidative potential and relatively high sulphide sulfur fugacity. This vysotskite is extremely poor in platinum, enriched in nickel and partly in iron. The average composition of studied vysotskite is (wt%, n=17): Pd 65,65; Pt 0,12; Rh, Au traces; Ni 8,25; Fe 0,95; Cu 0,32; Co 0,03; S 25,03; As 0,03; sum 100,38; the formula of the mineral is (Pd0,79Ni0,18Fe0,02Cu0,01)1S1. According to mineral associations and chemical composition, the described vysotskite corresponds to vysotskite discovered by A.D. Genkin and O.E. Zvyagintsev [1962]. Therefore, vysotskite holotype is metamorphogenic-hydrothermal vysotskite of the Norilsk-I deposit with (Pd,Ni)S composition.

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Konstantopoulou, Garyfalia, and Maria Economou-Eliopoulos. "Distribution of platinum-group elements and gold within the Vourinos chromitite ores, Greece." Economic Geology 86, no. 8 (December 1, 1991): 1672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.8.1672.

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42

Kravtsova, O. A., V. I. Maximov, and S. V. Sokolov. "Distribution of platinum-group elements in Pechenga Cu–Ni sulphide ores and concentrates." Applied Earth Science 111, no. 2 (August 2002): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/aes.2002.111.2.128.

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Distler, V. V., A. A. Fillmonova, T. L. Grokhovskaya, and I. P. Laputina. "PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS IN THE COPPER-NICKEL ORES OF THE PECHENGA ORE FIELD." International Geology Review 32, no. 1 (January 1990): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819009465756.

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Mpinga, C. N., J. J. Eksteen, C. Aldrich, and L. Dyer. "Direct leach approaches to Platinum Group Metal (PGM) ores and concentrates: A review." Minerals Engineering 78 (July 2015): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2015.04.015.

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Kraemer, Dennis, Malte Junge, and Michael Bau. "Oxidized Ores as Future Resource for Platinum Group Metals: Current State of Research." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 89, no. 1-2 (December 16, 2016): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201600092.

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46

Oskina, Yulia A., Ekaterina Pakrieva, Elvira M. Ustinova, and Andrey Kryazhov. "Decomposition and Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Pt, Pd, Re in Mineral Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.278.

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Nowadays the actual problem of geochemistry is a deep and complex processing of mineral raw materials. Data on the quantitative content of precious and rare metals in various types of ores and rocks are necessary. It stimulates the development and improvement of chemical analytical methods for determination of these elements. Such methods are not applicable without sample preparation stage. Preparation of samples for analysis is the decomposition and preconcentration of rare and precious metals from matrix of mineral raw materials. The sample preparation schemes of platinum, palladium and rhenium are described in this paper.

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Groshev, Nikolay Yu, Tatyana V. Rundkvist, Bartosz T. Karykowski, Wolfgang D. Maier, Aleksey U. Korchagin, Anton N. Ivanov, and Malte Junge. "Low-Sulfide Platinum–Palladium Deposits of the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana Layered Complex, Kola Region, Russia." Minerals 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120764.

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Several deposits of low-sulfide Pt–Pd ores have been discovered in recent decades in the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana Layered Complex located in the Kola Region (Murmansk Oblast) of Russia. The deposits are divided into two types: reef-style, associated with the layered central portions of intrusions, and contact-style, localized in the lower parts of intrusions near the contact with the Archean basement. The Kievey and the North Kamennik deposits represent the first ore type and are confined to the North PGE Reef located 600–800 m above the base of the West Pana Intrusion. The reef is associated with a horizon of cyclically interlayered orthopyroxenite, gabbronorite and anorthosite. The average contents of Au, Pt and Pd in the Kievey ore are 0.15, 0.53 and 3.32 ppm, respectively. The North Kamennik deposit has similar contents of noble metals. The Fedorova Tundra deposit belongs to the second ore type and has been explored in two sites in the lower part of the Fedorova intrusion. Mineralization is mainly associated mainly with taxitic or varied-textured gabbronorites, forming a matrix of intrusive breccia with fragments of barren orthopyroxenite. The ores contain an average of 0.08 ppm Au, 0.29 ppm Pt and 1.20 ppm Pd. In terms of PGE resources, the Fedorova Tundra is the largest deposit in Europe, hosting more than 300 tons of noble metals.

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Kotelnikov, Alexander E., Daria A. Kolmakova, and Elena M. Kotelnikova. "Determination of the copper-nickel ores formation sequence of the Kun-Manye deposit (Amur region)." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-1-48-57.

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The purpose of the article is to determine the sequence of mineral formation of copper-nickel ores of Kun-Manie deposit, which is located in Zeya district of Amur region. Three ore chutes take part in the structure of the deposit. Ore-bearing formations are sheet and sheetlike bodies of ultra-basic composition of the Kun-Manien complex, lying among rocks of crystal foundation of the Early Archean. Among the rocks, hornblende differences of gabbro-pyroxenites and pyroxenites predominate. In addition to nickel, the ores contain a wide range of associated components. The ores oxidation zone within the deposit and the entire ore field is not developed. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that detailed studies of ore minerals have not previously been carried out. The study presented in the work was conducted by polarizing ore microscope on polished ore samples characterizing different zones of the ore body. The result of the study was the establishment of mineral paragenesis and the sequence of mineral formation. It has been determined that the main ore minerals are pyrrhotine, pentlandite, also found - pyrite, chalcopyrite, less often - ilmenite, magnetite, sphalerite, platinum group elements. Ore mineralization formed in two stages. The magmatic stage is an early and main mineral formation phases including pyrite-magnetite, polymetallic and pentlandite associations. The hydrothermal stage is a late phase involving a pyrite association.

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Lu, Yiguan, C. Michael Lesher, Liqiang Yang, Matthew I. Leybourne, and Wenyan He. "Genesis and mechanisms of metal enrichment in the Baimazhai Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit, Ailaoshan Orogenic Belt, SW China." Canadian Mineralogist 59, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 1543–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2100057.

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ABSTRACT The ∼259 Ma Baimazhai Ni-Cu-(platinum-group element) deposit is located in the Ailaoshan-Red River fault zone on the southwest margin of the Yangtze Plate in the Jinping area of southeastern Yunnan Province. The intrusion is lenticular (∼530 m long × 190 m wide × 24–64 m thick) and concentrically zoned (margin to core) from gabbro through pyroxenite to peridotite. It contains ∼50 kt of Ni-Cu-(platinum-group element) mineralization, concentrically zoned (margin to core) from disseminated through net-textured to massive sulfides with an average grade of 1.03 wt.% Ni, 0.81 wt.% Cu, and 0.02∼0.69 ppm Pd+Pt. The sulfide assemblage comprises pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite, with lesser magnetite, violarite, galena, and cobaltite. The mineralization is enriched in Ni-Cu-Co relative to the platinum-group elements and the host rocks are enriched in highly incompatible lithophile elements relative to moderately incompatible lithophile elements with high Th/Yb and intermediate Nb/Yb ratios. These host rocks, and those at most other Ni-Cu-platinum-group element deposits in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, have high γOs and intermediate εNd values, indicating that they crystallized from a magma derived from a subduction-modified pyroxenite mantle source and modified by crustal contamination. The initial concentrations of metals in the primary magma are estimated to have been on the order of 200 ppm Ni and 100 ppm Cu, but only 0.4 ppb Pd, 0.2 ppb Pt, 0.005 ppb Rh, 0.02 ppb Ru, and 0.01 ppb Ir. The δ34S values of ores and separated sulfides range from 5.8‰ to 8.6‰, between the ∼10‰ value of sulfides in the metasedimentary country rocks and the 0 ± 0.5‰ value expected for magmas derived from MORB-type mantle, or the –2.5 ± 0.3‰ value expected for subduction-modified mantle, consistent with equilibration at magma:sulfide mass ratios (R factors) of 100–1000. Variations in Ir100 and Pd100 (metals in 100% sulfide) are consistent with 40–60% fractional crystallization of monosulfide solid solution to form Ni-Co-intermediate platinum-group element (Ru, Os, Ir)-rich massive ores and Cu-palladium/platinum-group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh)-Au-rich residual sulfide liquids. This process is also recorded by magnetite: Type I (early magmatic), type II (late magmatic), and type III (secondary) magnetites exhibit progressively lower Cr-Ti-V concentrations. The platinum-group element contents in base-metal minerals are low, and only pentlandite, violarite, and cobaltite contain detectable concentrations of Pd, Rh, and Ru. There is abundant textural evidence for metamorphic-hydrothermal alteration of sulfides in the Baimazhai intrusion, with secondary violarite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite being enriched (Ag, Sb, Au, Pb) or depleted (Sn) in more mobile chalcophile elements. The different tectonic and petrogenetic settings of the Baimazhai and other deposits in China highlight the potential of Ni-Cu-platinum-group element deposits to occur in subduction or post-subduction settings and demonstrate that the key controls are magma flux and access to crustal S. Exploration potential remains for the Ailaoshan orogenic belt to host additional magmatic Ni-Cu deposits.

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Kazachenko, V. T., and E. V. Perevoznikova. "BISMUTH MINERALIZATION OF THE BELOGORSKY MAGNETITE DEPOSIT (SIKHOTE-ALIN)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 41, no. 1 (2022): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2022-41-1-90-109.

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Various bismuth minerals are found in the Belogorsky deposit. Many of them are rare natural minerals and mineral varieties. These are native bismuth, bismutite, cosalite, gladite(?), jonasonite, galenobismutite enriched with Ag and Cu, zavaritskite, a large group of unnamed compounds and other. A feature of the endogenous bismuth mineralization of the deposit is its localization in the products of low-medium-temperature hydrothermal transformation of early associations, especially in large carbonate (with fluorite) pockets in blocks of essentially magnetite ores, where it is closely associated with Au-Ag-Pd-Pt and Mo-W mineralization. The significant amount of Ag in the form of common Ag-Bi minerals is also associated with the bismuth mineralization of the Belogorsky deposit. A close geochemical relationship of Bi, Au, and PGEs in the processes of mineral formation at the Belogorsky deposit is also evident in the presence of common minerals of these elements, such as jonasonite and the unnamed compound Ru(Pb,Ag)2Bi4. The association of Bi and Mo-W mineralization is a characteristic feature of ores of some skarn-tungsten and skarn-molybdenum deposits containing scheelite, molybdenum and bismuthin as the main minerals. The presence of bismuth and noble-metal mineralization is most characteristic of gold and complex gold-bearing ores of hydrothermal deposits of various types. However, at the Belogorsky deposit, in contrast to the deposits of the above-mentioned types, such metals as W, Mo and Bi, as well as Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt do not have an independent practical value, being the accompanying useful components in relation to iron ores. Rocks and ores of the Belogorsky deposit are Triassic metal-bearing sediments metamorphosed and partially regenerated in the Late Cretaceous, which were accumulated in the lagoons of the islands as a result of erosion of the laterite weathering crust of ancient gabbroids. Related to this is the enrichment of ores in different metals, including Fe and Mn, and the presence of gold-silver-palladium-platinum, nickel-cobalt, and bismuth mineralization (Bi compounds with Au and PGE included), which is characteristic of some ultramafic massifs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Platinum ores'

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