Academic literature on the topic 'Plato's theory of Forms'

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Journal articles on the topic "Plato's theory of Forms"

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Sedley, David. "An Introduction to Plato's Theory of Forms." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 78 (July 2016): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246116000333.

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AbstractThis lecture was designed as an introduction to Plato's theory of Forms. Reference is made to key passages of Plato's dialogues, but no guidance on further reading is offered, and numerous controversies about the theory's interpretation are left in the background. An initial sketch of the theory's origins in the inquiries of Plato's teacher Socrates is followed by an explanation of the Forms’ primary characteristic, Plato's metaphysical separation of them from the sensible world. Other aspects discussed include the Forms’ metaphysical relation to sensible particulars, their ‘self-predication’, and the range of items that have Forms. Finally, the envisaged structure of the world of Forms is illustrated by a look at Plato's famous Cave simile.
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Boongaling, John Ian. "Logical Quantification and Plato's Theory of Forms." Aufklärung: journal of philosophy 2 (October 7, 2016): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18012/arf.2015.24905.

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Boongaling, John Ian. "Logical Quantification and Plato's Theory of Forms." Aufklärung: journal of philosophy 2, no. 2 (October 7, 2015): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18012/arf.2016.24905.

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Chailos, George. "A Mathematical Model for Plato's Theory of Forms." British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science 4, no. 21 (January 10, 2014): 3105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmcs/2014/12591.

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Wood, James. "The Unorthodox Theory of Forms in Plato's Philebus." Journal of Ancient Philosophy 11, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-9471.v11i2p45-81.

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This paper argues that we can make best sense of four key passages as well as the Philebus as a whole by rejecting the “orthodox” view that forms exist separately from particulars as determinate entities in their own right and accepting the “unorthodox” view that forms exist within particulars as their limiting and unifying measures and the ousiai of their geneseis.
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Wakefield, Peter W., and Gail Fine. "On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms." Classical World 90, no. 5 (1997): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4351983.

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Barnes, Jonathan, and Gail Fine. "On Ideas--Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 56, no. 2 (June 1996): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108541.

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Heinaman, Robert, and Gail Fine. "On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms." Journal of Philosophy 92, no. 12 (December 1995): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2941101.

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Kraut, Richard, and Gail Fine. "On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms." Philosophical Review 104, no. 1 (January 1995): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2186014.

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Scaltsas, Theodore, and Gail Fine. "On Ideas: Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms." Philosophical Quarterly 44, no. 176 (July 1994): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2219618.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plato's theory of Forms"

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Sinclaire, Jennifer. "The theory of forms and Plato's ethics." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11951.

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The aims of this dissertation are to uncover and analyse potential links between ethics and metaphysics - specifically, the theory of Forms - in the dialogues of Plato. Drawing on material from a wide range of Plato 's works, I investigate possible ways in which his theory of Forms might, at a very general level, converge with his moral theory.
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Chang, Kyung-Choon. "The role of Plato's Timaeus in the development of the Theory of Forms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271962.

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Wiitala, Michael Oliver. "Truth and Falsehood in Plato's Sophist." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/philosophy_etds/3.

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This dissertation is a study of the ontological foundations of true and false speech in Plato’s Sophist. Unlike most contemporary scholarship on the Sophist, my dissertation offers a wholistic account of the dialogue, demonstrating that the ontological theory of the “communing” of forms and the theory of true and false speech later in the dialogue entail one another. As I interpret it, the account of true and false speech in the Sophist is primarily concerned with true and false speech about the forms. As Plato sees it, we can only make true statements about spatio-temporal beings if it is possible to make true statements about the forms. Statements about the forms, however, make claims about how forms “commune” with other forms, that is, how forms are intelligibly related to and participate in one another. If forms stand in determinate relations of participation to other forms, however, then forms, as the relata of these relations, must compose structured wholes. Yet if they compose structured wholes, there must be a higher order normative principle that explains their structure. This creates a regress problem. In order to ground the structure of spatio-temporal beings, forms must be the highest explanatory principles. The theory of the “communing” of forms, however, makes it seem as if the forms require further explanation. This dissertation argues (1) that in the Sophist Plato solves the regress problem and (2) that, by doing so, he is able to ground true and false speech about the forms. I demonstrate that he solves the regress problem by differentiating a form’s nature from a form qua countable object. Then I show that this distinction between a form’s nature and a form qua countable object explains how true and false statements about the forms are possible.
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Baltzly, Dirk Christian. "Plato's argument from relatives : the role of the distinction between kath hauto and pros ti in the theory of forms /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901657771.

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Snyder, Jacob T. "Reading Plato with Heidegger: A Study of the Allegory of the Cave." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1334281162.

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Roche, Florentin. "Les niveaux psychologiques de Platon : une théorie de la connaissance d'après la cybernétique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3038.

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Cette recherche se propose de montrer l’existence de ce que nous appelons des « niveaux psychologiques » chez Platon, en empruntant à la théorie des types logiques, formulée par B. Russel et A.N. Whitehead, puis revisitée par l’anthropologue G. Bateson au sein du mouvement cybernétique. Par « niveaux psychologiques », nous entendons des états psychiques d’être en relation avec le réel sur le mode analogique. Nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle la théorie platonicienne des formes n’oblige pas à penser des degrés de réalité de la chose mais bien un processus de réalisation de l’objet en soi par le sujet de l’expérience. En tant que tels, les niveaux psychologiques correspondent donc à des niveaux d’apprentissages de la réalité. Ainsi, la méthode dialectique utilisée par Socrate accompagne le progrès de l’âme, pilotée par l’intellect, au moyen de la raison qui relie et distingue les phénomène sensibles. Cette double fonction caractérise l’exercice du langage et rend compte du mouvement de la pensée. La succession et la répétition des ajustements opérés à partir de l’expérience conduisent ainsi à une meilleure définition de la forme de l’objet en soi, i.e. une saisie plus nette de ce qui, de l’intelligible, passe dans le sensible. De ce fait, la théorie platonicienne de la connaissance apparaît comme une théorie du processus et non comme une théorie du contenu de savoir, qui mène du théâtre intérieur de nos représentations, limitées par le temps d’une vie et l’espace d’un corps, au spectacle de l’infini. En outre, parce qu’il existe un seul chemin pour penser ce qui est réellement, l’examen psychologique des causes de soi rejoint nécessairement la recherche philosophique sur les causes du monde, dans une cosmologie
This research intends to demonstrate the existence of what we call "psychological levels" in Plato's philosophy, taking from the theory of logical types, formulated by B. Russel and A.N. Whitehead, then restyled by the anthropologist G. Bateson, inside the cybernetic movement. By "psychological levels", we mean psychic states of being in relation with reality under an analogical scheme. We defend the argument that Plato’s theory of Forms does not imply degrees of reality in the thing but a process of realization of the object in itself through the subject experiencing it. As such, psychological levels refer to levels of learning what is reality. Thus, the Socratic dialectical method accompanies the soul’s progress, driven by the intellect, thanks to reason which relates and distinguishes the sensible phenomena. This double function characterizes what language is and gives reason for the movement of thought. Succession and repetition of the adjustments made from the experience of the thing lead to a better definition of the Form of the object in itself, i.e. a clearer acquisition of the intelligible part of the thing that is passing through its sensible expression. Hence, Plato’s theory of knowledge stands like a process theory more than a content theory, by conducting the search for truth from the inner theatre of our representations, limited by a lifetime and the space of a body, to the spectacle of the infinite. Furthermore, since there is only one path in order to think what exists in reality, the psychological research into the causes of thyself necessarily fits in the philosophical research into the causes of the world — a cosmology
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Bailey, Dominic Timothy John. "Cause, explanation and theory in Plato's Phaedo." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284040.

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This work is an investigation into a passage in Plato’s Phaedo in which Socrates tells his audience that, in the teeth of a certain difficulty, he can only establish the conclusion he wants - that the soul is immortal - if he comes up with a theory about coming to be and passing away generally. There then follows a discussion in which Socrates rejects the professed causes of those who had thought abut the matter before him, and then proceeds to outline his own method for getting at the truth. I begin in Section 1 with a detailed textual argument for the conclusion that the adjective αιτιον and the noun αιτια refer to logically different kinds of beings, a conclusion whose liability to misunderstanding leads me to a general discussion of Platonic teleology in Section 2. Section 3 argues at length against the thought that Socrates rejects the purported causes of others because of their susceptibility to logical controversies about opposites, concluding instead that he is using an epistemological indifference argument. The debate returns again to the details of the text in Section 4, where I arbitrate between two scholars in the debate about what exactly Socrates’ hypothesis is and how, as we are advised, we are to “hang on” to it in the course of inquiry. Section 5 dwells at length on an analogy between Plato and Frege, with a view to explaining what Socrates means when he recommends that would-be investigators conduct their research by looking in λογοι. Section 6 discusses the nature of the relation between a hypothesis and its results, arguing that Socrates’ inspiration for characterising the relation is drawn from Greek Harmonic Theory. Section 7 relates the epistemological themes considered so far to the question of whether any λογοι can turn true beliefs into knowledge, drawing the optimistic conclusion that they can, by way of an analysis of the image of the Sun in Republic VI. Section 8 considers at length what unhypothetical principles might be, and Section 9 concludes the work with an overview of Plato’s theory of explanation and justification, and how it relates to modern perspectives on those subjects.
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Sisson, Janet D. "The influence of mathematics on Plato's moral theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ54811.pdf.

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Morsella, Ricardo. "Concerning the Two Worlds Theory in Plato's metaphysical epistemology." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442905.

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Gushue, Alison E. "A Comparison of Xenophon and Plato's Apologies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/268.

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Books on the topic "Plato's theory of Forms"

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Plato's introduction of forms. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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On ideas: Aristotle's criticism of Plato's theory of forms. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

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Inquiry, forms, and substances: A study in Plato's metaphysics and epistemology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1995.

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Plato. Plato's Parmenides. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

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Plato. Plato's Parmenides. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

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Plato. Parmenides' lesson: Translation and explication of Plato's Parmenides. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996.

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Benitez, Eugenio. Forms in Plato's Philebus. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1986.

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Benitez, E. E. Forms in Plato's Philebus. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1989.

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Plato's Theaetetus. New York: Garland Pub., 1990.

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Plato's theory of knowledge. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plato's theory of Forms"

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Mofield, Emily, and Tamra Stambaugh. "Picasso's Guitars and Plato's Theory of Forms." In I, Me, You, We, 65–75. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003235620-10.

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Blecha, Ivan. "Husserlův Platón." In Filosofie jako životní cesta, 108–18. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9458-2019-6.

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Unlike Martin Heidegger, who was always critical of Plato’s role in the history of philosophy, and Jan Patočka, who was more charitable but still had serious misgivings about Plato, Edmund Husserl saw Plato truly positively. However, his view resulted from the fact that he had simplified Plato’s theory substantially and adapted it to his own view of philosophy. According to Husserl, Plato was an inspirational figure as a founder of philosophical ‘theory of science’, and because he sought abstract knowledge of the Forms, he could serve as a useful contrast to the one-sided philosophy of modern empiricism. This paper attempts to present Husserl’s position in a greater detail and assess it.
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Tabak, Mehmet. "Forms in the Middle-Period Dialogues." In Plato's Parmenides Reconsidered, 5–28. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137505989_2.

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Irwin, Terence. "The Theory of Forms." In Plato's Ethics, 148–68. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195086457.003.0010.

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"RECOLLECTION, ETHICS, DEFINITION AND THE THEORY OF FORMS." In Plato's Arguments for Forms, 3–19. Cambridge Philological Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1r07g0t.4.

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"Mathematics and the Forms." In Plato's Theory of Knowledge (Routledge Revivals), 182–86. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203085905-21.

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"The Existence of Forms." In Plato's Euthyphro and the Earlier Theory of Forms (RLE: Plato), 119–42. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203101698-27.

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Marmodoro, Anna. "Forms in objects." In Forms and Structure in Plato's Metaphysics, 83–113. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577158.003.0005.

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In Anaxagoras’s system, something is qualified as, e.g. hot when it has within its constitution parts or shares of the relevant Opposite, e.g. the Hot, in preponderance over parts of other Opposites. Thus objects overlap constitutionally with the properties that qualify them. The chapter argues that Plato inherits Anaxagoras’s model of overlap, develops it, and makes it central to his own metaphysics. But it also shows that Plato is aware of some of the model’s shortcomings, and of the formidable difficulties which emerge specifically when the model is combined with his theory of Forms. The chapter examines some of these difficulties, pertaining to parthood, structure, and complexity, focusing on arguments that are milestones in Plato’s thought, such as the Partaking Dilemma in the Parmenides and the Third Bed Argument in the Republic.
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"Forms as Regulative Principles of Dialectic." In Plato's Euthyphro and the Earlier Theory of Forms (RLE: Plato), 83–92. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203101698-25.

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Marmodoro, Anna. "Plato’s Forms as powers." In Forms and Structure in Plato's Metaphysics, 65–82. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577158.003.0004.

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This chapter introduces Plato’s fundamental entities, the Forms. It focuses on his view that the Forms are causal powers, and his innovative stance that the Forms are transcendent entities; it argues that Plato’s Forms are transcendent powers. This raises the (difficult) question of what kind of causal efficacy transcendent entities can have on things in the physical world. By showing that Plato’s Forms are causal powers having constitutional causal efficacy, as difference-makers, like Anaxagoras’s Opposites, the chapter begins to build the case for what I call Plato’s Anaxagoreanism. If the Forms operate like Anaxagoras’s Opposites, by constitutional causal efficacy, except that they are transcendent, how can features of objects in the physical world be constitutionally derived from features of transcendent entities, the Forms? The chapter argues that Plato thinks of the causal efficacy of the Forms on the model of the normativity of mathematics and geometry over the sensible world.
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Conference papers on the topic "Plato's theory of Forms"

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Yeilaghi-Tamijani, A., R. Mirzaeifar, A. R. Ohadi, and M. R. Eslami. "Vibration Control of FGM Plate With Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators Using Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95710.

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In this paper, finite element formulation for the active control of functionally graded material (FGM) plates containing piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches by using higher order shear deformation theory is carried out. The major difference to previous studies is the new feedback control algorithm for active control of FGM plate which is presented in this paper. The effects of the configuration of the S/A pairs and the velocity and displacement feedback control gains on the static and dynamic response of the structure are studied. Numerical results are presented for the static deflection, natural frequency and dynamic control of FGM plate in both tabular and graphical forms. The result obtained by using new feedback control algorithm show that peak responses can be controlled by the displacement control gain and active damping can be provided by adjusting the velocity control gain. The model without feedback control is validated by comparing with existing results in the literature.
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Okumuş, F., and A. Turgut. "The Effects on Critical Load of Metal-Matrix Composite Plates With a Hole Under In-Plane Loadings." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/rsafp-21746.

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Abstract Metal-matrix composite plates consists of several layers of unidirectionally reinforced, fibrous composite laminae which have different in-plane orientations and are bonded together in a certain stacking sequence. Thus, they provide new materials with superior properties of high strength and stiffness. This study deals with analysis of rectangular metal-matrix composite laminates with circular holes under in-plane static loadings. The first-order shear deformation theory is employed in mathematical formulation. The effects on critical load by hole size, ply lamination geometry, plate thickness ratio, loading types and material modulus ratio have been investigated. The finite element method is used for finding critical loads. Numerical solutions are given in graphical forms.
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Châu, Ngô Bao. "Endoscopy Theory of Automorphic Forms." In Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians 2010 (ICM 2010). Published by Hindustan Book Agency (HBA), India. WSPC Distribute for All Markets Except in India, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814324359_0011.

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Dwibedi, Subhasankar. "Analysis of Symmetric Angle-Ply Laminated Composite Skew Plates Using Hybrid Trefftz Finite Element." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11098.

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Abstract Analysis of symmetric angle-ply skew laminated composite plates has been presented in the study using a newly developed hybrid Trefftz finite element (hTFE). Mindlin’s plate theory has been used to develop the present hTFE. The forms of displacement are assumed such that governing partial differential equations are satisfied a priori inside the element domain. Particular solutions of the governing equations have been ignored and Trefftz functions are derived using the homogenous solutions only. Inter-element continuity has been established by employing another displacement field along the edges of the hTFEs. The transverse shear stresses have been ignored at the top and bottom surfaces of the laminate. The angle of inclination of the width of the plate with the y-axis has been taken as the skew angle and different forms of skew plates are obtained by varying the skew angle. Sinusoidally distributed load (SDL), uniformly distributed load (UDL), and point load (PL) have been subjected to the top surface of the laminate and the non-dimensionalized center point deflection have been evaluated to assess the performance of the present hTFE. The observation from the present study further reinforce the versatility of the hTFE method for analysis of composite structures with complex shapes or geometries.
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Zanelli, Jorge. "GRAVITATION THEORY AND CHERN-SIMONS FORMS." In Proceedings of the 2011 Villa de Leyva Summer School. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814460057_0004.

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Arendt, Wolfgang, and Charles J. K. Batty. "Forms, functional calculus, cosine functions and perturbation." In Perspectives in Operator Theory. Warsaw: Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/bc75-0-2.

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Takeuchi, Tatsu, Lay Nam Chang, Zachary Lewis, and Djordje Minic. "Some mutant forms of quantum mechanics." In QUANTUM THEORY: RECONSIDERATION OF FOUNDATIONS 6. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773173.

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Bauchau, Olivier A., and Shilei Han. "Advanced Plate Theory for Multibody Dynamics." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12415.

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In flexible multibody systems, many components are often approximated as plates. More often that not, classical plate theories, such as Kirchhoff or Reissner-Mindlin plate theory, form the basis of the analytical development for plate dynamics. The advantage of this approach is that it leads to a very simple kinematic representation of the problem: the plate’s normal material line is assumed to remain straight and its displacement field is fully defined by three displacement and two rotation components. While such approach is capable of capturing the kinetic energy of the system accurately, it cannot represent the strain energy adequately. For instance, it is well known from three-dimensional elasticity theory that the normal material line will warp under load for laminated composite plates, leading to a three-dimensional deformation state that generates a complex stress state. To overcome this problem, several high-order and refined plate theory were proposed. While these approaches work well for some cases, they typically lead to inefficient formulation because they introduce numerous additional variables. This paper presents a different approach to the problem, which is based on a finite element discretization of the normal material line, and relies of the Hamiltonian formalism of obtain solutions of the governing equations. Polynomial solutions, also known as central solutions, are obtained that propagate over the entire span of the plate.
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Candelas, P. "Yukawa Couplings Between (2,1)–Forms." In Proceedings of the Conference on Mathematical Aspects of String Theory. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812798411_0025.

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Gandhi, Tejas, Piyush Kurur, and Rajat Mittal. "Stabilizer codes from modified symplectic forms." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849639.

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Reports on the topic "Plato's theory of Forms"

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Donigan, Jade. Platonic Forms and Unicorns: Plato's Philosophy in Peter S. Beagle's The Last Unicorn. Portland State University Library, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.95.

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Heckman, James, Anne Layne-Farrar, and Petra Todd. The Schooling Quality-Earnings Relationship: Using Economic Theory to Interpret Functional Forms Consistent with the Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5288.

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Liu, Xiang-Yang, Christopher D. Taylor, Eunja Kim, George Scott Goff, and David Gary Kolman. Corrosion mechanisms for metal alloy waste forms: experiment and theory Level 4 Milestone M4FT-14LA0804024 Fuel Cycle Research & Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1148938.

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Hoinkes, Ulrich. Indexicality and Enregisterment as Theoretical Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Analysis of Romance Languages. Universitatsbibliothek Kiel, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21941/hoinkesindexenregromlang.

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Social indexicality and enregisterment are basic notions of a theoretical model elaborated in the United States, the aim of which is to describe the relationship between the use of language variation and patterns of social behavior at the level of formal classification. This analytical approach is characterized by focusing on the interrelation of social performance and language awareness. In my contribution, I want to show how this modern methodology can give new impetus to the study of today’s problem areas in Europe, such as migration and language or urban life and language use. In particular, I am interested in the case of Catalan, which has been studied for some time by proponents of the North American enregisterment theory. This leads me to indicate that explicit forms of social conduct, such as language shift or the emblematic use of linguistic forms, can be interpreted with regard to the social indexicality of Catalan. I thus analyze them in a way which shows that authenticity and integration in Catalan society can be achieved to a considerable extent by practicing forms of linguistic enregisterment.
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5

Schutt, Timothy C., and Manoj K. Shukla. Computational Investigation on Interactions Between Some Munitions Compounds and Humic Substances. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39703.

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Humic acid substances (HAs) in natural soil and sediment environments effect the retention and degradation of insensitive munitions compounds and legacy high explosives (MCs): DNAN, DNi- NH4+, nMNA, NQ, NTO (neutral and anionic forms), TNT, and RDX.A humic acid model compound has been considered using molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration, and density functional theory to characterize the munition binding ability, ionization potential, and electron affinity compared to that in the water solution. Humic acids bind most compounds and act as both a sink and source for electrons. Ionization potentials suggest HAs are more susceptible to oxidation than the MCs studied. The electron affinity of HAs are very conformation-dependent and spans the same range as the munition compounds. When HAs and MCs are complexed the HAs tend to radicalize first thus buffering MCs against reductive as well as oxidative attacks.
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6

Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.

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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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