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Journal articles on the topic 'Platyrrhines primates'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Woods, Roseina, Samuel T. Turvey, Selina Brace, Ross D. E. MacPhee, and Ian Barnes. "Ancient DNA of the extinct Jamaican monkey Xenothrix reveals extreme insular change within a morphologically conservative radiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 50 (2018): 12769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808603115.

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The insular Caribbean until recently contained a diverse mammal fauna including four endemic platyrrhine primate species, all of which died out during the Holocene. Previous morphological studies have attempted to establish how these primates are related to fossil and extant platyrrhines, whether they represent ancient or recent colonists, and whether they constitute a monophyletic group. These efforts have generated multiple conflicting hypotheses, from close sister-taxon relationships with several different extant platyrrhines to derivation from a stem platyrrhine lineage outside the extant Neotropical radiation. This diversity of opinion reflects the fact that Caribbean primates were morphologically extremely unusual, displaying numerous autapomorphies and apparently derived conditions present across different platyrrhine clades. Here we report ancient DNA data for an extinct Caribbean primate: a limited-coverage entire mitochondrial genome and seven regions of nuclear genome for the most morphologically derived taxon, the Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori. We demonstrate that Xenothrix is part of the existing platyrrhine radiation rather than a late-surviving stem platyrrhine, despite its unusual adaptations, and falls within the species-rich but morphologically conservative titi monkey clade (Callicebinae) as sister to the newly recognized genus Cheracebus. These results are not congruent with previous morphology-based hypotheses and suggest that even morphologically conservative lineages can exhibit phenetic plasticity in novel environments like those found on islands. Xenothrix and Cheracebus diverged ca. 11 Ma, but primates have been present in the Caribbean since 17.5–18.5 Ma, indicating that Caribbean primate diversity was generated by multiple over-water colonizations.
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2

Allen, Kari L., and Richard F. Kay. "Dietary quality and encephalization in platyrrhine primates." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (2011): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1311.

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The high energetic costs of building and maintaining large brains are thought to constrain encephalization. The ‘expensive-tissue hypothesis’ (ETH) proposes that primates (especially humans) overcame this constraint through reduction of another metabolically expensive tissue, the gastrointestinal tract. Small guts characterize animals specializing on easily digestible diets. Thus, the hypothesis may be tested via the relationship between brain size and diet quality. Platyrrhine primates present an interesting test case, as they are more variably encephalized than other extant primate clades (excluding Hominoidea). We find a high degree of phylogenetic signal in the data for diet quality, endocranial volume and body size. Controlling for phylogenetic effects, we find no significant correlation between relative diet quality and relative endocranial volume. Thus, diet quality fails to account for differences in platyrrhine encephalization. One taxon, in particular, Brachyteles , violates predictions made by ETH in having a large brain and low-quality diet. Dietary reconstructions of stem platyrrhines further indicate that a relatively high-quality diet was probably in place prior to increases in encephalization. Therefore, it is unlikely that a shift in diet quality was a primary constraint release for encephalization in platyrrhines and, by extrapolation, humans.
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Regan, B. C., C. Julliot, B. Simmen, F. Viénot, P. Charles–Dominique, and J. D. Mollon. "Fruits, foliage and the evolution of primate colour vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1407 (2001): 229–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0773.

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Primates are apparently unique amongst the mammals in possessing trichromatic colour vision. However, not all primates are trichromatic. Amongst the haplorhine (higher) primates, the catarrhines possess uniformly trichromatic colour vision, whereas most of the platyrrhine species exhibit polymorphic colour vision, with a variety of dichromatic and trichromatic phenotypes within the population. It has been suggested that trichromacy in primates and the reflectance functions of certain tropical fruits are aspects of a coevolved seed–dispersal system: primate colour vision has been shaped by the need to find coloured fruits amongst foliage, and the fruits themselves have evolved to be salient to primates and so secure dissemination of their seeds. We review the evidence for and against this hypothesis and we report an empirical test: we show that the spectral positioning of the cone pigments found in trichromatic South American primates is well matched to the task of detecting fruits against a background of leaves. We further report that particular trichromatic platyrrhine phenotypes may be better suited than others to foraging for particular fruits under particular conditions of illumination; and we discuss possible explanations for the maintenance of polymorphic colour vision amongst the platyrrhines.
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4

Mano, Nanami, Brody Wood, Lanre Oladipupo, et al. "The chondrocranial key: Fetal and perinatal morphogenesis of the sphenoid bone in primates." Vertebrate Zoology 71 (August 16, 2021): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e65934.

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The sphenoid bone articulates with multiple basicranial, facial, and calvarial bones, and in humans its synchondroses are known to contribute to elongation of the skull base and possibly to cranial base angulation. Its early development (embryological, early fetal) has frequently been studied in a comparative context. However, the perinatal events in morphogenesis of the sphenoid have been explored in very few primates. Using a cross-sectional age sample of non-human primates (n=39; 22 platyrrhines; 17 strepsirrhines), we used microcomputed tomographic (µCT) and histological methods to track age changes in the sphenoid bone. In the midline, the sphenoid expands its dimensions at three growth centers, including the sphenooccipital, intrasphenoidal (ISS) and presphenoseptal (PSept) synchondroses. Bilaterally, the alisphenoid is enlarged via appositional bone growth that radiates outward from cartilaginous parts of the alisphenoid during midfetal stages. The alisphenoid remains connected to the basitrabecular process of the basisphenoid via the alibasisphenoidal synchondrosis (ABS). Reactivity to proliferating cell-nuclear antigen is observed in all synchondroses, indicating active growth perinatally. Between mid-fetal and birth ages in Saguinus geoffroyi, all synchondroses decrease in the breadth of proliferating columns of chondrocytes. In most primates, the ABS is greatly diminished by birth, and is likely the earliest to fuse, although at least some cartilage may remain by at least one-month of age. Unlike humans, no non-human primate in our sample exhibits perinatal fusion of ISS. A dichotomy among primates is the orientation of the ABS, which is more rostrally directed in platyrrhines. Based on fetal Saguinus geoffroyi specimens, the ABS was initially oriented within a horizontal plane, and redirects inferiorly during late fetal and perinatal stages. These changes occur in tandem with forward orientation of the orbits in platyrrhines, combined with downward growth of the midface. Thus, we postulate that active growth centers direct the orientation of the midface and orbit before birth.
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5

Gifalli-Iughetti, Cristiani, and Célia P. Koiffmann. "Synteny of human chromosomes 14 and 15 in the platyrrhines (Primates, Platyrrhini)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 32, no. 4 (2009): 786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572009005000069.

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6

Buckner, Janet C., Katharine M. Jack, Amanda D. Melin, et al. "Major histocompatibility complex class II DR and DQ evolution and variation in wild capuchin monkey species (Cebinae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0254604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254604.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important gene complex contributing to adaptive immunity. Studies of platyrrhine MHC have focused on identifying experimental models of immune system function in the equivalent Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). These genes have thus been explored primarily in captive platyrrhine individuals from research colonies. However, investigations of standing MHC variation and evolution in wild populations are essential to understanding its role in immunity, sociality and ecology. Capuchins are a promising model group exhibiting the greatest habitat diversity, widest diet breadth and arguably the most social complexity among platyrrhines, together likely resulting in varied immunological challenges. We use high-throughput sequencing to characterize polymorphism in four Class II DR and DQ exons for the first time in seven capuchin species. We find evidence for at least three copies for DQ genes and at least five for DRB, with possible additional unrecovered diversity. Our data also reveal common genotypes that are inherited across our most widely sampled population, Cebus imitator in Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. Notably, phylogenetic analyses reveal that platyrrhine DQA sequences form a monophyletic group to the exclusion of all Catarrhini sequences examined. This result is inconsistent with the trans-species hypothesis for MHC evolution across infraorders in Primates and provides further evidence for the independent origin of current MHC genetic diversity in Platyrrhini. Identical allele sharing across cebid species, and more rarely genera, however, does underscore the complexity of MHC gene evolution and the need for more comprehensive assessments of allelic diversity and genome structure.
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7

Jiménez-Arenas, Juan Manuel, Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros, Juan Carlos Aledo, and Paul Palmqvist. "On the Relationships of Postcanine Tooth Size with Dietary Quality and Brain Volume in Primates: Implications for Hominin Evolution." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/406507.

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Brain volume and cheek-tooth size have traditionally been considered as two traits that show opposite evolutionary trends during the evolution ofHomo. As a result, differences in encephalization and molarization among hominins tend to be interpreted in paleobiological grounds, because both traits were presumably linked to the dietary quality of extinct species. Here we show that there is an essential difference between the genusHomoand the living primate species, because postcanine tooth size and brain volume are related to negative allometry in primates and show an inverse relationship inHomo. However, when size effects are removed, the negative relationship between encephalization and molarization holds only for platyrrhines and the genusHomo. In addition, there is no general trend for the relationship between postcanine tooth size and dietary quality among the living primates. If size and phylogeny effects are both removed, this relationship vanishes in many taxonomic groups. As a result, the suggestion that the presence of well-developed postcanine teeth in extinct hominins should be indicative of a poor-quality diet cannot be generalized to all extant and extinct primates.
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8

Seaboch, Melissa S., and Sydney N. Cahoon. "Pet primates for sale in the United States." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0256552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256552.

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Our research goal was to investigate the primate pet trade in the United States. While dogs and cats are the most common type of pet, there are an estimated 15,000 pet primates in the United States and the demand for exotic pets in general has been rising. Most research on pet primates occurs in habitat countries and little is known about these pets in the United States. We collected data from six exotic pet-trade websites twice a month for 12 months. We recorded the type of primate for sale, sex, age, location, and price. We used Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit tests to compare whether the number of male and female pet primates for sale and the number of different age categories of pet primates for sale differed from equality and Spearman Correlation to examine associations between price and size and price and supply. We recorded 551 pet primates for sale between June 2019-June 2020, with 69.1% platyrrhines, 21.6% strepsirrhines, and 8.9% catarrhines. Marmosets were sold most often (36.7%, N = 202) followed by lemurs (21.6%, N = 119), capuchins (11.3%, N = 62), and squirrel monkeys (10.5%, N = 58). Almost two-thirds of the pet primates for sale were male (Chi-Square = 16.056, df = 1, P = 0. 00006) and 78.7% were under one year old (Chi-Square = 440.264, df = 2, P<0.00001). The median price was $3,800 though price was highly variable, even for the same taxa. There are several potential drivers for the primate pet trade, including media influence, fashion/status, and profitable breeding though these are not mutually exclusive. Primates do not make good pets and even when captive-bred, pet primates impact the conservation of their wild counterparts. Advertisement campaigns focusing on disease transmission and legal consequences and a federal ban on pet primate ownership are two avenues to pursue to end the ownership of pet primates in the United States.
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9

EVANOVICH, Eliane Santos, and Maria Lúcia HARADA. "Primate ABO Gene is under Weak Positive Selection." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 4, no. 2 (2012): 07–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb427487.

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ABO locus presents three main alleles: A, B and O. A and B encode glycosyltransferases that catalyze the addiction of an N-GalNac and D-galactose to a precursor substance (H substance), producing A and B antigens, while the O allele does not produce a functional protein. The presence of A and B antigens have been associated to resistance against infectious agents which could use them as attachment factors increasing the virulence of some parasitic agents. As these antigens are not restrict to humans, analyses them in others species, for instance non-human primates, may be crucial to understand the relationship between pathogens and ABO phenotypes. Despite of the relevance of this issue, in the last decade few studies have addressed, mainly in New World Monkeys (NWM), natural reservoir of tropical diseases in Amazon Region. In order to understand the evolution of the ABO system in the primates, it has been obtained the partial sequence of the most important exon of ABO gene (exon 7), in platyrrhini families: Atelidae, Pithecidae and Cebidae. Then, it has been compared the sequences obtained those present in the literature, and measured the selective pressure. The present results shown that residues 266 and 268 are also crucial to distinguish A and B phenotypes in the platyrrhines, such as in catarrhines, and the 266 codon is under positive selection, although the most site codons are under action of purifying selection.
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10

Stengel, Anna, Christian Roos, Gerhard Hunsmann, Wolfgang Seifarth, Christine Leib-Mösch, and Alex D. Greenwood. "Expression Profiles of Endogenous Retroviruses in Old World Monkeys." Journal of Virology 80, no. 9 (2006): 4415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.9.4415-4421.2006.

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ABSTRACT Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are a major component of the human genome and an active part of the transcriptome. Some HERVs play vital biological roles, while others potentially contribute to diseases. Many HERVs are relatively new in the primate genome, having entered or expanded after the lineages leading to the platyrrhines (New World monkeys) and catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes) separated. Most HERVs are active in at least some tissues, though tissue specificity is common for most elements. We analyzed multiple tissues from several Old World monkeys using retroviral pol-based DNA microarrays and quantitative PCR methods to determine their ERV expression profiles. The results demonstrate that while many ERVs are active in nonhuman primates, overall the tissue expression specificity is unique to each species. Most striking is that while the majority of HERVs analyzed in this study are expressed in human brain, almost none are expressed in Old World monkey brains or are only weakly expressed.
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11

Ryan, Timothy M., Mary T. Silcox, Alan Walker, et al. "Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (2012): 3467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0939.

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Our understanding of locomotor evolution in anthropoid primates has been limited to those taxa for which good postcranial fossil material and appropriate modern analogues are available. We report the results of an analysis of semicircular canal size variation in 16 fossil anthropoid species dating from the Late Eocene to the Late Miocene, and use these data to reconstruct evolutionary changes in locomotor adaptations in anthropoid primates over the last 35 Ma. Phylogenetically informed regression analyses of semicircular canal size reveal three important aspects of anthropoid locomotor evolution: (i) the earliest anthropoid primates engaged in relatively slow locomotor behaviours, suggesting that this was the basal anthropoid pattern; (ii) platyrrhines from the Miocene of South America were relatively agile compared with earlier anthropoids; and (iii) while the last common ancestor of cercopithecoids and hominoids likely was relatively slow like earlier stem catarrhines, the results suggest that the basal crown catarrhine may have been a relatively agile animal. The latter scenario would indicate that hominoids of the later Miocene secondarily derived their relatively slow locomotor repertoires.
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12

Dobson, Seth D., and Chet C. Sherwood. "Correlated evolution of brain regions involved in producing and processing facial expressions in anthropoid primates." Biology Letters 7, no. 1 (2010): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0427.

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Anthropoid primates are distinguished from other mammals by having relatively large primary visual cortices (V1) and complex facial expressions. We present a comparative test of the hypothesis that facial expression processing coevolved with the expansion of V1 in anthropoids. Previously published data were analysed using phylogenetic comparative methods. The results of our study suggest a pattern of correlated evolution linking social group size, facial motor control and cortical visual processing in catarrhines, but not platyrrhines. Catarrhines that live in relatively large social groups tended to have relatively large facial motor nuclei, and relatively large primary visual cortices. We conclude that catarrhine brains are adapted for producing and processing complex facial displays.
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Antcheva, Nikolinka, Michele Boniotto, Igor Zelezetsky та ін. "Effects of Positively Selected Sequence Variations in Human and Macaca fascicularis β-Defensins 2 on Antimicrobial Activity". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, № 2 (2004): 685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.2.685-688.2004.

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ABSTRACT The evolution of orthologous genes coding for β-defensin 2 (BD2) in primates has been subject to positive selection during the divergence of the platyrrhines from the catarrhines and of the Cercopithecidae from the Hylobatidae, great apes, and humans. Three peptides have been selected for a functional analysis of the effects of sequence variations on the direct antimicrobial activity: human BD2 (hBD2), Macaca fascicularis BD2 (mfaBD2), and a variant of the human peptide lacking Asp4, (−D)hBD2, which is characteristic only of the human/great ape peptides. hBD2 and mfaBD2 showed a significant difference in specificity, the former being more active towards Escherichia coli and the later towards Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Asp4 in the human peptide appears to be important, as (−D)hBD2 was less structured and had a markedly lower antimicrobial activity. The evolution of β-defensin 2 in primates may thus have been driven, at least in part, by different environmental pressures so as to modulate antimicrobial activity.
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Caro, Tim, Kasey Brockelsby, Annie Ferrari, et al. "The evolution of primate coloration revisited." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 4 (2021): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab029.

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Abstract Primates are noted for their varied and complex pelage and bare skin coloration but the significance of this diverse coloration remains opaque. Using new updated information, novel scoring of coat and skin coloration, and controlling for shared ancestry, we reexamined and extended findings from previous studies across the whole order and the five major clades within it. Across primates, we found (i) direct and indirect evidence for pelage coloration being driven by protective coloration strategies including background matching, countershading, disruptive coloration, and aposematism, (ii) diurnal primates being more colorful, and (iii) the possibility that pelage color diversity is negatively associated with female trichromatic vision; while (iv) reaffirming avoidance of hybridization driving head coloration in males, (v) darker species living in warm, humid conditions (Gloger’s rule), and (vi) advertising to multiple mating partners favoring red genitalia in females. Nonetheless, the importance of these drivers varies greatly across clades. In strepsirrhines and cercopithecoids, countershading is important; greater color diversity may be important for conspecific signaling in more diurnal and social strepsirrhines; lack of female color vision may be associated with colorful strepsirrhines and platyrrhines; whereas cercopithecoids obey Gloger’s rule. Haplorrhines show background matching, aposematism, character displacement, and red female genitalia where several mating partners are available. Our findings emphasize several evolutionary drivers of coloration in this extraordinarily colorful order. Throughout, we used coarse but rigorous measures of coloration, and our ability to replicate findings from earlier studies opens up opportunities for classifying coloration of large numbers of species at a macroevolutionary scale.
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15

Maiolino, Stephanie, Doug M. Boyer, and Alfred Rosenberger. "Morphological Correlates of the Grooming Claw in Distal Phalanges of Platyrrhines and Other Primates: A Preliminary Study." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 294, no. 12 (2011): 1975–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21498.

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16

Novo, Nelson M., Marcelo F. Tejedor, and Laureano R. González Ruiz. "Previously unknown fossil platyrrhines (Primates) of Patagonia from the Tournouër collection at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris." Geodiversitas 40, no. 4 (2018): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a22.

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Hannibal, Wellington, Polla Renon, Valquiria Vilalba Figueiredo, Roniel Freitas Oliveira, Antonio Eduardo Moreno, and Romari Alejandra Martinez. "Trends and biases in scientific literature about marmosets, genus Callithrix (Primates, Callitrichidae): biodiversity and conservation perspectives." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14, no. 4 (2019): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e49077.

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Marmosets of the genus Callithrix are small-bodied platyrrhines, endemic to Brazil. In the last 30 years, there has been a constant interest in studying their biology, ecology and conservation. In this study, we compiled a systematic review to evaluate the trends and advances of marmoset research, from biodiversity and conservation perspectives. We searched for articles published in peer-reviewed journals within the main academic search engines, using the keywords “marmoset” OR “sagui” OR “Callithrix”. We found 68 published articles with a focus on biodiversity and conservation. The number of articles has increased over the years, most of them consisting of research from the Atlantic Forest biome. Callithrix penicillata (26 articles) and C. jacchus (21) were the most studied species. The number of studies was associated with the species’ geographical distribution. From a conservation perspective, the most threatened species showed the narrowest geographical distribution, a lower number of studies and, on average, a smaller protected area size. We concluded that trends and biases in biodiversity and conservation scientific literature of Callithrix are directly and indirectly associated with its geographical distribution. Species with wide geographical distribution are more studied, better known and protected. We highlight that the major effort of studies must be towards marmoset populations from the transition region of the Atlantic Forest-Cerrado and Caatinga biomes, and on threatened species within narrow geographical ranges.
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18

Ni, Xijun, John J. Flynn, André R. Wyss, and Chi Zhang. "Cranial endocast of a stem platyrrhine primate and ancestral brain conditions in anthropoids." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (2019): eaav7913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7913.

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Understanding of ancestral conditions for anthropoids has been hampered by the paucity of well-preserved early fossils. Here, we provide an unprecedented view of the cerebral morphology of the 20-million-year-oldChilecebus carrascoensis, the best-preserved early diverging platyrrhine known, obtained via high-resolution CT scanning and 3D digital reconstruction. These analyses are crucial for reconstructing ancestral brain conditions in platyrrhines and anthropoids given the early diverging position ofChilecebus.Although small, the brain ofChilecebusis not lissencephalic and presents at least seven pairs of sulci on its endocast. Comparisons ofChilecebusand other basal anthropoids indicate that the major brain subdivisions of these early anthropoids exhibit no consistent scaling pattern relative to the overall brain size. Many gross cerebral features appear to have transformed in a mosaic fashion and probably have originated in platyrrhine and catarrhine anthropoids independently, involving multiple, independent instances of size increase, as well as some secondary decreases.
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Ferrari, Stephen F., and Karen B. Strier. "Exploitation of Mabea fistulifera nectar by marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) and muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) in south-east Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 3 (1992): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006428.

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ABSTRACTThe present study reports on the exploitation of the nectar of Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae) by two platyrrhine primate species (Brachyteles arachnoides and Callithrix flaviceps) in the Atlantic Forest of south-east Brazil. Nectar-feeding by both primates was observed between late April and May, during which a peak in the floristic activity of M. fistulifera was recorded, in terms of both the number of trees flowering and the number of flowers available on each tree. Phenological records indicate, by contrast, that edible fruit was relatively scarce during this period, the early dry season at the study site. On the days when nectar was consumed, it accounted for 25% of records of plant feeding for B. arachnoides and 29% for C. flaviceps, although the former species was observed nectar feeding over a much longer period. The evidence indicates that M. fistulifera is a valuable, but not essential resource for both primates at a time of year when edible fruit is relatively difficult to obtain. M. fistulifera, in turn, can be seen as an opportunistic plant whose floral characteristics permit pollination by a wide range of volant and non-volant vertebrates, including primates.
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20

Sansalone, G., K. Allen, J. A. Ledogar, et al. "Variation in the strength of allometry drives rates of evolution in primate brain shape." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1930 (2020): 20200807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0807.

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Large brains are a defining feature of primates, as is a clear allometric trend between body mass and brain size. However, important questions on the macroevolution of brain shape in primates remain unanswered. Here we address two: (i), does the relationship between the brain size and its shape follow allometric trends and (ii), is this relationship consistent over evolutionary time? We employ three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to answer these questions, based on a large sample representing 151 species and most primate families. We found two distinct trends regarding the relationship between brain shape and brain size. Hominoidea and Cercopithecinae showed significant evolutionary allometry, whereas no allometric trends were discernible for Strepsirrhini, Colobinae or Platyrrhini. Furthermore, we found that in the taxa characterized by significant allometry, brain shape evolution accelerated, whereas for taxa in which such allometry was absent, the evolution of brain shape decelerated. We conclude that although primates in general are typically described as large-brained, strong allometric effects on brain shape are largely confined to the order's representatives that display more complex behavioural repertoires.
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Nova Delgado, Mónica, Jordi Galbany, and Alejandro Pérez-Pérez. "Molar shape variability in platyrrhine primates." Journal of Human Evolution 99 (October 2016): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.006.

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22

Sears, Karen E., John A. Finarelli, John J. Flynn, and André r. Wyss. "Estimating body mass in New World “monkeys” (Platyrrhini, Primates), with a consideration of the Miocene platyrrhine, Chilecebus carrascoensis." American Museum Novitates 3617, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/627.1.

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23

Goldani, A., G. S. Carvalho, and J. C. Bicca-Marques. "Distribution patterns of Neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) based on Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1a (2006): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000100009.

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The Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) is a method of historical biogeography that is used for detecting and connecting areas of endemism. Based on data on the distribution of Neotropical primates, we constructed matrices using quadrats, interfluvial regions and pre-determinated areas of endemism described for avians as Operative Geographic Units (OGUs). We codified the absence of a species from an OGU as 0 (zero) and its presence as 1 (one). A hypothetical area with a complete absence of primate species was used as outgroup to root the trees. All three analyses resulted in similar groupings of areas of endemism, which match the distribution of biomes in the Neotropical region. One area includes Central America and the extreme Northwest of South America, other the Amazon basin, and another the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco.
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24

Preuss, Todd M. "Critique of Pure Marmoset." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 93, no. 2-3 (2019): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500500.

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The common marmoset, a New World (platyrrhine) monkey, is currently being fast-tracked as a non-human primate model species, especially for genetic modification but also as a general-purpose model for research on the brain and behavior bearing on the human condition. Compared to the currently dominant primate model, the catarrhine macaque monkey, marmosets are notable for certain evolutionary specializations, including their propensity for twin births, their very small size (a result of phyletic dwarfism), and features related to their small size (rapid development and relatively short lifespan), which result in these animals yielding experimental results more rapidly and at lower cost. Macaques, however, have their own advantages. Importantly, macaques are more closely related to humans (which are also catarrhine primates) than are marmosets, sharing approximately 20 million more years of common descent, and are demonstrably more similar to humans in a variety of genomic, molecular, and neurobiological characteristics. Furthermore, the very specializations of marmosets that make them attractive as experimental subjects, such as their rapid development and short lifespan, are ways in which marmosets differ from humans and in which macaques more closely resemble humans. These facts warrant careful consideration of the trade-offs between convenience and cost, on the one hand, and biological realism, on the other, in choosing between non-human primate models of human biology. Notwithstanding the advantages marmosets offer as models, prudence requires continued commitment to research on macaques and other primate species.
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Ungar, Peter S., Carrie Healy, Aleksis Karme, Mark Teaford, and Mikael Fortelius. "Dental topography and diets of platyrrhine primates." Historical Biology 30, no. 1-2 (2016): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2016.1255737.

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26

Anapol, Fred, and Sarah Lee. "Morphological adaptation to diet in platyrrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94, no. 2 (1994): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330940208.

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27

Martins Moreira Angelo, Miguel. "SRY Evolution in Cebidae (Platyrrhini: Primates)." Journal of Molecular Evolution 55, no. 1 (2002): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00239-001-2308-7.

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28

Plavcan, J. Michael, and Richard F. Kay. "Sexual dimorphism and dental variability in platyrrhine primates." International Journal of Primatology 9, no. 3 (1988): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02737399.

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29

Casado, F., C. R. Bonvicino, and H. N. Seuanez. "Phylogeographic Analyses of Callicebus lugens (Platyrrhini, Primates)." Journal of Heredity 98, no. 1 (2006): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl054.

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30

Canavez, Flávio C., John J. Ladasky, José A. P. C. Muniz, Héctor N. Seuánez та P. Parham. "β 2 -microglobulin in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini)". Immunogenetics 48, № 2 (1998): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050413.

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31

Alves, Gilda, H�ctor N. Seu�nez, and Thomas Fanning. "Alpha satellite DNA in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini)." Chromosoma 103, no. 4 (1994): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00352250.

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Alves, Gilda, H�ctor N. Seu�nez, and Thomas Fanning. "Alpha satellite DNA in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini)." Chromosoma 103, no. 4 (1994): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050032.

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33

Ray, David A., Jinchuan Xing, Dale J. Hedges, et al. "Alu insertion loci and platyrrhine primate phylogeny." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35, no. 1 (2005): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.023.

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34

Tagliaro, Claudia Helena, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider, Horacio Schneider, Iracilda Sampaio, and Michael Stanhope. "Molecular studies of Callithrix pygmaea (Primates, Platyrrhini) based on transferrin intronic and ND1 regions: implications for taxonomy and conservation." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 4 (2000): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000400006.

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Traditional classifications of Platyrrhini monkeys, based mainly on morphological features, are being contested by recent molecular data. The subfamily Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini, Primates) consists of a diverse group of species, many of them considered endangered. Our analysis of two DNA regions, a mtDNA gene (ND1) and a nuclear gene (intronic regions of the transferrin gene), suggests that Callithrix pygmaea may have sufficient variability to justify the existence of subspecies or even separate species. Phylogenetic dendrograms based on the ND1 region show that this species is more closely related to Amazonian than to Atlantic forest marmosets. These results reopen the discussion about diversity and conservation programs based exclusively on traditional classifications.
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35

Rosenberger, Alfred L., Siobhán B. Cooke, Renato Rímoli, Xijun Ni, and Luis Cardoso. "First skull of Antillothrix bernensis , an extinct relict monkey from the Dominican Republic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1702 (2010): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1249.

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The nearly pristine remains of Antillothrix bernensis , a capuchin-sized ( Cebus ) extinct platyrrhine from the Dominican Republic, have been found submerged in an underwater cave. This represents the first specimen of an extinct Caribbean primate with diagnostic craniodental and skeletal parts in association, only the second example of a skull from the region, and one of the most complete specimens of a fossil platyrrhine cranium yet discovered. Cranially, it closely resembles living cebines but is more conservative. Dentally, it is less bunodont and more primitive than Cebus , with crowns resembling Saimiri (squirrel monkeys) and one of the oldest definitive cebines, the late Early Miocene Killikaike blakei from Argentina. The tricuspid second molar also resembles the enigmatic marmosets and tamarins, whose origins continue to present a major gap in knowledge of primate evolution. While the femur is oddly short and stout, the ulna, though more robust, compares well with Cebus . As a member of the cebid clade, Antillothrix demonstrates that insular Caribbean monkeys are not monophyletically related and may not be the product of a single colonizing event. Antillothrix bernensis is an intriguing mosaic whose primitive characters are consistent with an early origin, possibly antedating the assembly of the modern primate fauna in greater Amazonia during the La Venta horizon. While most Greater Antillean primate specimens are quite young geologically, this vanished radiation, known from Cuba ( Paralouatta ) and Jamaica ( Xenothrix ) as well as Hispaniola, appears to be composed of long-lived lineages like several other mainland clades.
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36

Nagamachi, Cleusa Y., Luis R. R. Rodrigues, Pedro M. Galetti, et al. "Cytogenetic studies in Callicebus personatus nigrifrons (Platyrrhini, Primates)." Caryologia 56, no. 1 (2003): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2003.10589306.

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37

Alves, Gilda, Flavio Canavez, H�ctor Seu�nez, and Thomas Fanning. "Recently amplified satellite DNA inCallithrix argentata (Primates, Platyrrhini)." Chromosome Research 3, no. 4 (1995): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00713044.

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38

Delgado, Mónica Nova, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, and Jordi Galbany. "Morphological variation and covariation in mandibular molars of platyrrhine primates." Journal of Morphology 280, no. 1 (2018): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20907.

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39

St. Clair, Elizabeth M., and Doug M. Boyer. "Lower molar shape and size in prosimian and platyrrhine primates." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 161, no. 2 (2016): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23021.

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40

Arroyo, José Ignacio, and Mariana F. Nery. "Gene fusion of heterophyletic gamma-globin genes in platyrrhine primates." Journal of Genetics 97, no. 5 (2018): 1473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12041-018-1039-0.

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41

Aristide, Leandro, Sergio F. dos Reis, Alessandra C. Machado, Inaya Lima, Ricardo T. Lopes, and S. Ivan Perez. "Encephalization and diversification of the cranial base in platyrrhine primates." Journal of Human Evolution 81 (April 2015): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.003.

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42

Fereydouni, B., C. Drummer, N. Aeckerle, S. Schlatt, and R. Behr. "The neonatal marmoset monkey ovary is very primitive exhibiting many oogonia." REPRODUCTION 148, no. 2 (2014): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0068.

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Oogonia are characterized by diploidy and mitotic proliferation. Human and mouse oogonia express several factors such as OCT4, which are characteristic of pluripotent cells. In human, almost all oogonia enter meiosis between weeks 9 and 22 of prenatal development or undergo mitotic arrest and subsequent elimination from the ovary. As a consequence, neonatal human ovaries generally lack oogonia. The same was found in neonatal ovaries of the rhesus monkey, a representative of the old world monkeys (Catarrhini). By contrast, proliferating oogonia were found in adult prosimians (now called Strepsirrhini), which is a group of ‘lower’ primates. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the new world monkeys (Platyrrhini) and is increasingly used in reproductive biology and stem cell research. However, ovarian development in the marmoset monkey has not been widely investigated. Herein, we show that the neonatal marmoset ovary has an extremely immature histological appearance compared with the human ovary. It contains numerous oogonia expressing the pluripotency factors OCT4A, SALL4, and LIN28A (LIN28). The pluripotency factor-positive germ cells also express the proliferation marker MKI67 (Ki-67), which has previously been shown in the human ovary to be restricted to premeiotic germ cells. Together, the data demonstrate the primitiveness of the neonatal marmoset ovary compared with human. This study may introduce the marmoset monkey as a non-human primate model to experimentally study the aspects of primate primitive gonad development, follicle assembly, and germ cell biology in vivo.
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43

Antoine, Pierre-Olivier, Laurent Marivaux, Darin A. Croft, et al. "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (2011): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1732.

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The long-term isolation of South America during most of the Cenozoic produced a highly peculiar terrestrial vertebrate biota, with a wide array of mammal groups, among which caviomorph rodents and platyrrhine primates are Mid-Cenozoic immigrants. In the absence of indisputable pre-Oligocene South American rodents or primates, the mode, timing and biogeography of these extraordinary dispersals remained debated. Here, we describe South America's oldest known rodents, based on a new diverse caviomorph assemblage from the late Middle Eocene (approx. 41 Ma) of Peru, including five small rodents with three stem caviomorphs. Instead of being tied to the Eocene/Oligocene global cooling and drying episode (approx. 34 Ma), as previously considered, the arrival of caviomorphs and their initial radiation in South America probably occurred under much warmer and wetter conditions, around the Mid-Eocene Climatic Optimum. Our phylogenetic results reaffirm the African origin of South American rodents and support a trans-Atlantic dispersal of these mammals during Middle Eocene times. This discovery further extends the gap (approx. 15 Myr) between first appearances of rodents and primates in South America.
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44

Vassart, M., A. Guedant, J. C. Vle, J. Keravec, A. Seguela, and V. T. Volobouev. "Chromosomes of Alouatta seniculus (Platyrrhini, Primates) From French Guina." Journal of Heredity 87, no. 4 (1996): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023008.

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45

Nagamachi, Cleusa Y., Julio C. Pieczarka, Marco Schwarz, Regina M. S. Barros, and Margarete S. Mattevi. "Chromosomal similarities and differences between tamarins,LeontopithecusandSaguinus (Platyrrhini, Primates)." American Journal of Primatology 43, no. 3 (1997): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)43:3<265::aid-ajp6>3.0.co;2-v.

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46

Schneider, H., M. P. C. Schneider, I. Sampaio, et al. "Molecular Phylogeny of the New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2, no. 3 (1993): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1993.1022.

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47

Brack, M. "IgM-Nephropathie (-Nephritis) bei Krallenaffen (Primates, Anthropoidea, Platyrrhini, Callitrichidae)." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 37, no. 1-10 (1990): 692–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00963.x.

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48

Araripe, Juliana, Claudia H. Tagliaro, Péricles S. Rêgo, Iracilda Sampaio, Stephen F. Ferrari, and Horacio Schneider. "Molecular phylogenetics of large-bodied tamarins,Saguinusspp. (Primates, Platyrrhini)." Zoologica Scripta 37, no. 5 (2008): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00343.x.

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49

Moreira, Miguel Angelo Martins, and Héctor N. Seuánez. "Mitochondrial pseudogenes and phyletic relationships ofCebuella andCallithrix (Platyrrhini, primates)." Primates 40, no. 2 (1999): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02557558.

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50

Ni, Xijun, John J. Flynn, and André R. Wyss. "The bony labyrinth of the early platyrrhine primate Chilecebus." Journal of Human Evolution 59, no. 6 (2010): 595–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.008.

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