Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Play Ball'

This study uncovers how and to what extent UK sports commentaries vary in terms of speech variations and other sociolinguistic factors, such as social class and gender, in relation to the social status with which different sports are associated. It also analyses how the use of jargon, slang, colloquial forms of English, and other linguistic features are incorporated in the commentaries of the sports and how it affects the information expressed by the commentators. In order to do this, theories and scholarly work on variations in speech, phonological and sociolinguistic features will be applied to examples of recorded commentaries made during matches in five popular televised sports, namely football, cricket, rugby union, netball, and tennis. The primary data will consist of two-minute transcriptions made from matches from each sport. The study finds that there are speech variations in the commentators’ ways and that they relate, to some extent, to the social class associated with the sport which the commentators are commenting on. The variations also depend on the commentator’s role in the broadcast, whether or not they feature as the general commentator or as an expert in the particular sport. It also reveals how commentators rely on the use of jargon, slang and, colloquialisms to make the communication to the spectators/listeners efficient and entertaining.

The recent intellectual movement away from universalism towards particularism can be witnessed in most divisions of social philosophical thought. Such a paradigmatic shift has radically transformed a number of theories including feminist ethics. In contrast, however, philosophical analyses of fairness in sport have retained allegiance to universalist accounts in that conceptions of fair play remain enshrined in formalist accounts of the nature of rules and laws that govern sporting games. In this thesis, it is argued that universalist accounts of fair play in sport are incomplete in so far as they fail to consider that what constitutes fairness in sport is more than just the interpretation of formal rule structures. The richer analysis of fair play in sport offered here highlights the importance of individual experiences and the structures that shape those experiences. The ethical investigation is compatible with certain feminist ethical commitments. In order to evaluate whether a given sporting ethos is ethical, the thesis is committed methodologically to a mixed model approach. The aim is to find out the beliefs, values and ideologies of the people involved. Hence, a context-respectful methodology collecting and utilising thick descriptions is employed. It is argued that an ethical ethos has no room for intentional rule violation. For a given ethos to be ethical its game must be practised in a certain way with a certain attitude. The evaluation in this thesis concludes that the ethos of English elite women's cricket is unethical. It is hoped that a potential outcome of the thesis will be a different understanding of fair play that may shape new forms of ethical enquiry and challenge existing methodologies. Argument: (1) In sport philosophical literature fair play has been characteristically understood in one way: the formalist account of the nature of rules and laws. (2) While it is true that one can not talk about fair play without reference to the rules and laws of an activity, this account is incomplete since it fails to consider ethos. (3) Part of what an ethos means derives from the beliefs, values and ideologies of players themselves who have constructed agreements as to how the game ought to be enacted. (4) To understand fair play in elite women's cricket, therefore, one must understand the rules and laws but also, crucially, its ethos.

In sports, one might wish to test new ideas regarding player movement, tactics, or strategy without subjecting the athletes to possibly wasteful or even harmful habit formations. If a method of simulation of the athlete can be devised, experiments might reasonably be conducted to evaluate the ideas independently of actual training or trial in the field. Simulation of a complex system generally begins with a long period of analysis. During this time there may be mathematical and programming explorations and constructions to sharpen and examine different approaches. Meetings are usually held by the participants to try to define the task and explore alternatives. Ideas are amplified, possibly discarded as not feasible, or incorporated into the system package. Gradually there evolves a tighter and more acceptable formulation using logical and mathematical expressions (Preface, p. vii)

The purpose of this dissertation study was to explore how traditional gender norms influence the daily experiences of female student-athletes. The following research question framed this study: How do collegiate female basketball players experience traditional gender norm expectations in relation to their sport? A combination of sources focused on gender norms and athletics informed this study, including previous research, mass media publications and documentaries, and the researcher's individual experiences with gender norms in organized athletics. To explore the research question, six National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (D-I) female basketball players were interviewed to provide phenomenological data focused on their individual experiences with gender norms in college basketball. Semi-structured interviews utilizing a feminist phenomenological qualitative design were completed via Skype™. A phenomenological approach was employed to focus on the meaning of events experienced by people in specific situations. The feminist lens ensured that the study framed gender as a fluid concept consisting of multiple intersections. The six participants in the study represented five different teams from a major NCAA conference. Almost all of the participants in the study attended a different major research university in the Midwest (two participants attended the same institution). Three major themes surfaced from data provided by participants. These themes include: (1) the challenge of meeting traditional gender expectations (2) contrasting gender expectations in athletic and non-athletic settings (3) the changing dynamic of gender perceptions in women's basketball. These themes focus on participants' experience of contrasting gender expectations in different settings. In athletic settings participants described rarely thinking about gender dynamics or expectations. Off the court, however, players described a stronger perception of expectations for how they should look and behave. Players described experiencing regular questions and assumptions about their gender identity (i.e. female, male, trans*) and / or sexual orientation (i.e. bisexual, gay, heterosexual, queer) when wearing loose fitting basketball sweats during the day. While players rarely thought about conforming to a gender identity or role on the court, they did describe frustrations with an imbalance of media coverage between men's and women's athletics. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations for higher education practice include (1) providing training and educational opportunities for student-athletes, coaches, and administrators focused on gender socialization and subsequent perceptions of student-athletes (2) developing mentoring programs pairing new recruits with veteran players to help acclimate new student-athletes to the demands of the NCAA season, and to explore the impact of traditional gender norm expectations on student-athletes and (3) developing mass media or social media campaigns to help encourage positive recruiting practices in women's basketball and to discourage recruiters focusing on the gender identity or sexual orientation of players and coaches on other teams as a means of lowering interest in those programs.

L’analyse de la performance est un courant scientifique qui vise à identifier les facteurs qui mènent à la performance. L’analyse du jeu se fonde essentiellement sur l’observation d’indices qui ont vocation à expliquer la performance au cours d’un échange, d’un match ou d’une compétition. De notre point de vue, l’observation de la prestation d’une équipe ne saurait se faire sans prendre en considération celle de son adversaire. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous cherchons à observer la performance collective au regard de la gestion du rapport d’opposition. Dans cette logique, nous nous appuyons sur deux concepts centraux :- La répartition des états de rapport d’opposition- Les éléments du rapport de forceNotre travail a plusieurs objectifs. Le principal vise à discriminer une évolution du jeu au cours de trois compétitions internationales en observant la gestion des différents rapports d’opposition en suivant le modèle définis par Langlois (2018). D’un point de vue secondaire, nous tenterons de caractériser des styles de jeu propres aux différentes nations qui composent le Top 8 mondial lors de chaque compétition.Nous avons fait le choix d’observer trois compétitions internationales masculines regroupant les meilleures nations mondiales avec un intervalle de deux ans entre chaque afin de pouvoir identifier des évolutions entre les compétitions. Ainsi nous observons les championnats du Monde 2014 et 2018 ainsi que les Jeux Olympiques 2016. Afin d’identifier des différences entre les compétitions et entre les équipes, nous utilisons le test de Khi2 et nous observons les résidus ajustés afin d’identifier des différences notables.Nos résultats révèlent des évolutions notables du jeu dans les éléments de rapport de force mobilisés pour faire basculer le rapport d’opposition, bien que la répartition des états de rapport d’opposition n’évolue pas. Par ailleurs, nous démontrons des différences notables dans les moyens d’actions utilisés par les différentes équipes
Performance analysis is a topic which aims to identify factors of sports performance. Game analysis is based on observation of indicators which can explain performance during a specific point either in, a game, match, or competition. From our point of view, the observation of a team's performance shouldn’t be done without the observations of the performance of the opponents. In this research, we attempt to observe the performance through the opposition rapport. In this way, we build our work on two main concepts, (1) the opposition rapport, and (2) rapport of strength’s elementsThe primary aim was to discriminate the evolution during three competitions at the highest level by the observation of the opposition rapport following the model developed by Langlois (2018). The secondary aim was to characterize the style of play of the nations who compose the Top 8 of each competition.We chose to observe three men’s international competitions with two years between each competition to identify evolution between competitions. We will analyse the World Championship of 2014 and 2018 and the Olympic Games of 2016. To identify differences between competitions and teams, we used a chi-square test, with analysis of the adjusted residual.Our results show evolution in rapport of strength’s elements used despite no evolution in the opposition rapport. The results also demonstrate differences between teams in rapport of strength’s elements used

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Muncie's city center was the core of urban life. It was similar to many industrial cities of the late 1800s, where the central business district was the hub of activities. The urban fabric in Muncie has changed significantly over the years, making it a city with very little activity in the city center. Downtown revitalization has therefore been an important task for civic leaders in the city. There are various revitalization strategies that aid in city center revival. Some have been classified as incremental, while some as catalysts. The first approach seeks to revitalize a city center using programs that show results over a period of time. The second approach depends on the successful development of a large project like a shopping mall, convention center or a hotel that brings back life in the city center. The goal of this study is to prove the effectiveness of colleges and universities as catalysts in downtown revitalization. Researched material suggests that various communities across the United States are harnessing the resources and forming partnerships with their host universities in order to aid in downtown revitalization efforts. Traditionally, universities and colleges in the United States developed away from the city center, but physically shifting downtown has proven effective in reviving the deteriorating condition of economically deprived communities. The proposed Integration Plan is aimed at guiding as well as providing ideas to further enhance the downtown revitalization process in the City of Muncie.
Department of Urban Planning

En accord avec Eloi (2009), tous les spécialistes s'accordent à reconnaître le rôle prépondérant du passeur dans la performance d'une équipe de volley-ball. Il n'existe paradoxalement, que peu de travaux disponibles sur ce thème. Cette thèse a pour objet l'élaboration d'une modélisation de son activité décisionnelle au haut niveau, en situation de match. L'enjeu est de caractériser la complexité des décisions tactiques, en soulignant les relations dynamiques entre les aspects circonstanciés et les sources d'influence plus générales. En adaptant la modélisation de Mouchet (2003), nous opérons une friction de plusieurs paradigmes scientifiques qui proposent différents modèles explicatifs de la cognition, apportant un éclairage particulier sur les conduites décisionnelles. Notre posture épistémologique consiste à appréhender la complexité (Morin, Le Moigne, 1999 ; Le Moigne, 1999) par une approche systémique, en investiguant les conduites décisionnelles en situation écologique et en prenant en compte le point de vue du sujet. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que le système d'influence, constitué de la culture, de l'environnement momentané et de l'expérience de la personne, imprègne l'activité décisionnelle, en étant compacté dans l'action en cours. Chaque joueur construit son propre monde en intégrant les différents niveaux selon une logique singulière. Notre étude porte sur quatre études de cas de passeurs français internationaux. Pour recueillir des données de la " partie cachée " (Gouju, 2001), nous avons mis en place une méthodologie constituée d'une observation armée, d'un entretien semi directif, d'une simulation, et de rétroactions vidéo (principe de triangulation).

Microfinance institutions have evolved as an economic development tool intended to benefit low-income people. The benefit, however, can only be achieved if the institutions have a good financial and outreach performance. This study has three objectives. The first objective is to assess the influences of informal and formal institutions and their interrelationships on the practical operational arrangement of Village Credit Institutions of Bali (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa or LPD). Second, to evaluate the financial performance and outreach indicators of the institutions and to assess the influence of informal and formal institution on the sustainability of the institutions, which has received little attention from previous studies. Finally, to outline some elements of a strategic business plan for two selected village credit institutions (LPDs) in Gianyar district, LPD Mas and LPD Kerta. By using a case study approach, this study finds that the informal institutions (such as social values, norms, and sanctions) have significant influences on the practical arrangements of the LPDs, including the organisation, recruitment procedure, delivery mechanism, and remuneration system. Along with the influence of informal institutions, the formal institutions have also had some direct influences on the practical operational arrangements of the LPDs that are reflected in the supervision and guidance system of LPDs, an obligation to apply prudential principles of banking, and the remuneration system. The findings also show that the local government regulations (formal institutions) concerning the LPDs have accommodated the informal institutions of the Balinese in the background of their establishment, status and ownership, and organisation of the LPDs. Based on the performance indicators - portfolio quality, leverage, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), productivity, efficiency, profitability, self-sufficiency, and outreach � the LPDs in Gianyar district could be considered as success microfinance institutions. The success is influenced by some important factors. First, the use of local people in managing the LPDs and the application of character-based lending system in screening the clients. This has resulted in a high clients� sense of belonging and moral obligation to support the development of the LPD Second, the use of social (custom) sanctions in the contractual enforcement has forced the borrowers to comply with their credit contract in a timely fashion. Third, the use of local community personnel whose remuneration is based on performance and low transaction costs has resulted in the high efficiency of LPDs. Fourth, a growing economy and supporting government policy at all levels through provision of a legal basis for the LPDs and the Central Bank regulation (formal institutions) have also contributed to the success of the LPDs. Thus, based on the necessary conditions of sustainable microfinance institution proposed by some scholars(Yaron 1994; Christen 1998), it can be concluded that the Gianyar district LPDs have been sustainable, and by that implication they have positive net social benefits for their clients. Any attempt, however, to replicate the achievements of the LPDs by imitating its mode of operations should be conducted with great caution. A mechanism that works well in one socioeconomic environment (in this instance, in Bali) will not necessarily work in another, where the social system including social norms and values are different. But, the experience of the LPDs is a valuable thing since it has highlighted some critical issues that should be considered when handling the complex issue providing financial services to rural people.

La cession est une solution incontournable du droit des entreprises en difficulté.Déterminer les droits des créanciers dans le cadre d’un plan de cession s’avère pourtant une tâche délicate.Le droit des entreprises en difficulté a fait l’objet de réformes importantes (loi du 26 juillet 2005, ordonnance du 18 décembre 2008 et ordonnance du 12 mars 2014 dans une moindre mesure).Dans le même temps, le droit des sûretés subissait des évolutions nombreuses (ordonnance du 23 mars 2006, loi du 19 février 2007, loi du 04 août 2008, ordonnance du 30 janvier 2009) mais parcellaires, preuve du manque de cohérence du législateur en la matière.Les réformes du droit des entreprises en difficulté et du droit des sûretés ont révélé l’absence de ligne directrice claire en ce qui concerne l’articulation de ces deux droits. Les réformes du droit des entreprises en difficulté et du droit des sûretés aboutissent à un enchevêtrement des textes, rendant leur application particulièrement complexe.Les nombreuses interrogations tant théoriques que pratiques créent une insécurité juridique.Dès lors, en me basant notamment sur les difficultés rencontrées dans le cadre de mon activité professionnelle ou sur celles pointées du doigt par la doctrine et les commentateurs de textes, consécutives aux évolutions législatives récentes, l’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de procéder à des recommandations à l’endroit des professionnels ainsi que de réaliser des propositions visant à un meilleur équilibre des intérêts en présence
The sale of a business is one of the most important insolvency solutions.However it’s a hard task to determinate creditor’s rights under these circumstances.Insolvency law has deeply changed consequently to main reforms (Act of July 26, 2005 called the “Safeguard Act”, Order of December 18, 2008 and to a lesser extent Order of March 12, 2014).At the same time, guarantee law has been modified by lots of reforms too (Order of March 23, 2006, Act of February 19, 2007, Act of August 4, 2008, Order of January 30, 2009).These reforms were fragmented. Furthermore they have been built without guideline. As a result, the articulation between insolvency law and guarantee law is very difficult.The theoretical and practical questions generate a real legal insecurity.The goal of this research work is to make insolvency practitioners propositions based on, amongst others, doctrine’s comments and criticism. The objective of these propositions is to establish a better balance between the pluralities of interests involved

Climate change is a critical sustainable development issue with implications for the environment, economies and society as we know it. The problem of climate change is caused by some countries in parts of the world that has a direct effect on people and natural resources in other parts of the world. Climate change is the effect of increased production of Greenhouse gases (GHGs). Due to the vast complexity of the climate change regime the study does not attempt to be comprehensive or conclusive. The aim of the study is to critically evaluate and determine the purpose, enforceability, legal nature, shortcomings and strengths of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord and how the international climate change regime will evolve after the Copenhagen Accord. The study starts with a brief explanation of the international climate change regime and its development, including international environmental law principles, specifically the common but differentiated responsibility principle. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has the ultimate objective to achieve the stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) is the ultimate decision-making and supreme body of the UNFCCC and is authorised to make and implement decisions to promote the implementation of the UNFCCC, it further has the power to adopt new protocols under the UNFCCC and plays a substantial role in the development of new obligations by the parties to the convention. Various COPs, their respective adopted decisions and resolutions which played an important role in the development of the climate change regime are discussed. This includes COP 1 that lead to the Berlin Mandate; COP 3 and the Kyoto Protocol; COP 7 and the Marrakech Accords; COP 11 that marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol; COP 13 and the Bali Action Plan. COP 15 in Copenhagen was internationally expected and intended to be the breakthrough in addressing the post 2012 period. As is evident from the content of this study the result of COP 15 at Copenhagen means different challenges for different countries and the “bottom up” architecture of the accord could help encourage and reinforce national actions. An overview of the effect of the Copenhagen Accord on the climate change regime, with specific reference to COP 16 in Cancun, is then done. The “bottom up” architecture of the Copenhagen Accord was brought into the official UNFCCC process by the Cancun Agreements that were reached at COP 16. The study mostly comprised of a literature study, which reviewed the relevant international environmental law dealing with climate change, taking into account customary international law; international treaties and conventions; government documents, policies and reports; textbooks and academic journals as well as electronic material obtained from various internet sources.
Thesis (LLM (Environmental Law and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

This thesis deals with the evaluation of economic efficiency of the planned investments in the form of buying a laser cutting machine in a middle sized enterprises engaged in manufacturing industry. There are analyzed the possibilities of financing the investment with a focus on subsidies from EU structural funds. Based on the results of methods of the evaluation of economic efficiency of investment is decided on the implementation and drafted their own proposals and recommendations.

L’impact du grenaillage ultrasonique sur des alliages de titane et d’aluminium est étudié à température ambiante et à température cryogénique. Ce procédé peut aussi s'appeler attrition mécanique ultrasonique de surface (SMAT). La résistance en fatigue ainsi que le comportement tribologique sont étudiés afin de mieux comprendre les avantages et inconvénients liés à ce procédé. Deux alliages de titanes ont été choisis : un titane pur complètement α et un titane β-métastable sous sa forme complètement β. Ce choix permet de corréler l’influence de la microstructure initiale sur le traitement de déformation plastique sévère et sur les propriétés finales. Le titane β-métastable est sensible à la transformation martensitique induite par déformation ce qui permet d’explorer la possibilité d’introduire de la martensite à la surface grenaillée pour lutter, par exemple, contre la propagation de fissures courte lors des essais de fatigue. Le grenaillage à température cryogénique dans ce cas permet d’améliorer le déclenchement de la transformation martensitique. En plus d'aider la transformation martensitique, la température cryogénique permet d’augmenter la limite élastique des alliages lors du traitement, ce qui a pour impact de réduire le flux de matière à la surface grenaillée, améliorant ainsi l’intégrité de surface et entrainant un impact sur les propriétés tribologiques et en fatigue. Deux alliages d’aluminium à durcissement par précipitation ont également été étudiés : le 2024 et le 7075. Cette étude sur les aluminiums a pour but de comparer l’impact du grenaillage ultrasonique quand il est employé avant ou après le revenu de précipitation. Les dislocations produites lors du grenaillage ultrasonique servant de sites de nucléation préférentiels, l’objectif est d’explorer la possibilité d’améliorer (en termes de dureté par exemple) le revenu de précipitation en affinant la taille des précipités et en augmentant leur densité. L’emploi de deux séries d’aluminium devrait permettre de comparer l’effet du traitement sur les deux compositions différentes. De plus, ces deux alliages présentent des différences notables en termes de sensibilité aux défauts, ce qui permet d’étudier l’impact de l’intégrité de surface après grenaillage ultrasonique sur les propriétés mécaniques. L’étude des comportements tribologiques et en fatigue permet de tirer des conclusions quant à l’efficacité de ces traitements face à des conditions d’utilisation standards
The impact of ultrasonic shot peening on titanium and aluminium alloys is studied at room temperature and at cryogenic temperature. This process may also be called surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Fatigue strength and tribological behaviour are investigated in order to better understand the pros and cons of this process. Two titanium alloys were chosen: pure titanium in its fully α form and β-metastable titanium in its fully β form. This choice makes it possible to correlate the influence of the initial microstructure on the treatment of severe plastic deformation and on the final properties. The β-metastable titanium is sensitive to strain-induced martensitic transformation, which allows exploring the possibility of introducing martensite to the shot-peened surface to delay, for example, short crack propagation in fatigue testing. Shot peening at cryogenic temperature in this case improves the initiation of the martensitic transformation. In addition to facilitating martensitic transformation, cryogenic temperature shot peening increases the yield strength of alloys during processing, which has the effect of reducing the flow of material at the shot-peened surface. Thereby, it improves surface integrity and changes tribological and fatigue properties. Two precipitation hardenable aluminum alloys were also studied: 2024 and 7075. The purpose of this aluminium study is to compare the impact of ultrasonic shot blasting when used before or after precipitation aging. As the dislocations produced during ultrasonic shot-peening serve as preferential nucleation sites, the objective is to explore the possibility of improving (e.g. in terms of hardness) the precipitation aging by refining the size of the precipitates and increasing their density. The use of two series of aluminium should make it possible to compare the effect of the treatment on the two different alloying compositions. In addition, these two alloys show significant differences in terms of defect sensitivity, permitting to study the impact of surface integrity after ultrasonic shot-peening on mechanical properties. The study of tribological and fatigue behaviour allows to conclude about the effectiveness of these treatments under common conditions of use

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
數位科技設計學系(含玩具與遊戲設計碩士班)
101
Active play is interesting, meaningful and vital for all children. They do not simply learn how to get along with others by playing with their friends, but also receive the exercise that is vital for the development of their bodies and motion. However, most play equipment is either static or manually operated nowadays. Mechanical and electrical playing equipment is scarce because indoor playing spaces have limitations in both venue size and supervision. Kidsburgh the domestic children’s development center has devoted itself to the latest development of playing equipment. This paper focuses on the Kidsburgh demand for ball collection and the design of systematic “intelligent” mechanical and electrical play equipment. Our design uses a color sorting mechanism, an automatic turntable and pinball machine to collect balls. The color sensor allows children to observe the track of the thrown ball and are able to develop eye-hand coordination from this feedback. We have also included an obvious gear wheel into the automatic ball collecting system that the children can see. This will help them gain an appreciation of the mechanism and how it works and contribute to their scientific education and development.

碩士
臺北市立大學
運動教育研究所碩士在職專班
104
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of learning performance for Integrate Play Group (IPG) in the ball games to promote social skills on preschool children with Autism. A single-subject experiment in the research of method was using A-B-A-B design, including four phases: baseline 1, intervention 1, baseline 2, and intervention 2. The experiment lasted for twelve weeks. The three behaviors were identified for intervention: (1) listening to others’ talking, (2) turn taking games, and (3) praising peers. There are three elements in the study to proceed: guided participation, peer assistance, and structured environment. Visual analysis was conducted along with C statistic to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Integrated Play Group had immediate intervention effects on the three target behaviors as mentioned above. Finally, according to the statements above, the researcher made conclusions and proposed recommendations to teaching and research direction in the future. Key words: Integrate Play Group (IPG), the ball games, autism, social skills

The origins of European integration and the factors that made it possible in the post-1945 era have been examined from different perspectives and interpreted in various ways. While federalists argue that the concept of European unity had been developed over centuries by different intellectual movements, the realist approaches of Milward and Dinan stress the importance of economic, political and security motives. Referring to the factors that contributed to the implementation of the Schuman Plan, both the federalist and realist approaches highlight the chief importance of states and their representatives. Yet, the ideas that inspired Jean Monnet, who designed the Schuman Plan, have received little attention. While the state is seen in the literature as the main actor that made the outcome possible, the role of Monnet and that of some of his close associates are almost ignored. By investigating Monnet's thought, this study shows that the source of his inspiration was not the countless plans for European unity put forward by European federalist movements or the random concepts that he came across, such as the New Deal. Rather, it is argued here that he was in fact constantly exposed to a coherent and well-structured philosophy. This thinking reached him through his direct contacts and frequent encounters with Felix Frankfurter and his associates, who formed an epistemic community, as defined by Peter M. Haas. The core concepts of this thinking inherited from Louis Brandeis and developed by Frankfurter – restoring and overseeing free competition – can be identified in Monnet's 1950 plan. The evidence shows that it became a shared philosophy of Monnet's group of friends. This is a fundamental aspect since, once the Schuman Plan was made public, Monnet's friends rallied around his project and contributed not only to overcoming stalemate at critical moments of the negotiations on the future treaty, but also to convincing statesmen of the value of the project.
Graduate

The aim of this study was to investigate the role that humanistic techniques play in reducing feelings of language anxiety associated with oral communication in the TESOL classroom. Students in the experimental group attended classes which incorporated humanistic techniques such as journal writing and group work and where the affective needs of the students were taken into account. Students in the control group were provided with the normal course content along more traditional lines and their affective needs were not taken into account. Language anxiety was measured by means of questionnaires, journals and interviews. The results revealed that general feelings of anxiety about oral communication decreased in the experimental group. The experimental group achieved higher scores in the final written examination although there was no significant difference in the oral examination results between the two groups. The drop-out rate in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group.
English Studies
M.A.