Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pleistocene extinctions

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Academic literature on the topic 'Pleistocene extinctions'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pleistocene extinctions"

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MORLAN, R. E. "Pleistocene Extinction Reexamined: Quaternary Extinctions." Science 228, no. 4701 (May 17, 1985): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4701.870.

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Pires, Mathias M., Paul L. Koch, Richard A. Fariña, Marcus A. M. de Aguiar, Sérgio F. dos Reis, and Paulo R. Guimarães. "Pleistocene megafaunal interaction networks became more vulnerable after human arrival." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1367.

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The end of the Pleistocene was marked by the extinction of almost all large land mammals worldwide except in Africa. Although the debate on Pleistocene extinctions has focused on the roles of climate change and humans, the impact of perturbations depends on properties of ecological communities, such as species composition and the organization of ecological interactions. Here, we combined palaeoecological and ecological data, food-web models and community stability analysis to investigate if differences between Pleistocene and modern mammalian assemblages help us understand why the megafauna died out in the Americas while persisting in Africa. We show Pleistocene and modern assemblages share similar network topology, but differences in richness and body size distributions made Pleistocene communities significantly more vulnerable to the effects of human arrival. The structural changes promoted by humans in Pleistocene networks would have increased the likelihood of unstable dynamics, which may favour extinction cascades in communities facing extrinsic perturbations. Our findings suggest that the basic aspects of the organization of ecological communities may have played an important role in major extinction events in the past. Knowledge of community-level properties and their consequences to dynamics may be critical to understand past and future extinctions.
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Faith, J. Tyler, and James F. O'Connell. "Revisiting the late Pleistocene mammal extinction record at Tight Entrance Cave, southwestern Australia." Quaternary Research 76, no. 3 (November 2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.08.001.

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AbstractTight Entrance Cave (TEC) in southwestern Australia provides a Pleistocene sequence documenting the extinction of 14 large mammal species. This record has been interpreted as indicating that extinctions did not occur during or before the penultimate glacial maximum (PGM) and that humans played a primary role in the extinctions. However, it remains possible that the majority of extinct megafauna persisted no later than the PGM. The TEC extinctions correspond with vegetation change, a cooling/drying trend, increased biomass burning, and increasingly unstable small mammal communities. The initiation of these trends predates human arrival on the continent and implies environmentally mediated extinctions.
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Louys, Julien, Todd J. Braje, Chun-Hsiang Chang, Richard Cosgrove, Scott M. Fitzpatrick, Masaki Fujita, Stuart Hawkins, et al. "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (May 3, 2021): e2023005118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023005118.

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The arrival of modern humans into previously unoccupied island ecosystems is closely linked to widespread extinction, and a key reason cited for Pleistocene megafauna extinction is anthropogenic overhunting. A common assumption based on late Holocene records is that humans always negatively impact insular biotas, which requires an extrapolation of recent human behavior and technology into the archaeological past. Hominins have been on islands since at least the early Pleistocene and Homo sapiens for at least 50 thousand y (ka). Over such lengthy intervals it is scarcely surprising that significant evolutionary, behavioral, and cultural changes occurred. However, the deep-time link between human arrival and island extinctions has never been explored globally. Here, we examine archaeological and paleontological records of all Pleistocene islands with a documented hominin presence to examine whether humans have always been destructive agents. We show that extinctions at a global level cannot be associated with Pleistocene hominin arrival based on current data and are difficult to disentangle from records of environmental change. It is not until the Holocene that large-scale changes in technology, dispersal, demography, and human behavior visibly affect island ecosystems. The extinction acceleration we are currently experiencing is thus not inherent but rather part of a more recent cultural complex.
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Beck, Michael W. "On discerning the cause of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions." Paleobiology 22, no. 1 (1996): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016043.

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I examine the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions by testing the only extinction model with strong a priori predictions, the blitzkrieg model (Martin 1973; Mosimann and Martin 1975). I first test an assumption of the blitzkrieg and other extinction models that the megafaunal extinctions occurred in the terminal Wisconsin (12-10 Ka). This assumption has been disputed by Grayson (1989, 1991), but I find that both a reanalysis of Grayson's data and an analysis of new reliable data support a terminal Wisconsin extinction.The blitzkrieg model predicts that the ranges of megafauna in North America were constricted as the semicircular front of hunters moved southeastward; hence the extinctions should be time-transgressive from northwest to southeast. I test this prediction in three separate analyses that examine (1) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other late Wisconsin fossil sites, (2) the location of terminal sites for each taxon relative to all their other reliably dated late Wisconsin fossil sites, and (3) the spatio-temporal pattern of all the reliably dated terminal Wisconsin sites without regard to taxonomy. The geographic distribution of the megafaunal remains does not support the blitzkrieg hypothesis in any of the three analyses. Moreover, all of the patterns in the data are in a direction opposite to that predicted by the blitzkrieg hypothesis. I examine how these conclusions affect both climatic and predation models, particularly in relation to the testability of other extinction hypotheses.
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Grayson, Donald K. "Deciphering North American Pleistocene Extinctions." Journal of Anthropological Research 63, no. 2 (July 2007): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/jar.0521004.0063.205.

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Hofreiter, Michael. "Pleistocene Extinctions: Haunting the Survivors." Current Biology 17, no. 15 (August 2007): R609—R611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.031.

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Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Late Cenozoic turnover in the Caribbean reef coral fauna." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006031.

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Study of the stratigraphic ranges of reef coral species in scattered sequences (Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Florida) suggests that a major episode of faunal turnover occurred in the Caribbean region between early Pliocene and mid Pleistocene time. In a data set composed of all reef corals except the families Mussidae and Oculinidae and the genera Cladocora and Madracis, approximately 90% of the Mio-Pliocene fauna, composed of as many as 65–70 species, became extinct during this time interval. Ten of 27 genera became extinct. Despite the high numbers of extinctions, the total number of species in the Caribbean reef coral fauna dropped only slightly over the time interval, due to similar numbers of originations and extinctions in the fauna. With one possible exception, new species arose in surviving genera, and no new genera formed.Although similar numbers of species became extinct within early Pliocene, late Pliocene, and early Pleistocene time units, shallow water communities experienced higher numbers of extinctions during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Deeper water communities experienced higher numbers of extinctions during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Species surviving the turnover episode occur in deeper water communities and belong predominantly to the family Agariciidae. Nearshore grass flat communities contain the highest number of early extinctions. No difference in extinction patterns could be detected between taxa which reproduce primarily by fragmentation and those that reproduce primarily by larval recruitment. Although originations appear evenly distributed among community types, a large number occur in Florida along the northern margin of faunal distribution.The increased extinctions in shallow water communities and increased originations in the north suggest that turnover occurred primarily in response to change in abiotic factors such as temperature and siltation, and not in response to species-area effects associated with sea level change.
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Andermann, Tobias, Søren Faurby, Samuel T. Turvey, Alexandre Antonelli, and Daniele Silvestro. "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (September 2020): eabb2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2313.

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To understand the current biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to determine how humans have affected biodiversity in the past. However, the extent of human involvement in species extinctions from the Late Pleistocene onward remains contentious. Here, we apply Bayesian models to the fossil record to estimate how mammalian extinction rates have changed over the past 126,000 years, inferring specific times of rate increases. We specifically test the hypothesis of human-caused extinctions by using posterior predictive methods. We find that human population size is able to predict past extinctions with 96% accuracy. Predictors based on past climate, in contrast, perform no better than expected by chance, suggesting that climate had a negligible impact on global mammal extinctions. Based on current trends, we predict for the near future a rate escalation of unprecedented magnitude. Our results provide a comprehensive assessment of the human impact on past and predicted future extinctions of mammals.
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Russell, Sharman Apt. "The Pleistocene Extinctions: A Bedtime Story." Missouri Review 18, no. 2 (1995): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1995.0025.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pleistocene extinctions"

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Brault, Marc-Olivier. "Asessing the impacts of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on global vegetation and climate." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110760.

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The end of the Pleistocene marked a turning point for the Earth system, as climate gradually emerged from millennia of severe glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is widely known that the deglacial climate change then was accompanied by an unprecedented decline in many species of large terrestrial mammals, featuring among others the near-total eradication of the woolly mammoth. Due to a herbivorous diet that involved the grazing of a large number of trees, their extinction is thought to have contributed to the rapid and well-documented expansion of dwarf deciduous trees in Siberia and Beringia, which in turn would have resulted in a significant reduction in surface albedo, leading to an increase in global temperature.In this study, we use the UVic ESCM to simulate various scenarios of the megafaunal extinctions, ranging from the catastrophic to more realistic cases, in order to quantify their potential impact on the climate system, and investigate the associated biogeophysical feedbacks between the growing vegetation and rising temperatures. The more realistic experiments include sensitivity tests based on the timing of extinction, tree clearance ration, and size of habitat, as well as a gradual extinction and a simulation involving free (non-prescribed) atmospheric CO2. Overall, most of the paleoclimate simulations and the sensitivity tests yield results that correspond well with our intuition. For the maximum impact scenario, we obtain a surface albedo increase of 0.006, which translates into a global warming of 0.175°C; these numbers are comparable in magnitude to those in similar studies.
La fin de l'époque du Pléistocène est une étape importante de l'histoire climatique de la Terre. En effet, c'est lors de cette période mouvementée que notre planète s'est pour une ultime fois libérée des conditions glaciales qui perduraient depuis des dizaines de millénaires, et souvent marquées par la présence d'imposante calottes glaciaires dans l'hémisphère nord. Il est bien connu que ce changement climatique fut également accompagné d'un déclin sans précédent de plusieurs espèces de grands mammifères terrestres, y compris une extermination rapide et brutale du mammouth laineux. En raison d'une diète composée en partie de végétaux provenant d'arbres prolifiques durant cette période, il y a de fortes raisons de croire que les ceux-ci auraient pu contribuer au maintien d'une faible densité forestière au sein de leur habitat. Par conséquent, leur extinction aurait contribué à une rapide émergence d'une variété de petits arbres feuillus tant en Sibérie qu'en Béringie, provoquant par la même occasion une réduction considérable de l'albédo de surface, qui à son tour aurait entrainé une augmentation globale de la température.L'objectif visé par cette étude est de quantifier l'impact potentiel qu'aurait pu avoir une extinction majeure de la mégafaune sur le climat de la Terre, par le biais d'une modification de la carte végétale menant à une hausse de la température. Afin d'examiner en détail la rétroaction de processus biogéophysiques à ce changement de température, nous employons le modèle de complexité intermédiaire de l'Université de Victoria (UVic) avec des scénarios plus ou moins réalistes, dont une catastrophe aux proportions exagérées servant à déterminer les limites de que peut offrir le modèle UVic. Parmi les cas plus terre-à-terre figurent quelques tests de sensibilité menés sur des paramètres tels que le taux de déboisement des mammouths, la grandeur de leur habitat, ainsi que l'année de leur extinction. D'autres expériences ayant été menées portent sur un étalement graduel d'un déclin des populations de mégaherbivores, ainsi qu'une simulation laissant libre cours aux échanges de carbone entre l'atmosphère et les autres constituants du système climatique, en autres mots une libre variation du niveau de CO2 dans l'atmosphère.En général, nous obtenons des résultats qui se conforment assez bien avec ceux d'études similaires. Dans le cas d'un scénario catastrophique, nous enregistrons une baisse de l'albédo terrestre équivalent à un peu moins de 0.006, donnant lieu à une hausse de la température se chiffrant à 0.175°C globalement. Quant aux expériences plus réalistes, les résultats en très grande majorité confirment notre intuition.
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Paul, Shubhabrata. "Ecology of the Late Neogene Extinctions: Perspectives from the Plio-Pleistocene of Florida." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4930.

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The ecological impact of past extinction events is one of the central issues in paleobiology. In face of present environmental changes, a better understanding of past extinctions will enable us to identify the magnitude of biodiversity crises and their underlying processes. The Late Neogene was a time of extraordinary climatic reorganization, including Northern Hemisphere glaciation, the rise of the Central American Isthmus, and associated changes in environmental conditions. Therefore, the Late Neogene extinctions of marine molluscs of South Florida present an ideal platform to examine the interaction between environmental changes and biotic response. In the present study, three different aspects of the Late Neogene extinctions are examined: temporal diversity patterns, selectivity patterns, and the impacts of these extinction events on ecological interactions. In the first part of this study, the diversity pattern of marine bivalves of Florida during the Late Neogene. Using bulk samples enables to take account of varying sampling intensity and underlying relative abundance distributions in diversity estimation. Comparison of sample-standardized diversity analyses shows that both richness and evenness of marine bivalve community declined at the Tamiami - Caloosahatchee transition, which coincides with the proposed first phase of the Late Neogene extinctions at the end of the Pliocene. Although magnitude of biodiversity loss was severe during these late Neogene extinction events, extinction risk was non-randomly distributed across taxa. Selectivity analyses, a combination of both commonly used non-parametric tests and logistic regressions, suggest that abundance or local population size was positively related with survivorship during the late Neogene. As other biological or ecological traits can influence this observed relation between abundance and extinction vulnerability, multivariate approach is used to control for these traits. Even after effects of geographic range and feeding mode is considered, the positive relation between abundance and survivorship, which supports predictions from biological studies, is evident in case of these Late Neogene extinction events. While present analyses show that the increase in relative abundance of Chione is a major factor in driving changes in community compositions, interactions between Chione and its' drilling predators also varied during the Late Neogene. This study suggests that identification of predators is a critical part of evaluation of prey-predator interactions. When drill hole traces of two predatory gastropod groups, muricids and naticids, are differentiated based on a revised site selectivity criteria, temporal trend of prey size selectivity differs from previous reports. Both groups exhibit some changes in predatory behavior during phases of the Late Neogene extinctions, suggesting that previous hypothesis of prey turnover at the Caloosahatchee - Bermont transition cannot explain the observed temporal trends of prey size selectivity in the present study.
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Gaiger, Frances Jean. "Mid-Pleistocene Extinction of Deep-Sea Ostracoda?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1349.

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A global extinction event has been documented in protozoan foraminifera in the late Pliocene to Pleistocene. The timing of the extinction event varied depending on location, however for Ocean Drilling Project Site 1125, disappearances occurred between 2.5 and 0.57 Ma, with the major decline approximately 1.1 Ma. In order to determine if this event affected benthic organisms other than protozoans, this study was undertaken to determine how podocopid ostracods (Crustacea) recovered Ocean Drilling Program Site 1125 responded. The present study was hindered by the small number of valves recovered; the fact that a large proportion of taxa found were undescribed and new to science; and the current state of taxonomic scheme that is under significant revision. These factors meant that a comprehensive comparison could not be achieved. Despite this, counts of ostracod valves and assessments of diversity from this study reveal a significant increase in both parameters from approximately 900-600 ka. Three possible causes were investigated to account for this increase, sediment type and sample size; affects of taphonomy, mainly dissolution; or an actual biotic 'event'. Statistical analyses showed that although sample size did have some effect, it was not the sole reason for the increase in ostracod numbers. Dissolution had an expected affect on the percentage of juveniles but no correlations were found with other sample characteristics. Sedimentation rate was investigated but this also proved unrelated. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in total ostracod valves and diversity which occurs between 900 and 600 ka was in fact a natural, biotic 'event'. This preliminary evidence suggests that an oceanographic event that has negatively impacted on the foraminifers has had the reverse affect on the ostracod assemblage, in the sense that both population size and diversity increase during that time.
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Hocknull, Scott Alexander Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Late Cainozoic rainforest vertebrates from Australopapua: evolution, biogeography and extinction." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44580.

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Understanding the evolution, biogeography and extinction of Australopapuan vertebrate lineages is fundamental to determining baseline responses of those groups to past environmental change. In light of predicted climatic change and anthropogenic impact, it is imperative to determine the trajectories of Australia???s modern flora and fauna. In particular, mesothermic rainforest faunas are among Australia???s most vulnerable terrestrial biota under threat from both natural and anthropogenic causes. There is a gap in knowledge of past patterns of change and, in particular, a conspicuous lack of direct evidence of response of rainforest faunas to past climatic change. This study documents the late Cainozoic Australopapuan rainforest vertebrate record and its response to environmental change via adaptive radiation, biogeographical change and extinction. In particular, it provides the first detailed systematic appraisal of Quaternary fossil sites and local faunas from northern Australia. The study documents the only known Quaternary mesothermic rainforest fauna in Australia and its transition to a xeric-adapted fauna during the middle Pleistocene. The fossil assemblages analysed are comprised of dozens of species, including several new genera and species. Each fossil taxon shares a close phylogenetic relationship with others either known only from the Australian Tertiary record or from Quaternary-Recent New Guinea and Wet Tropics rainforests. The presence of many species is evidence of previously much larger distributions followed by subsequent massive range retractions. Detailed documentation of this rare fauna testifies to rainforest stability in central eastern Queensland until approximately 280,000 years ago, when the development of an El Nino dominated climate generated variable climatic patterns that could not support aeseasonal rainforest. Extinction of this late Pleistocene rainforest fauna serves as one of only two examples of major rainforest faunal turnover in Cainozoic Australia, the other occurring in the late Miocene. These two major extinction events are compared. The late Pleistocene faunal extinction differs from the late Miocene event in being biased towards large-bodied, terrestrial herbivores and carnivores (both reptile and mammal). This study also combines fossil and phylogenetic data with latest understanding of palaeogeography, tectonics and sea level history along Australia???s northern margin to provide hypotheses of faunal dispersal between New Guinea and mainland Australia throughout the Neogene.
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Price, Gilbert J. "Pleistocene palaeoecology of the eastern Darling Downs." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16271/1/Gilbert_Price_Thesis.pdf.

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Several late Pleistocene fossil localities in the Kings Creek catchment, Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland, Australia, were examined in detail to establish an accurate, dated palaeoecological record for the region, and to test human versus climate change megafauna extinction hypotheses. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS 14C) and U/Th dating confirm that the deposits are late Pleistocene in age, but the dates obtained from the two methods are not in agreement. Fluvial depositional accumulation processes in the catchment reflect both high-energy channel and low-energy episodic overbank deposition. The most striking taphonomic observations for vertebrates in the deposits include: 1) low representation of post-cranial elements; 2) high degree of bone breakage; 3) variable abrasion but most identifiable bone elements with low to moderate degree of abrasion; 4) low rates of bone weathering; 5) low degree of carnivore bone modification; and 6) low degree of articulated or associated specimens. Collectively, those data suggest that the material was transported into the deposit from the surrounding proximal floodplain and that the assemblages reflect hydraulic sorting. A multifaceted palaeoecological investigation revealed significant habitat change between superposed assemblages of site QML796. The basal fossiliferous unit contained species that indicate the presence of a mosaic of habitats including riparian vegetation, vine thickets, scrubland, open and closed woodlands, and open grasslands during the late Pleistocene. Those woody and scrubby habitats contracted over the period of deposition so that by the time of deposition of the youngest horizon, the creek sampled a more open type environment. Sequential faunal horizons show a step-wise decrease in taxonomic diversity that cannot be explained by sampling or taphonomic bias. The decreasing diversity includes loss of some, but not all, megafauna and is consistent with a progressive local loss of megafauna in the catchment over an extended interval of time. Collectively, those data are consistent with a climatic cause of megafauna extinction, and no specific evidence was found to support human involvement in the local extinctions. Better dating of the deposits is critically important, as a secure chronology would have significant implications regarding the continent-wide extinction of the Australian megafauna.
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Price, Gilbert J. "Pleistocene palaeoecology of the eastern Darling Downs." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16271/.

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Several late Pleistocene fossil localities in the Kings Creek catchment, Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland, Australia, were examined in detail to establish an accurate, dated palaeoecological record for the region, and to test human versus climate change megafauna extinction hypotheses. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS 14C) and U/Th dating confirm that the deposits are late Pleistocene in age, but the dates obtained from the two methods are not in agreement. Fluvial depositional accumulation processes in the catchment reflect both high-energy channel and low-energy episodic overbank deposition. The most striking taphonomic observations for vertebrates in the deposits include: 1) low representation of post-cranial elements; 2) high degree of bone breakage; 3) variable abrasion but most identifiable bone elements with low to moderate degree of abrasion; 4) low rates of bone weathering; 5) low degree of carnivore bone modification; and 6) low degree of articulated or associated specimens. Collectively, those data suggest that the material was transported into the deposit from the surrounding proximal floodplain and that the assemblages reflect hydraulic sorting. A multifaceted palaeoecological investigation revealed significant habitat change between superposed assemblages of site QML796. The basal fossiliferous unit contained species that indicate the presence of a mosaic of habitats including riparian vegetation, vine thickets, scrubland, open and closed woodlands, and open grasslands during the late Pleistocene. Those woody and scrubby habitats contracted over the period of deposition so that by the time of deposition of the youngest horizon, the creek sampled a more open type environment. Sequential faunal horizons show a step-wise decrease in taxonomic diversity that cannot be explained by sampling or taphonomic bias. The decreasing diversity includes loss of some, but not all, megafauna and is consistent with a progressive local loss of megafauna in the catchment over an extended interval of time. Collectively, those data are consistent with a climatic cause of megafauna extinction, and no specific evidence was found to support human involvement in the local extinctions. Better dating of the deposits is critically important, as a secure chronology would have significant implications regarding the continent-wide extinction of the Australian megafauna.
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Pires, Mathias Mistretta. "Redes tróficas do Pleistoceno: estrutura e fragilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-29052014-111335/.

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A extinção de grandes mamíferos terrestres no final do Pleistoceno (entre 50 e 11 mil anos atrás) é um dos temas mais debatidos em ecologia. A maioria dos estudos sobre as causas das extinções do Pleistoceno tem como foco o papel de fatores externos como mudanças climáticas e a chegada do homem. Entretanto, a forma como uma comunidade ecológica responde a perturbações depende de suas propriedades, como o número e composição de espécies e a forma como essas espécies interagem. O objetivo final dos estudos reunidos nessa tese foi entender como estavam organizadas as interações ecológicas entre os mamíferos do Pleistoceno e o possível papel dessas interações no episódio de extinção da megafauna. Em primeiro lugar adaptei modelos de teias tróficas para reproduzir redes formadas por diferentes tipos de interações entre consumidores e recursos. Em seguida, utilizei esses modelos para reconstruir redes de interação entre predadores e presas da megafauna do Pleistoceno e examinei as propriedades estruturais e dinâmicas dessas redes. Por fim, investiguei uma das possíveis consequências da extinção da megafauna: a perda de serviços de dispersão de sementes. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que (i) diferentes tipos de redes de interação entre consumidores e recursos compartilham características estruturais e podem ser reproduzidas por modelos de teias tróficas; (ii) redes de interação entre grandes mamíferos do Pleistoceno estavam, provavelmente, estruturadas de forma similar aos sistemas atuais na África. Entretanto, as comunidades do Pleistoceno seriam especialmente vulneráveis às mudanças estruturais e na dinâmica causadas pela chegada de um predador como o homem; (iii) entre as consequências da extinção do Pleistoceno está a reorganização de outros tipos de rede de interação como as redes de dispersão de sementes. Em conjunto os resultados apresentados aqui enfatizam a importância de considerarmos o possível papel das interações ecológicas em modular os efeitos de perturbações ao estudarmos eventos de extinção
The extinction of large terrestrial mammals during the late Pleistocene (between 50 and 11 kyrs ago) is one of the most debated topics in ecology. Most studies on the causes of Pleistocene extinctions focus on the role of external factors such as climate changes and the arrival of humans. Nevertheless, the way an ecological community responds to perturbations depends on its properties, such as its number of species, species composition and the way these species interact. This thesis encloses studies with the final objective of understanding how ecological interactions between Pleistocene large mammals were organized and the potential role of such interactions in the Pleistocene extinction episode. First, I adapted food-web models to reproduce networks depicting different types of ecological interactions between consumers and resources. Then, I used these models to reconstruct predator-prey interaction networks between Pleistocene large mammals and examined the structural and dynamic properties of these systems. Finally, as an overview of the ecological impacts of Pleistocene extinctions, I discuss one of the possible consequences of the demise of Pleistocene large mammals: the loss of seed-dispersal services. The results presented here show that (i) different types of interaction networks between consumers and resources share structural properties and can be reproduced by food-web models; (ii) interactions between Pleistocene large mammals were most likely structured in a similar way to modern large-mammals assemblages in Africa, but the former were especially vulnerable to the changes in structure and dynamics caused by a newly arriving predator such as humans; (iii) among the consequences of Pleistocene extinctions is the reconfiguration of other types of interaction networks such as seed-dispersal networks. Taken together these findings emphasize how important it is to consider the role of ecological interactions in modulating the effects of perturbations when studying extinctions events
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Prieto, Alfredo, and Rafael Labarca. "The Late Pleistocene Southern Fuego-Patagonian Archaeological Sites: New Findings, New Problems." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113607.

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The Fuego-Patagonian Late Pleistocene archaeological sites are scarce; we have only a handful of them for understanding a periodof time that extends for about 1000 years. These deposits coincide with a period of substantial environmental changes that contributed to the extinction of megafauna in the region, as in the rest of the Americas. All sites registered are located in caves and rock shelters. Attempts to find new sites in other contexts of the region have not yet yielded the expected results. However, thanksto recent work done by paleobiologists seeking to obtain increasingly detailed records of climate change and its causes, we are ableto propose new research directions.
Los sitios arqueológicos finipleistocénicos de Fuego-Patagonia austral son bastante escasos. Se cuenta con apenas cinco de ellos para comprender un período que se extiende por cerca de 1000 años. Estos yacimientos coinciden con una etapa de cambios ambientales muy marcados y asisten a la extinción de la megafauna en la región, al igual que en el resto del continente americano. Todos ellos se ubican en cuevas y aleros rocosos. Los intentos por hallar nuevos emplazamientos en otros contextos del área no han dado los frutos esperados aún. Sin embargo, se analizan otras posibilidades de búsqueda a la luz de los resultados de los trabajos recientes de los paleobiólogos comprometidos en obtener registros cada vez más acuciosos del cambio climático y sus causas.
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Peart, Daniel Chad. "CONTINUOUS OR PULSE? SIMULATING SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION FROM EAST AND SOUTH AFRICAN FAUNA AT PLIO-PLEISTOCENE FOSSIL SITES." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429298292.

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France, Christine Ann Missell. "A carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of Pleistocene food webs in North America implications for paleoecology and extinction /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8222.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Geology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Books on the topic "Pleistocene extinctions"

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Haynes, Gary, ed. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6.

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American Megafaunal Extinctions At The End Of The Pleistocene. Springer, 2010.

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Haynes, Gary. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Springer, 2009.

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American Megafaunal Extinctions At The End Of The Pleistocene. Springer, 2009.

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Wignall, Paul B. Extinction: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807285.001.0001.

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Extinction has occurred throughout the history of life, with the result that nearly all the species that have ever existed are now extinct. Extinction: A Very Short Introduction looks at the causes and nature of extinctions, past and present, and the factors that can make a species vulnerable. Summarizing what we know about all of the major and minor extinction events, it examines some of the greatest debates in modern science, such as the relative role of climate and humans in the death of the Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoths and giant ground sloths, and the roles that global warming, ocean acidification, and deforestation are playing in present-day extinctions.
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Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice Age Extinctions and the Rewilding of America (Organisms and Environments). University of California Press, 2005.

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O'Connor, Sue, and Peter Hiscock. The Peopling of Sahul and Near Oceania. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.002.

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Sahul, comprising Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea was colonized from Sunda, the enlarged southernmost extension of Eurasia, by anatomically modern Homo sapiens over 50,000 years ago. Pleistocene colonization of Sahul required watercraft to cross the perpetual island region of Wallacea, wherein populations adjusted to changing patterns of floral and faunal diversity. Once in Sahul, populations quickly adapted to the varying resources, developed regional differences in technology and culture, and likely contributed to megafaunal extinctions also influenced by environmental change. Ancient DNA and skeletal studies indicate that after colonization, Sahul was largely isolated from other populations. The earliest humans to inhabit Near Oceania, the islands northeast of New Guinea, arrived approximately 45,000 years ago. While the sophistication of their earliest navigational technology is debated, by 20,000 years ago these populations engaged in increasingly frequent voyaging, translocating New Guinea mainland fauna to the islands and moving valuable stone resources over hundreds of kilometers.
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Holman, J. Alan. Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195112320.001.0001.

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The Pleistocene epoch or Ice Age, an extended period of advancing and retreating ice sheets, is characterized by striking climatic oscillations and sea level fluctuations. This age saw the rise and spread of humans and a great extinction of large mammals by the end of the epoch; in fact, the world today is essentially the product of dramatic changes that took place in the Pleistocene. This book, a companion to the author's Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America, discusses the Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles in Britain and the European continent eastward through present-day Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Yugoslavian republics, and Greece. The book begins with a general discussion of the Pleistocene in Britain and Europe with an emphasis on regional terms used to define Pleistocene chronological events. Next, a look at the pre-Pleistocene herpetofauna of the study area sets the stage for a discussion of Pleistocene herpetofauna. A significant section of the book consists of a "bestiary," a series of annotated taxonomic accounts of Pleistocene herpetological taxa from the region. Following this is the interpretive section, beginning with a discussion of herpetological species as paleoenvironmental indicators and continuing with an analysis of herpetological population adjustments to Pleistocene events in Britain and Europe, and then with a discussion of extinction patterns in the region. Finally, the author compares Pleistocene herpetological events in Europe with those in North America. This volume and its companion together provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of Pleistocene herpetofaunas across a significant portion of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin, and Eduardo Corona-M. Advances in hunter-gatherer research in Mexico. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.40.

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Interest in the first hunter-gatherer populations of Mexico has increased in the last fifteen years. Exploration of the Late Pleistocene localities involved in the early peopling of Mexico, including the discovery of new ones and reanalysis of known ones, and the application of new methods and techniques (e.g. AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes, scanning electron microscopy, palaeobotanical analysis) have increased. Archaeozoology has contributed to this expansion by increasing the record of terrestrial vertebrates, improving understanding of the record and delimitation of distributional ranges of extinct species. There is now more information on the type of diet of some extinct herbivores and hypotheses about the status of local palaeoenvironments have been provided. Questions remain about the interactions between human migrations and the environments, specifically the degree of influence that humans had in the extinction of mega- and mesofaunas, and the diversity of subsistence strategies employed by hunter-gatherers in the Late Pleistocene.
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Borrero, Luis A. Forests, steppes, and coastlines. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.46.

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The human colonization of southern Patagonia began over 11,500 radiocarbon years bp. The first colonizers exploited Pleistocene megamammals and camelids. During the Early Holocene, after the extinction of the megamammals, hunter-gatherers concentrated on the exploitation of camelids. During the Middle Holocene a full exploitation of coastal resources began—pinnipeds, molluscs, and coastal birds. The main trends observed in the exploitation of these animals through time were in the intensity of utilization. Huemul and Rheidae were discontinuously exploited in the interior, particularly in the forests. On the coasts, molluscs, fish, and birds complemented the human diet, especially during the Late Holocene. The main subsistence changes after the European contact resulted from the introduction of sheep and horses.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pleistocene extinctions"

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Stuart, Anthony John. "Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions." In Extinctions in Near Time, 257–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_11.

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Haynes, Gary, and B. Sunday Eiselt. "The Power of Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherers." In Extinctions in Near Time, 71–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_4.

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Alroy, John. "Putting North America’s End-Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction in Context." In Extinctions in Near Time, 105–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_6.

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Faith, J. Tyler. "North American Terminal Pleistocene Extinctions: Current Views." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 7941–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1651.

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Faith, J. Tyler. "North American Terminal Pleistocene Extinctions: Current Views." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 5426–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1651.

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Owen-Smith, Norman. "The Interaction of Humans, Megaherbivores, and Habitats in the Late Pleistocene Extinction Event." In Extinctions in Near Time, 57–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_3.

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Fiedel, Stuart. "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 21–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2.

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Greenwood, Alex D. "Ancient DNA and the Genetic Consequences of Late Pleistocene Extinctions." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 107–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_6.

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Haynes, Gary. "Introduction to the Volume." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 1–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_1.

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Haynes, Gary. "Afterword, and Thoughts About the Future Literature." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 195–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pleistocene extinctions"

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Monteath, Alistair, Duane Froese, Benjamin Gaglioti, and Mary E. Edwards. "LATE PLEISTOCENE SHRUB EXPANSION PRECEDED MEGAFAUNA EXTINCTIONS IN EASTERN BERINGIA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356796.

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Hartley, James C. "SMALL MAMMAL EXTINCTION THROUGH THE PLEISTOCENE IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST." In Joint 53rd Annual South-Central/53rd North-Central/71st Rocky Mtn GSA Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019sc-325195.

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Keller, Jonathan S., Thomas W. Stafford, S. Kathleen Lyons, Seth D. Newsome, and Felisa A. Smith. "SMALL MAMMAL PALEOECOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-338607.

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Freymueller, Nicholas, Corinne Myers, and Felisa A. Smith. "FELID GUILD ECOLOGICAL NICHE DYNAMICS PRE- AND POST-PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341379.

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Hartley, James. "SUDDEN VS. DRAWN-OUT PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTION: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST." In Cordilleran Section-117th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021cd-363006.

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Opazo, L. Felipe, Michal Kowalewski, Roger W. Portell, Jennifer L. Sliko, Shirley Baker, Kenneth W. Black, and Pablo A. Marquet. "COUPLING ENERGY USE, BODY SIZE, AND DIVERSITY DURING THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTION EVENT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-286815.

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Ford, Trenity, Ashley Burkett, Christina Hulett, and Erin Roark. "OVERKILL: A BOARD GAME FOR TEACHING PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION AND THE OVERKILL HYPOTHESIS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339395.

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Opazo, L. Felipe, Pablo A. Marquet, Pablo A. Marquet, Fabio A. Labra, Fabio A. Labra, Roger W. Portell, Roger W. Portell, Michal Kowalewski, and Michal Kowalewski. "CHANGES IN GUILD COMPOSITION AND ENERGETIC DEMANDS THROUGHOUT THE PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTION EVENT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306597.

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DeSantis, Larisa R. G. "MAMMALIAN RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE DURING THE LATE PLEISTOCENE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE SURVIVORS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE MEGAFAUNAL EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285237.

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Williams, Claire M., Max Christie, and Judith A. Sclafani. "MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CYCLOCARDIA GRANULATA FOLLOWING PLIO-PLEISTOCENE EXTINCTION IN VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA, WESTERN ATLANTIC." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-336041.

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