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Journal articles on the topic 'Pleistocene extinctions'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

MORLAN, R. E. "Pleistocene Extinction Reexamined: Quaternary Extinctions." Science 228, no. 4701 (1985): 870–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4701.870.

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2

Pires, Mathias M., Paul L. Koch, Richard A. Fariña, Marcus A. M. de Aguiar, Sérgio F. dos Reis, and Paulo R. Guimarães. "Pleistocene megafaunal interaction networks became more vulnerable after human arrival." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (2015): 20151367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1367.

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The end of the Pleistocene was marked by the extinction of almost all large land mammals worldwide except in Africa. Although the debate on Pleistocene extinctions has focused on the roles of climate change and humans, the impact of perturbations depends on properties of ecological communities, such as species composition and the organization of ecological interactions. Here, we combined palaeoecological and ecological data, food-web models and community stability analysis to investigate if differences between Pleistocene and modern mammalian assemblages help us understand why the megafauna di

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3

Faith, J. Tyler, and James F. O'Connell. "Revisiting the late Pleistocene mammal extinction record at Tight Entrance Cave, southwestern Australia." Quaternary Research 76, no. 3 (2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.08.001.

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AbstractTight Entrance Cave (TEC) in southwestern Australia provides a Pleistocene sequence documenting the extinction of 14 large mammal species. This record has been interpreted as indicating that extinctions did not occur during or before the penultimate glacial maximum (PGM) and that humans played a primary role in the extinctions. However, it remains possible that the majority of extinct megafauna persisted no later than the PGM. The TEC extinctions correspond with vegetation change, a cooling/drying trend, increased biomass burning, and increasingly unstable small mammal communities. The

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4

Louys, Julien, Todd J. Braje, Chun-Hsiang Chang, et al. "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (2021): e2023005118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023005118.

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The arrival of modern humans into previously unoccupied island ecosystems is closely linked to widespread extinction, and a key reason cited for Pleistocene megafauna extinction is anthropogenic overhunting. A common assumption based on late Holocene records is that humans always negatively impact insular biotas, which requires an extrapolation of recent human behavior and technology into the archaeological past. Hominins have been on islands since at least the early Pleistocene and Homo sapiens for at least 50 thousand y (ka). Over such lengthy intervals it is scarcely surprising that signifi

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5

Beck, Michael W. "On discerning the cause of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions." Paleobiology 22, no. 1 (1996): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016043.

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I examine the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions by testing the only extinction model with strong a priori predictions, the blitzkrieg model (Martin 1973; Mosimann and Martin 1975). I first test an assumption of the blitzkrieg and other extinction models that the megafaunal extinctions occurred in the terminal Wisconsin (12-10 Ka). This assumption has been disputed by Grayson (1989, 1991), but I find that both a reanalysis of Grayson's data and an analysis of new reliable data support a terminal Wisconsin extinction.The blitzkrieg model predicts that the ranges of megafauna in North Ameri

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6

Grayson, Donald K. "Deciphering North American Pleistocene Extinctions." Journal of Anthropological Research 63, no. 2 (2007): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/jar.0521004.0063.205.

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7

Hofreiter, Michael. "Pleistocene Extinctions: Haunting the Survivors." Current Biology 17, no. 15 (2007): R609—R611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.031.

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8

Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Late Cenozoic turnover in the Caribbean reef coral fauna." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006031.

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Study of the stratigraphic ranges of reef coral species in scattered sequences (Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Florida) suggests that a major episode of faunal turnover occurred in the Caribbean region between early Pliocene and mid Pleistocene time. In a data set composed of all reef corals except the families Mussidae and Oculinidae and the genera Cladocora and Madracis, approximately 90% of the Mio-Pliocene fauna, composed of as many as 65–70 species, became extinct during this time interval. Ten of 27 genera became extinct. Despite the high numbers of extinctions, th

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Andermann, Tobias, Søren Faurby, Samuel T. Turvey, Alexandre Antonelli, and Daniele Silvestro. "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (2020): eabb2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2313.

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To understand the current biodiversity crisis, it is crucial to determine how humans have affected biodiversity in the past. However, the extent of human involvement in species extinctions from the Late Pleistocene onward remains contentious. Here, we apply Bayesian models to the fossil record to estimate how mammalian extinction rates have changed over the past 126,000 years, inferring specific times of rate increases. We specifically test the hypothesis of human-caused extinctions by using posterior predictive methods. We find that human population size is able to predict past extinctions wi

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10

Russell, Sharman Apt. "The Pleistocene Extinctions: A Bedtime Story." Missouri Review 18, no. 2 (1995): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.1995.0025.

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11

Kooyman, Brian, L. V. Hills, Shayne Tolman, and Paul McNeil. "Late Pleistocene Western Camel (Camelops Hesternus) Hunting in Southwestern Canada." American Antiquity 77, no. 1 (2012): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.1.115.

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AbstractLate Pleistocene large mammal extinctions in North America have been attributed to a number of factors or combination of factors, primarily climate change and human hunting, but the relative roles of these factors remain much debated. Clo-vis-period hunters exploited species such as mammoth, but many now extinct species such as camels were seemingly not hunted. Archaeological evidence from the Wally’s Beach site in southern Canada, including stone tools and butchered bone, provide the first evidence that Clovis people hunted North American camels. Archaeologists generally dismiss human

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12

Davis, Owen K. "Spores of the Dung Fungus Sporormiella: Increased Abundance in Historic Sediments and Before Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction." Quaternary Research 28, no. 2 (1987): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90067-6.

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AbstractSpores of the dung fungus Sporormiella become abundant following the historic introduction of grazing herbivores at seven sites in the western United States. During the Holocene they are generally rare, but at six sites Sporormiella spores are abundant before the extinction of Pleistocene megaherbivores ca. 11,000 yr B.P. Sporormiella spores are directly linked to extinct megaherbivores by their presence in mammoth dung preserved in Bechan Cave, Southern Utah. Their abundance in late-glacial sediments may reflect the abundance of megaherbivores during Quaternary, thereby indicating the

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13

Meltzer, David J. "Overkill, glacial history, and the extinction of North America’s Ice Age megafauna." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (2020): 28555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015032117.

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The end of the Pleistocene in North America saw the extinction of 38 genera of mostly large mammals. As their disappearance seemingly coincided with the arrival of people in the Americas, their extinction is often attributed to human overkill, notwithstanding a dearth of archaeological evidence of human predation. Moreover, this period saw the extinction of other species, along with significant changes in many surviving taxa, suggesting a broader cause, notably, the ecological upheaval that occurred as Earth shifted from a glacial to an interglacial climate. But, overkill advocates ask, if ext

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Estes, James A., Alexander Burdin, and Daniel F. Doak. "Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller’s sea cow." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (2015): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502552112.

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The late Pleistocene extinction of so many large-bodied vertebrates has been variously attributed to two general causes: rapid climate change and the effects of humans as they spread from the Old World to previously uninhabited continents and islands. Many large-bodied vertebrates, especially large apex predators, maintain their associated ecosystems through top-down forcing processes, especially trophic cascades, and megaherbivores also exert an array of strong indirect effects on their communities. Thus, a third possibility for at least some of the Pleistocene extinctions is that they occurr

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Wan, Xinru, and Zhibin Zhang. "Climate warming and humans played different roles in triggering Late Quaternary extinctions in east and west Eurasia." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1851 (2017): 20162438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2438.

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Climate change and humans are proposed as the two key drivers of total extinction of many large mammals in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene, but disentangling their relative roles remains challenging owing to a lack of quantitative evaluation of human impact and climate-driven distribution changes on the extinctions of these large mammals in a continuous temporal–spatial dimension. Here, our analyses showed that temperature change had significant effects on mammoth (genus Mammuthus ), rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae), horse (Equidae) and deer (Cervidae). Rapid global warming was the predomin

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Woodman, Neal, and Nancy Beavan Athfield. "Post-Clovis survival of American Mastodon in the southern Great Lakes Region of North America." Quaternary Research 72, no. 3 (2009): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.009.

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AbstractThe end of the Pleistocene in North America was marked by a wave of extinctions of large mammals, with the last known appearances of many species falling between ca. 11,000–10,000 14C yr BP. Temporally, this period overlaps with the Clovis Paleoindian cultural complex (11,190–10,530 14C yr BP) and with sudden climatic changes that define the beginning of the Younger Dryas chronozone (ca. 11,000–10,000 14C yr BP), both of which have been considered as potential proximal causes of this extinction event. Radiocarbon dating of enamel and filtered bone collagen from an extinct American Mast

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17

Marshall, Charles R., Emily L. Lindsey, Natalia A. Villavicencio, and Anthony D. Barnosky. "A Quantitative Model for Distinguishing Between Climate Change, Human Impact, and Their Synergistic Interaction as Drivers of the Late Quaternary Megafaunal Extinctions." Paleontological Society Papers 21 (October 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002941.

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A simple quantitative approach is presented for determining the relative importance of climate change and human impact in driving late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions. This method is designed to determine whether climate change or human impact alone can account for these extinctions, or whether both were important, acting independently (additively) and/or synergistically (multiplicatively). This approach is applied to the megafaunal extinction in the Última Esperanza region of southern Chile. In this region, there is a complex pattern of extinction. Records of environmental change include te

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Metcalf, Jessica L., Chris Turney, Ross Barnett, et al. "Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1501682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501682.

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The causes of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions (60,000 to 11,650 years ago, hereafter 60 to 11.65 ka) remain contentious, with major phases coinciding with both human arrival and climate change around the world. The Americas provide a unique opportunity to disentangle these factors as human colonization took place over a narrow time frame (~15 to 14.6 ka) but during contrasting temperature trends across each continent. Unfortunately, limited data sets in South America have so far precluded detailed comparison. We analyze genetic and radiocarbon data from 89 and 71 Patagonian megafaunal

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Ceballos, Gerardo, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, and Eduardo Ponce. "Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico." Quaternary Research 73, no. 3 (2010): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.02.006.

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Biological communities in Mexico experienced profound changes in species composition and structure as a consequence of the environmental fluctuations during the Pleistocene. Based on the recent and fossil Mexican mammal checklists, we determine the distribution, composition, diversity, and community structure of late Pleistocene mammalian faunas, and analyze extinction patterns and response of individual species to environmental changes. We conclude that (1) differential extinctions occurred at family, genus, and species level, with a major impact on species heavier than 100 kg, including the

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Brault, M. O., L. A. Mysak, H. D. Matthews, and C. T. Simmons. "Assessing the impact of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on global vegetation and climate." Climate of the Past 9, no. 4 (2013): 1761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1761-2013.

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Abstract. The end of the Pleistocene was a turning point for the Earth system as climate gradually emerged from millennia of severe glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. The deglacial climate change coincided with an unprecedented decline in many species of Pleistocene megafauna, including the near-total eradication of the woolly mammoth. Due to an herbivorous diet that presumably involved large-scale tree grazing, the mammoth extinction has been associated with the rapid expansion of dwarf deciduous trees in Siberia and Beringia, thus potentially contributing to the changing climate of the p

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21

Jordan, GI, and RS Hill. "Two new Banksia species from pleistocene sediments in western Tasmania." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 3 (1991): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910499.

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Subtribe Banksiinae of the Proteaceae was diverse in Tasmania in the early and middle Tertiary, but is now restricted to two species, Banksia marginata and B. serrata. Rapid and extreme environmental changes during the Pleistocene are likely causes of the extinction of some Banksia species in Tasmania. Such extinctions may have been common in many taxonomic groups. The leaves and infructescences of Banksia kingii Jordan & Hill, sp. nov. are described from late Pleistocene sediments. This is the most recent macrofossil record of a now extinct species in Tasmania. Banksia kingii is related t

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Owen-Smith, Norman. "Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role of megaherbivores." Paleobiology 13, no. 3 (1987): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300008927.

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Two alternative hypotheses have been advanced to explain the demise of about half of the mammalian genera exceeding 5 kg in body mass in the later Pleistocene. One hypothesis invokes climatic change and resulting habitat transformations. This fails to predict the increased likelihood of extinctions with increasing body size, greater severity in both North and South America than in Eurasia or Australia, lack of simultaneous extinctions in Africa and tropical Asia, and the absence of extinctions at the end of previous glacial periods. The other hypothesis invokes human predation as the primary c

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Meltzer, David J. "Pleistocene Overkill and North American Mammalian Extinctions." Annual Review of Anthropology 44, no. 1 (2015): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013854.

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MARKGRAF, V. "Late Pleistocene Faunal Extinctions in Southern Patagonia." Science 228, no. 4703 (1985): 1110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4703.1110.

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Lundgren, Erick J., Daniel Ramp, John Rowan, et al. "Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 14 (2020): 7871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915769117.

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Large-bodied mammalian herbivores dominated Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems for several million years before undergoing substantial extinctions and declines during the Late Pleistocene (LP) due to prehistoric human impacts. The decline of large herbivores led to widespread ecological changes due to the loss of their ecological functions, as driven by their unique combinations of traits. However, recently, humans have significantly increased herbivore species richness through introductions in many parts of the world, potentially counteracting LP losses. Here, we assessed the extent to which intr

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Tóth, Anikó B., S. Kathleen Lyons, W. Andrew Barr, et al. "Reorganization of surviving mammal communities after the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction." Science 365, no. 6459 (2019): 1305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1605.

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Large mammals are at high risk of extinction globally. To understand the consequences of their demise for community assembly, we tracked community structure through the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in North America. We decomposed the effects of biotic and abiotic factors by analyzing co-occurrence within the mutual ranges of species pairs. Although shifting climate drove an increase in niche overlap, co-occurrence decreased, signaling shifts in biotic interactions. Furthermore, the effect of abiotic factors on co-occurrence remained constant over time while the effect of biotic factor

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Brault, M. O., L. A. Mysak, H. D. Matthews, and C. T. Simmons. "Assessing the impact of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on global vegetation and climate." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (2013): 435–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-435-2013.

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Abstract. The end of the Pleistocene marked a turning point for the Earth system as climate gradually emerged from millennia of severe glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is widely acknowledged that the deglacial climate change coincided with an unprecedented decline in many species of large terrestrial mammals, including the near-total eradication of the woolly mammoth. Due to an herbivorous diet that presumably involved large-scale tree grazing, the mammoth expansion would have accelerated the expansion of dwarf deciduous trees in Siberia and Beringia, thus contributing to the changing

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Emery-Wetherell, Meaghan M., Brianna K. McHorse, and Edward Byrd Davis. "Spatially explicit analysis sheds new light on the Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in North America." Paleobiology 43, no. 4 (2017): 642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.15.

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AbstractThe late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions may have been the first extinctions directly related to human activity, but in North America the close temporal proximity of human arrival and the Younger Dryas climate event has hindered efforts to identify the ultimate extinction cause. Previous work evaluating the roles of climate change and human activity in the North American megafaunal extinction has been stymied by a reliance on geographic binning, yielding contradictory results among researchers. We used a fine-scale geospatial approach in combination with 95 megafaunal last-appearanc

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Wright, H. E. "Faunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene." Reviews in Anthropology 13, no. 3 (1986): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1986.9977783.

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Louys, Julien, Darren Curnoe, and Haowen Tong. "Characteristics of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in Southeast Asia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243, no. 1-2 (2007): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.011.

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31

Field, Judith, and Stephen Wroe. "Aridity, faunal adaptations and Australian Late Pleistocene extinctions." World Archaeology 44, no. 1 (2012): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2012.647572.

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32

Lundelius, Ernest L. "The implications of disharmonious assemblages for Pleistocene extinctions." Journal of Archaeological Science 16, no. 4 (1989): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90015-0.

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Grayson, Donald K. "The chronology of North American late pleistocene extinctions." Journal of Archaeological Science 16, no. 2 (1989): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(89)90063-0.

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Davis, Matt. "What North America's skeleton crew of megafauna tells us about community disassembly." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1846 (2017): 20162116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2116.

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Functional trait diversity is increasingly used to model future changes in community structure despite a poor understanding of community disassembly's effects on functional diversity. By tracking the functional diversity of the North American large mammal fauna through the End-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction and up to the present, I show that contrary to expectations, functionally unique species are no more likely to go extinct than functionally redundant species. This makes total functional richness loss no worse than expected given similar taxonomic richness declines. However, where curren

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Jordan, Gregory J. "Contrasts between the Climatic Ranges of Fossil and Extant Taxa: Causes and Consequences for Palaeoclimatic Estimates." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 3 (1997): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96038.

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Many palaeoclimate estimates are based on the climatic ranges of the nearest living relatives (NLRs) of fossils. If the climatic ranges of the true NLRs of the taxa in a fossil assemblage do not overlap, then the past climatic ranges of some of the fossil taxa are different from the ranges of their NLRs. Discrepancies between the climatic ranges of the inferred NLRs of co-occurring fossils are common, particularly in assemblages older than the Middle Pleistocene. Evidence from Early Pleistocene Tasmania indicates that many anomalies are caused by extinct species, or at least extinct genotypes.

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Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Stratigraphic distributions of genera and species of Neogene to Recent Caribbean reef corals." Journal of Paleontology 68, no. 5 (1994): 951–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026585.

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To document evolutionary patterns in late Cenozoic Caribbean reef corals, we compiled composite stratigraphic ranges of 49 genera and 175 species using Neogene occurrences in the Cibao Valley sequence of the northern Dominican Republic and faunal lists for 24 Miocene to Recent sites across the Caribbean region. This new compilation benefits in particular from increased sampling at late Miocene to early Pleistocene sites and from increased resolution and greater taxonomic consistency provided by the use of morphometric procedures in species recognition.Preliminary examination and quantitative a

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Cramb, Jonathan, Gilbert J. Price, and Scott A. Hocknull. "Short-tailed mice with a long fossil record: the genusLeggadina(Rodentia: Muridae) from the Quaternary of Queensland, Australia." PeerJ 6 (September 21, 2018): e5639. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5639.

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The genusLeggadina(colloquially known as ‘short-tailed mice’) is a common component of Quaternary faunas of northeastern Australia. They represent a member of the Australian old endemic murid radiation that arrived on the continent sometime during the late Cenozoic. Here we describe two new species of extinctLeggadinafrom Quaternary cave deposits as well as additional material of the extinctLeggadina macrodonta.Leggadina irvinisp. nov. recovered from Middle-Upper (late) Pleistocene cave deposits near Chillagoe, northeastern Queensland, is the biggest member of the genus, being substantially la

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Lima-Ribeiro, Matheus S., Joaquín Hortal, Sara Varela, and José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho. "Constraint envelope analyses of macroecological patterns reveal climatic effects on Pleistocene mammal extinctions." Quaternary Research 82, no. 1 (2014): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.02.003.

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AbstractQuantitative analysis of macroecological patterns for late Pleistocene assemblages can be useful for disentangling the causes of late Quaternary extinctions (LQE). However, previous analyses have usually assumed linear relationships between macroecological traits, such as body size and range size/range shift, that may have led to erroneous interpretations. Here, we analyzed mammalian datasets to show how macroecological patterns support climate change as an important driver of the LQE, which is contrary to previous analyses that did not account for more complex relationships among trai

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Rick, Torben C., John S. Wah, and Jon M. Erlandson. "Re-evaluating the origins of late Pleistocene fire areas on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA." Quaternary Research 78, no. 2 (2012): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.06.006.

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AbstractAt the close of the Pleistocene, fire regimes in North America changed significantly in response to climate change, megafaunal extinctions, anthropogenic burning and possibly, even an extraterrestrial impact. On California's Channel Islands, researchers have long debated the nature of late Pleistocene “fire areas,” discrete red zones in sedimentary deposits, interpreted by some as prehistoric mammoth-roasting pits created by humans. Further research found no evidence that these red zones were cultural in origin, and two hypotheses were advanced to explain their origin: natural fires an

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Louys, Julien, Gilbert J. Price, and Sue O’Connor. "Direct dating of Pleistocene stegodon from Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara." PeerJ 4 (March 10, 2016): e1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1788.

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Stegodons are a commonly recovered extinct proboscidean (elephants and allies) from the Pleistocene record of Southeast Asian oceanic islands. Estimates on when stegodons arrived on individual islands and the timings of their extinctions are poorly constrained due to few reported direct geochronological analyses of their remains. Here we report on uranium-series dating of a stegodon tusk recovered from the Ainaro Gravels of Timor. The six dates obtained indicate the local presence of stegodons in Timor at or before 130 ka, significantly pre-dating the earliest evidence of humans on the island.

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Davis, Matt, Søren Faurby, and Jens-Christian Svenning. "Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 44 (2018): 11262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804906115.

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The incipient sixth mass extinction that started in the Late Pleistocene has already erased over 300 mammal species and, with them, more than 2.5 billion y of unique evolutionary history. At the global scale, this lost phylogenetic diversity (PD) can only be restored with time as lineages evolve and create new evolutionary history. Given the increasing rate of extinctions however, can mammals evolve fast enough to recover their lost PD on a human time scale? We use a birth–death tree framework to show that even if extinction rates slow to preanthropogenic background levels, recovery of lost PD

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Brook, B. W., and D. M. J. S. Bowman. "Explaining the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions: Models, chronologies, and assumptions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 23 (2002): 14624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232126899.

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Hayward, Bruce W. "Global deep-sea extinctions during the Pleistocene ice ages." Geology 29, no. 7 (2001): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0599:gdsedt>2.0.co;2.

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Solow, A. R., D. L. Roberts, and K. M. Robbirt. "On the Pleistocene extinctions of Alaskan mammoths and horses." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 19 (2006): 7351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509480103.

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Ripple, William J., and Blaire Van Valkenburgh. "Linking Top-down Forces to the Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions." BioScience 60, no. 7 (2010): 516–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.7.

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Barnes, I. "Dynamics of Pleistocene Population Extinctions in Beringian Brown Bears." Science 295, no. 5563 (2002): 2267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067814.

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Faith, J. Tyler. "Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa." Earth-Science Reviews 128 (January 2014): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.10.009.

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Tello, Francisco, José R. Verdú, Michele Rossini, and Mario Zunino. "Onthophagus pilauco sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): evidence of beetle extinction in the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Chilean Northern Patagonia." ZooKeys 1043 (June 15, 2021): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.61706.

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Abstract:

The South American Pleistocene–Holocene transition has been characterized by drastic climatic and diversity changes. These rapid changes induced one of the largest and most recent extinctions in the megafauna at the continental scale. However, examples of the extinction of small animals (e.g., insects) are scarce, and the underlying causes of the extinction have been little studied. In this work, a new extinct dung beetle species is described from a late Pleistocene sequence (~15.2 k cal yr BP) at the paleoarcheological site Pilauco, Chilean Northern Patagonia. Based on morphological character

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Vermeij, Geerat J. "Geographical restriction as a guide to the causes of extinction: the case of the cold northern oceans during the Neogene." Paleobiology 15, no. 4 (1989): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300009544.

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Geographical restriction to refuges implies the regional extinction of taxa in areas of the previous range falling outside the refuge. A comparison of the circumstances in the refuge with those in areas from which the taxa were eliminated is potentially informative for pinpointing the causes of extinction. A synthesis of data on the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of cool-water molluscs of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans during the late Neogene reveals four patterns of geographical restriction, at least two of which imply that climatic cooling was not the only cause

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Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. "Macroecological analyses support an overkill scenario for late Pleistocene extinctions." Brazilian Journal of Biology 64, no. 3a (2004): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842004000300005.

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The extinction of megafauna at the end of Pleistocene has been traditionally explained by environmental changes or overexploitation by human hunting (overkill). Despite difficulties in choosing between these alternative (and not mutually exclusive) scenarios, the plausibility of the overkill hypothesis can be established by ecological models of predator-prey interactions. In this paper, I have developed a macroecological model for the overkill hypothesis, in which prey population dynamic parameters, including abundance, geographic extent, and food supply for hunters, were derived from empirica

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