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Terry, Ina M. "The Ohio Pleistocene Mammal Database (OPMDB): Creation and Preliminary Taphonomic and Spatial Analyses." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1377456136.
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Fernandez, Garcia Monica. "Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Northeastern Iberia : taxonomic, taphonomic and isotopic approach based on small-mammal assemblages." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MNHN0010.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse de doctorat est la reconstruction paléoenvironnementale enregistrée pendant le Pléistocène supérieur dans la péninsule ibérique du nord-ouest. Le stade 3 de l’isotope marin (MIS 3) a principalement été étudié, en combinant différentes approches scientifiques basées sur l’étude des ensembles fauniques de petits mammifères (insectivores, chauves-souris et rongeurs). Les trois sites analysés sont: l'Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelone), la grotte des Teixoneres (Moià, Barcelone) et la grotte d'Arbreda (Serinya, Gérone). Un quatrième site paléontologique contemporain, la grotte Xaragalls (Vimbodí-Poblet, Tarragone), était également inclus. L'objectif est d'intégrer les données disponibles des séquences archéologiques aux données dérivées de l'approche paléontologique et de l'analyse isotopique de l'oxygène, afin de permettre une augmentation des connaissances environnementales du MIS 3 d'un point de vue plus strictement régional et pour mieux comprendre la singularité climatique de la dernière phase de Néandertal dans la péninsule ibérique. L'étude s'est concentrée sur l'analyse isotopique de l'oxygène (δ18O) de l'émail dentaire chez les rongeurs modernes et fossiles des sites archéologiques susmentionnés. L'analyse tafonomique et taxonomique basée sur les petits mammifères a également contribué à l'enrichissement des connaissances écologiques, permettant une interprétation plus large des sites analysés. D'autres méthodes, également utilisées, sur les restes fossiles de petits mammifères pour la reconstruction paléoenvironnementale sont la méthode commune des intervalles éco-géographiques, la méthode des habitats pondérés, la classification corotypique des organismes et la méthode basée sur le modèle bioclimatique. Au vu des résultats obtenus, ces travaux montrent qu'il faut prendre en compte deux facteurs importants dans la reconstruction du paléoenvironnement ibérique à partir d'analyses isotopiques de l'oxygène: la saisonnalité possible de l'accumulation de rongeurs, dérivée de leur prédateur, et les particularités régionales en termes de valeurs de δ18O des eaux météoriques de la péninsule ibérique. Une nouvelle proposition méthodologique utilisée pour la reconstruction de la paléo-température et obtenue de l'étude dentaire de rongeurs δ18Op dans la péninsule ibérique, après avoir été élaborée conformément aux dispositions, a été appliquée aux sites archéologiques et paléontologiques étudiés. Le paléoenvironnement enregistré montre des conditions généralement plus froides et plus humides qu'aujourd'hui et une homogénéité climatique importante a été identifiée dans tous les sites, avec de légères variations liées aux pulsations entre les stades et les interstades, qui se traduisent par des oscillations entre les abondances des espèces méditerranéennes et de Europe centrale. Les formations forestières sont toujours abondantes dans toutes les séquences. La persistance des couvertures forestières, ainsi que les légères variations climatiques et communautaires des rongeurs globalement stables, démontrent les particularités de la péninsule ibérique, contrastant avec la grande instabilité climatique enregistrée en Eurasie. Ce travail met en évidence le fait que la combinaison d’une analyse paléoécologique à l’échelle locale et d’une analyse à grande échelle permet essentiellement une reconstruction plus fidèle du paléoenvironnement<br>The main objective of the PhD thesis is the reconstruction of palaeoenvironment experienced during the Late Pleistocene, mainly during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3), at northeastern Iberia, through the combination of different ecological approaches based on small-mammal assemblages (insectivores, bats and rodents). Three archaeological sites are included: Abric Romaní rock-shelter (Capellades, Barcelona); Teixoneres cave (Moià, Barcelona) and Arbreda cave (Serinyà, Girona). It is also included a paleontological site from a close chronology, Xaragalls cave (Vimbodí-Poblet, Tarragona). The aim is the integration of the available data of the studied archaeological sequences through palaeoecological and oxygen isotope compositions analysis for increasing our knowledge about the MIS 3 environment from a regional point of view and reach a better understanding of the climatic singularities of Iberia during last Neanderthals settlements. One of the focus is fixed in oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) analyzed from enamel tooth phosphates of both modern and fossil rodent remains of these localities. Taphonomic and taxonomical analyses based on small-mammals are also performed to reach a complete ecological interpretation of these sites. Other methods currently use in palaeoenvironmetal reconstructions based on small-mammal assemblages were also employed, such as mutual ecogeographic range method, habitat weighting method, chorotypes classification and bioclimatic model method. Considering the isotopic results obtained, this work shows that two main factors should be considered in Iberian palaeoenvironmental reconstructions: the possible seasonality of the rodent assemblages, derived from the predator, and the regional particularities on δ18O values of meteoric waters in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, a new methodological proposal for the reconstruction of palaeotemperatures from rodent tooth δ18O accumulated in the Iberian Peninsula was developed and after applied to the archeological and paleontological sites studied. The recorded palaeoenvironment show globally cooler and wetter conditions than nowadays but it is detected notable climatic stability in all sites, with only slight changes related to stadial-interstadial pulsations, reflected mainly in oscitations between Mediterranean and mid-European species abundances. Woodland formations are always abundant throughout the sequences. The continuous maintenance of woodland covertures besides slight climatic variations and globally stable rodent communities, demonstrate the singularities of Iberian Peninsula, in contrast to the high climatic instability experience in Eurasia. This work highlights that a combination of different local-scale palaeoecological proxies compared to larger-scale proxies is essential to obtain faithful environmental reconstructions
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Jeffrey, Amy. "Exploring palaeoaridity using stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in small mammal teeth : a case study from two Late Pleistocene archaeological cave sites in Morocco, North Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5443f540-1049-4f89-8240-970afd5e59f5.
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Revised chronologies from Moroccan cave sites have raised questions concerning the timing of changes in human cultural behaviour in relation to past climate shifts. However, many of the inferences about past moisture regimes are based on external records. Therefore, this thesis aimed to develop a palaeoclimate record using oxygen and carbon isotope values (d18O and d13C) in Gerbillinae (gerbil) teeth from two Late Pleistocene cave sites, El Harhoura 2 and Taforalt, in Morocco. Since small mammals are not commonly used to construct proxy climate records, a modern isotope study was undertaken in northwestern Africa to understand the influences on the stable isotope composition of small mammal tissues in semi-arid and arid settings. The results from the modern study show that d18O composition of gerbil teeth is strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation (MAP), and therefore in arid settings reflects moisture availability. Predictably, the d13C values of the gerbil teeth reflected C3 and C4 dietary inputs, but arid and mesic sites could not be distinguished because of the high variability displayed in d13C. The d18O isotope-based MAP reconstructions suggest that the Mediterranean coastal region of North Africa did not experience hyper-arid conditions during the Late Pleistocene. The d13C values of the gerbil teeth show that C3 vegetation dominated in the Late Pleistocene, but there was a small amount C4 vegetation present at Taforalt. This indicates that small mammals are extremely sensitive to discreet shifts in past vegetation cover. Both the modern and archaeological studies demonstrated that the isotope values of molars and incisors differed. The results indicate that tooth choice is an important consideration for applications as proxy Quaternary records, but also highlights a new potential means to distinguish seasonal contexts. Comparisons of proxy climate records and cultural sequences at Taforalt and El Harhoura 2 show that Middle Stone Age occupations of both sites occurred during relatively humid and arid climate phases. The transition to the Later Stone Age appears to have taken place during a period of increased aridity, hinting that this cultural transition may be related to changing environmental conditions.
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Mercer, Lonnie T. "Geology of the Tierras Blancas Area in the Southeastern Acambay Graben, Central Mexico." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/303.
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Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments in the southeastern Acambay graben, central Mexico have yielded mammal fossils, including Equus simplicidens, cf. Rhynchotherium, ?Camelops, Mammuthus sp., Bison sp., and Antilocapra sp. The fossiliferous sediments include a period of lacustrine sedimentation in the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene that interrupted fluvial and alluvial sedimentation during the early Pliocene and Pleistocene. The sediments deposited in this late Pliocene paleolake record a history of lake level fluctuations, shown by lithologic variations in lacustrine sediments and abundance of vertebrate burrows. Volcanic and tectonic events in the Acambay graben were the major controls on sedimentation during Pliocene-Pleistocene time. Various local volcanic structures produced source rocks for Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments, and intra-arc extensional tectonics caused basin subsidence. Blockage of stream drainages by lava flows or perhaps increased basin subsidence contributed to the appearance of and fluctuations in the lacustrine system during the late Pliocene. Diatom assemblages from lacustrine sediments indicate slightly higher precipitation and humidity than present-day conditions in the Acambay graben. Therefore, climatic forcing may have also contributed to the development of the late Pliocene paleolake in the Acambay graben. Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic rocks in this part of the Acambay graben range from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. The calc-alkaline composition of these volcanic rocks is similar to others in the modern Mexican Volcanic Belt; they have a continental arc affinity, which is consistent with a tectonic setting within the Mexican Volcanic Belt. The major eruptive episode in the Acambay graben occurred during the early Pliocene, although volcanism, represented by small volcanic structures, continued until the late Pleistocene. This observed decline in volcanism in the Acambay graben correlates with a early Pliocene through Quaternary trenchward migration of volcanism in the Mexican Volcanic Belt.
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Collinge, Sarah Elizabeth. "Body size and community structure in British Pleistocene mammals." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249233.
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This study explores patterns of body size variation in the ungulates and large carnivores of the British Middle and Late Pleistocene (ca. 750-10 kyr B.P.) and examines how communities were organised in terms of the body sizes of their members. Body size analysis has been carried out using estimated body mass data, produced through the application of allometric scaling equations. A high degree of estimate consistency was achieved within and between skeletal elements, indicating that the methods produce accurate representations of mass. The biostratigraphic scheme applied relates terrestrial deposits to the Oxygen Isotope Record of climatic change. Body mass data generally supports the coherence of the stratigraphic divisions utilised. The majority of species underwent significant mass variation during the study period, with size differences identified at the 01 Stage and Sub-Stage level. Post-crania appear to be more suitable for mass estimation than teeth. Comparison of the mass records produced from dental and post-cranial remains indicates whether size change events had a genetic or ecophenotypic basis. The patterns of body size variation revealed have been related to palaeoenvironmental conditions. British Pleistocene ungulates generally underwent size change opposite to the predictions of Bergmann's rule, while carnivores maintained relatively constant body sizes across periods of temperature variation. Primary productivity and levels of seasonality appear to have been the major determinants of ungulate body size. Carnivore body sizes may be related to size variations in their prey and can also be influenced by vegetation conditions ifpredation levels are affected, although changes in dental proportions may also result. Analysis of community structure suggests that the body sizes of different guild members were not closely linked during the Pleistocene. Community body mass distributions predicted by competition theory have not been consistently identified. The mammal communities appear to be loose associations of species acting individualistically and responding in different ways to environmental challenges.
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Schreve, Danielle Caroline. "Mammalian biostratigraphy of the later Middle Pleistocene in Britain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317926/.
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This study explores and develops the potential of fossil mammals to differentiate between the various climatic episodes of the post-Anglian Middle Pleistocene in Britain. Mammalian fossils are particularly valuable as biostratigraphic indicators on account of their morphological evolution and rapid turnover, through origination and extinction of species. Furthermore, the large-scale climatic fluctuations that affected north-west Europe during the Quaternary produced major shifts in the geographical distributions of many species, resulting in discernible patterns of presence and absence in the fossil record of a particular region. The development of a globally-applicable climatostratigraphic framework, based on the oxygen isotope record from deep-ocean sediments, has provided a new and challenging scheme for the interpretation of the British Quaternary record. Long fluvial sequences in Britain have been related to this record with considerable success, thereby providing a detailed archive of climatic change through the Pleistocene. The Thames valley was selected as a framework for the relative dating of the various climatic fluctuations, since it has been claimed to have the most reliably-dated long terrestrial sequence in the later Middle Pleistocene. The Thames model was therefore adopted as a testable hypothesis against which the mammalian evidence could be compared. The findings of this study confirm the presence of four complete climatic cycles between the Anglian and the Holocene, each with its own distinctive mammalian suite. In addition, it has been possible to identify subdivisions within these temperate stages, probably representing smaller-scale climatic fluctuations within an interglacial, and perhaps corresponding to isotopic substages. It has been possible to resolve a longstanding controversy concerning the age of the British type Hoxnian Interglacial. Amino acid geochronology had suggested that sediments at Hoxne belonged to a later interglacial than deposits from the first post-Anglian temperate episode in the Thames valley, such as Swanscombe. The results of the present study reveal close similarity between the mammalian fauna from Hoxne and that from Swanscombe, suggesting that there was indeed a single Hoxnian Interglacial, and that it directly post-dated the Anglian (i.e. Stage 11). Sediments of this age can be distinguished from those attributable to two other late Middle Pleistocene interglacials, all of them distinct from and older than, the Ipswichian. It has been suggested that distinctive mammalian assemblages can be identified from interglacials equivalent to oxygen isotope stages 9 and 7; moreover, it is apparent that the assemblages from warm Substages 7c and 7a differed from one another in species composition. Certain useful characters have also been determined, which can permit useful separation of some of the late Middle Pleistocene cold episodes, although in comparison with the interglacials, the evidence from these is scanty. The present study has provided a new biostratigraphic framework that may be both tested and refined as new sites become available in Britain, and also compared with the evidence from continental north-west Europe.
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Leakey, Louise Nicol. "Body weight estimation of Bovidae and Plio-Pleistocene faunal change, Turkana Basin, Kenya." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249743.
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Tumeleiro, Leonardo Rodrigo Kerber. "Os roedores caviomorpha (Mammalia, Rodentia, Hystricognathi) do pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32665.
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Os roedores Hystricognathi da América do Sul formam um grupo monofilético, os Caviomorpha. Estes roedores provavelmente são derivados de ancestrais africanos e chegaram ao continente sul-americano em algum momento do Eoceno. Devido ao longo período de isolamento geográfico, os caviomorfos atingiram uma grande diversidade fenotípica e ecológica, com mais de 160 gêneros fósseis e viventes. Neste trabalho, é revisado o conhecimento sobre o registro fóssil deste grupo no Pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sul do Brasil; descrito novo material e discutido suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogeográficas. Desta forma, os principais resultados são: 1 – Reporta-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de Galea e Lagostomus cf. L. maximus no Pleistoceno final do sul do Brasil, sendo que este último táxon representa o primeiro registro de um Chinchillidae no Brasil. 2 – Descreve-se materiais de Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; 3 – Reporta-se novos materiais de Dolichotinae e Myocastor de depósitos continentais, confirmando sua presença durante o Pleistoceno final desta região; 4 – Os caviomorfos pleistocênicos do RS apresentam afinidade paleobiogrográfica mais acentuada com a paleofauna do Uruguai; 5 – Os indicativos paleoambientais dos caviomorfos suportam modelos previamente hipotetizados de áreas abertas durante o Pleistoceno final, substituídas por vegetação florestal durante o Holoceno. 6 – Durante a transição Pleistoceno final/Holoceno, observa-se a extinção regional de táxons com afinidade às áreas abertas, como Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae e Lagostomus, substituídos por uma predominância de táxons de afinidade florestal durante o Holoceno.<br>The Hystricognathi rodents from South America are a monophyletic group, the Caviomorpha. These rodents are probably derived from African ancestors and they arrived in South America during the Eocene. Due to the long period of geographic isolation, the caviomorphs achieved great ecologic and phenotypic diversity, with more than 160 living and fossil genera. In this work, we revised the knowledge on the Pleistocene fossil record of caviomorphs from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil; described new remains and discussed their paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Thus, the main results are: 1 – We reported, for the first time, the occurrence of Galea and Lagostomus cf. L. maximus in the late Pleistocene of the southern Brazil. The record of Lagostomus is the first occurrence of Chinchillidae in Brazil; 2 – We described remains of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. 3 – We reported new remains of Dolichotinae and Myocastor from continental deposits, confirming their presence in the late Pleistocene of this region; 4 – The RS caviomorphs show paleozoogeographic affinities with the late Pleistocene from Uruguay; 5 – The paleoenvironmental indicatives of caviomorphs corroborate the previous interpretations of open areas during the late Pleistocene substituted by forest areas in the Holocene; 6 – During the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition we observed a local extinction of taxa with open areas affinities, as Microcavia, Galea, Dolichotinae and Lagostomus, substituted by a predominance of taxa typical of forested areas during the Holocene.
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Villalba, Almendra Ana. "Evolution and Biogeography of Mesoamerican Small Mammals: With Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5812.
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Mesoamerica is considered a biodiversity hot spot with levels of endemism and species diversity likely underestimated. For mammals, the patterns of diversification of Mesoamerican taxa still are controversial. Reasons for this include the region's complex geologic history, and the relatively recent timing of such geological events. Previous studies, however, support the view that substantial migration between North (NA) and South America (SA) occurred prior or/and during the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) ~3.5 Ma. This was followed by repeated periods of isolation during Pleistocene climatic oscillations, which produced most of the diversification in the region. From a North American origin, the subfamily Sigmodontinae migrated to SA, where most of its present day diversity exists. The taxonomic history of this subfamily, and of Oryzomynii, its largest tribe, has been exceptionally complex. Recently, extensive studies have helped to clarify genealogical relationships among major clades, but have left the evolutionary histories of several groups unresolved. Such is the case for the genus Handleyomys that includes nine species; seven of which are endemic to Mesoamerica; and of its phylogenetic position among closely related genera Euryoryzomys, Hylaeamys, Oecomys, Nephelomys and Transandinomys. The results supported the monophyly of Handleyomys, and four clades with inter-generic levels of divergence within the genus, three of these clades restricted to Mesoamerica (the alfaroi, chapmani and melanotis species groups). Furthermore, the estimated time for the split of the Mesoamerican Handleyomys is on average, 2.0 Myr older than the proposed migrations to NA during the GABI. In addition, the position of Handleyomys as the sister clade to Euryoryzomys, Hylaeamys, Oecomys, Nephelomys and Transandinomys was well supported, as it was a biogeographic hypotheses that depicted a polyphyletic origin for these genera and Handleyomys 5.5-6.0 Ma. The integrative approach implemented in this dissertation allowed the development of more biologically realistic hypothesis than has previously been conducted in Mesoamerica, where half of the endemic mammals are listed under the IUCN Red list; and where mammals with small ranges, which are the most vulnerable to extinction, are found largely outside reserves. The continued decline of the ecosystems health in this region calls for a more precise account of its biodiversity for its proper conservation; and for rigorous biogeographic studies for its management, since the region also serves as a biological corridor for intercontinental connectivity.
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Holanda, Elizete Celestino. "Os Tapiridae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla), do pleistoceno superior do estado de Rondônia, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8799.
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O material aqui estudado provém da Formação Rio Madeira, da localidade de Araras, Município de Nova Mamoré. O espécime UNIR-PLV-M009, um crânio quase completo, apresenta as sinapomorfias do gênero Tapirus, mas difere de todas as espécies conhecidas pelos frontais largos, cuja pneumatização se estende até a sutura fronto-parietal, pela crista sagital alta e pelo P2 pouco molarizado, constituindose numa nova espécie, não nominada, de Tapirus. O espécime UMVT-4075, um palato incompleto com todos os dentes, difere de UNIR-PLV-M009 pelo P2 molarizado, e compartilha com Tapirus terrestris este e os demais caracteres dentários.<br>The material here studied comes from Rio Madeira Formation, locality of Araras, Nova Mamoré city. The UNIR-PLV-M009 specimen, an almost complete skull, presents the synapomorphies of the genus Tapirus but differs all known species for broad frontals, whose pneumatization extends until the frontoparietal suture, for high sagital crest, and for little molarized P2, so characterizing new unominated Tapirus species. The UMVT-4075 specimen, an incomplete palate with all teeth, differs from UNIR-PLV-M009 in the molarized P2, and it shares with Tapirus terrestris this and the other tooth characteristics.
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Inabinett, Matthew. "An Unusual Mastodon Revisited: Providing a Regional Focus for Mammut americanum (Proboscidea, Mammutidae) in the Southeast." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3772.
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A century ago, two large American mastodon Mammut americanum specimens from coastal South Carolina were mounted for display at Amherst College. Their robust build, broad and pentalophodont third molars, and well-developed mandibular tusks were noted as unusual. Here, these specimens are redescribed; three additional mastodon mandibles from the same region of South Carolina are also described. Though collection information on these specimens is sparse, they appear to span >150 ka in the Middle to Late Pleistocene, and probably include the first report of Mammut from the earliest-Rancholabrean Ten Mile Hill Formation. Some “unusual” features — moderately to extremely broad third molars, longitudinally-wrinkled enamel, very robust mandibles, large mandibular tusks — are present in most or all specimens, and may characterize regional mastodons. Description of these mastodons provides a useful starting point for more-thorough evaluation of the species in the Southeastern United States.
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Holanda, Elizete Celestino. "Sobre os Tapiritae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) do quaternário da América do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/38640.
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O gênero Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae) é de origem holártica e entre o Mioceno e Plioceno final é amplamente distribuído na América do Norte, Europa e Ásia. Os tapires aparecem na América do Sul após a formação do Istmo de Panamá, durante o Grande Intercâmbio Biótico Americano, Pleistoceno inicial - médio. Neste trabalho, é revisado o material tipo das espécies atribuídas ao gênero na América do Sul; descrito material inédito proveniente da Venezuela e Brasil; realizado estudo comparativo morfológico e morfométrico; e proposto hipóteses quanto à origem e filogenia dos tapires na América do Sul. A partir da revisão das espécies de Tapirus do Quaternário da América do Sul, foi possível considerar válidas as espécies: T. greslebini, T. rioplatensis, e T. mesopotamicus (todas para a Argentina); T. oliverasi (Uruguai); T. tarijensis (Bolívia); T. cristatellus e T. rondoniensis (Brasil). A análise morfométrica permitiu estabelecer dois morfótipos para as espécies fósseis sulamericanas com base no tamanho do dentário. Um morfótipo que está dentro da variação de tamanho de T. terrestris, constituído pelas espécies T. rondoniensis e T. mesopotamicus, e outro, um morfótipo maior, com tamanho superior ao máximo de variação encontrado em T. terrestris, como T.tarijensis, T. rioplatensis, T. greslebini, e alguns espécimes de T. cristatellus. O gênero Tapirus apresentou-se como um clado monofilético, sendo Nexuotapirus marslandensis seu táxon-irmão. Os tapires sulamericanos não formam um clado monofilético, sendo T. pinchaque o grupo-irmão dos demais tapires sul-americanos atuais e fósseis, bem como das formas derivadas norte-americanas; e T. cristatellus seria o táxon irmão do clado T. indicus + T. bairdii +T. polkensis + T. lundeliusi + T. haysii + T. veroensis. O resultado da análise filogenética sugere uma relação próxima entre os tapires sul-americanos e T. webbi, o que corrobora a hipótese de um evento de dispersão da América do Norte para a América do Sul durante o Mioceno. Por outro lado, nossos dados indicam um segundo evento de dispersão da América do Sul para a América do Norte, possivelmente a partir de uma forma proximamente relacionada a T. cristatellus, que teria dado origem às formas derivadas do sudoeste da América do Norte.<br>The genus Tapirus (Perissodactyla, Tapiridae) is of Holarctic origin and between the Miocene and late Pliocene is widely distributed in North America, Europe and Asia. Tapirs appeared in South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, during the Great American Biotic Interchange, early – middle Pleistocene. In this work is reviewed the type specimen of the species assigned to the genus in South America; described new material from Venezuela and Brazil; conducted comparative morphological and morphometric study; and proposed hypotheses regarding the origin and phylogeny of South American tapirs. Based on the review of the species of Tapirus of Quaternary from South America, could be considered as valid species: T. greslebini, T. rioplatensis, and T. mesopotamicus (all from Argentina); T. oliverasi (Uruguay); T. tarijensis (Bolivia); T. cristatellus and T. rondoniensis (Brazil). Morphometric analysis allowed us to establish two morphotypes for the South American fossil species based on the size of the teeth. A morphotype which is within the size variation of T. terrestris, comprising the species T. rondoniensis and T. mesopotamicus, and another, larger one morphotype, much larger than the maximum of variation found in T. terrestris, as T. tarijensis, T. rioplatensis, T. greslebini, and some specimens of T. cristatellus. The genus Tapirus appeared as a monophyletic clade and Nexuotapirus marslandensis as its sister taxon. The South American tapirs do not constitute a monophyletic clade, since T. pinchaque is the sister group of other extant and fossil South American tapirs, and of the forms derived from North American; and T. cristatellus would be the sister taxon of the clade T. indicus + T. bairdii +T. polkensis + T. lundeliusi + T. haysii + T. veroensis. The result from phylogenetic analysis suggests a close relationship between the South American tapirs and T. webbi, which supports the hypothesis of a dispersal event from North America to South America during the Miocene. Moreover, our data indicate a second dispersal event from South America to North America, possibly from a form closely related to T. cristatellus, which would have resulted to the derived forms of southeast North America.
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Kitagawa, Hiromichi. "Taxonomic revision of the Pleistocene fossil Elephantidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Japanese and Taiwanese islands." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142390.
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Ukkonen, Pirkko. "Shaped by the ice age : reconstructing the history of mammals in Finland during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2001. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/geolo/vk/ukkonen/.
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Santos, José Darival Ferreira dos. "Estudo do gênero Panochthus Burmeister, 1866 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) do pleistoceno do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/94684.
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O registro de gliptodontes no sul do Brasil se trata principalmente de osteodermos, muitas vezes isolados e que por uma questão tafonômica, de preservação (estrutura mineralizada) e proporção (presença de centenas de osteodermos em uma carapaça) são os mais abundantes. Panochthus é o segundo gênero de maior representação de Glyptodontidae nos depósitos do Rio Grande do Sul, ficando atrás apenas de Glyptodon. Os depósitos fossilíferos onde foram encontrados registros de Panochthus são: Rosário do Sul (Rincão dos Fialho), Santa Vitória do Palmar (Arroio Chuí e Balneário Hermenegildo), Touro Passo (Uruguaiana) e Sanga dos Borba (Pantano Grande). Na presente dissertação, foram estudados novos espécimes coletados nas localidades pleistocênicas nos municípios de Rosário do Sul, Santa Vitória do Palmar e Uruguaiana, bem como uma revisão dos materiais previamente descritos e referidos pertencentes ao gênero Panochthus para o Pleistoceno do Rio Grande do Sul. O material corresponde basicamente em uma grande quantidade de osteodermos isolados e alguns fragmentos de tubos caudais, depositados no Museu de Ciências Naturais do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Museu de Ciências Tancredo Filho Melo e Laboratório de Geologia e Paleontologia da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande. Com este estudo corroborou-se que a principal característica apresentada pelos osteodermos e superfície dos tubos caudais é o similar padrão de figuras tuberculares distribuídas de maneira aleatória sem qualquer formação de figuras em forma de roseta, com exceção de regiões específicas da carapaça; e que para identificação das espécies de Panochthus é necessário observar os caracteres do tubo caudal. Panochthus tuberculatus tem seu registro historicamente feito para o Rio Grande do Sul principalmente por meio de osteodermos isolados. Na análise feita nos novos materiais, pode-se confirmar a presença dessa espécie apenas para o Balneário Hermenegildo e também registrar a presença de P. cf. P. greslebini para a mesma localidade. Por se tratarem somente de osteodermos isolados, nas demais localidades os materiais estudados foram atribuídos a Panochthus sp.<br>The record of glyptodonts in southern Brazil is constitute mainly of osteoderms, oftently isolated, and by bias taphonomic of preservation (mineralized structure) and proportion (presence of hundreds of osteoderms on carapace) are the most abundant. Panochthus is the second genus with greater of representation in deposits of Rio Grande do Sul, behind only Glyptodon. The fossiliferous deposits where are found Panochthus: Rosário do Sul (Rincão dos Fialho), Santa Vitória do Palmar (Arroio Chuí and Balneário Hermenegildo), Touro Passo (Uruguaiana) and Sanga of Borba (Pantano Grande). In this dissertation, new speciemen collected in Pleistocene localities in the municipalities of Rosario do Sul, Santa Vitória do Palmar and Uruguaiana were studied, and a revision made of the materials previously described and those belonging to Panochthus. The material is basically a lot of isolates osteoderms and fragments of caudal tubes, deposited in the Museu de Ciências Naturais do Rio Grande do Sul, Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro and Museu Tancredo Melo Filho e Laboratory of Geology and Paleontology da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. In this study, we corroborated that the main feature presented by osteoderms and tube caudal surface is the similar pattern of tubercular figures randomly distributed without any formation of rosetteshaped figures, except for specific regions of the carapace and to Panochthus species identification is necessary to observe the characters of the caudal tube. Panochthus tuberculatus has registry historically done to Rio Grande do Sul, mainly through isolated osteoderms. The analysis made in the new material, one can confirm the presence of that species only to Balnário Hermenegildo and also register the presence of P. cf. P. greslebini to the same location. In other localities studied is attributed to Panochthus sp, because there are only isolated osteoderms.
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Gerwitz, Andrew. "Evaluating potential growth strategies using bone histology in Pleistocene-Holocene Odocoileus virginianus (Mammalia) from Florida." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1470322817.
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Price, Catherine R. "Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene small mammals in South West Britain : environmental and taphonomic implications, and their role in archaeological research." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2001. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/late-pleistocene-and-early-holocene-small-mammals-in-south-west-britain-environmental-and-taphonomic-implications-and-their-role-in-archaeological-research(0fdb87f2-abcf-4676-9bd3-0a23c9922caf).html.
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This project examines small mammal faunas from cave sites in south-west England and south Wales. The aims are threefold: To examine the rapid environmental changes taking place in the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene: To understand the processes by which small mammal remains were deposited in the caves examined: To demonstrate the value of small mammal studies as an archaeological tool. All identifiable small mammal remains from twelve selected sites are listed. Ten of the sites are new material. As the species examined here are seldom exploited by humans, the small mammals provide a record of the past environment unaffected by human selection of particular species, as might be the case in larger mammal assemblages. An examination of possible agents of accumulation is provided for each site to identify any bias introduced by prey selection. Reconstructions of the environment local to each cave at the time of deposition are offered. The evidence provided by the small mammals is related to the archaeological findings from each cave, to demonstrate the effect of human habitation of cave sites on the depositional and post-depositional processes shown by the microfauna. The environmental evidence provided by the study reflects a wider landscape rather than merely the immediate surroundings of the cave, and so gives a basis for human exploitation patterns in the area accessible from the cave. Reconstructions of the ecological mosaics formed by the rapidly changing climate of the period and the topographic variation around the cave sites are provided, demonstrating the potential complexity of the environment in which the humans and other fauna of the period existed. It is hoped that this will encourage archaeologists to look beyond the general division of environmental boundaries in this period, and to examine the local variation in habitat availability and use.
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Gilmour, Daniel McGowan. "Chronology and Ecology of Late Pleistocene Megafauna in the Northern Willamette Valley, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/416.
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This study is an investigation of the timing of extinction of late Pleistocene, large bodied mammalian herbivores (megafauna) and of the environment in which they lived. The demise of the megafauna near the end of the Pleistocene remains unexplained. Owing to potential human involvement in the extinctions, archaeologists have been particularly concerned to understand the causes for faunal losses. Our current lack of understanding of the timing and the causes of the extinctions in North America may result from a deficiency in understanding the histories of each individual species of extinct animal on a local level. Detailed regional chronologies of fauna are necessary for comparison with paleoenvironmental and archaeological data to help sort out causes for extinction. The Willamette Valley of western Oregon has long been noted for finds of megafauna, though records have not been synthesized since the early 20th century and these materials have remained largely unstudied. In this thesis, I first create a catalog of extinct megafauna recovered from the Willamette Valley. Next, using material from the northern valley, I employ AMS radiocarbon dating, stable isotope δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N analyses, and gross inferences based on the dietary specializations and habitat preferences of taxa in order to reconstruct environments and to develop a local chronology of events that is then arrayed against archaeological and paleoenvironmental data. The results of this study indicate that megafaunal populations in the northern Willamette Valley were contemporaneous with the earliest known human populations of the Pacific Northwest, as well as later populations associated with the Clovis Paleoindian Horizon. Consistent with the overkill hypothesis, radiocarbon ages span the length of the Clovis window, but no ages are younger than Clovis. Moreover, all radiocarbon ages are older than or contemporaneous to the onset of the Younger Dryas Stadial. No age ranges fall exclusively within the Younger Dryas. Comparison of megafaunal ages and paleoenvironmental records support the view that climate change contributed to local animal population declines. Prior to ~13,000 cal BP, the Willamette Valley was an open environment; herbivores mainly consumed C₃ vegetation. The timing of the loss of megafauna coincides with increased forested conditions as indicated by regional paleoenvironmental reconstruction. As the timing of megafaunal decline correlates with Clovis, the onset of the Younger Dryas, and increased forested conditions, it is not possible with the data currently available to distinguish the cause of extinction in the Willamette Valley. The age ranges of the fauna coupled with taphonomic and geologic context indicate that the fauna are autochthonous to the Willamette Valley; they do not represent ice rafted carcasses or isolated skeletal elements transported from elsewhere during late Pleistocene glacial outburst floods.
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Piñero, Garcia Pedro. "Paleocomunidades de múridos (Rodentia, Mammalia) del Neógeno superior y Pleistoceno inferior del sureste de la Península Ibérica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461950.
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En aquest treball s´ofereix un anàlisi taxonòmic complet de fins a 1370 dents de múrids provinents de 14 nivells paleontològics diferents localitzats al surest ibèric. Les diferents localitats han proporcionat associacions de micromamífers d´edats que van des del Miocè superior fins el Plistocè inferior, identificant-se un total de 19 espècies de múrids. A partir del conjunt de taxons identificats, que inclou la resta de rosegadors i en algun cas també els insectívors, s´han realitzat correlacions bioestratigràfiques amb jaciments d´altres àrees de la Península Ibèrica a partir de la comparació de les seves faunes. En primer lloc s´han estudiat els nivells del Miocè superior de la secció de Romerales, incorporant un anàlisi paleoecològic. En aquest context, s´ha estudiat també la secció de Sifón de Librilla. Aquesta seqüència ha proporcionat un registre bioestratigràfic molt detallat des del Miocè superior fins el Pliocè inferior, lligat a un marc magnetoestratigràfic ben calibrat. Això ha permès aclarir els criteris per diferenciar el Miocè superior del Pliocè inferior en dipòsits continentals, explorar un marc cronològic per les diferents espècies de rosegadors identificades als diferents jaciments, així com revisar les relacions filogenètiques entre espècies dels gèneres Apodemus, Stephanomys i Paraethomys. S´ofereix també una síntesi sedimentològica, magnetoestratigràfica i paleontològica del jaciment de Puerto de la Cadena amb la finalitat de clarificar la seva edat. Basada en la successió de rosegadors del Miocè superior i del Pliocè de la conca de Guadix-Baza, es presenta la primera biozonació calibrada per al Neògen superior d´aquesta àrea. L'estudi de la localitat de Baza-1 ha permès millorar el coneixement de les associacions faunístiques presents al Pliocè inferior. Pel que respecta al Plistocè inferior d´aquesta zona, el treball s´ha centrat en el jaciment de Quibas. En aquesta tesis es descriu els rosegadors del reompliment conegut com a Gruta-1, per abordar un estudi biocronológic i paleoambiental.<br>En este trabajo, se ofrece un análisis taxonómico completo de hasta 1370 dientes de múridos procedentes de 14 niveles paleontológicos diferentes localizados en el sureste ibérico. Las distintas localidades han proporcionado asociaciones de micromamíferos de edades que van desde el Mioceno superior hasta el Pleistoceno inferior, identificándose un total de 19 especies de múridos. A partir del conjunto de taxones identificados, que incluye el resto de roedores y en algún caso también los insectívoros, se realizan correlaciones bioestratigráficas con yacimientos de otras áreas de la Península Ibérica por medio de la comparación de sus faunas. En primer lugar se han estudiado los niveles del Mioceno superior de la sección de Romerales, incorporando un análisis paleoecológico. En este contexto, se ha estudiado también la sección de Sifón de Librilla. Esta secuencia ha proporcionado un registro bioestratigráfico muy detallado desde el Mioceno superior hasta el Plioceno inferior, ligado a un marco magnetoestratigráfico bien calibrado. Esto ha permitido establecer claves para diferenciar el Mioceno superior del Plioceno inferior en depósitos continentales, explorar un marco cronológico para las diferentes especies de roedores identificadas en los distintos yacimientos, y revisar las relaciones filogenéticas entre especies de los géneros Apodemus, Stephanomys y Paraethomys. Se ofrece también una síntesis sedimentológica, magnetoestratigráfica y paleontológica del yacimiento del Puerto de la Cadena con la finalidad de clarificar su edad. Basados en la sucesión de roedores del Mioceno superior y Plioceno de la cuenca de Guadix-Baza, se presenta la primera biozonación calibrada para el Neógeno superior de esta área. Se aborda también el estudio de Baza-1, mejorando el conocimiento de las asociaciones faunísticas del Plioceno inferior. Por lo que respecta al Pleistoceno inferior, el trabajo se ha centrado en el yacimiento de Quibas describiéndose los roedores del relleno conocido como Gruta-1 para abordar un estudio biocronológico y paleoclimático.<br>This work presents a complete taxonomic analysis of up to 1370 murid teeth collected from 14 paleontological levels of sites located in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. The different localities have yielded micro-mammal assemblages with ages ranging from the late Miocene to the early Pleistocene, allowing for the identification of 19 murid species. From the set of taxa identified, which includes rodent species and, in one case, insectivores, biostratigraphic correlations with other sites situated in the Iberian Peninsula have been performed. Firstly, the late Miocene levels from the Romerales sections have been studied, including a paleoecological analysis. Secondly, the Sifón de Librilla section, a long and continuous continental sequence was also studied, allowing to obtain a detailed biostratigraphical record extending from the latest Miocene up to the early Pliocene. Using unambiguously established magnetostratigraphical data allows to firmly establish keys with to distinguish the late Miocene from the early Pliocene in Mediterranean continental deposits. It has also permitted the exploration of the chronological framework for the different rodent species identified in each site, as well as to refine the phylogenetic relationships of the Apodemus, Stephanomys and Paraethomys lineages. Another site is that of Puerto de la Cadena, In this case, a sedimentological, magnetostratigraphical and paleontological synthesis is provided to clarify its chronological situation. Based on a rodent succession from the Guadix-Baza Basin which ranges from the latest Miocene to the latest Pliocene, the first calibrated biozonation for the late Neogene of this area is presented. The study of the Baza-1 locality improves our knowledge about the faunistic associations present during this the early Pliocene. Regarding the early Pleistocene from this area, this work focuses on the site of Quibas. The rodent fauna from the cavity known as Gruta-1, is described to carry out a biochronological and paleoenvironmental analysis.
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Braunn, Patrícia Rodrigues. "Hipoplasia de esmalte em Toxodon Owen, 1837 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) do pleistoceno do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56851.
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A Paleopatologia estuda os sinais de doenças em populações já extintas, entre elas os indicadores de estresse tais como a hipoplasia de esmalte (HE), caracterizada por reduções na espessura do esmalte sobre a superfície dentária, na forma de orifícios, sulcos ou ausência completa de esmalte sobre uma considerável área. Estes defeitos resultam de uma interrupção da atividade dos ameloblastos durante o processo de formação do esmalte devido a estresse fisiológico sistêmico, sendo amplamente utilizados em Paleopatologia Humana e de vertebrados não-humanos como indicativos de estresse ambiental e/ou nutricional. Além disso, com base na histologia do esmalte dentário, é possível relacionar alterações microestruturais neste tecido com o impacto de vários fatores de estresse sobre os ameloblastos secretórios. Toxodon, um grande e robusto mamífero notoungulado herbívoro, com dentes de crescimento contínuo, do Pleistoceno da América do Sul frequentemente tem HE, e a apresenta sob várias formas, tais como linhas ou séries contínuas de orifícios onde o esmalte é mais delgado. Estes defeitos são alternados com áreas de esmalte normal, onde pode haver de uma a seis formas de HE no mesmo dente. Neste estudo foram observados 502 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon pertencentes à Coleção de Paleovertebrados do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul e do Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, incluindo incisivos, pré-molares e molares de depósitos pleistocênicos da Formação Touro Passo e da Planície Costeira do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com resultados de inspeção macroscópica em 127 dentes superiores e inferiores de Toxodon de depósitos pleistocênicos da região pampeana da Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, pertencentes ao Museo de La Plata. A classificação de seis tipos de HE observados foi realizada através de exame macroscópico direto e sob um estereomicroscópio. Nos molares superiores predominaram sulcos tênues sobre a superfície bucal, defeitos menos significantes do que aqueles observados nos dentes inferiores. Nos incisivos inferiores foram observados profundos sulcos sobre a superfície bucal em fileiras de orifícios mésio-distais, mostrando alterações cíclicas provavelmente devidas ao crescimento acelerado dos dentes eu-hipsodontes. Nos pré-molares inferiores foram observadas as alterações mais importantes, como séries de fileiras de orifícios verticais e mésio-distais, bem como orifícios distribuídos aleatoriamente. Para estudo comparativo com os resultados macroscópicos obtidos, oito espécimes foram analisados sob microscópio eletrônico de varredura, e sob microscópio óptico, os quais mostraram ocorrência de alterações microestruturais no esmalte. O esmalte subjacente ao orifício próximo de defeitos hipoplásicos era aprismático, perdendo o padrão prisma/interprisma, bem como proeminentes estrias patológicas (Bandas de Wilson) associadas. A condição patológica de sinais de HE em todos os tipos de dentes, com relativamente altas frequências em alguns, indica que provavelmente toxodontes foram expostos a condições severas de estresse, ou, mais provavelmente foi devida ao rápido crescimento dos dentes, os quais eram rapidamente desgastados.<br>The Paleopathology studies signs of diseases in extinct populations, among them stress indicators, such as enamel hypoplasia (EH), characterized by focal reductions of enamel thickness on the surface of the tooth, in the form of pits, grooves or a complete absence of enamel over a considerable area. These defects result from disruption of ameloblast activity during the process of enamel formation due to systemic physiological stress, being widely used in Human Paleopathology and of non-humans vertebrates as indicative of environmental and/or nutritional stress. On the basis of the histology of tooth enamel it is possible find microstructural changes in this tissue due to the impact of various stress factors on the secretory ameloblasts. Toxodon, a large and robust notoungulate mammalian herbivore, with continuous growing teeth, from the Pleistocene of South America has often EH, in the form of lines or series of pits where the enamel is much thinner. These defects are alternated with areas of normal enamel, where there may be one to six forms on the same tooth. In this study we observed 502 upper and lower teeth belonging to the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul and from Museu da Universidade Federal de Rio Grande paleontological collections; including incisors, premolars and molars, from Pleistocene deposits of Touro Passo Formation and the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul State. Data were compared with results of macroscopic inspection in 127 upper and lower teeth from Pleistocene pampean region of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, belonging to the Museu de La Plata. The six types of EH were observed through direct macroscopic examination and under a stereomicroscope. In the upper teeth predominated mild grooves on the buccal surface, which less significant than those observed in the lower teeth. In the lower incisors there were observed deep grooves on the buccal surface in mesiodistal pit rows, showing cyclical changes probably due to accelerated growth of the euhypsodont teeth. In the lower premolars and molars there were observed the most important signs, as a series of vertical and mesiodistal pit rows, as well as randomly distributed pits. For comparative study with the macroscopic results obtained, eight specimens there were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, and under optical microscopy, which showed the occurrence of microstructural changes in the enamel. The enamel underlying the bottom and the vicinity of hipoplastic defects was aprismatic, lacking a prism/interprism pattern, as well as prominent pathologic striae (Wilson bands) associated. Because there are signs of EH in all types of teeth, with relatively high frequencies in some, this pathological condition indicate that probably toxodonts had been exposed to severe stress conditions, or, much probably, defects were due to a rapid growing of teeth, which were easily abraded.
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Tong, Haiyan. "L'origine et evolution des gerbillidae (mammalia, rodentia) en afrique du nord." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066661.
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Etude consacree a la connaissance generale de l'anatomie osseuse comparee de la famille des gerbillidae et a l'etude de l'evolution de la sous-famille des gerbillinae au cours du plio-pleistocene au maghreb. Proposition de nouvelles relations phylogeniques basees sur les caracteres morphologiques et leur evolution qui peuvent etre comparees avec celles etablies sur la base des chromosomes et des enzymes. Precisions sur l'age de certains gisements maghrebins
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Suraprasit, Kantapon. "Paléoenvironnements et reconstitutions paléoclimatiques du Pléistocène moyen de Thaïlande et leur impact sur la biodiversité et la distribution des espèces : la contribution de la faune de vertébrés du gisement de Khok Sung (Province du Khorat)." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2285/document.
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La sablière de Khok Sung, dans la province de Nakhon Ratchasima, qui a livré plus d'un millier de fossiles de mammifères et de reptiles (cranes, dents isolées et restes post-craniens), abrite la faune de vertébrés du Pléistocène la plus riche de Thaïlande. La faune mammalienne qui est décrite ici en détail, se compose d'au moins 18 espèces identifiées (12 genres), y compris un primate et des proboscidiens, rhinocéros, suidés, bovidés, cervidés et carnivores. Elle compte principalement des taxons encore représentés de nos jours, ainsi que quelques taxons globalement ou localement éteints. A partir des données paléomagnétiques et des comparaisons fauniques, l'âge de la faune de Khok Sung est estimé au Pléistocène Moyen tardif, vers 188000 ou 213000 ans. Par rapport aux autres faunes diversifiées du Pléistocène d'Asie du Sud Est, l'assemblage de Khok Sung est caractérisé par une association des taxons Stegodon-Ailuropoda, comparable en cela au site de Thum Wiman Nakin, ce qui supporte l'hypothèse selon laquelle le Nord Est de la Thaïlande était un corridor biogéographique appartenant à la route migratoire Sino-Malaise, entre la Chine du Sud et l'île de Java. L'analyse des isotopes stables du carbone à partir de l'émail des ongulés fossiles révèle la présence d'une partition de niches entre les méga-herbivores et au sein des cervidés. Les valeurs du d13C de l'émail suggèrent également que les ruminants ont consommé une grande quantité de plantes en C4, ce qui indique que les prairies à graminées étaient particulièrement répandues en Thaïlande à cette époque où les écosystèmes n'étaient pas encore soumis à l'influence anthropique. La mesure des isotopes stables de l'oxygène, obtenue par échantillonnage sérié de l'émail des dents de grands mammifères, et l'analyse du cénogramme de la localité de Khok Sung reflètent une importante variation saisonnière des précipitations et de la température, associée à des conditions climatiques relativement humides<br>The Khok Sung sand pit, Nakhon Ratchasima province, has yielded the richest Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Thailand, where more than a thousand fossil mammals and reptiles (skulls, isolated teeth, and postcranial remains) were recovered. The mammalian fauna, which is described in details hereby, consists of at least 18 identified species (12 genera), including a primate, proboscideans, rhinoceroses, suids, bovids, cervids, and carnivores, which are characterized by mostly extant elements associated to some completely and locally extinct taxa. The age of the Khok Sung fauna is tentatively attributed to the late Middle Pleistocene as either 188 or 213 ka, based on the paleomagnetic data and on the faunal comparisons. The Khok Sung mammal assemblage yields the Stegodon-Ailuropoda faunal association, most similar in composition to that of Thum Wiman Nakin, supporting the hypothesis that northeastern Thailand was a biogeographic gateway of the Sino-Malayan migration route from South China to Java. An analysis of stable carbon isotopes extracted from the tooth enamel of fossil ungulates reveals evidence of niche partitioning among megaherbivores and within cervids. The enamel carbonate d13C values also suggest a considerable amount of C4 plants in the dietary use of ruminants, indicating that grasslands had significantly expanded in Thailand at that time during which anthropic impacts on the ecosystems were absent. The stable oxygen isotope results, obtained from the serial sampling of large mammal enamel, combined with the cenogram analysis reflect significant seasonal variation in precipitations and temperature for Khok Sung, associated to a relatively humid climate
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Rusch, Lucile. "Comportements de subsistance et environnements des Néandertaliens en Languedoc au Pléistocène supérieur : l’apport des grands mammifères de l’archéoséquence des Ramandils (Port-la-Nouvelle, Aude, France)." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0041.
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La grotte des Ramandils (Port-La-Nouvelle, Aude, France) présente une longue séquence stratigraphique corrélée au début du Pléistocène supérieur. Les fouilles successives ont révélé plusieurs niveaux d’occupation contemporains du Paléolithique moyen, subdivisés en 26 unités archéostratigraphiques, comprenant des restes humains, une riche industrie moustérienne et de nombreux restes fauniques qui témoignent des activités anthropiques intenses en contexte d’occupations littorales méditerranéennes. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude approfondie des grands mammifères avec pour premier objectif d’affiner et de compléter l’inventaire des espèces afin d’observer l’évolution du cortège. Ces variations ont permis d’illustrer des fluctuations paléoenvironnementales et paléoclimatiques tout au long du remplissage, en accord avec les données palynologiques. De plus, la comparaison des associations fauniques avec celles d’autres séquence du Pléistocène supérieur ont permis d’affiner la corrélation chronologique des dépôts continentaux entre les Stades Isotopiques Marins (SIM) 5b et 5a en accord avec les récentes analyses radiométriques. Dans un second temps, l’étude taphonomique détaillée menée dans le cadre de ces travaux vise à mieux comprendre les processus de mise en place et de conservation des dépôts. De nombreux facteurs naturels affectant le matériel ont été observés et différents agents accumulateurs et modificateurs de grande faune ont été mis en évidence. De faibles impacts ont notamment été imputés aux carnivores avec plusieurs critères montrant une utilisation de la grotte comme repaires d’hyène des cavernes. Enfin, une approche archéozoologique a permis de caractériser les comportements de subsistance des groupes néandertaliens en particulier en ce qui concerne l'acquisition et l'exploitation des ressources alimentaires carnées, la fonction du site et les modalités d’occupation humaines. Cette analyse a montré une intense exploitation anthropique des ongulés tout au long du remplissage, liée aux activités de boucherie et à l’utilisation du feu dans le processus de traitement des carcasses avec une récurrence des occupations néandertaliennes en alternance avec celles des carnivores<br>Ramandils Cave (Port-la-Nouvelle, Aude, France) records a long stratigraphic sequence correlated to the beginning of Late Pleistocene. Successive excavations have revealed Middle Palaeolithic levels, subdivided into 26 archaeostratigraphic units, recording evidence of Neanderthal occupations with human teeth, numerous Mousterian lithic industries, and various faunal remains reflecting intense human activities that occurred during several coastal Mediterranean occupations. This thesis work concerns the study of large mammals with as first goal to refine and complete the species list in order to observe faunal diversity. These variations allowed us to illustrate palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic fluctuations throughout the sequence, in accordance with palynological data. Moreover, the comparison of faunal associations with those of other Late Pleistocene sequences allowed us to refine chronological correlations of continental deposits between Marine Isotopic stages (MIS) 5b and 5a, in accordance with recent radiometric analyses. Secondly, the detailed taphonomic analysis aims to gain a better understanding deposit and preservation. Many natural factors affecting the material have been observed and various accumulating and modifying agents of large fauna have been highlighted. In particular, low impacts were attributed to carnivores with several criteria for using the site as cave hyena den. At last, an zooarchaeological approach allowed us to characterize subsistence behaviours of Neanderthal, groups in particular in regard to the acquisition and exploitation of meat food resources, site function and human occupation modalities. This analysis showed intense anthropogenic exploitation of ungulates throughout the sequence, related to butchery activities and the use of fire in carcass treatment process with a recurrence of Neanderthal occupations alternating with carnivores
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"Small mammal faunal stasis in Natural Trap Cave (Pleistocene-Holocene), Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming." UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3354866.
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"Abiotic and Biotic Drivers of Turnover and Community Assembly in African Mammals." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.51651.
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abstract: Climate and environmental forcing are widely accepted to be important drivers of evolutionary and ecological change in mammal communities over geologic time scales. This paradigm has been particularly influential in studies of the eastern African late Cenozoic fossil record, in which aridification, increasing seasonality, and C4 grassland expansion are seen as having shaped the major patterns of human and faunal evolution. Despite the ubiquity of studies linking climate and environmental forcing to evolutionary and ecological shifts in the mammalian fossil record, many central components of this paradigm remain untested or poorly developed. To fill this gap, this dissertation employs biogeographical and macroecological analyses of present-day African mammal communities as a lens for understanding how abiotic change may have shaped community turnover and structure in the eastern African Plio-Pleistocene. Three dissertation papers address: 1) the role of ecological niche breadth in shaping divergent patterns of macroevolutionary turnover across clades; 2) the effect of climatic and environmental gradients on community assembly; 3) the relative influence of paleo- versus present-day climates in structuring contemporary patterns of community diversity. Results of these papers call into question many tenets of current theory, particularly: 1) that niche breadth differences (and, by extension, their influence on allopatric speciation) are important drivers of macroevolution, 2) that climate is more important than biotic interactions in community assembly, and 3) that communities today are in equilibrium with present-day climates. These findings highlight the need to critically reevaluate the role and scale-dependence of climate in mammal evolution and community ecology and to carefully consider potential time lags and disequilibrium dynamics in the fossil record.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018
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Havlová, Tereza. "Katalog obratlovčí fauny z pleistocénních lokalit na území Prahy." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332118.
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More than a hundred sites were in Prague in the past, where skeletal remains of Pleistocene mammals had been found. Most of these sites were brickyards or sand pits. These pits were in operation during the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. Many awards were found during construction works as well. Most of researchers attended only several most famous sites at the time of the findings. The catalog summarizes the basic known information about majority of Prague localities and includes a list of taxa wich were found there. Key words: Prague, locality, mammals, Pleistocene, brickyards, sand pits
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Lyons, Sara Kathleen. "A quantitative assessment of the community structure and dynamics of Pleistocene mammals /." 2001. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3019946.
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Čermák, Stanislav. "Lagomorpha (Mammalia) pliocénu a pleistocénu Evropy: revize vybraných taxonů." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-370574.
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1 Lagomorpha (Mammalia) pliocénu a pleistocénu Evropy: revize vybraných taxonů Stanislav Čermák Předkládaná dizertační (uznaná jako rigorózní) práce se zabývá vybranými taxony fosilních zajícovců (starobylá konzervativní skupina býložravých savců) úseku spodního pliocénu až spodního pleistocénu (ruscin - bihar) Evropy. Technikami podrobné morfometrické analýzy (42 metrických, 14 nemetrických znaků) byl zpracován fosilní materiál (většinou nový nepublikovaný) dentálních a kraniálních pozůstatků rodů Psedobellatona, Ochotonoma, Ochotona a Hypolagus (N = 639) celkem z 38 lokalit území Česka, Slovenska, Maďarska a Ukrajiny reprezentující stratigrafický úsek spodní ruscin až svrchní bihar (MN 14 - Q2). Daná práce podává: (1) Ochotonidae - detailní revizi dosud komplexně nestudovaných taxonů pišťuch "skupiny Ochotona" spodního pliocénu (ruscin) východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (tj. taxonů Ochotona antiqua, Pseudobellatona, a Ochotonoma); v kontextu Česka a Slovenska revizi nálezů rodu Ochotona z pleistocénních (MN 17 - Q1) lokalit daného území, která podstatnou měrou rozšiřuje znalosti o těchto pišťuchách založené dosud na relativně nepočetných nálezech z lokalit Francie, Německa, Polska a Maďarska; (2) Leporidae - komplexní revizi rodu Hypolagus - stěžejního a dominantního rodu čeledi Leporidae pliocénu a...
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Estraviz, López Darío. "Quaternary fossil vertebrates from continental Portugal: Paleobiodiversity, revision of specimens and new localities." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/74150.
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The Quaternary fossil record of Portugal is important for our understanding of the paleobiodiversity in Iberia. In the present master thesis a series of studies augment our knowledge about this topic. A census of Quaternary paleobiodiversity is carried out in order to test how reliable the fossil record is for detecting living species, resulting in that ~38% of living terrestrial tetrapods are recognized in the fossil record for Portugal, although the number of species recognized varies between groups. The body mass of a Portuguese proboscidean (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) is calculated via numerical methods for the first time (11metric tons) and morphometric comparisons of this species with Mammuthus primigenius are presented using an extensive Proboscidean sample. A new fossil brown bear (Ursus arctos) locality, Algar do Vale da Pena, with numerous claw mark in the walls of the cave (the first of this type of marks described in Portugal) is presented and the fossil bear remains identified and compared to a sample from NW Spain. The bears from Algar do Vale da Pena contrast with other previously known Portuguese brown bear specimens by relative small size. A new microvertebrate locality from Algarve, Santa Margarida, is presented. It is an extraordinary rich site with one fossil for every two grams of sediment selected and processed. The locality provided the first record of two arvicoline taxa in Portugal (Iberomys huescarensis and Victoriamys chalinei), which allows giving a minimal age of around 800.000 YBP for at least part of it. This makes Santa Margarida one of the oldest three localities in the Pleistocene of Portugal.
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Taru, Phillip. "Identification of mammalian species represented by fossil hairs in Parahyaena Brunnea coprolites from middle pleistocene deposits at Gladysvale Cave, South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12318.
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This research focuses on scale pattern and cross sectional morphology of hair to identify fossil hairs from Parahyaena brunnea (brown hyaena) coprolites, from Gladysvale cave in the Sterkfontein Valley, South Africa. The coprolites are part of a brown hyaena latrine preserved in calcified cave sediment dated to the Middle Pleistocene (257- 195 ka). Forty-eight fossil hairs were extracted from a 75 x 30 x 15 cm block using fine tweezers and a binocular microscope. They were ultrasonic cleaned in analar ethanol and examined using scanning electron microscopy. Hair identification was based on consultation of standard guides to hair identification and comparison with my own collection of samples of previously undocumented guard hairs, from 15 taxa of indigenous southern African mammals. Samples were taken from the back of pelts curated at the Johannesburg Zoo and Ditsong National Museum of Natural History in Tshwane (formerly Transvaal Museum, Pretoria).
Based on the fossil hairs identified here, this research has established that brown hyaenas shared the Sterkfontein Valley with warthog, impala, zebra, kudu and black wildebeest. These animals are associated with savanna grasslands, much like the Highveld environment of today. Fossil human hair was also noted in the coprolites. These findings provide a new source of information, on the local Middle Pleistocene fossil mammal community, and insight into the environment in which archaic and modern humans in the interior of the African subcontinent lived. Amid a scarce fossil and archaeological record for this time period, these results make a significant contribution to the ongoing debate about the role of climate change in the evolution and success of modern humans. In accordance with modern brown hyaena feeding behaviour, the presence of medium to large-sized mammal hairs in the coprolites suggests the co-existence of large feline predators in the area, or a period of active hunting, based on the behaviour of modern brown hyaenas when rearing cubs.